DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE AND

COMMERCE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

COURSE & SEMESTER

II BCA

SUBJECT
Data Base Management System

SUBJECT CODE BCA204T

FACULTY NAME Dr .Salini Suresh

Database Management
System
 Syllabus
UNIT – 1 Chapter 1-Databases and Database Users:

Introduction, An example, Characteristics of the Database Approach,

Actors on the Scene, Workers behind the Scene, Advantages of Using
DBMS Approach, A Brief History of Database Applications, When Not
to Use a DBMS.
 Introduction
Database is a collection of related data.

Database management system is software designed to assist the

maintenance and utilization of large scale collection of data.

DBMS came into existence in 1960

Integrated data store which is also called as the f irst general

purpose DBMS.

Again in 1960 IBM brought IMS-Information management system.

In 1970 Edgor Codd at IBM came with new database called

RDBMS.

In 1980 then came SQL Architecture- Structure Query Language.

In 1980 to 1990 there were advances in DBMS e.g. DB2, ORACLE.

 Definitions
 DATA: Meaningful facts, text, graphics, images, sound,

video segments or

 Data : Known facts that can be recorded and that have

implicit meaning.

 Information: Data processed to be useful in decision

making

 Database: An organized collection of logically related data

or Database is a collection of related data

 Metadata: Data that describes data

 Definitions

 Database Management System (DBMS):

A software package/ system to facilitate the creation and
maintenance of a computerized database.

 Database System:
The DBMS software together with the data itself.
Sometimes, the applications are also included.
 An example,

• For example,
• a university database might contain
information about the following:
• Entities such as students, faculty and
courses.
• Relationships between entities, such as
– students' enrollment in courses,
– faculty teaching courses
File processing systems

Duplicate Data
 Disadvantages of File Processing

• Program-Data Dependence
• All programs maintain metadata for each f ile they
use
• Data Redundancy (Duplication of data)
• Different systems/programs have separate copies
of the same data
• Limited Data Sharing
• No centralized control of data
• Lengthy Development Times
• Programmers must design their own f ile formats
• Excessive Program Maintenance
 DATABASE

• A database is a collection of related data with an

implicit meaning .
• Data : facts and f igures that can be recorded and that
have implicit meaning.
• EG: the names, telephone numbers, and addresses of
the people you know.
• You may have recorded this data in
• indexed address book,
• or you may have stored it on a diskette, using a
personal computer and software such as DBASE IV
or V, Microsoft ACCESS, or EXCEL.
Example of a simple database

Slide 1- 11
Implicit properties of Database

 A database represents some aspect of the real

world, sometimes called the mini world. Changes to
the mini world are reflected in the database.
 A database is a logically coherent collection of data
with some inherent meaning. A random assortment
o f data c anno t c o rre c tly be re fe rre d to as a
database.
 A database is designed, built, and populated with
data for a specif ic purpose. It has an intended group
of users and some preconceived applications in
which these users are interested.
Data Redundancy-example
DATA REDUNDANCY
 Characteristics of the Database Approach
1. Self-describing nature of a database system:
A DBMS catalog stores the description of the database.
The description is called meta-data.

Database contains not only the database itself but also

a complete def inition or description of the database
structure and constraints

This allows the DBMS software to work with different

databases.

The Software or programs must work equally well with

any number of database applications as long as the
database def inition is stored in the catalog.
 Characteristics of the Database Approach

2. Insulation between programs and data: Called

program-data independence.

Allows changing data storage structures and

operations without having to change the DBMS
access programs.

• Program data independency means the structure of

data f iles is stored in DBMS catalog.
Allows changing in data storage structures and
operations without having to change the DBMS
access programs.
 Characteristics of the Database Approach
3. Data Abstraction:

A data model is used to hide storage details and

present the users with a conceptual/abstract view of
the database.

4. Support of multiple views of the data:

Each user may see a different view of the database,

which describes only the data of interest to that
user.

5. Sharing of data and multi-user transaction processing

Allowing a set of concurrent users to retrieve and to
update the database. Eg: Airlines Reservation
 Metadata

Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the

data, including data types, field sizes, allowable values,
and documentation
• Def ine database (2m)
• Explain properties of Database(3m)
• List and explain main characteristics of
Database approach (5m)
 Database Management System

• A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of

programs that enables users to create and maintain a
database.

• The DBMS is hence a general-purpose software system that

facilitates the processes of def in ing, constructing, and
manipulating databases for various applications.
Database Management System

• Def ining a database involves specifying the data types,

structures, and constraints for the data to be stored in
the database.

• Constructing the database is the process of storing the

data itself on some storage medium that is controlled by
the DBMS.

• Manipulating a database includes such functions as

querying the database to retrieve specif ic data, updating
the database to ref le ct changes in the miniworld, and
generating reports from the data.
  Examples of Traditional Data Base
management System:

1. Student Data base

2. University Data Base
3. Library Management System
4. Employee Data Base

 Examples of Advanced Data Base management

System:

1.Mobile Data Base

2. Multi media Data Base
3. Web Data Base
4. Weather Forecasting Data Base
 DBMS FUNCTIONS

1. Data Definition: The DBMS provides functions to define

the structure of the data in the application. These
include defining and modifying the record structure, the
type and size of fields and the various constraints to be
satisfied by the data in each field

2. Data Manipulation: Once the data structure is defined,

data needs to be inserted, modified or deleted. These
functions which perform these operations are part of
DBMS.
 DBMS FUNCTIONS
3.
Data Security & Integrity: The DBMS contains modules
which handle the security and integrity of data in the
application.

4. Data Recovery and Concurrency: Recovery of the data

after system failure and concurrent access of records by
multiple users is also handled by DBMS.

5. Data Dictionary Maintenance: Maintaining the data

dictionary which contains the data definition of the
application is also one of the functions of DBMS.
Explain any five functions of DBMS (5m)
Applications of Database System
• Banking
• Airlines
• University
• Railways
• Finance
• Sales
• Telecommunicati
on
• Pay roll system
• Manufacturing
Evolution-of-database-management-systems
 DBMS USERS:

The DBMS users are divided into

1. Actors on the scene

2. Workers behind the scene

 DBMS USERS:

1.Actors on the Scene:

These are the users who control the database.

i) DBA (DATA BASE ADMINISTRATOR)

ii) Data Base Designers

iii) End- Users

2. Workers behind the scene:

These are the users who are associated with the

development & operation of DBMS.

i) Tool Developers

ii) Operators and Maintenance Personnel

iii) DBMS System implementers

 Database Users

Actors on the Scene

1.Database Administrator (DBA): DBA is a person who is
responsible for
• authorizing access to the database,
• coordinating and monitoring its use,
• and acquiring software and hardware resources as
needed.
• 2. Database Designers: are responsible for
• identifying the data to be stored and for choosing
an appropriate way to organize it.
• They also def ine views for different categories of
users.
 Actors on the Scene
3. End Users: These are persons who access the
database for
querying, updating, and report generation.

a. Casual end users

b. Naive/Parametric end users
c. Sophisticated end users
 Actors on the Scene- End Users
a. Casual end users:

use database occasionally , needing different

information each time; use query language to specify
their requests;

eg:
middle- or high-level managers.
IRCTC Booking
 Actors on the Scene- End Users
b.Naive/Parametric end users:

Typically the biggest group of users;

frequently query/update the database using standard

c a nne d tra nsa c tio ns tha t hav e be e n c a re f ully
programmed and tested in advance.

Eg: bank tellers c hec k ac c o unt balanc es, po st

withdrawals/deposits, reservation clerks for airlines,
hotels, etc., check availability of seats/rooms and
make reservations.
 Actors on the Scene- End Users
c. Sophisticated end users:

engineers, scientists, business analysts who implement

their own applications to meet their complex needs.
Stand-alone users: Use "personal" databases, possibly
employing a special-purpose (e.g., f inancial) software
package. Mostly maintain personal databases using
ready-to-use packaged applications.

Eg: tax program user that creates its own internal

database.
 Database Administrator (DBA)

The DBA is a person or a group of persons who is

responsible for the management of the database.

The DBA is responsible for authorizing access to the

database by grant and revoke permissions
to the users, for coordinating and
monitoring its use, managing backups and repairing damage
due to
hardware and/or software failures a
nd for acquiring hardware and
software resources as needed.

In case of small organization the role of DBA is performed

by a single person and in case of large organizations there is
a group of DBA's who share responsibilities.
2. Workers behind the scene:
These are the users who are associated with the
development & operation of DBMS.

 DBMS system designers & implementers : Are

persons who design and implement the DBMS
modules & interfaces as a s/w package.

 Tools Developers: Persons who design & implement

tools the S/w facilitate DB systems design and use,
and help improve performance. Tools are optional
package that are often purchased separately.

 Operators & maintenance personnal are the system

administration personnel who are responsible for the
actual running' & maintenance of the h/w s/w
environment for the database system.
• Explain roles and responsibilities of DBA (5m)

• Explain different people behind DBMS (8m)

• Explain DB users (5 or 8m)

When not to use a DBMS

a) Main inhibitors (costs) of using a DBMS:

i) High initial investment and possible need for additional hardware.

ii) Overhead for providing generality, security, concurrency control,
recovery, and integrity functions.

b) When a DBMS may be unnecessary:

i) If the database and applications are simple, well defined and not
expected to change.
ii) If there are stringent real-time requirements that may not be met
because of DBMS overhead.
iii)If access to data by multiple users is not required.

c) When no DBMS may be sufficient:

i) If the database system is not able to handle the complexity of data
because of modeling limitations
ii) If the database users need special operations not supported by
theDBMS