F.A.L.

CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER

2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Sampaloc, Manila
Contact No.: 0998-320-4691 (SMART); 0995-351-7556 (GLOBE)
email: franzlyteah_15@yahoo.com

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING peak-hour traffic traveling in the peak direction. If the K-factor for this
freeway is 0.148, determine the Directional Design Hourly Volume.
1. A toll bridge carries 10,000 veh/day. The current toll is
$3.00/vehicle. Studies have shown that for each increase in toll of 50 5. A traffic engineer urgently needs to determine the AADT on a rural
cents, the traffic volume will decrease by 1000 veh/day. It is desired primary road. She collected the data shown below on a Tuesday
to increase the toll to a point where revenue will be maximized. during the month of May. Determine the AADT of the road.
a. Determine toll charge to maximize revenues. Time Volume HEF
b. Determine traffic in veh/day after toll increase. 7:00 – 8:00 400 29.00
c. Determine total revenue increase with new toll. 8:00 – 9:00 535 22.05
9:00 – 10:00 650 18.80
AADT – is the average 24-hour traffic volume at a given location over 10:00 – 11:00 710 17.10
a full year. 11:00 – 12:00 650 18.52
ADT - is the average 24-hour traffic volume at a given location for a DEF for Tuesday = 7.727
period of time less than a year (e.g., summer, six months, a season, MEF for May = 1.394
a month, a week).
TRAFFIC FLOW and QUEUEING THEORY
Peak Hour Factor: I. Primary Elements of Traffic Flow (Macroscopic Approach)
𝑉 a. Flow, q – the equivalent hourly rate at which vehicles pass a point
𝑃𝐻𝐹 =
4𝑥𝑉 on a highway during a time period less than 1 hour. (veh/hr)
Directional Design Hourly Volume: 𝒒 = (𝒌)(𝝁𝒔 )
𝐷𝐷𝐻𝑉 = 𝐾 ∗ 𝐷 ∗ 𝐴𝐴𝐷𝑇
Accident Rate: b. Density, k - sometimes referred to as concentration, is the number
𝐴 of vehicles traveling over a unit length of highway at an instant in
𝑅=
𝑇 𝑁 time. (veh/km), (veh/mi)
Hourly Expansion Factors: 𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒆𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒔
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 24ℎ𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝒌=
𝐻𝐸𝐹 = 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒐𝒂𝒅𝒘𝒂𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
c. Speed, u - is the distance traveled by a vehicle during a unit of
Daily Expansion Factors: time. (km/hr), (mi/hr)
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘 𝟏 𝒅
𝐷𝐸𝐹 = Time Mean Speed, 𝝁𝒕 = ∑
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝒏 𝒕𝒊
𝒏𝒅
Space Mean Speed, 𝝁𝒔 = ∑ 𝒕𝒊
Monthly Expansion Factors:
𝐴𝐴𝐷𝑇
𝑀𝐸𝐹 = II. Primary Elements of Traffic Flow (Microscopic Approach)
𝐴𝐷𝑇 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

2. The number of all crashes recorded at an intersection in a year

was 23, and the average 24-hr volume entering from all approaches
was 6500. Determine the crash rate per million entering vehicle. Ans.
9.69 crashes/million entering vehicle.

3. The number of vehicles observed from 4:00 to 5:30 PM is shown

in the table. Determine the following:
Time Volume III. Speed-Density Relationship – as density increases, speed
04:00 – 04:15 23 decreases. When the density reaches its maximum (referred to as
04:15 – 04:30 28 the jam density, 𝒌𝒋 ), speed becomes zero because vehicles tend to
04:30 – 04:45 30 line up end to end. Similarly, when density reaches its minimum
04:45 – 05:00 34 (nearly equal to zero), speed will reach what is referred to as the free
05:00 – 05:15 36 flow speed, 𝝁𝒇.
05:15 – 05:30 20 a. Greenshield’s Model:
𝝁𝒇
a. Peak hour. 𝝁𝒔 = 𝝁𝒇 − 𝒌
𝒌𝒋
b. Peak hour volume.
c. Peak Hour Factor. b. Greenberg Model:
𝒌𝒋
𝝁𝒔 = 𝒄 𝐥𝐧
4. A freeway is to be designed as a passenger-car–only facility for an 𝒌
AADT of 35,000 vehicles per day. It is estimated that the freeway will
IV. Shock wave on a traffic stream
have a free-flow speed of 70 mi/h. The design will be for commuters,
Velocity of shock wave:
and the peak-hour factor is estimated to be 0.85 with 65% of the
𝒒𝟐 − 𝒒𝟏
𝝁𝒘 =
𝒌𝟐 − 𝒌𝟏
 F.A.L. CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Sampaloc, Manila
Contact No.: 0998-320-4691 (SMART); 0995-351-7556 (GLOBE)
email: franzlyteah_15@yahoo.com

6. From the given data: TURNOUT

Vehicle Distance Travel time Speed
(m) (s)
1 200 15
2 200 11
3 200 9
4 200 6
5 200 12
a. Compute the time mean speed.
b. Compute the space mean speed.

7. The capacity (maximum hourly flow rate) for one lane of a freeway
facility is roughly 2400 veh./hr. What is the average time headway?
13. A turnout has a frog with the given data:
8. Given from an aerial photograph of a 500-m segment of an Total length = 4750 mm
expressway: density, k = 24 veh/km. Heel Spread = 310 mm
a. Determine the no. of vehicles occupying the given segment. Frog Angle = 6°21′35"
b. Determine the average space headway. Determine the length of toe in mm.

10. The speed-density relationship for a particular freeway lane was 14. A turnout has an angle of 6 degrees. Determine its frog number.
found to be
𝜇 + 2.6 = 0.002(𝑘 − 230)
Given that the speed is in miles/hour and the density is in 15. The following table is the data on a traffic accident recorded for the
vehicles/mile: past 6 years. Compute the severity ratio.
a. Determine the free flow speed. 103.2 Year Property Damage Injury Fatal
b. Determine the jam density. 266 2010 110 28 7
c. Determine the maximum flow. 2011 140 30 6
2012 156 38 11
11. Similar to May 2016 CE Board Exam 2013 161 36 14
A ramp meter operates during the morning peak period. Ramp meter 2014 154 41 12
cycles vary with time as shown in the table below. The metering 2015 176 46 18
scheme allows one vehicle per cycle to pass the signal. The table
below gives the number of vehicles demanding service on the ramp
during the particular time intervals, the cumulative demand for the
ramp for the morning peak, and the ramp meter cycle for each interval. 16. Determine the space headway between two cars having the same
Time 10 min Cumulative Meter length of 6.5m if they travel with the same speed of 60kph and the time
Period volume volume cycle, (s) headway is 2 seconds. Determine also the clearance and the gap
6:30-6:45 75 75 6 between the two vehicles.
6:45-7:00 100 175 10
7:00-7:15 125 300 12
7:15-7:30 110 410 12
7:30-7:45 80 490 10
7:45-8:00 65 555 6
a. What are the service rates for meter cycle 12,10, and 6? CE Board
May 2016
b. the time the queue on the ramp begins and ends.
c. the longest waiting time experienced on the ramp
d. the total delay due to queueing on the ramp.

12. Studies have shown that the traffic flow on a single-lane approach
to a signalized intersection can be described by the Greenshields
model. If the jam density on the approach is 130 vpm, determine:
a. the velocity of the stopping wave when the approach signal
changes to red if the density on the approach is 45 vpm and the space
mean speed is 40 mph.