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    2-Elasticity

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    Islam Babiker

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    2-Elasticity

    Uploaded by

    Islam Babiker
    8 views14 pages

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    8 views14 pages

    2-Elasticity

    Uploaded by

    Islam Babiker

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    You are on page 1of 14

    Elasticity

    Elastic Properties of Solids


    Stress : is a quantity proportional to the force producing
    a deformation.
    • The external force acting on the object per unit area

    Strain: is a measure of the degree of deformation.


    • Stress is proportional to strain, and the constant of
    proportionality is the elastic modulus:
    Elastic Properties of Solids
    Elastic modulus :-
    is defined as the ratio of the stress to the
    resulting strain.
    There are three types of Modulus
    Young’s modulus (Y) →Elasticity in length
    Shear modulus (S) → Elasticity in in shape
    Bulk modulus (B) → Elasticity in Volume

    o Three elastic moduli are used to describe the


    elastic behavior (deformations) of objects as
    they respond to forces that act on them.
    Young’s Modulus
    Measures the resistance of a solid to a
    change in its length .
    Young’s modulus, Y, is the ratio of those two
    ratios:

    Units (Y) are N / m²


    Example
    A 80 Kg mass is hung on a steel wire having 18
    m long and 3 mm diameter. What is the
    elongation of the wire, If Young's modulus for
    steel is .( Y=21 x1010N/m2)
    Shear Modulus
    Measures the resistance to motion of the
    planes within a solid parallel to each other.
    The shear modulus is the ratio of the shear
    stress to the shear strain.

    shear stress F A
    S= =
    shear strain x
    h

    Units ( S ) are N / m2
    Remarks
    Only Solids have Shear and Young's moduli
    (fluids can flow)

    When a material is subjected to shear stress


    the volume will not change.
    Example
    A horizontal force of 1.2 N is applied to the top of
    a stack of pancakes 13 cm in diameter and 9 cm
    high. The result is a 2.5 cm shear. Find the
    shear modulus.
    Bulk Modulus
    Measures the resistance of solids or liquids
    to changes in their volume.
    The bulk modulus is the ratio of the volume
    stress to the volume strain.

    Units ( B ) are N /m2


    Example
    A solid brass sphere is initially surrounded by
    air, and the air pressure exerted on it is
    1.0x10⁵N/m² (normal atmospheric pressure).
    The sphere is lowered into the ocean to a depth
    where the pressure is 2.0 x 10⁷ N/m². The
    volume of the sphere in air is 0.50 m³. By how
    much does this volume change once the sphere
    is submerged?
    Stress vs. Strain Curve

    Experiments show that


    for certain stresses, the
    stress is directly
    proportional to the
    strain.
    This is the elastic
    behavior part of the
    curve .
    Hooke’s Law
    The relationship between force,
    spring constant and extension is
    represented in this equation.
    force = spring constant  extension

    If the force is called F, the spring


    constant k and the extension Δx,
    then
    F = k  Δx
    N = N/m x m

    13
    Hooke’s Law
    – How much a certain spring
    extends depends on the
    force applied and the
    spring constant.
    – This is a measure of the
    stiffness of the spring and
    it is measured in newtons
    per metre (N/m).
    – The higher the spring
    constant the stiffer the
    spring and the less it
    extends for a given force.

    14

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