STA 100 Fall 2024 (b) Interpret a Type I error in terms of the problem.

Homework 5 - Due 11:59 PM Friday, Nov 8th on Gradescope (c) Interpret a Type II error in terms of the problem.
(d) If we wanted to minimize the probability of a Type
Book Homework I error, what action should we take?

1. A medical researcher wishes to see whether the pulse (e) If we wanted to minimize the probability of a Type
rates of smokers are higher than the pulse rate for non- II error, what action should we take?
smokers. Random samples of 65 smokers and 74 non-
4. Answer the following questions with TRUE or FALSE.
smokers are selected, and the pulse rate results are shown
Explain your answers as well.
below. Test the researchers claim at α = 0.01. Assume
Assume the p-value for a hypothesis test of H0 : µ1 = µ2
the d.f. = 137.
is 0.0020
Smokers Nonsmokers (a) Our conclusion at any common value of α would be
Sample Mean 90 88 to reject H0 .
Sample Standard Deviation 5.9 7.3
Sample Size 65 74 (b) This means the probability of H0 being true is 0.0020.
(c) The one-sided p-value for this test would then be
0.0010.
(a) State the null hypothesis and the alternative hypoth-
esis. (d) This means the probability of a Type II error is
0.0020.
(b) Calculate the test-statistic for this problem.
(c) Calculate the range of the p-value for your test- 5. A sociology student wanted to test to see if the GPA’s
statistic. of four sororities were significantly different. They found
the following:
(d) Interpret the p-value in terms of the problem.
(e) Do you reject the null, or fail to reject? Sorority A B C D
(f) State the conclusion in terms of the problem. ȳi 2.22 3.37 2.87 2.98
si 0.54 0.35 0.21 0.23
2. A scientist recorded the tail lengths (in cm) of two va- ni 10 10 10 10
rieties of woodland salamanders: red-backed and lead-
backed. The table below shows the summary: Let A = group 1, B = group 2, C = group 3, and D =
group 4.
Redbacked Leadbacked
Sample Mean 3.2 4.0 (a) Fill out an ANOVA table.
Sample Standard Deviation 0.9 0.7
Sample Size 60 27 Source df SS MS
Between groups
Assume the d.f = 63.5677. The researchers are inter- Within groups
ested in if the average tail lengths of the two salamanders Total
are equal.

(a) State the null hypothesis and the alternative hypoth- (b) Calculate the F test statistic.
esis.
6. Continue with Problem 5 (the sorority problem). Assume
(b) Calculate the test-statistic for this problem. α = 0.05
(c) Calculate the range of the p-value for your test-
(a) State the null and alternative hypothesis mathemat-
statistic.
ically.
(d) Interpret the p-value in terms of the problem.
(b) State the null and alternative hypothesis in terms of
(e) Do you reject the null, or fail to reject? the problem.
(f) State the conclusion in terms of the problem. (c) Calculate the range for the p-value.
3. Consider the following research topic: The goal is to de- (d) Interpret the p-value in terms of the problem.
termine if there is a statistically significant increase in
(e) Do you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis?
the average weight gain of anorexic patients for a new
treatment (µN ) when compared to a standard treatment (f) Interpret your conclusion in terms of the problem.
(µS ). (g) What type of error could we have made in this ques-
(a) State the null hypothesis and the alternative hypoth- tion?
esis. (h) Interpret a Type II error in terms of the problem.

1
7. A group of paramedics does not believe that the average Control Deficient Fertilizer
number of calls in the morning, afternoon and night shifts ȳi 17.31 11.70 17.84
are equal. They counted the number of calls over 7 days, ni 10 10 9
and found the following:

Morning Afternoon Night 10. A particular type of tree was put into three groups, a
ȳi 2.57 3.71 4.29 control group (with 10 trees), a vitamin deficient group
si 0.98 1.11 1.38 (with 10 trees), and a fertilizer group (with 9 trees). The
ni 7 7 7 goal is to see if their average growth is affected. Summary
statistics are below:
The value of M S(within) is 16.8889. Let Control =
Let Morning = group 1, Afternoon = group 2, and Night group 1, Deficient = group 2, and Fertilizer = group 3.
= group 3.
(a) Calculate the family-wise (simultaneous, Bonferroni)
(a) Fill out an ANOVA table. 90% confidence intervals for (µ1 − µ2 ), (µ1 − µ3 ), and
(µ2 − µ3 ), with assuming you will make k = 3 total
confidence intervals.
Source df SS MS
Between groups (b) Which confidence intervals suggest a significant dif-
Within groups ference in the means?
Total (c) Which confidence interval suggests the largest signif-
icant difference between two means?
(b) Calculate the F test statistic. (d) Interpret the family-wise confidence interval for (µ1 −
µ2 ) in terms of the problem.
8. Continue with Problem 7 (the paramedic problem). As- 11. Assume a research wants to test if a new drug is better
sume α = 0.01. at reducing the average pain score, and they have four
groups : a placebo (P), a control (C), a standard drug
(a) State the null and alternative hypothesis mathemat-
group (S), and the new drug group (D).
ically.
(b) State the null and alternative hypothesis in terms of (a) State the null hypothesis in mathematical symbols
the problem. and the alternative hypothesis.
(b) Interpret a Type I error in terms of the problem.
(c) Calculate the range for the p-value.
(c) Interpret a Type II error in terms of the problem.
(d) Do you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis?
(d) If we rejected the null hypothesis in this case, would
(e) Interpret your conclusion in terms of the problem. we immediately be able to say that all group have
(f) Interpret a Type I error in terms of the problem. significantly different averages from each other?

9. Continuing with Problem 5. Group means and sample

sizes are found below:

Sorority A B C D
ȳi 2.22 3.37 2.87 2.98
ni 10 10 10 10

The value of M S(within) is 0.1278. Let A = group 1, B

= group 2, C = group 3, and D = group 4.

(a) Calculate the family-wise (simultaneous, Bonferroni)

99% confidence intervals for (µ2 − µ1 ), (µ2 − µ3 ), and
(µ2 − µ4 ), with assuming you will make k = 3 total
confidence intervals.
(b) Which confidence intervals suggest a significant dif-
ference in the means?
(c) Which confidence interval suggests the smallest sig-
nificant difference between two means?
(d) Interpret the family-wise confidence interval for (µ2 −
µ3 ) in terms of the problem.