Modal Verb

••••••••••••••••••r••••••••••••••••••••••••••••r•••••·•·•··•••·••••••••·•·••••••••••••••••••••••
Fl'J'lMS'lM'l1''1 : can/be able to : Will you be able to finish it by Friday?
: could/were able to : Mozart could play the piano at the age of three.
••••••••·••··•••••r•••••••••··········•·•····••r••·············•··•·••·····•••••••••·••·••······
Fl'J'lM4'1Lil" must I must tidy up or my mother will get angry.
have (got) to You have (got) to take this syrup two times a day.
should/ought to You should/ought to let your parents know this.
need I'm so dirty. I need a shower.
·······~~1··· ;,.· ···~····························~················································
. .
Fl'J'lMLll4'1LU~ : don't have to/haven't got to/ : You needn't eat it if you don't like it.

• needn'Udon't need to • You don't have to pay me back today.

needn't have + V.3 ('Y11ui1) : We needn't have cooked. We bought lots of food.

. didn't have to (€l1'<ilLl-Jl:Wli'Yl1) ~ He didn't have to clean the car .

··················~····························~················································
Fl'J'lMLil~11.J~ : can/could/may/might : The children may/could/might watch TV tonight.
: could/may/might have + V.3 : They could have forgotten about the concert .
..................•............................•................................................
I :'1 • •
Fl'J'lM~'l~::Lu~ : should/ought to : Why don't you ask Tom? He should be in his
: office now.
················•·r••··························•················································
• can/could/may/might : Can/Could/May/Might I go out, please?
: You can/can'Umay/may not smoke in this room.
••····••···•····••r••·•·······················•r••······················•••••••••••••••••······•
fl'l1'C\184f8.S : can/will : Can/Will you come to the doctor's with me?
• could/may/would (~m'V-l) Could you help me with this project, please?
••••••••••••••••••r•••••••••••·••••••••••••••••r•••··•••••••••••·•••••••············••·••••••···
fl'l1'LS~BLL~:: : can You can visit Chicago while you're in the USA.
• shall/could (~m'V-l) • Could you turn down the music, please?
··················•··························•·r·•··············································
fl'l1'LL~::1''1 : shall : Shall we tell him the truth or not?
• should/ought to You should pay a visit to your dentist.
should/ought to have + V.3 • She should have told us before she went away.
had better • You had better stop interfering in my affairs.
··················~·············································································
fl'l1'11'1M : mustn't You mustn't smoke in here.

. • can't • He can't enter that room; it's for staff only.

···············································•················································
itSE • used to • She used to go fishing when she lived there.
would They would read a book before they went to bed.

.
• will • Every time he passes by, he will say "hello".
................................................................................................
I Exercise 1
Complete each blank with one modal verb.

Text A

As children, they (1) _ _ _ _ _ to spend a lot of time together. They (2)

_ _ _ _ _ _ go for long bike rides along the coast until they reached the cave. Once

there, they (3) _ _ _ _ _ _ able to explore it to the heart's content, as no one else knew

about this secret hideaway. They felt they (4) to keep this place to

themselves no matter what.

Text B

I'm worried about John. He hasn't been well lately. Yesterday, he was pale and he (1)

_ _ _ _ _ _ have been feeling sick, as he (2) _ _ _ _ _ _ not eat a thing. I think he

(3) _ _ _ _ _ _ better see a doctor, as he (4) _ _ _ _ _ _ have some serious illness

he's not aware of. Of course, it (5) ______ just be a virus. To be on the safe side,

though, I (6) _ _ _ _ _ drop by his house later and tell him that he (7) _ _ _ __

do something about it immediately.

Text C

When used properly, videos (1) ______ be very educational for children. Of

.course, they (2) _ _ _ _ _ _ be suitable for their age and children (3) _ _ _ _ _ _ not

just be placed in front of the television and left unsupervised. Parents (4) _ _ _ _ _ _ to

be actively involved, too, as children (5) ______ not be passive viewers; they need

someone to interact with while watching.

Text D

My car broke down yesterday and I (1) _ _ _ _ _ _ to take the bus to work. I (2)

_ _ _ _ _ _ have taken a taxi instead, as it was a frustrating experience. We were all

squashed together like sardines in a tin and we (3) _ _ _ _ _ _ hardly breathe. To make

matters worse, an overweight lady standing next to me wanted to get off at one point.

"(4) _ _ _ _ _ you mind moving a bit to the side so that I (5) _ _ _ _ _ get to the

door?" she said. She nearly squashed me to death! (6) the public

transportation system be this bad?

6' .,
~~i;W
q
1'<il'YW GRAMMAR 1,500 "ll0
 Exercise 2
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence,
using the words in parentheses.

1. If I were you, I wouldn't stay in the sun without sunscreen. (had better)

2. Shall I water the plants for you? (would like)

3. I expect that she has invited everyone to her birthday party. (must)

4. As a child, Daniel was never in the habit of eating cornflakes. (used to)

5. Smoking is not allowed in the building. (must)

6. It was wrong of you to steal that book. (should)

7. She is not obliged to cook if she doesn't have time. (have to)

Exercise 3
Choose t he correct answer.

1. He _ _ _ swim very long distances when he was a teenager, but after years of heavy
smoking, he no longer can.
a. can b. would
c. could d. should

2. We had been warned that our flight might be delayed this morning, but the pilot
_ _ _ take off despite heavy fog.
a. is able to b. must
c. was able to d. may

3. I'm glad we _ _ _ persuade the teacher to put t omorrow's exam off till next Monday.
Now we'll have plenty of time to revise.
a. must b. had to
c. should d. were able to
4. The children _ _ _ have as much fruit as they like, but please don't give them any
sweets.
a. must b. can
c. will d. would

5. The teacher always calls the students by their names. She _ _ _ have a good memory
if she's able to keep all their names in mind.
a. must b. will
c. should d. could

6. Because I had missed quite a few classes due to my illness, I _ _ _ very hard for my
exams in order to make up for what I'd missed.
a. used to study b. had to study
c. would rather study d. will have studied

7. "Have you decided where to go on holiday this summer?"

"Not yet, but we _ _ _ to the same place as we did last year."
a. might go b. would go
c. will go d. could have gone

8. Because it's your day off tomorrow, you _ _ _ to bed early tonight. Why don't we go
to the pub together?
a. shouldn't go b. couldn't go
c. needn't go d. haven't had to go

9. It _ _ _ a disaster, but fortunately, he _ _ _ fast at the time.

a. might be, didn't drive b. must be, won't be driving
c. was supposed to be, hadn't driven d. could have been, wasn't driving

10. When you _ _ _ a product in a foreign country, you _ _ _ customs and cultural
differences into consideration.
a. have marketed, might have taken b. market, have been taking
c. are marketing, ought to take d. will market, have to take

11. Judging from the damage to the car, she _ _ _ really fast at the time of the accident.
a. would rather be driving b. must have been driving
c. may have driven d. is supposed to drive

12. When the pain from her broken leg became unbearable last night, the doctor _ __
her a pain-killing injection.
a. might give b. used to give
c. should give d. had to give

13. I feel terrible. Something we ate at the restaurant _ _ _ me sick.

a. must have made b. would make
c. should have made d. had to make

j ~ V
~~fH.Jb';ij'YH.J
q
GRAMMAR 1,500 "lJEl
14. You _ _ _ about the offer carefully if you don't want to be sorry later.
a. should have thought b. had better think
c. would think d. must have thought

15. When my boss asked me to work overtime, I _ _ _ no, even though I _ _ _ a prior
arrangement for the evening.
a. shouldn't say, was having b. needn't say, should have
c. couldn't say, had d. haven't said, could have

16. Even light drugs _ _ _ toxic when taken in excessive amounts, so you _ _ _ the
prescribed dosage.
a. ought to be, may observe b. can be, should observe
c. have been, used to observe d. would be, would observe

17. I don't think it is a good idea to make arrangements for a picnic tomorrow. According to
the weather forecast, it _ _ _ rain.
a. must b. has to
c. would rather d. might

18. We can't hire that girl just because she's your friend's daughter. Any prospective
employee _ _ _ certain requirements for this position.
a. might fulfil b. must fulfil
c. had to fulfil d. can fulfil

19. Why did you bother so much trying to change your money? You _ _ _ it as they
accept US dollars in Mexico.
a. haven't changed b. didn't use to change
c. needn't have changed d. can't change

20. When I was a child, collecting stamps and sticking them into an album _ _ _ my
favorite hobby, and I still have some of them now.
a. ought to be b. used to be
c. has been d. could be

21. It's no use complaining now. You _ _ _ the consequences before.

a. should have considered b. could consider
c. would consider d. were able to consider

22. I don't really like to go shopping alone. Because I often need advice on what to buy, I
_ _ _ company while shopping.
a. used to have b. should have had
c. have had d. would rather have
23. _ _ _ overtime, because Ann came to help me and we left the office at the usual
hour.
a. needn't have worked b. couldn't have worked
c. might not have worked d. didn't need to work

24. "Isn't that Sandra over there?"

"No, it _ _ _ her. She is out of town at the moment, and won't be back until Friday."
a. couldn't have been b. can't be
c. hasn't been d. may not be

25. _ _ _ I have a look at your magazine if you _ _ _ it at the moment?

a. Will, don't read b. May, won't be reading
c. Can, aren't reading d. Should, didn't read

26. In the end, she _ _ _ her son from being a drug addict, but she really had to sacrifice
a lot of her own life to do so.
a. would rather save b. ought to save
c. used to save d. was able to save

27. I'm not sure why Cindy didn't come to the party, but it _ _ _ because she knew her
ex-husband _ _ _ there as well.
a. might have been, was going to be b. will be, should have been
c. was, must have been d. has been, will have been

28. After driving for two hours along the unfamiliar road, we suddenly realized that we
_ _ _ a wrong turning.
a. could be taking b. used to take
c. ought to take d. must have taken

29. The other day, I _ _ _ the man who _ _ _ the president's speeches before he got
fired.
a. had met, has been writing b. have met, had written
c. met, used to write d. meet, could have written

30. I'm working on my thesis at the moment, so I _ _ _ not be disturbed unless

something urgent crops up.
a. would like b. would rather
c. would mind d. would have

<n:::~tJ hrnf GRAMMAR 1,500 ie:i N:JM

 Non-Finite Verb
·•••••••••••••••r••••••••••••••••••••••••••••,••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
1J1'::ISlrtCU8~ :• Finite Verb (n1Ll7bb'Yl) bU~mrnJ~1:1s11.h~1i7U
'IJ
(bEln'Vf<ilU I 'v'l'V\'Vf<ilU),
'IJ
Tense, Voice
flffl1 :• Non-Finite Verb (n1tJ1l:iJbb'Yl) l:iJbiJ~mniJ
'IJ
mJ.JbUU Infinitive/ Gerund / Participle
••••••••••••••••~•••••••••r••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••r••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1
Infinit ive :• To+ inf . :• ► uEJmi~iJ1~~.Jf1
9
:. Lisa went there to see her sister.

. ~ ► 'Vli.J wh- 1u N.CI. (tJm1u Why) ~ We really don't know what to do .

r••••••~•••·····•···••••·••••····••••···••••·••·•••••·••••••••••••••••••••·••••1
• V. ri~1:1s1~i-w to + inf. b°lrU afford agree aim attempt arrange begin decide
deserve fail forget hope learn manage offer plan promise refuse threaten
We agreed to meet on Sunday.
• V. ~m:1s1i1tJ m1:1s1 +to+ inf. b°lrU advise allow ask cause command
encourage expect forbid force get hire instruct invite lead order permit
persuade promise remind require teach tell urge want warn would like
They advised me to try again later.
I-•• ■■ • ■ •• •r •• • ■ ■ • •• ■ •• ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ •• • ■ ■ • ■ ■ ■ •• ■ ■ ■ • ■ ■ •r • • •• • • ■ • • • • • • •• ■ • • • •• • ■ • • • • • ■ • ■ • • 1

: ► 'Vli.J Modal Verbs

Inf.
. The boys may be late tomorrow .

.
: ► 'Vli.J hear, listen to, see, notice We saw him take the money .

.: observe, watch, smell, let, make I heard her 2!§y the piano .
: ► 'Vli.J Why ... ?/ Why not...? Why not 9..Q for a picnic?
••••••••••••••• ~-········~··································~································• 1
Geru nd : V.in g : ► Hu'Ym N. bUUU1~1i7U / m1:1s1 : Running is my favorite sport.
: ► 'Vli.J N. / Adj. / V. ~HnuU'v'IU'Yl : My parents are fond of dancing.
• 9 •
r•••·••··••••••······••••········••·•········•·•···················•·········•·1
• V. ~~1:1s1i1tJ gerund (V.ing) b°lrU admit anticipate appreciate avoid compare
complete confess consider delay deny detest discuss enjoy escape excuse
fancy feel finish forgive imagine involve keep mention mind miss postpone
practice prevent quit recall report resent resist risk spend suggest tolerate
understand be used to can't help can't stand look forward to

. We would appreciate hearing from you .

••••••••••••••••r•••••••••r••••••••••••r•••••••••••••••••••••r••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •
Partlc lp le ~ V .in g ~ ► 1rn1tJ N. 'Yibuu~m~r11 (Active)
0
~ That f!Yl!J.g baby is her child.
: (Present): : Hearing the noise, he stood up.
t·•·····••t••··••··•·•·r·•••·•·········•··•·•t···•·············•···············,
: V.3 : ► "1W7Ll N. ririnm~'Yl7 (Passive) : They want to eat that frozen cake.
• : <\.I •

: (Past)
.:
:
.
: Supported by the people , he felt
: confident about the next election.
r••·······~··································-································· '
: i.Jbn~17U1~1i7U"lJEl.J V.ing / V.3 nuiJ1~1ilU~ni1V1rt.J iEJ.JbUUf1U'V\1El~.Jb~Ll1flU
I
Exercise 1
I

Complete the following sentences with "to do" or "doing".

1. He decided it. 26. Did you consider it?
2. She recalled it. 27. Nobody failed it.
3. Did he pretend it? 28. I was struggling it.
4. He should have trained it. 29. He is risking it.
5. She won't tolerate it. 30. They had threatened it.
6. He ha s kept it. 31. Someone happened it.
7. We are waiting it. 32. Would you dare me it ?
8. Do you deny it? 33. I wish you would quit it.
9. I couldn't imagine it. 34. Do you agree it?
10. She resisted it. 35. Who showed you how it?
11. Do you fancy it? 36. I can't stand it.
12. He was not prepared it. 37. What motivated you it?
13. They were warned not it. 38. No one could resist it.
14. Will they elect him it? 39. Can they afford it?
15. What caused him it? 40. They might postpone it.
16. Why have they delayed it? 41. I hired him it.
17. He detests it. 42. She didn't hesitate it.
18. I miss it. 43. Please remind him it.
19. I forbid you it. 44. They seemed it.
20. We encouraged her it. 45. Did she mention it?
21. They should discuss it. 46. He doesn't care it.
22. He didn't anticipate it. 47. He claims it.
23. Were you tempted it? 48. Who suggested it?
24. Who urged him it? 49. Do you challenge me it?
25. We all avoid it. 50. He cautioned us not it.

Exercise 2
Complete the sentences using gerund or infinitive forms of the verbs in parentheses.

1. Because he devoted himself t o (write) _ _ __ novels, his wife accused him of

(neglect) _ _ _ _ th e children .

2. Alice seems (get) _ _ _ _ bored easily. Does she have difficulty in (concentrate)
_ _ _ _ on her studies?

~~frn
q
hvuf GRAMMAR 1,500 ie:i
3. At our next meeting, we should discuss (hire) _ _ _ _ some more teachers (meet)
_ _ _ _ the increasing demand this year.

4. All salesmen are required (phone) _ _ _ _ the secretary at certain intervals (tell)
_ _ _ _ her where they are when they are out of the office.

5. May I suggest (stop) _ _ _ _ for a while to have a rest as my ankle appears (be)
_ _ _ _ sprained?

6. My father only allows me (borrow) _ _ _ _ his car if I promise (bring) _ _ __ it

back with a full tank of petrol.

7. Don't be offended, but would you mind (leave) _ _ _ _ me alone? I want (think)
_ _ _ _ over the problem without any interference.

8. They are very successful in (run) _ _ _ _ a first class hotel, and they are considering
(expand) _ _ _ _ it next year by (add) more rooms and a conference
facility.

9. His sense of loyalty to his mother compelled him (tell) _ _ _ _ the truth even
though his brother had forced him (lie) _ _ __

10. The coach won't tolerate his (miss) _ _ _ _ training sessions just because he
believes himself (be) _ _ _ _ the best player in the team and irreplaceable.

11. It's best to avoid (talk) _ _ _ _ to my father when he appears (be) _ _ _ _ in a

bad mood.

12. I wouldn't advise you (attend) _ _ _ _ that university because their law school really
isn't very good.

13. She pretended (not, understand) _ _ _ _ what I meant, but I'm sure she did, in fact.

14. At our family reunion last week, we really had fun (talk) _ _ _ _ about the children's
mischief.

15. I anticipate (have) _ _ _ _ great difficulty (find) _ _ _ _ any hotels during this
season. If you ask me, I suggest (go) _ _ _ _ on a camping holiday.

Exercise 3
Choose the correct answer.

1. "Have you finished _ _ _ that book?"

"No. I haven't and I don't feel like _ _ _ tonight either."
a. to read, read b. to read, reading
c. reading, to read d. reading, reading
I 2. As we hadn't seen each other for ages, we spent the first hour together _ _ _ up on
the latest gossip.
a. catching b. catch
c. having caught d. to catch

3. Although he doesn't particularly like it, my brother doesn't mind _ _ _ the table for
dinner, but he really dislikes _ _ _ it up afterwards.
a. lay, to have cleaned b. laying, cleaning
c. to lay, having cleaned d. being laid, to clean

4. I don't know how we'll cope today. The secretary is ill and there is a huge pile of reports
_ _ _ and no one _ _ _ them.
a. to type, do b. to be typed, to do
c. typing, doing d. being typed, having done

5. _ _ _ , she did not eat anything but sat crying in her bedroom.
a. Felt depressed b. Felt depressing
c. Feeling depressed d. Feeling depressing

6. Susan doesn't appreciate _ _ _ _ _ _ , so make sure you get there on time.

a. keeping, to wait b. to keep, to be waiting
c. to have kept, having waited d. being kept, waiting

7. I left him _ _ _ at the train station as I didn't have time _ _ _ with him.
a. stand, to be waiting b. stood, waiting
c. standing, to wait d. to stand, waited

8. She watched the accountant _ _ _ the money and then made him _ _ _ it in the
safe while she was still there.
a. counting, to lock b. to have counted, locking
c. to count, locked d. count, lock

9. I was vaguely aware of _ _ _ a noise during the night, but I was too sleepy _ __
anything about it.
a. hearing, to do b. having heard, have done
c. hear, doing d. to hear, do

10. I can't wait _ _ _ out whether my parents have agreed to my _ _ _ away with my
friends this summer.
a. finding, go b. to have found, to go
c. find, having gone d. to find, going

11. We've arranged for a car _ _ _ you up from the airport and _ _ _ you to your
hotel.
a. to be picking, taken b. to pick, take
c. picking, having taken d. being picked, take

t V
~~i:HJ ~'YW GRAMMAR 1,500 "llel
9
12. As the coach journey had taken so long, all the passengers were beginning _ __
irritable and bored.
a. to feel b. be feeling
c. feeling d. having felt

13. As I didn't want _ _ _ obliged to speak to him, I avoided _ _ _ him at the

conference.
a. being, to meet b. to be, meeting
c. to be, to meet d. having been, to have met

14. I'd advise you _ _ _ your jewelry _ _ _ in your room until the party is over.
a. keeping, to lock b. to have kept, locking
c. to keep, locked d. having kept, having locked

15. I was just beginning _ _ _ about my daughter when she phoned _ _ _ me her
whereabouts.
a. to worry, to tell b. worrying, telling
c. worried, to have told d. having worried, told

16. It was very thoughtless of him not _ _ _ you a lift home at such a late hour at night.
a. offering b. to offer
c. having offered d. to be offering

17. I know you'd rather _ _ _ the weekend with your friends, but this weekend you
should stay at home your grandparents.
a. spending, pleased b. to have spent, pleasing
c. spend, to please d. spent, to be pleased

18. One of the biggest worries of our time is how _ _ _ the earth's resources _ __
a. making, lasting b. make, to last
c. to make, last d. to have made, lasted

19. We regret _ _ _ you that, due to the current economic crisis, the company has no
option but _ _ _ some of the staff redundant.
a. to inform, to make b. to be informed, making
c. to have informed, to be made d. informing, having made

20. _ _ _ an English newspaper every day is a sure way _ _ _ your knowledge of the
language.
a. Having read, to have improved b. To read, improve
c. Read, improving d. Reading, to improve

21. Whereas modern explorers have all kinds of technical equipment _ _ _ them on their
journeys, earlier ones didn't even have any maps _ _ _ them the way.
a. to have helped, showing b. helping, to have shown
c. to help, to show d. help, show
22. _ _ _ with the answer from the management, the workers threatened to go on strike.
a. Disappointed b. Disappointing
c. Being disappointing d. Having disappointed

23. Although my lawyer has promised _ _ _ with the case diligently, I still can't help
_ _ _ with the outcome will be.
a. having dealt, wonder b. dealing, having wondered
c. for dealing, to wonder d. to deal, wondering

24. I don't like _ _ _ late at night, so please refrain from _ _ _ me after eleven o'clock.
a. having disturbed, being called b. to have disturbed, to have called
c. being disturbed, calling d. to disturb, having called

25. _ _ _ is statistically much safer than most other forms of transport, but this fact
doesn't stop many people _ _ _ nervous about it.
a. To fly, feel b. Having flown, to feel
c. To have flown, being felt d. Flying, feeling

26. I clearly remember _ _ _ the clock last night, so I have no idea why the alarm failed
_ _ _ off.
a. setting, to go b. having set, going
c. set, be going d. to set, to go

27. The suspect denies _ _ _ into the house, but there is quite enough convincing
evidence _ _ _ him guilty.
a. to break, proving b. break, proven
c. breaking, to prove d. broken, having proven

28. We went to the reception without _ _ _ , and so they didn't even let us _ _ _ the
hall.
a. inviting, to enter b. to invite, entering
c. invited, entered d. being invited, enter

29. His ambition is _ _ _ the head of a multinational company, and I'm sure he'll do
whatever is needed _ _ _ it.
a. become, having achieved b. to have become, achieving
c. become, achieve d. to become, to achieve

30. _ _ _ that her mother wouldn't mind _ _ _ them up, Jennifer bought the trousers
even though they were too long.
a. Known, to take b. Having known, take
c. Knowing, taking d. To know, to have taken

6' ..,
t
<il:::fW
q
'<il'YW GRAMMAR 1,500 "lH:J