W/23/Q3

3(b)(i) Barrages have been built on many rivers. Name two barrages in 2
Pakistan.

Balloki / Chashma / Ghazi Brotha / Guddu / Islam / Jinnah / Kotri / Khanki /

Marala / Mohammadwala / Panjnad / Qadirabad / Rasul / Sinhnai / Sulemanki
/ Sukkur / Trimmu / Taunsa
2 @ 1 mark
 Question Answer Marks

3(b)(ii) Suggest how barrages can be useful to farmers. 3

 can be built on low/flat land/plains/near to farming areas

 regulate/control the flow of water in a river/keep river levels stable
 provide a reliable/constant supply of water
 help to prevent/control flooding
 gates are opened to let water into the river
 gates are closed to hold water back
 help with irrigation/in watering crops/direct water for irrigation/water can
be diverted to perennial canals/provide water for livestock
3 @ 1 mark

W/22/Q2

2(c)(i) Study Fig. 2.2, a pie chart showing the percentage share of Pakistan’s 2
total irrigated area by method of irrigation.

Complete Fig. 2.2 to show the percentages of Pakistan’s total irrigated

area which are irrigated by tubewells and by wells and other. Use the
information below and the key.

Point accurately plotted and line drawn

Shading completed accurately using the key

Note: sections can be plotted in either order. 1 mark for line drawn at 80%
or at 97%/1 mark for shading both sections accurately.
2 @ 1 mark
Question Answer Marks

2(c)(ii) Explain two ways in which a karez irrigation system is operated to 4

grow dates and vegetables in a desert oasis. You should develop your
answer.

 it is usually owned by a group of people in the village (rather than an

individual); they share responsibility for its operation/share the
water/share the costs of building/maintenance
 a (mother) well is dug down to the watertable/ground water; to access
water underground/(using gravity) a tunnel brings water to the surface
 the tunnel is dug/starts from the base of a hill or mountain; this allows
water to be transported from underground to dry areas where it is
needed
 a tunnel/narrow underground canal; minimises evaporation (in the hot
desert climate)
 the tunnel can run for a long distance/<10 kms/emerges at ground level;
water is then taken to/used to irrigate/water the crops/fields (of dates
and vegetables)
 where the tunnel reaches the surface/emerges trees are planted; this
provides shade/reduces evaporation
 the karez is dotted with vertical shafts; this allows for cleaning/repairs to
prevent blockages in the tunnels (and if completed regularly the karez
can last for a century or longer)

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks

2(c)(iii) Suggest two disadvantages of using the karez system of irrigation. 2

 (traditional skilled) labour is needed to dig/maintain the tunnels/not

many people with this knowledge/skill
 digging/boring/maintenance takes a lot of workers/time/is hard manual
work/is dangerous work/requires machinery
 is expensive to build/lining the tunnels with (pvc/plastic) pipes is
expensive
 machinery used to bore/dig causes air pollution/harmful gases
 owned by a co-operative/many owners/different percentage shares/can
cause conflict/disagreements over sharing/not enough to go around
 water flowing through a karez cannot be stopped/water can be wasted/it
is inefficient/tunnels can leak/water is absorbed into the ground/supplies
too much water/can spoil crops
 have to use the water as soon as it flows (any time of day)
 need frequent maintenance/repairs/cleaning
 water is drying up/use of tubewells has lowered the water table/wells
and tunnels must be dug deeper
 water is not (always) taken directly to the crops/(often) has to be
transported to the crops/only irrigates a small area
 only feasible in specific geological landscapes
2 @ 1 mark
Question Answer Marks

2(d) To what extent can agricultural practices and water management be 6

improved to prevent waterlogging and salinity?

Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you

have studied. You should consider different points of view in your
answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant
example (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant
example (5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content guide

It is possible to improve agricultural practices and water management

to prevent waterlogging and salinity by:
 leaving parts of the land fallow – preventative measure
 building more dams/reservoirs to store more water
 lining/temporary closure of canals to reduce water leakages
 installing tubewells to flush the salt out of the soil/so flow of water for
irrigation can be controlled
 planting eucalyptus trees to take in excess water when land is badly
waterlogged
 digging surface/sub-surface drains
 removing salts by adding gypsum/by reducing fertiliser use
 Salinity Control and Reclamation Projects (SCARP)
 government legislation, e.g. water quotas
 cultivating salt tolerant crops
 using high-yielding varieties which require less irrigation
 using saline land for livestock farming
 Question Answer Marks

2(d) It is not possible to improve agricultural practices and water

management to prevent waterlogging and salinity due to:
 cost/time taken for farmers to maintain canals/tunnels
 lack of investment in methods
 replacing traditional methods with tubewells lowers the water table and
provides water for fewer farmers
 literacy/education levels may mean some farmers continue to over-
irrigate
 SCARP projects date from 1958 and large public tubewells are
deteriorating/reaching end of their life
 lack of access to/cannot afford high yielding varieties
 traditional irrigation systems are communally owned, change requires
agreement/may generate disagreement

S/21/Q2

2(a)(i) Study Fig. 2.1, showing a blank divided bar graph. Complete Fig. 5
2.1 to show the percentage share of each source of surface water
in Pakistan.Use the information in the key.

 each correct division showing percentage share of each source of

surface water = 1 mark – max 2 marks;
 each correct labelling or shading of each source of surface water = 1 mark
– max 3 marks.

Note: Any order accepted.

5 @ 1 mark

2(a)(ii) State three ways water is obtained for domestic purposes in 3

Pakistan.

 directly from rivers/glaciers/lakes/pond;

 from wells/groundwater/from aquifers;
 via pipelines/water tankers/from reservoirs/taps;
 collecting rainwater (in tanks on the roof);
 using desalination.
3 @ 1 mark
Question Answer Marks

2(b)(i) Explain how water is used in two different secondary 4

industries inPakistan. You should develop your answer.

 thermal power stations; to produce steam to move the turbines;

 mineral water industry; for bottling water this is the only input;
 iron and steel industry; to cool the furnace;
 HEP stations; pressure of water from a height or steep slope to move
the turbines;
 pharmaceutical industry; in the manufacture of drips, syrups, injections
etc;
 tanning industry; for washing/dyeing etc;
 food processing/beverages; for preparing
juices/squashes/syrups/beverages etc;
 chemical industry; for manufacturing acids/bleach/other solutions etc;
 textile industry; for washing/bleaching/ blueing/dyeing/printing etc;
 cement industry;
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further

mark fordevelopment.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks

2(b)(ii) Define ‘irrigation’. 1

It is the artificial supply of water to the land.

1 @ 1 mark

2(b)(iii) Name and describe one type of conventional irrigation system 2

used inPakistan.

 shaduf; water is drawn from a well, river or canal by a bucket.

 charsa; animal power is used to pull water from the well.
 Persian wheel; powered by a bullock which turns a wheel with a series of
pots attached to raise the water from well and tip it into the channels that
lead to the field.
 karez; horizontal underground canal in the foothills and brings the
underground water to the surface where it can be used.
 inundation canals; long canals taken off rivers. They fill when the river
ishigh enough and when it is in flood.
 diversion canal; a narrow version of an inundation canal and are often
used in steep areas so that they can take water to small terraced
fields.
 tank irrigation; mud banks are constructed across small streams to
make a small reservoir to collect water in the rainy season.

Note: One mark for named technique and one mark for description.
2 @ 1 mark
Question Answer Marks

2(c) Outline two advantages and two disadvantages of using 4

irrigation onsmall-scale subsistence farms.

Advantages:
 can produce higher yields;
 extends farming seasons/can cultivate all year round;
 more land used for cultivation/can cultivate marginal land;
 can control the amount of water used;
 can grow a wider range of crops;
 can use over a wide area;
 saves time;
 more reliable than rainfall;
 can be cheap to install e.g. Persian
wheel; Etc.

Disadvantages:
 cost of installation/maintenance;
 difficult to build;
 inundation canals only flow during rainy periods or when glacial/snow
melt enters the rivers;
 waterlogging of soil;
 can increase salinity of soil;
 can cause siltation of barrages;
 unlined canals lead to seepage;
Etc.

Note: advantages = max 2 marks, disadvantages = max 2 marks

4 @ 1 mark
Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge O Level – October/November 2059 02
2015

Question Answer Marks

2(d) The United Nations has predicted that Pakistan may become a 6
‘waterscarce’ country by 2025.

To what extent can effective management of its water supply

help Pakistan to avoid becoming a ‘water scarce’ country in
the future?

Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you

have studied. You should consider different points of view in your
answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view
(1) Simple points referring to any
view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view
(3) Developed points referring to both
views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant
example (5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide

Answers are likely to refer to:

Effective management of the water supply may help because:

 Pakistan has enough water but it is not evenly spread throughout
the country;
 much water is lost through existing irrigation systems using traditional
methods;
 water is polluted through industrial and domestic waste/limited
environmental regulation;
 Pakistan needs to educate the people further about
conserving water/reusing grey water;
Etc.

Effective management of the water supply may not help because:

 population growth is leading to water scarcity and this should be
tackledfirst;
 Pakistan is suffering the consequences of climate change and this is
an international issue that requires multi-national agreements;
 the Indus Water Treaty causes many issues and needs to be
updated; Etc.
© Cambridge International Examinations 2015
 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge O Level – October/November 2059 02
2015
W/19

2(c)(ii) Explain two ways in which a karez irrigation system is operated to grow dates and
vegetables in a desert oasis. You should develop youranswer. 4)

 it is usually owned by a group of people in the village (rather than an individual); they share
responsibility for its operation/share the water/share the costs of building/maintenance
 a (mother) well is dug down to the watertable/ground water; to accesswater underground/(using
gravity) a tunnel brings water to the surface
 the tunnel is dug/starts from the base of a hill or mountain; this allows water to be transported
from underground to dry areas where it is needed
 a tunnel/narrow underground canal; minimises evaporation (in the hotdesert climate)
 the tunnel can run for a long distance/<10 kms/emerges at ground level; water is then taken to/used
to irrigate/water the crops/fields (of dates and vegetables)
 where the tunnel reaches the surface/emerges trees are planted; thisprovides shade/reduces
evaporation
 the karez is dotted with vertical shafts; this allows for cleaning/repairs to prevent blockages in the
tunnels (and if completed regularly the karez can last for a century or longer)

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the point. 1 mark for second
simple point and a further mark for development of the second point.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks

2(c)(iii) Suggest two disadvantages of using the karez system of irrigation. 2)

 (traditional skilled) labour is needed to dig/maintain the tunnels/not many people with this
knowledge/skill
 digging/boring/maintenance takes a lot of workers/time/is hard manualwork/is dangerous
work/requires machinery
 is expensive to build/lining the tunnels with (pvc/plastic) pipes isexpensive
 machinery used to bore/dig causes air pollution/harmful gases
 owned by a co-operative/many owners/different percentage shares/can cause
conflict/disagreements over sharing/not enough to go around
 water flowing through a karez cannot be stopped/water can be wasted/it is inefficient/tunnels can
leak/water is absorbed into the ground/supplies too much water/can spoil crops
 have to use the water as soon as it flows (any time of day)
 need frequent maintenance/repairs/cleaning
 water is drying up/use of tubewells has lowered the water table/wellsand tunnels must be dug
deeper
 water is not (always) taken directly to the crops/(often) has to betransported to the
crops/only irrigates a small area
 only feasible in specific geological landscapes
2 @ 1 mark

2(c)(iii) Suggest two disadvantages of using the karez system of irrigation. 2)

 (traditional skilled) labour is needed to dig/maintain the tunnels/not many people with this
knowledge/skill
© Cambridge International Examinations 2015
 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge O Level – October/November 2059 02
 digging/boring/maintenance takes a lot of workers/time/is hard manualwork/is dangerous
2015
work/requires machinery
 is expensive to build/lining the tunnels with (pvc/plastic) pipes isexpensive
 machinery used to bore/dig causes air pollution/harmful gases
 owned by a co-operative/many owners/different percentage shares/can cause
conflict/disagreements over sharing/not enough to go around
 water flowing through a karez cannot be stopped/water can be wasted/it is inefficient/tunnels can
leak/water is absorbed into the ground/supplies too much water/can spoil crops
 have to use the water as soon as it flows (any time of day)
 need frequent maintenance/repairs/cleaning
 water is drying up/use of tubewells has lowered the water table/wellsand tunnels must be dug
deeper
 water is not (always) taken directly to the crops/(often) has to betransported to the
crops/only irrigates a small area
 only feasible in specific geological landscapes
2 @ 1 mark

2(d) It is not possible to improve agricultural practices and watermanagement to

prevent waterlogging and salinity due to:
 cost/time taken for farmers to maintain canals/tunnels
 lack of investment in methods
 replacing traditional methods with tubewells lowers the water table and provides water for fewer
farmers
 literacy/education levels may mean some farmers continue to over-irrigate
 SCARP projects date from 1958 and large public tubewells aredeteriorating/reaching end
of their life
 lack of access to/cannot afford high yielding varieties
traditional irrigation systems are communally owned, change requiresagreement/may generate
disagreement

2(a)(i) Study Fig. 2.1, showing a blank divided bar graph. Complete Fig. 2.1 to show the
percentage share of each source of surface water in Pakistan. Use the information in the
key. 5)

 each correct division showing percentage share of each source of surface water = 1 mark – max
2 marks;
 each correct labelling or shading of each source of surface water = 1 mark
– max 3 marks.

Note: Any order accepted.

5 @ 1 mark

2(a)(ii) State three ways water is obtained for domestic purposes in Pakistan. 3)

 directly from rivers/glaciers/lakes/pond;

 from wells/groundwater/from aquifers;
 via pipelines/water tankers/from reservoirs/taps;
 collecting rainwater (in tanks on the roof);
 using desalination.
3 @ 1 mark
2(b)(i) Explain how water is used in two different secondary industries in Pakistan.
You should develop your answer. 4)

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge O Level – October/November 2059 02
 2015
thermal power stations; to produce steam to move the turbines;
 mineral water industry; for bottling water this is the only input;
 iron and steel industry; to cool the furnace;
 HEP stations; pressure of water from a height or steep slope to move the turbines;
 pharmaceutical industry; in the manufacture of drips, syrups, injections etc;
 tanning industry; for washing/dyeing etc;
 food processing/beverages; for preparing
juices/squashes/syrups/beverages etc;
 chemical industry; for manufacturing acids/bleach/other solutions etc;
 textile industry; for washing/bleaching/ blueing/dyeing/printing etc;
 cement industry; Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark fordevelopment.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks

2(b)(ii) Define ‘irrigation’. 1)

It is the artificial supply of water to the land.

1 @ 1 mark

2(b)(iii) Name and describe one type of conventional irrigation system used in Pakistan. 2)

 shaduf; water is drawn from a well, river or canal by a bucket.

 charsa; animal power is used to pull water from the well.
 Persian wheel; powered by a bullock which turns a wheel with a series of pots attached to raise the
water from well and tip it into the channels that lead to the field.
 karez; horizontal underground canal in the foothills and brings the underground water to
the surface where it can be used.
 inundation canals; long canals taken off rivers. They fill when the river ishigh enough and when it
is in flood.
 diversion canal; a narrow version of an inundation canal and are often used in steep areas so
that they can take water to small terraced fields.
 tank irrigation; mud banks are constructed across small streams to make a small reservoir to
collect water in the rainy season.

Note: One mark for named technique and one mark for description.
2 @ 1 mark

2(c) Outline two advantages and two disadvantages of using irrigation on small-scale
subsistence farms. 4)

Advantages:
 can produce higher yields;
 extends farming seasons/can cultivate all year round;
 more land used for cultivation/can cultivate marginal land;
 can control the amount of water used;
 can grow a wider range of crops;
 can use over a wide area;
 saves time;
 more reliable than rainfall;
 can be cheap to install e.g. Persian wheel; Etc.

Disadvantages:
© Cambridge International Examinations 2015
 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge O Level – October/November 2059 02
 cost of installation/maintenance; 2015
 difficult to build;
 inundation canals only flow during rainy periods or when glacial/snow melt enters the rivers;
 waterlogging of soil;
 can increase salinity of soil;
 can cause siltation of barrages;
 unlined canals lead to seepage; Etc.

Note: advantages = max 2 marks, disadvantages = max 2 marks

4 @ 1 mark

2(d) The United Nations has predicted that Pakistan may become a ‘water scarce’
country by 2025.

To what extent can effective management of its water supply help Pakistan to avoid
becoming a ‘water scarce’ country in the future?

Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You
should consider different points of view in your answer. 6)

Content Guide

Answers are likely to refer to:

Effective management of the water supply may help because:

 Pakistan has enough water but it is not evenly spread throughout the country;
 much water is lost through existing irrigation systems using traditional methods;
 water is polluted through industrial and domestic waste/limited environmental
regulation;
 Pakistan needs to educate the people further about conserving water/reusing grey
water;
Etc.

Effective management of the water supply may not help because:

 population growth is leading to water scarcity and this should be tackledfirst;
 Pakistan is suffering the consequences of climate change and this is an international issue that
requires multi-national agreements;
the Indus Water Treaty causes many issues and needs to be updated;Etc.

2)

 Amandarra
 Balochi
 Chasma
 Guddu
 Islam
 Jinnah
 Kotri
 Kurrangarhi
 Marala
 Panjnad
 Qadirabad
 Rasul
 Siddha
© Cambridge International Examinations 2015
 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge O Level – October/November 2059 02
 Sukkur 2015
 Sulaimanka
 Taunsa
 Trimma
2 @ 1 mark
4)

 Dams store water / barrages control flow of water;

 Barrages can supply little / small amounts / no electricity (dams are major suppliers of hydel
power);
 Silting is a problem for dams (but not barrages);
 Maintenance cost is lower for barrages (more expensive for dams);
 Construction and or maintenance time is quicker for barrages (longerfor dams);
 Construction cost is lower for barrages (more expensive for dams);
 Fewer or no people have to be evacuated for barrages;
 Barrages have less environmental impact than dams;
 Barrages can be built on flat land (dams require steep slopes);
 Dams have multiple uses whereas barrages do not;
 Dams provide water for a larger area than barrages;
 Barrage to deviate channel to an area where there is no river;
 Do not need to excavate a large area for barrages.
4 @ 1 mark
4)

 Reducing water supply / less water available / water becomes silty /pipes blocked / reduces
capacity of reservoir / less water stored;
 Blocking the flow of water / blocks canals or rivers / chokes or blocks irrigation canals or pipes /
water cannot get through / floods may occur;
 Weakens foundations of dams / have to be emptied or strengthened /flow of flood water is
hampered and can damage dam / damage to turbines or machinery;
 Not enough water for irrigation / industry / domestic use;
 Reduces water available for hydel power / generation of hydel power stopped;
Encourages growth of algae / eutrophication.

4)

2(c)
 Scenic beauty; for tourism / picnic / leisure (dev);
 Provides water; especially to areas where rainfall is low/named; examples / sustains life or
drinking water (dev);
 Helps to generate hydel power / electricity; which reduces power shortages / reduces need to
import coal or oil / reduces need to usefossil fuels (dev) / one of main sources of electricity;
 Adds alluvium to soil; so, improves the fertility of the soil / aids crop growth (dev);
 For fishing industry / subsistence fishing; provides income or food supply to local areas /
people (dev);
 Provides water for domestic use / in the home; named examples, e.g. cooking / cleaning (dev);
 Provides water for industries; named examples, e.g. cement, brickmaking, cotton (dev);
 Provides water for irrigation / agriculture / farming; used to irrigate / water crops / feed livestock /
or named examples, e.g. wheat / cotton /sugar cane (dev);
 Transport; for trade / avoid using roads or rail / access to ports (dev); Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark fordevelopment (in
© Cambridge International Examinations 2015
 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge O Level – October/November 2059 02
parentheses). 2015

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

Small dams
 Cheaper to construct;
 Less technical expertise needed;
 Can be built more quickly;
 Minimal disruption to people and environment; Etc.

Large dams
 More people will benefit;
 Can produce HEP which is good for developing the country;
 Provides employment opportunities;
A bigger area is utilized; Etc.

4)

V = Indus
W= Jhelum
X = Chenab
Y = Ravi
4 @ 1 mark
1)

Z= Mangla Dam
1 @ 1 mark
2)
 Amandarra
 Balochi
 Chasma
© Cambridge International Examinations 2015
 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge O Level – October/November 2059 02
 Guddu 2015
 Islam
 Jinnah
 Kotri
 Kurrangarhi
 Marala
 Panjnad
 Qadirabad
 Rasul
 Siddha
 Sukkur
 Sulaimanka
 Taunsa
 Trimma
2 @ 1 mark

4)

 Dams store water / barrages control flow of water;

 Barrages can supply little / small amounts / no electricity (dams are major suppliers of hydel
power);
 Silting is a problem for dams (but not barrages);
 Maintenance cost is lower for barrages (more expensive for dams);
 Construction and or maintenance time is quicker for barrages (longerfor dams);
 Construction cost is lower for barrages (more expensive for dams);
 Fewer or no people have to be evacuated for barrages;
 Barrages have less environmental impact than dams;
 Barrages can be built on flat land (dams require steep slopes);
 Dams have multiple uses whereas barrages do not;
 Dams provide water for a larger area than barrages;
 Barrage to deviate channel to an area where there is no river;
 Do not need to excavate a large area for barrages.
4 @ 1 mark
4)

 Reducing water supply / less water available / water becomes silty /pipes blocked / reduces
capacity of reservoir / less water stored;
 Blocking the flow of water / blocks canals or rivers / chokes or blocks irrigation canals or pipes /
water cannot get through / floods may occur;
 Weakens foundations of dams / have to be emptied or strengthened /flow of flood water is
hampered and can damage dam / damage to turbines or machinery;
 Not enough water for irrigation / industry / domestic use;
 Reduces water available for hydel power / generation of hydel power stopped;
Encourages growth of algae / eutrophication.

4)

 Scenic beauty; for tourism / picnic / leisure (dev);

 Provides water; especially to areas where rainfall is low/named; examples / sustains life or
drinking water (dev);
© Cambridge International Examinations 2015
 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge O Level – October/November 2059 02
 2015
Helps to generate hydel power / electricity; which reduces power shortages / reduces need to
import coal or oil / reduces need to usefossil fuels (dev) / one of main sources of electricity;
 Adds alluvium to soil; so, improves the fertility of the soil / aids crop growth (dev);
 For fishing industry / subsistence fishing; provides income or food supply to local areas /
people (dev);
 Provides water for domestic use / in the home; named examples, e.g.cooking / cleaning (dev);
 Provides water for industries; named examples, e.g. cement, brickmaking, cotton (dev);
 Provides water for irrigation / agriculture / farming; used to irrigate / water crops / feed livestock /
or named examples, e.g. wheat / cotton /sugar cane (dev);
 Transport; for trade / avoid using roads or rail / access to ports (dev); Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark fordevelopment (in
parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

2d. 6)
Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

Small dams
 Cheaper to construct;
 Less technical expertise needed;
 Can be built more quickly;
 Minimal disruption to people and environment; Etc.

Large dams
 More people will benefit;
 Can produce HEP which is good for developing the country;
 Provides employment opportunities;
A bigger area is utilized; Etc.

3)
Any three of (L to R):
canal, aquifer, water table, maintenance shaft, tunnel
3 @ 1 mar

2)

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4(a)(ii) 2

Note: Named dams not allowed

2 @ 1 mark

Note: Named dams not allowed

2 @ 1 mark
Barrage River
Marala/Khanki/Qadirabad Chenab
Jinnah/Chashma/Taunsa/Guddu/Sukkur/ Indus
Kotri
Rasul/Trimmu Jhelum
Panjnad Panjnad
Balloki/Sidhnai Ravi
Islam/Sulaimanke Sutlej
Munda Swat

2)
 Irrigation/release water for irrigation;
 Provide water supply to perennial canals/link canals;
 Flood control;
 Flow of water controlled;
 To stimulate economic development/industry/settlement.
2 @ 1 mark

2)
 Smoke/fumes/gases/named gases/harmful gases from
factories/tanneries/industries/chimneys/power stations;
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 Smoke/fumes/gases/named gases2015 from vehicle exhausts;
 Burning fossil fuels;
 Clearing forests by burning;
 Release of gases/methane from livestock/rice/paddy fields/landfill;
 Burning domestic rubbish/incineration;
 Air pollution/dust from mineral extraction/mining/ quarrying.
2 @ 1 mark

2)
A Domestic
B 94% (allow 93–95%)
2 @ 1 mark

1)
One of:
Beverages/soft drinks/juice industry/dyeing/tanning/printing/
iron/steel/nuclear/textiles/chemical/pharmaceutical/hydel/
HEP/paper/tourism/leisure/inland fish farms.
1 @ 1 mark

3)
 Seepage from beds of canals/absorbed into the soil/land/no canal lining;
 Evaporation/evapotranspiration from surface of canals/tanks/flooded land;
 Excessive runoff of water immediately into streams/rivers;
 Theft of water/theft from canals;
 Water drawn up by vegetation on side of canal;
 Mismanagement.
3 @ 1 mark

6)
Content Guide:

Answers are likely to refer to:

For infrastructure
 Prevents loss of water downstream into sea
 Collects rainfall/snowmelt
 Reservoirs feed perennial canals
 Can store large amounts of waterAgainst infrastructure
 Source of conflict between countries and provinces
 Social issues
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 Loss of fresh water at Indus Delta 2015
 Water intrusion into Sindh
 High initial investment
 Little use in Balochistan where rivers dry up
 Mismanagement by provincial/national government
 Siltation occursFor water saving
 Planting trees
 Lining canals
 Careful monitoring/regulation of amount of water used
 Better forms of water storage in homes
 Water meters in homes/industriesAgainst water saving
 Long time scale required to educate sufficient number of people
 Resistance to education
 Water a valuable raw material in industry
 Growing population with increasing demand for drinking water
Development goal to increase availability of waterETC.
1 (a) (i) Describe two ways in which water supplies can be polluted. [2]
Sewage discharged into rivers
Domestic waste thrown in rivers
Pesticides/fertilisers runoff from agricultural fields in groundwater/rivers/eutrophication
Industrial waste/chemicals/toxic waste/metals/ waste from ships discharged into rivers
Leakage of oil from ships
‘Sea’/’ocean’ = 0

(ii) For one of these ways explain how the problem caused by pollution can be
solved. [2]
Investment in sewerage systems/ infrastructure/treatment of sewage
Improve sanitation facilities in poor quality housing/slums/squatter settlements /katchi
abadis
Improve/more regular domestic refuse collection
Treatment of/improving disposal of industrial waste
Open up roads into squatter settlements to allow refuse lorries
Alternatives to chemical fertilisers/pesticides ‘Reduce’ = 0
Organic farming
Fines for industrial polluters
More investment by industries to prevent pollution incidents
Maintenance of ship/checking for leaks in ship
If not clearly linked to candidate answer/different answer to (i) then max 1

(b) Study Fig. 1, a map showing the major rivers of Pakistan.

(i) Locate the following two dams on the map:

• Warsak (W);
• Diamir Bhasha (under construction) (D). This dam is 150 km downstream of
Gilgit.
Mark their positions using the appropriate symbol from the key and label each
with the correct letter. [2]

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W On R. Kabul between confluence with R.Swat and Afghan border RED OVERLAY
SHOWS TOLERANCE
D On R. Indus GREEN OVERLAY SHOWS TOLERANCE
Credit any indication of correct location on map within tolerated regions
1 + 1 mark

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(ii) What are the advantages of building a dam at the Diamir Bhasha site? [4]
HEP
Electrification of/supplies electricity to the region/for local industries
Only floods agriculturally barren land/small amount agricultural land
floodedWill extend life of Tarbela Dam
Controls/reduces/prevents flooding
[downstream]For irrigation
Drinking water/water supply for industries
New transport infrastructure/development in
regionPossibility of tourism/watersports
Possibility of freshwater fishing
Provides employment in named sector /for local people
Location factor e.g. narrow/steep-sided valley/high speed of
water/highprecipitation/large amount of meltwater from glaciers ‘Flow’
=0

(iii) Describe the disputes over water availability and use which can arise from
proposals to build dams at sites such as this.
[4]One province receives greater share of water/unequal division of water
Dam in Punjab/one province but much of flooded area in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa/another
province
Loss of water supply downstream/to Sindh for agriculture
Risk of flooding downstream by release of water/opening
damLess silt deposited on floodplains of lower course/lower
Indus Evaporation of lower course/lower Indus
[Indus] delta/coastal area [of Sindh] less fresh water/water more saline
Disturbance to ecosystem/mangrove forests/fishing
NB: not limited to Kalabagh case study
‘Loss of land’/’evacuation’ = 0

1 (a) Study Fig. 1 which shows a map of Pakistan. Name:

(i) The rivers E, F, and G. [3]

E Indus
F
JhelumG
Ravi

(ii) One of the dams H or J. [1]

H Tarbela
J Mangla

(b) What is meant by

A: a link canal
Diverts / transfers / moves water from / links barrages / syphons to rivers / canals
Diverts / transfers / moves water from / links [western] rivers to other [eastern] rivers /
canals
Diverts / transfers / moves water between / links rivers / river and canal

B: a perennial canal
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Supplies water throughout the
2015
yearSupplied from dams /
barrages

C: an inundation canal? [3]

Supplies water in the rainy season
Taken from rivers / when rivers high / flood

(c) Explain the importance of the Indus Water Treaty to Pakistan. [4]

Ensures that India does not restrict Pakistan’s water supply / water supply in Pakistan is
maintained

Ensures an effective / dependable irrigation system in the Indus Plain

Pakistan has exclusive rights to waters of the rivers Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab

Maintains agricultural production

Tarbela and Mangla dams built [to store water]

Barrages / syphons / link canals built [to distribute water]

Enabled construction cost of works to be shared with Western countries and India

1 (a) Study Fig. 2 which shows the perennial canal system in Pakistan.
Describe the distribution of the perennial canals.

mainly on Plains/Indus Plain/by the rivers

most widespread in Punjab
only from Indus in Sindh
mostly NE to SW in Punjab and Upper Sindh
mostly NW to SE in Lower Sindh
south/east of highlands
no canals in SE area/Balochistan/north/west/mountains
some in KPK [4]

(b) Name three types of irrigation, other than perennial canals, used in Pakistan. Explain
briefly how each type works.

Allow one mark for a brief description and the second mark for more detail
inundation canals from rivers + details
tubewells from groundwater + details
Karez from foothills + details
others including ponds, tanks, charsa, shaduf and modern methods, e.g. sprinkler, tanker [6]

(c) Explain how a perennial supply of water can damage farmland.

too much water/waterlogging

watertable rises
evaporates
causes salinity/salts accumulate on surface/surface crust [4]

(d) Study Fig. 3 which shows the main users of water in the Punjab.
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Name two conflicting users of water supplies in the Punjab shown on Fig. 3. Explain
2015
briefly why each user thinks that they should have more water.

2 conflicting users (one mark), e.g. farmer, industrialist, home-owner, power industry

Reasons for wanting more water (two marks each)

e.g. farmer wants it for higher yields – more food for growing population, income for himself,
irrigation, example of high usage, e.g. rice and sugarcane.
e.g. industrialist wants it for bigger/better output – increase trade, exports, income for
himself, example of high usage, e.g. drinks, chemicals.
e.g. home owner wants it for domestic use – better hygiene, food preparation, healthy living,
example of high usage, e.g. washing, drinking. [5]

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(e) To what extent is it possible to increase water supply in Pakistan?

Possibilities (res. 2)
Indus river system + details
rainfall in mountains
melt water from mountains
groundwater
flat land for canals
cleaning dirty water/desalination
reduce losses, e.g. more storage, less leakage, ration usage (max. 2)
control misuse, e.g. by education

Problems (res. 2)
not enough river water
not enough rain
loss by leakage, siltation
Indus Water Treaty restricts water in reservoirs/rivers
evaporation in hot climate
pollution
demands always increasing
some places remote (e.g. Baluchistan)
lack of funds/government will [6]

1 (a) Study Photograph A of a Persian Wheel.

(i) With reference to the photograph, explain how this machine is used for water
supply. [3]

Worked by animal or man power

Using wooden shaft / pole / log
Turns horizontal wheel / a wheel rotates
Which is attached to vertical wheel
With buckets / cups to raise water
Water goes into trough / pipe / channel

(ii) What are the advantages and disadvantages of replacing this Persian Wheel with a
tubewell. [4]

Advantages of tubewell (res. 1)

More efficient / faster / does not need to rest
For larger area / more water / goes deeper
Regular supply / can be used at any time of year / continuous
Less labour required
Cleaner water
Reduces waterlogging and salinity

Disadvantages of tubewell (res.1)

Expensive / cannot be used by poor farmers
Needs fuel /electricity / diesel etc.
Reduces groundwater / lowers water table (as a disadvantage)

Also accept the opposite response e.g. Persian Wheel is cheaper.

(b) Study Fig. 1 which shows canal water supply in Pakistan.

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(i) In which year was the water supply highest? [1]

1999

(ii) How much higher was this than the supply in 2002? [1]

31 (million acre feet)

(c) Why is there not enough water supply from canals to meet the needs of all users? [4]

Shortage of rainfall
Evaporation
Less river water / restrictions by India / more dams on rivers
Problem of tail-enders / canal system does not reach all those who need it
Siltation in reservoirs / canals
Seepage / leakage from canals
Wastage by users / some use more than they need
Water pollution
High demand / variety of uses
Theft of water
Population increase
Lack of investment

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(d) Explain why waterlogging and salinity of soils causes problems to
farmers.
[6]

Reduces cultivable area / makes land

un-usableReduces yield / damages
crops
Reduces income / profit
Expensive to reclaim land / treat soil

Reasons why this occurs

Water table rises / water collects on the surface / water on roots
Evaporation (caused by hot climate)
Fertilisers add to salts in water
Salts left behind / form a hard crust on
surfaceSoil becomes infertile / toxic
Farmers use too much water / poor farming
methodsPerennial water supply / available
all year

(e) Water pollution is a major problem in urban areas.

With reference to examples, explain some of the causes of this pollution, and
why it isa major problem to the people who rely on this water
supply.

[6]

Causes (res. 1)
Explanation of Human waste e.g. because no sanitation / untreated
sewageIndustrial waste e.g. dumping in rivers
Litter / plastic/paper e.g. because no organised collection
Oil spills e.g. from washing of tanks / ship breaking
Agricultural runoff e.g. because of use of chemicals / fertilisers
andinsecticides

Problems (res. 1)
Not for drinking / poisonous / contaminates
groundwaterCost of treatment
Causes disease
– risk of cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea , hepatitis, dysentery etc.
Not for food processing (e.g. fish
canning)Smells
Reduces fish catch /
kills fishCan
damage machinery
Blocks ditches / canals / causes flooding
– risk of malaria from stagnant water
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