PLANNING REVIEWER 1.1 and 1.2 & 2.1 & 2.

1.1 URBAN DESIGN VS ARCHITECTURE

WHAT IS URBAN DESIGN - Urban design is a
multidisciplinary field that focuses on shaping the Scale and Scope
physical layout, organization, and aesthetics of Urban Design: Deals with the overall arrangement
cities, towns, and communities. and organization of entire cities or communities,
focusing on urban layouts, infrastructure, public
URBAN spaces, and connectivity.
The term "urban" refers to areas that are
densely populated and characterized by Context
various built environments, infrastructure, Urban Design: Considers the broader context of
economic activities, and social interactions. the city or community, incorporating social,
cultural, economic, and environmental factors to
DESIGN create cohesive urban environments.
In the context of urban design,
"design"refers to the intentional and thoughtful Scale of Influence
process of planning, arranging, and Urban Design: Influences the character and
shaping the physical elements within functionality of entire neighborhoods, districts, or
urban environments. cities, addressing the macro-level spatial
relationships.

URBAN DESIGN AS PRODUCT AND Design Elements

PROCESS Urban Design: Involves the arrangement of
streets, plazas, parks, transportation networks,
PRODUCT and landmarks, focusing on the overall layout and
As a product, urban design refers to the connectivity of the urban fabric.
tangible outcome of the planning,
organization, and arrangement of physical URBAN DESIGN VS SITE PLANNING
elements within an urban area.
Scale and Scope
PROCESS Urban Design: Urban design deals with the larger
As a process, urban design encompasses the scale of a city, town, or community as a whole. It
dynamic and iterative series of steps undertaken focuses on the organization and aesthetics of the
to conceptualize, plan, and implement changes in entire urban environment, including the layout of
the urban environment. streets, buildings, open spaces, and
infrastructure.
Urban Design as Product and Process
Context
- Efficient Land Use Urban Design: Urban design takes into account
- Functional Connectivity the broader context of the city or community,
- Quality of Life considering historical, cultural, and social factors
- Cultural Identity to shape the overall identity and character of the
- Sustainability urban environment.
- Economic Vitality
- Community Engagement Scale of Influence
Urban Design: Decisions made in urban design
have a far-reaching impact, influencing the
configuration and functionality of neighborhoods,
districts, and even the entire city, fostering a
sense of unity and connectivity.
Design Elements Raymond Unwin (1863-1940), an English
Urban Design: Urban design entails considering a architect and planner who wrote Town Planning in
wide array of elements, ranging from the layout of Practice in 1909.
streets and transportation networks to the Kevin Lynch (1918-1984), an American urban
creation of landmarks and public spaces, all planner and author who wrote The Image of the
contributing to the overall cohesion and visual City in 1960. He introduced the concept of
identity of the urban landscape. legibility and the five elements of urban form:
paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks

Urban Design Intersections with Other Fields —------------------------------------------------------------

- ARCHITECTURE The Social-Usage Tradition

- URBAN PLANNING
- LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Perspective: The Social-Usage Tradition
- URBAN PLANNING emphasizes human interactions in urban spaces,
- ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE shaping environments.
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING Aesthetics: This tradition considers perception
SOCIOLOGY and place, enhancing social interactions.
- ECONOMIC Public Views: Acknowledges streets, sidewalks,
- PUBLIC HEALTH parks as vital for community interactions.
- CULTURAL STUDIES Critique: While not explicitly mentioned, critiques
- ENGINEERING could include limited focus, balance challenges.
- UNIVERSAL DESIGN AND
ACCESSIBILITY Key Proponents
- TECHNOLOGY AND DATA SCIENCE
Jane Jacobs (1916-2006): American-Canadian
TRADITIONS OF URBAN THOUGHT journalist, activist, authored "The Death and Life
of Great American Cities" (1961). Critiqued
- The Visual-Artistic Tradition modernist planning, advocated mixed-use
- The Social-Usage Tradition development, walkability, human scale, and local
- The Making Places Tradition participation.
William H. Whyte (1917-1999): American
—--------------------------------------------------------------- urbanist, sociologist, wrote "The Social Life of
Small Urban Spaces" (1980).
The Visual-Artistic Tradition Jan Gehl (born 1936): Danish architect, urban
design consultant, authored "Life Between
Perspective: The Visual-Artistic Tradition has an Buildings" (1971). Pioneered people-centered
'architectural' focus on urban design, emphasizing urban design, emphasized well-being, human
visual qualities. scale, public spaces
Aesthetics: This tradition emphasizes physical
appearance over broader factors in urban places. —-------------------------------------------------------
Public Views: It often overlooks public perceptions
of townscapes. The Making Places Tradition
Critique: Criticized for limited understanding,
neglecting broader social and functional aspects. Perspective: The Making Places Tradition
emphasizes community involvement, local
Key Proponents collaboration.
Aesthetics: Values uniqueness, reflecting local
Camillo Sitte (1843-1903), an Austrian architect cultures.
and urban planner who wrote City Planning Public Views: Recognizes residents as
According to Artistic Principles in 1889. co-creators, fostering ownership.
Critique: Challenges may include coherence in
diverse inputs, functionality-cultural balance.
Key Proponents - Medieval towns shared layouts with
villages: street, crossroads, and circular
Janette Sadik-Khan (born 1961), an American variations. House plans differed by region.
transportation consultant and former - Variation in house plans by region.
commissioner of the New York City Department of - Houses had interior rooms, kitchen,
Transportation. She implemented various ground-floor room.
placemaking initiatives that transformed the - Heating room above kitchen, stacked
streets of New York into more pedestrian-friendly toilets on different floors.
and vibrant spaces.
Charles Landry (born 1948), a British urbanist War as City-Builder
and author who wrote The Creative City: A Toolkit - During the Middle Ages, soldiers shared
for Urban Innovators in 2000. He introduced the power with craftsmen, merchants, and
concept of the creative city, which is a place that priests.
fosters creativity, innovation, and diversity - Martial law changed this dynamic, allowing
—----------------------------------------------------------- city mastery for those with financial
means.
The making places utilizes the 7 Objectives of - Permanent soldiers emerged,
Urban Design as follows: necessitating unique housing and parade
grounds.
- Character: a place with its own identity - These accommodations demanded
- Continuity and enclosure: a place where significant space, prompting city
public and private spaces are clearly replanning.
distinguished
- Quality of the public realm: a place with —---------------------------------------------------------
attractive and successful outdoor areas
- Ease of movement: a place that is easy Movement and the Avenue
to get to and move through
- Legibility: a place that has a clear image VIACEMILITARY - Military strreets, required
and is easy to understand straightness
- Adaptability: a place that can change - PALLADIO AND ALBERTI proposed wide
easily and orderly avenues
- Diversity: a place with variety and choice - In medieval towns, all classes shared
these streets, but now class dissociation
1.2 was facilitated.
Protection and The Medieval
—---------------------------------------------------------
- Monasteries were urban progress The Shopping Parade
centers, not isolated markets. - Military parades had their feminine
- Feudal lords initially influenced markets, counterparts.
later controlled by monasteries with - The traditional open market was confined
specialized laws. to poorer areas.
- Trade growth increased supply, demand, - Market squares no longer featured in the
and settlement security. new urban layout.
- Open-air shops dwindled as
—--------------------------------------------------------- glass-windowed shops emerged.
- Displays were hung to showcase taste
The merchant guild and style.
The members of the guild would hold meetings - Fashion played a significant role in
and discuss the organizing and controlling of the parades.
town as a whole.
Medieval shops were really workshops where the
Principles of Medieval Town Planning customer could walk in. There were no glass
windows.
—------------------------------------------------------- Predominant city influences: bankers,
The New Divinity industrialists, mechanical inventors; they shaped
both positive and negative aspects.
- The count of churches increased during Many cities resembled Charles Dickens' depiction
the medieval era. of Coketown.
- Worship initiated with aristocrats, Labor class faced significant insecurity, with open
gradually embraced by the entire markets for labor and goods and reliance on
population. foreign raw materials.
- Religious festivals gained significance;
church hosted birthdays and weddings. Population surge in countries like England,
- Over time, the church's influence Germany, and USA during the 1900s reached
expanded. fivefold.
- The king chose the Nave. Urbanization paralleled industrialization's rise.
- Aristocrats held priority, but their influence People movement and colonization encompassed
led to exploitation. land and industry pioneering.
Land migration introduced energy crops like
Bedroom and Salon maize, potato, and tobacco.
However, even progressive metropolises faced
- The court's influence extended effectively congestion, depriving them of light and air, unlike
into the city. some backward villages.
- Alterations in household constitution were
apparent in multiple forms. —-------------------------------------------------
- Firstly, divorce became more common
over time. Mechanisation and Abbau
- Furniture held significant importance
during the Baroque era. - Mechanization era severed vital social
- Privacy was viewed as a luxury. ties, disrupting the social fabric.
- Despite the luxurious appearance, the city - Mining towns epitomized the concept of
struggled with hygiene, leading to the 'abbau' or unbuilding, seen in its purest
proliferation of dirt and diseases. form.
- As urbanization intensified, water shortage - Urban settlements comprised two core
emerged as a prominent issue in the 18th components: factories and slums,
century. collectively shaping towns.
—--------------------------------------------------------------- - Poor housing occupied land covered in
ashes or atop permanent piles of coal and
The Muddle of Speculative Overcrowding slag.

The upper class's expansion came at the lower - Houses lacked direct sunlight; streets
class's cost. became repositories for unrestrained
Overcrowding could have been alleviated through rubbish.
improved rural economy, new city creation, and - Severe shortage of toilets existed, with 1
reducing upper-class monopoly. toilet serving 212 people.
Overpopulation led to increased land prices and - Cellars were repurposed as dwellings;
subsequent poverty. even today, London has 20,000 basement
Overdevelopment and crowded housing dwellings identified by doctors as
contributed to sanitation issues. medically unfit human habitation.
Ironically, slum properties generated higher —------------------------------------------------------
returns than investments. SUB TOPICS

—--------------------------------------------------- - The New Coalition

The metropolis signifies accumulation and activity.
The Displacement Of Population Differentiating producing and consuming cities
emerged.
 ● Left for New York City.
- The Tentacular Bureaucracy ● During first several years in the city, held a
Transportation advancements enabled constant variety of jobs, as a stenographer and
inflow of raw materials and food to cities. freelance writer often writing about
working districts in the city.
- Shapeless Giantism ● Married to architect Robert Jacobs
● associate editor of Architectural Forum
Urban growth mirrors amoeboid motion, signifying ● increasingly critical of conventional
gradual expansion. planning theory and practice
Urbanization involves the assimilation of villages ● many of the city rebuilding projects she
and towns, reducing them to place names. wrote about were not safe, interesting,
alive, or economically sound.
- Organic Planning - Amsterdam ● speech on city planning issues faced by
locals at Harvard.
Organic planning in Amsterdam embraces ● William H. Whyte invited her to write a
adaptability and incremental growth, allowing corresponding article in Fortune
neighborhoods to evolve naturally in response to magazine, titled "Downtown is for People”
changing needs and demographics. ● “The Death and Life of Great American
Cities“
- The Blighted Area ● chairman of the Joint Committee to Stop
Former green land occupied by low economic the Lower Manhattan Expressway
groups. ● She became involved in urban activism
● arrested during a demonstration and the
- Defacement of Nature campaign is often considered to be one of
Urban agglomeration leads to depletion of natural the turning points in the development of
environment. New York City
● Stop Spadina Campaign
- The Paper Dream City
Paper becomes essential in metropolitan life. BOOKS PUBLISHED
1969 - The Economy of Cities
- Routine and Relaxation 1974 - Became Canadian citizen
Urbanization shifts perception of relaxation and 1980 - The Question of Separatism
pleasure. 1984 - Cities and the Wealth of Nations
1993 - Systems of Survival
- Phenomena of the End 2000 - The Nature of Economies
Metropolis faces economic weakening due to 2006 - Died at the age of 89
growth and heightened expenses, leading to
bankruptcy risk. URBAN SPRAWL
- Low-density development (such as
2.1 single-family homes) of large plots of land
takes place over a large area
Jane Jacobs’ Concept of Community - City-to-suburb Migration
- lack of public places such as parks and
Jane Jacobs playgrounds
American-Canadian Journalist, Author, and - Many people prefer to live in suburbs, but
Activist they have to travel to the city center for
work
● She was born in the coal mining town of - This leads to various urban and
Pennsylvania, the daughter of a doctor environmental issues such as:
and a former school teacher and nurse. - increased traffic congestion
● After graduating from high school, took an - higher levels of pollution.
unpaid position as the assistant to the - There is also a high demand for
women's page editor. parking spaces in the city centers,
 which places a strain on the land MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENT
available for other uses - Jacobs advocated for "mixed-use" urban
development - the integration of different
The beef between Moses v. Jacobs building types and uses, whether
residential or commercial, old or new.
Robert Moses According to this idea, cities depend on a
He is the “Master Builder” of New York, built most diversity of buildings, residences,
of the city’s highways, pools, and public housing businesses and other non-residential
and slum clearance projects. uses, as well as people of different ages
using areas at different times of day, to
Jane Jacobs create community vitality.
She argued that governments should encourage - She saw cities as being "organic,
local policies for neighborhoods to thrive on their spontaneous, and untidy, " and views
own. She was an advocate for a place-based, the intermingling of city uses and users as
community centered approach to urban planning. crucial to economic and urban
development.
“What is a City?“
BOTTOM-UP COMMUNITY PLANNING
Robert Moses - Jacobs contested the traditional planning
He believes that “Cities are created by and for approach that relies on the judgment of
traffic. A city without traffic is a ghost town.” outside experts, proposing that local
expertise is better suited to guiding
Jane Jacobs community development.
Jacobs disagreed to Moses’ thought of what is a - She based her writing on empirical
city, she added in her book “A city is a large experience and observation, noting how
human settlement, it generally has extensive the prescribed government policies for
systems for housing, transportation, sanitation, planning and development are usually
utilities, land use and communication” inconsistent with the real-life
functioning of city neighborhoods.
Common Denominator
For all their differences, these two urban planning THE CASE FOR HIGHER DENSITY
heavyweights shared one key characteristic: They - Although orthodox planning theory had
both wanted a better city. blamed high density for crime, filth, and a
host of other problems, Jacobs
Jane Jacob’s Perspective disproved these assumptions and
CITIES AS ECOSYSTEMS demonstrated how a high
- Jacobs approached cities as living beings concentration of people is vital for city
and ecosystems life, economic growth, and prosperity.
- She suggested that over time, buildings, While acknowledging that density alone
streets and neighborhoods function as does not produce healthy communities,
dynamic organisms, changing in response she illustrated through concrete examples
to how people interact with them. how higher densities yield a critical mass
- She explained how each element of a city of people that is capable of supporting
- sidewalks, parks, neighborhoods, more vibrant communities. In exposing
government, economy - functions the difference between high density
together, in the same manner as the and overcrowding, Jacobs dispelled
natural ecosystem. many myths about high concentrations
- This understanding helps us learn how of people.
cities work, how they break down, and
how they could be better structured.
LOCAL ECONOMIES WATCHPOINTS:
- By dissecting how cities and their - Symbols should be graphically distinct
economies emerge and grow, Jacobs cast from each other
new light on the nature of local - Symbols should be of a size that does not
economies. dominate or confuse the figure
- She contested the assumptions that cities - Symbols need ‘breathing space’; they
are a product of agricultural advancement; should not clash or overlap rather than
that specialized, highly efficient economies crowd a single figure with symbols,
fuel longterm growth; and that large, - Consider making points on several smaller
stable businesses are the best sources of figures with a common base so that the
innovation. Instead, she developed a composite message can be more easily
model of local economic development read keeping the size, colour and line
based on adding new types of work to old, weights of symbols consistent aids
promoting small businesses, and legibility
supporting the creative impulses of urban - Use symbols where shading or lines
entrepreneurs. cannot convey the message effectively
symbols can indicate objects on a plan
The Life and Death of American Cities which are too small to show in detail
1. High population density in cities symbols can signify commonly occurring
2. Restoration of old buildings locations or activities (such as landmarks)
3. Construction of new buildings of similar
scale (as opposed to high rises)
4. Ensuring this mixture of old and new
buildings catered to both high-rent and
low-rent tenants
5. Short blocks that promoted walking to
better engage residents with their
communities
6. Mixed-use development (integrated
development that incorporates two or
more types of land use, including
residential, commercial, and industrial)

2.2
Signs & Symbols in Urban Design] MANDATORY SIGNS
- Signs are used to convey information in - positive instruction
pictorial form. - set the obligations
- Signs and symbols are commonly used in - tell traffic what it must do
every situation - circular, may use white symbols on a blue
- People who talk different languages can background
understand the same common signs THE INTERNATIONAL SYMBOL OF ACCESS
(ISA)
SEMIOTICS - the study of signs and symbols and - (International) Wheelchair Symbol,
their use or interpretation. denotes areas where access has been
ENVIRONMENTAL GRAPHIC DESIGN - is the improved, mostly for those with
use of graphic elements such as typography, disabilities.
color, imagery, and textures to curate and - blue square overlaid in white (or in
enhance the experience people have within a contrasting colours)
space.
PROHIBITION SIGNS BUILDINGS
- cause a risk to health or safety - Buildings are the most pronounced
- black safety symbol in a red circle with a elements of urban design - they shape
diagonal cross through. and articulate space by forming the
streetwalls of the city.
WARNING SIGNS - Well designed buildings and groups of
- a potential hazard, obstacle or condition buildings work together to create a sense
requiring special attention of place.
- indicate roads that may not be readily
apparent to a driver. PUBLIC SPACES
- usually take the shape of an equilateral - Great public spaces are the living room of
triangle with a white background and thick the city - the place where people come
red border. together to enjoy the city and each other.
- Public spaces make high quality life in the
SAFETY SIGNS city possible - they form the stage and
- convey information or instructions backdrop to the drama of life.
- posted in variety of areas in order to draw - Public spaces range from grand central
attention to them, such as on walls, on plazas and squares, to small, local
doors, on machinery and products, or as neighborhood parks.
floor makings.
- symbol and text, although there are safety STREETS
signs that have only one of the two. - Streets are the connections between
spaces and places, as well as being
DANGER SIGNS spaces themselves.
- hazardous condition that is likely to be life - They are defined by their physical
threatening. dimension and character as well as the
- DANGER in white on a red oval, which is size, scale, and character of the buildings
surrounded by a black rectangle. that line them.
- heading for a white background on the - Streets range from grand avenues such as
sign. the Champs-Elysees in Paris to small,
intimate pedestrian streets.
ROAD SIGNS IN THE PHILIPPINES - The pattern of the street network is part of
- Road signs in the Philippines are what defines a city and what makes each
regulated and standardized by the city unique.
Department of Public Works and
Highways (DPWH). TRANSPORT
- Most of the signs reflect minor influences - Transport systems connect the parts of
from US and Australian signs but keep a cities and help shape them, and enable
design closer to the Vienna Convention movement throughout the city.
on Road Signs and Signals, to which the - They include road, rail, bicycle, and
Philippines is an original signatory. pedestrian networks, and together form
the total movement system of a city.
- The balance of these various transport
Elements of Urban Design systems is what helps define the quality
URBAN DESIGN ELEMENTS and character of cities, and makes them
Urban Design involves the design and either friendly or hostile to pedestrians.
coordination of all that makes up cities and towns: - The best cities are the ones that elevate
● BUILDINGS the experience of the pedestrian while
● PUBLIC SPACE minimizing the dominance of the private
● STREETS automobile.
● TRANSPORT
● LANDSCAPE
LANDSCAPE
- The landscape is the green part of the city
that weaves throughout - in the form of
urban parks, street trees, plants, flowers,
and water in many forms.
- The landscape helps define the character
and beauty of a city and creates soft,
contrasting spaces and elements.
- Green spaces in cities range from grand
parks such as Central Park in New York
City and the Washington DC Mall, to small
intimate pocket parks.

Urban Design weaves together these elements

into a coherent, organized design structure

The urban design structure defines the urban

form and the building form