1)What do you mean by zone of protection?

Ans: for which a given relay or protective system is responsible.

2) What is a through fault?

Ans: a power system fault that causes a high amount of current to flow through a transformer.

3) Why are adjacent zones made to overlap?

Ans: Provide backup protection and prevent dead spots where elements are unprotected.

4) Explain the reason for phase angle error in a current transformer.

Ans: because of the difference in phase between the primary and secondary current vectors.

5) What is the purpose of backup protection?

Ans: The backup protection provides the backup to the main protection during a short circuit whenever it fails or is cut out
for repairs.

6) What is the voltage across the circuit breaker pole after final current zero?

Ans: recovery voltage

7) Which relay is used for feeder protection?

Ans: Translay relay

8) What are the advantages of power line carrier?

Ans: The main advantage of power line carrier communication is the reduced cost because of utilizing the existing power
lines.

9) What do you mean by reclosure?

Ans: A recloser is an automatic, high-voltage electric switch.

10) What are the possible causes of shunt faults?

Ans: when the path of the current is cut short owing to an insulation breakdown resulting in a short.

11) For an IDMT relay with a plug setting of 50% and a CT ratio of 400/5, the fault current is 3000A, then find the plug
setting multiplier.

Ans:

12) What are the pitfalls of high-speed protection?

Ans: Sensitivity to Transients, Coordination Challenges, Zone Selectivity, False Tripping, Maintenance and Testing.

13) State the process of identifying the maloperation of a relay.

Ans: Multimeter test, Check for continuity, Visual inspection, Thermal imaging camera, Relay testers and analyzers.

14) Why do zone boundaries, in practice, tend to float?

Ans: In a power system, the limit of an open zone varies with the fault current, which causes the zone boundaries to float.

15) What do you mean by an internal and an external fault?

Ans: Internal faults are cleared when a repair action takes place, most likely the replacement of the failed component.
external faults, there is no failed system hardware. A condition that is outside the system is causing a potential problem.
16) Compare an isolated power system and an interconnected power system. How do their protection requirements differ?

Ans: Isolated power systems

These systems are not connected to other networks and are usually located in isolated areas, like islands or developing
countries. They are used for specific applications, like hospitals, and can remain operational during certain faults.

Interconnected power systems

These systems combine transmission systems and other connected elements that impact the national electricity supply. They
can provide added security by diverting power from other areas to support an affected area during a power failure.

17) What do you mean by maloperation due to loss of selectivity between the primary and the back-up relaying?

Ans: Maloperation due to loss of selectivity between the primary and the back-up relaying is a power system protection issue
that occurs when the backup distance relay is operated without security during an external fault

18) Analyze the protection of a ring feeder using directional OC relays in a diagram.

Ans:

19) The load current in a system is 100 A. the short-circuit current for the smallest fault is 1000 A. An
overcurrent capable of carrying a current of 5 A continuously is to be used.

(a) Suggest a suitable C.T. ratio (b) What will be the current for the smallest fault? (c) Will the protective C.T. be
able to faithfully reproduce the fault current?

Ans: (a) Suitable C.T. Ratio

To determine the suitable Current Transformer (C.T.) ratio, we can use the formula:

C.T. Ratio = Load Current / C.T. Secondary Current

Given: Load Current = 100 A Overcurrent capable of carrying = 5 A

Using the formula: C.T. Ratio = 125 A / 5 A = 25:1

So, a suitable C.T. ratio would be 20:1.

(b) Current for the Smallest Fault

The current for the smallest fault is given as 40 A.

(c) Protective C.T. Capability

Yes, the protective C.T will be able to faithfully reproduce the fault current.

20) The percentage impedance of a transformer is 8%. Determine the short-circuit current for a three-phase
short circuit on the secondary terminals of the transformer.

Ans: Isc = 1/Zpu

Zpu= 8%= 0.08

Isc = 1/0.08= 12.5 pu (12.5 pu is short circuit current)

21) Explain the terms sensitivity and selectivity with respect to their use in the protective relaying field. Write
some drawbacks of overcurrent relays.

Ans: Sensitivity: The ability of a relay to detect even the smallest fault currents and operate reliably.

Selectivity: The ability of a relay to isolate only the faulted section of the system, leaving the rest operational.
Drawbacks of Overcurrent Relays

1. Limited Selectivity: Difficult to achieve in interconnected systems with varying fault levels.

2. Coordination Challenges: Requires complex settings to ensure proper operation, especially in large
networks.

3. Slower Response: May be less effective in high-speed applications compared to advanced relays.

4. Prone to Misoperation: Sensitive to transient currents or system inrush, causing nuisance tripping.

5. Not Directional by Default: Requires additional elements for use in systems like ring feeders

22) Draw a block diagram of the numerical relay and write some advantages of using it.

Ans:

Advantages of Using Numerical Relays

1. High Accuracy

2. Multi-Functionality

3. Flexibility

4. Data Logging

5. Communication

6. Compact Size

23) A50Hz,three-phase synchronous generator has an inductance per phase of 1.75m Hand its

neutral is grounded. If feed saline through a circuit breaker. The total stray capacitance to ground

of the generator and circuit breaker is0.0025µF.A fault occurs just beyond the circuit breaker,

which opens when the symmetrical SC current is 7500A (rms). Determine the following

i. Natural frequency of oscillation, ii. Peak value of TRV, iii. Time at which peak value of TRV

occurs, iv. Maximum rate of rise of TRV

Ans:

24) Using diagram analyze the basic operation of circuit interruption by a circuit breaker.

Ans:

25) Relays can be designed to respond to changes in which electrical quantities?

Ans: Relays can be designed to respond to changes in resistance, reactance, impedance, voltage, current, light
intensity and temperature.

26) What quantities are used as measurands by the protective relays to detect abnormal conditions in electrical
circuits?
Ans: Protective relays measure voltage, current, frequency, and phase angle to detect abnormal conditions in
electrical circuits.

27) What are the actuating quantities for the relays?

Ans: The actuating quantity for a relay is the current or voltage that activates the relay

28) On what factors does the operating speed of the relay depend upon?

Ans: the spring tension, the rate of flux built up, armature core air gap.

29) Name the ideal scheme of protection for transmission line ?

Ans: Distance Protection Scheme

30) When backup protection function works?

Ans: Backup protection functions when the main protection system fails to operate or is cut out for repairs
during a short circuit

31) Using a diagram explain the following terms: i) restriking voltage, ii) recovery voltage, iii) RRRV

Ans: Restriking Voltage:it is the transient voltage that exists during the arcing time. (natural frequency kHz).

Recovery Voltage: it is the rms voltage after final arc extinction. (normal frequency 50 or 60Hz). both voltages
appear between circuit breaker poles.

Rate of rise of recovery voltage

It is the rate of increase of restriking voltage and is abbreviated by

R.R.R.V. its unit is kV/m sec.Consider the figbelow showing the

opening of circuit breaker under fault conditions. Before current

interruption, the capacitance C is short circuited by the fault and the short

circuit current through the breaker is limited by inductance L of the

system

32) Why arc is produced in arc chamber of a circuit breaker and how the arc is extinguished as per current zero
theory?

Ans: The current zero theory of arc extinction states that the arc can be extinguished by rapidly increasing the
dielectric strength in the medium between the contacts.

33) A circuit breaker is rated as 2500A, 1500MVA, 33kV, 3 sec, 3-phase oil C.B. Determine the rated
symmetrical breaking current, rated making current, short time rating(current).

Ans:

34) For a 132 kV system, the reactance and capacitance up to the location of the circuit breaker is 3 Ω and
0.015 μF respectively. Calculate the following i. The frequency of transient oscillation ii. The maximum value of
restriking voltage across the contacts of the circuit breaker. iii. The maximum value of RRRV

Ans:
35) Discuss the arc extinction phenomenon of SF6 circuit breaker with diagram. What are the advantages of
using SF6 in a circuit breaker?

Ans: Phenomenon of Arc Extinction:

1. Arc Formation:
When the circuit breaker contacts separate, an arc forms as
the current bridges the gap through ionized gas.

2. Role of SF₆ Gas:

o SF₆ is a highly electronegative gas, meaning it

readily absorbs free electrons.

o The arc ionizes the SF₆, but the gas quickly de-
ionizes by capturing electrons, making it a non-
conductive medium.

3. Cooling Effect:

o The SF₆ gas is blown at high pressure across the arc, cooling it rapidly.

o Cooling reduces the arc's temperature and ionization, extinguishing it.

4. Arc Quenching:

o SF₆ gas has a high dielectric strength, preventing re-ignition of the arc.

o This restores insulation between the contacts

Advantages of Using SF₆ Gas:

1. High Dielectric Strength: Excellent insulating properties, even at high voltages.

2. Thermal Stability: SF₆ remains stable at high temperatures, improving arc extinction.

3. Fast Arc Quenching: Effective cooling and deionization lead to rapid arc extinction.

4. Compact Design: Allows for smaller breaker sizes compared to other technologies.

5. No Residual Products: Unlike oil breakers, no carbon or conductive residue is left.

6. Long Service Life: SF₆ is non-corrosive and non-flammable, ensuring durability.

36) Why and how resistance switching is used during current chopping?

Ans: Resistance switching is used during current chopping to reduce the overvoltage transients that can occur.

37) Mention the names of medium used for arc quenching in a circuit breaker.

Ans: SF6 is a sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker in which sulfur hexafluoride is used as the arc extinguishing medium.

38) What are the different types of overvoltages in power system?

Ans: Temporary Over voltage (TOV), Slow front Overvoltage (SFO), Fast Front Overvoltage (FFO), Very fast front Overvoltage
(VFFO).

39) How can the plug setting of an electromagnetic relay be varied?

Ans: The plug setting of an electromagnetic relay can be changed by adjusting the number of ampere turns

40) What kind of structures for the induction type relay has?

Ans: shaded-pole structure. watt hour-meter or double winding structure. induction cup structure.

41) Which components ensure the safety of the line from damage?

Ans: Residual Current Circuit Breaker or RCCB

42) When a line-to-ground fault occurs, the current in a faulted phase is 100 A. Calculate the zero sequence current and
positive sequence currents.

Ans: The formula is : Zero sequence current = 1/3(Ia + Ib + Ic) Ia = Ib = 0 1/3(0 + 0 + 100) = 100/3 = 33.33

43) The line currents of 3-phase supply are: IR = 3 + j 5 A, IY =2 + j 2 A, IB = -2 - j 1 A . What will be the zero sequence
current ?

Ans:

44) A single line-to-ground fault occurs on a three-phase isolated neutral system with a line-to-neutral voltage
of V kV. Find the value up to which the potentials on the healthy phases rise.

Ans: √3V kV.

45) The positive, negative and zero sequence impedances of a transmission line are 0.5,0.5 and 1.1 pu
respectively. Find the self (Zs) and mutual (Zm) impedances of the line.

Ans: Zero sequence impedance Z0 = Zs + 2Zm Positive sequence impedance Z1 = Negative sequence impedance
Z2 = Zs - Zm . Now Zs = 0.7 pu, Zm =0.2 pu.

46) The sequence components of the fault current are as follows : Ipositive = j1.5 pu, Inegative =- j0.5 pu, Izero
=- j1 pu. What is the type of fault in the system?

Ans: LLG

47) If the percentage reactance of an element is 20 % and the full load current is 50 Amp, what is the short
circuit current?

Ans: Isc = I x 100/percentage of reactance

Isc = 50 x 100/0.2

Isc = 250A

48) In a 3-phase, 4 wire unbalanced star-connected system, what is the magnitude of zero sequence currents,
and for a 3-phase unbalanced delta connected system?

Ans: In a 3-phase 4 wire unbalanced system, the magnitude of the zero-sequence component is one-third
current in the neutral wire.

49) Operating torque can be produced by using any type of structure based on electromagnetic induction
principle-based relays. Justify the statement showing all the three types of structures.

Ans:

50) The difference of two similar quantities can act as an actuating quantity of a relay and help in protection of
a system. Explain the statement and justify the answer taking into consideration the protection of any type of
components.

Ans: The statement refers to the concept of using the difference between two similar quantities (such as
current, voltage, or frequency) as the actuating quantity in a relay for protective purposes. This is a common
technique in various protective relays, where the relay operates when the difference between two monitored
values exceeds a certain threshold, indicating a fault or abnormal condition in the system.

Explanation:
In protective relays, we often compare quantities like:

1. Current Difference: For differential protection, the relay measures the difference in current between
two points (e.g., incoming and outgoing current at a transformer or generator). If the difference
exceeds a predefined limit, it indicates a fault like a short circuit, and the relay operates to isolate the
faulty section.

2. Voltage Difference: In an over-voltage or under-voltage protection scheme, the relay might compare
the voltage at a specific point to a reference value. A significant difference can trigger the relay to
disconnect the equipment, preventing damage due to over-voltage or under-voltage conditions.

3. Impedance Difference: In distance protection, the relay measures the impedance difference between
the faulted section and the normal load impedance. If the impedance exceeds the set value, it
indicates a fault, and the relay activates the protection mechanism.

51) The input from CT and PT are essential for distance relays to be active and operative. Justify. Also explain
the different types of distance relays with their representation in R-X diagram.

Ans: The inputs from Current Transformers (CT) and Potential Transformers (PT) are essential for the operation
of distance relays, as they provide the necessary measurements of current and voltage to calculate the
impedance.

Types of distance relay:

Impedance Relay: Circular region (operates when the

impedance is inside the circle).

Reactance Relay: Vertical line (operates based on the

reactance).

Mho Relay: Circular or arc-shaped region (based on both

resistance and reactance).

Quadrilateral Relay: Polygonal region (complex multiple

zones).

52) Design a distribution system consisting of parallel feeders. Demonstrate the application of the Time-Graded
overcurrent protection scheme for parallel feeders. Add a transformer of star/delta configuration to its primary
side. Design its protection scheme and represent it with the help of a suitable diagram.

53) Differentiate between primary and back up protection. Explain with the help of suitable examples.

Ans:
Aspect Primary Protection Backup Protection

Purpose Protects the faulted section directly and Protects the system if primary protection
quickly. fails.

Speed Fast response, often milliseconds to Slower response, typically with a time delay.
seconds.

Scope of Specific to the fault location. Covers a wider area, but not as precise.
Protection

Example Differential relay for transformers. Overcurrent relay as backup for transformers.

Settings Sensitive and fast. Less sensitive, with time delays to avoid false
trips.

Reliability First line of defense with high reliability. Secondary defense with lower priority.
54) Analyze the three zones of protection with suitable illustrations. Justify the importance of reach in a
distance relay.

Ans: Distance relays are used in three-zone protection of transmission lines to ensure the complete protection
of a power system. The three zones are:

• Zone 1

Protects up to 80–90% of the protected line. This zone operates instantaneously.

• Zone 2

Protects the rest of the protected line, plus 20% of the second line. This zone operates after a time delay of
usually 0.2–0.5 seconds.

• Zone 3

Provides back-up protection of the adjoining line. This zone has a time delay of usually 0.4–1 second.

The reach of a distance relay is the length of transmission line covered by each zone of protection. The reach of
each zone is typically selected as follows:

• Zone 1: 80 to 90% of the line

• Zone 2: 120–130% of the line

• Zone 3: 240–250% of the line

Distance relays are a crucial part of the protection system for transmission lines. They help to preserve the
security and reliability of the supply.