ALGEBRAIC FORMULAE

O
N

5) a 0 =1
= logm + logn
LI
6) logmn

m
7) log-=
n
logm - logn
N

8) (logmr = nlogm
ES

9) If ax 2 + bx + c = 0 then x =
2a

sum of the roots= --

b
a product of the roots = :..a
10) a2 b 2 = (a+ b)(a - b)
H
-

11) a3 - b3 = (a - b) ( a 2 + ab + b2 )
A

12) a3 + b3 = (a + b) ( a 2 - ab + b 2 )
A

13) a4 - b 4 = (a - b)(a + b)(a 2 + b2 )

LA
14) ( a + b) 2 = ( a 2 + 2ab + b 2 )
15) (a+ b) 3 = (a 3 + 3a 2 b + 3ab 2 + b 3 )
16) (a - b) 3 = (a 3 - 3a 2 b + 3ab 2 - b 3 )
A

17) (a+ b + c) 2 = (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac)

18) a3 + b3 + c3 = (a+ b + c) 3 - 3(a + b + c)(ab +be+ ac) + 3abc

 TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAE
HYPERBOLIC FORMULAE

J) cos 2 0 +sin 2 0 == 1
cosh 2 x - sinh 2 x =1
O

2) 1 + tan 2 0 = sec 2 0 I-tanh 2 x == sech 2 x

N

3) 1 +cot 2 0 = cosec 2 0 coth 2 x - 1 == cosech 2 x

LI

4) sin20 == 2sin0cos0 sinh2x == 2sinhxcoshx

N

5) cos20 = cos 2 0 - sin 2 0 cosh2x == cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x

ES

6) cos20 = 2cos 2 0 - 1 cosh2x = 2cosh 2 x - 1

7) cos20 = I-2sin 2 0 cosh2x = 1 + 2sinh 2 x

H

8) sin30 = 3sin0 - 4sin 3 0 sinh3x = 3sinhx + 4sinh 3 x

A

9) cos30 == 4 cos 3 0 - 3cos0 cosh3x = 4cosh 3 x - 3coshx

A

2tan0
10) sin20 = i+tanze . hZ x
sin = 1-tanh
2tanhx
LA
x 2

1:...tan 2 0 l+tanh 2 x
11) cos20 = l+tanze COS h 2 X = 1-tanh x2
A

2tanhx
12 tan2 0 == 2tan0
tanh2x == 1+tanh2x
) 1-tan 2 0
 _ 3tan0-tan 3 0
13) tan 30 - 1-3tan2 0
tanh3x =- ----
3tanhx+tanh 3
X

1+3tan112x

14)sin(A ± B) = sinAcosB ± cosAsinB sinh(x ± y) = sinhxcoshy ± coshxsinhy

15)cos(A ± B) = cosAcosB +sinAsinB cosh(x ± y) = coshxcoshy ± sinhxsinhy

O

16) 2sinAcosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A - B) 2sinxcoshy = sinh(x + y) + sinh(x - y)

N

17) 2cosAsinB = sin(A + B) - sin(A - B) 2coshxsinhy = sinh(x + y)- sinh(x - y)

LI

18) 2cosAcosB = cos(A + B) + cos(A - B) 2coshxcoshy = cosh(x + y) + cosh(x - y)

N

19) 2sinAsinB = cos(A - B) - cos(A + B) 2sinhxsinhy = cosh(x + y) - cosh(x - y)

ES

20)sinC
.
+ sinD = 2sm-
. c+D
2
C-D
- cos - -
2
sinhx + sinhy = 2s in hx+y hx-y
- 2- cos - 2-

= 2cos-
C+D C-D . .
= 2cos hx+y . h x-y
H

21) sinC - sinD -sin-2- smhx - smhy - 2-sin - 2-

2
A

22) cosC + cosD = 2cos-

C+D
2
C-D
-cos-2- coshx + coshy = 2cos h -x+y h x-y
-cos - 2-
2
A

23) cosC - cosD = -Zsm-

. C+D . C-D
2
-sm-2- coshx - coshy = 2sm
. hx+y . hx-y
- 2-sm - 2-
LA

24) sin- 1 x = cosec- 1 ;1 sinh- 1 x = cosech- 1 -1x

A

25) cos- x1
= sec -1 l
; cosh- 1 x = sech- 1 -1x
 1

26) tan- 1 x = cot- 1 -_; 11

tan'h- 1 x = coth~1 -
,!I 1
IP· X
O
N
LI
N
ES
H
A
A
LA
A
ry;',
r, f! • sin 0 = Opposite Side/Hypotenuse
• cos 8 = Adjacent Side/Hypotenuse
O

• t an 8··. = ·0..ppos1·t-e S.1d.eJ1,~Ii d.Jacen t··. s

.· .rc~e
J
N

• sec: H = Hypotenuse/Adjacent Side

LI

• cosec 8 = Hypotenuse/Opposite·side.
N
,.

• c·ot 8= Adjacent Side/Opposite Side

ES

Reciprocal ·Identities
•.
H
Th,e Reciprocal Identities are given .as: .
A
• ·oosec 8 = 1/sin e
A
• s·e c B ·= 1/cos e
LA
• cot 8 =' 1/tan 0
/- • _sin 8 = l/cosec El
A
• cos 8 = 1/sec e
• tan 8 1/cot e
 2. ALGEBRA
• log,,x =y x = aY
'
a>0 a
, r
l .
,X>O.
Io8qP = lo&ir•log,p
* Sum of first n terms of an A p .
th firS t term a and common difference d
1s 2 n[2a+(n-l)d] = n x (
. 1 · ' , • • · Wi
average of first and last terms)
* Sum of first n terms of a· G p . ·
· · with first term a and common ratio r is
a(l:-r )0
a(r"-1)
1-r = - r-1 ,(r=/=l)
O

n n
* L n n
r=l
r=
2 (n+l); L r
2
= 6(n+l)(2n+l);
r.= 1
N

n n2
I r 3 =-(n+1) 2
4
r=l
LI

- 2 .
* Iff(x) = ax +bx+ c where a =I= 0, a, b, ceR, then roots IX, f3 off(x) =Oare ·

. - b ± J b 2 :._ 4ac - b c
gtven by - - ~ - - - . Also
· . 2a
IX + f3 = - IX/3 = -
a ' a·
N

2
Roots will be real if b - 4ac 0 and imaginary if b2 - 4ac < O.
* Remainder when polynomial P(x) is divided by (x-a)_ is P(a)
ES

* Number of combinations of n objects taken r at a time

"C,or(n)= n! ,wheren!=n(n-l)(n-2) ... 3.2.1

r (n-r)! r! -

Binomial Theorein :
H

· ,.. (1 ±x)"=Kf ±"C 1 ~.+"C2 x 2

9 ± ...... +(-l)'"C,x'+ ·.... .. +(-l)"x"
,. n!
) where "C, = )
A

r!(n-r.1

· 3. COORDINATE GEOMETRY
A

7
(1) Distance formula :

d= (X2-X1) 2 +(Yi-Y1) 2 • where d is the distance between two points having

LA

coordinates (x 1, y 1) and (x2, Y2)-

(2) Section formulae :
The coordinates of the point which divides the join of (x1, Yi) and (x2, Y2)

mx2 +nx1 . my2 +nyi)

A

(i) inte~lly in the ratio m : n are ( m +n ' m + n

mx2 -_nx1 my2 -ny•)

(ii) externally in the ratio m : n are ( m_ n t m- n

· (X 1 + X2 Y1+ Y2)
(iii) in two equal parts (i.e., midpoint) are · 2 ' 2

3
NA VNEET LOG TABLES
 (3) Centroid of the t::. ABC where coordin;i.tes of A, B, C are .
· (x
(x 1, y 1 ), (x 2, Yi), (x3 , y 3 ) bas coordinates . 1+x2 +x3 , Y1 +Y2 + Y3)
3 3
(4) Slope of the line containing the segment with end points (x1, Y1), (x2, Y2)
is given by:
. y2 - Yi Difference of ordinates h. ( )
m = - - - ' = - - - - - - - - , w ere x2 -x 1 4-r 0
x2 - Xi Difference of abscissae

(5) Acute angle 11 between two lines with . slopes m1 and m 2 • is given by
tan 11 =Im, - mi Iwherem mi= -
I+ m m 1 2
I
N

1 2
Two lines with slopes m1 and m2 wHI be parallel if m 1 = m 2 .
Two lines with slopes m 1 and m2 will be perpendicular if m1m 2 =- 1.
LI

· 4. MENSURATION
Geometrical Form Perimeter , Area Volume
Rectangle (sides a, b)
N

2a+2b ab .. ... .
Square (side a) 4a a2 ... ...
Triangle (base a, altitude h) ... ... 1
.,;ah ......
ES

Triangle (sides a, b, c) a+b+c=2s J s(s_:_a) (s-b) (s-c) ......

•I
a.+b+c
wheres
2
Circle (radius r) 2nr nr2. · ......
Ellipse (axes 2a, 2b)
2ft app. nab ... .. .
H

2
Cylinder (radius r, height h) ···· ··· ·· 2nr(h + r) nr 2 h
Cone (radius r, height h, ···· ·· ·· · nr(l + r) .!.3 nr2 h
A

slant height /)
Sphere (radius r) • .i •• • • • • • 4nr2 ~n;.3
1 3
Anchor ring (mean radius R, '' i " " "
4n 2 r R 2n 2 r 2 R
radius of circular section r)
A

5. TRIGONOMETRY
LA

sin 0
(a) - - = tan 0 sin (90° - 0) = cos 0... · I -cos20
cos 0 r . .
sm 2 0 = - - -
cos (90° - 0) = sin 0
sin 2 0 + cos 2 0 = I 2
· sin (180° - 0) = sin 0
I +tan 2 0 = sec 2 0 cos2 0 I -k_cos20
I + cot 2 0 = cosec 2 0
cos (l 80° - 0) = - cos 0 2
A

I -cos20
tan 2 0 = - - -
. I+ cos20
• sin (0 ±<I>_)= sin 0-cos ¢, ± cos 0- ~in </>
. , cos (0 ± </>) = cos 0-cos </> + sin 0-sin </>
tan (0 + </>) = tan 0 ± tan </>
- I+ tan 0-tan </>

4 NA VNEET LOG TABLES

 . . 2tan0
, . sm 20 = 2 sm 0-cos 0 = - - -2 -
1 + tan 0
2
• cos 20 = cos 2 0 - sm
· 2 0 = 2 cos 2 0 - I = 1 - 2 sin 2 0 = -
1 --tan
-2 -0
1 + tan 0
sin 30 = 3 sin 0- 4 sin 0; 3
cos 3 0 = 4 cos 0 - 3 cos 0
3

,.. sm . A+_sm. B = 2 sm. (A_-+2- B)_ . co~ (A- _:2- B)

, sm A-sin. B =2 cos (A+B) •sin (A_:_B)
- - .
O

-.- -
2 2

• cos A + cos B = 2 cos ( A ; B} cos ( A ; B)

N

cos A - cos B = -: 2 sin ( A ; B} sin (A:; B)

LI

-.
X 2t • 1 - t2 2t
• If lJVl = sm x = + t2 , cos x =_ + 12 , tan x = _ t2
2 1 1 1
· (b) In any triangle :
N

a b e
(i) - . - = - . - = - . - = 2 R (sine rule),
SID A SID B sm C
(ii) a 2 = b 2 + e 2 2bc cos A (cosine rule),
ES

A (s-b)(s-c) A Js(s-a)
(iii) siri - = be , (iv) cos 1, : = ,
· 2 ·2 · be ·
. -------
---- ·--- - -- abc
(v) Radius of circumcircle, R = - ( where !::,. = area of triangle)
. . 4_ !::,.
H

(vi) Radius of inscribed circle, r = Q (where!::,.= area of triangle)

. s
.
Trigonometrical ratios of special angles
A

0 oo 30° 45° 60° 90° -----

)
• 1 1
fi
A

sin 0 - 1
2 Ji 2

fi 1 l
LA

cos 1 - 0 '
2
2
Ji
1
tan 0 1 fi 00

,
.. fi
1
A

j3 1 0
cot 00
fi
2
sec 1
j3
Ji 2 00

2 ·
cosec 00 2 Ji j3
1

NAVNEET LOG TABLES 5

\

l
Sum & Difference Identities
• sin(x+y) = sin(x)cos(y)+cos(x)sin(y)
• cos(x+y) = cos(x)cos(y)-sin(x)sin(y)
• tan(x+y) = (tan x + tan y)/ (1-tan x •tan y)
• sin(x-y) = sin(x)cos(y)-cos_(x}sin(y) ·
O

• cos(x-y) = cos(x)cos(y) + sin(x)sin(y)

N

• tan(x-y) = (tan x-tan y)/ (1 +tan x , tan y)

LI

Double Angle Identities

N

• sin(2x) = 2sin(x) • cos(x) = [2tan x/(1 +tan 2 x)]

ES

• cos(2x) = cos2(x)-sin2(x) = [(1-tan2 x)/(1 +t~n2. x)] .·

• cos(2x) = 2cos2(x)-1 = 1-2sin2{x)
• tan(2x) = [2tan(x)]/ [1-tan2(x)]
H

• sec (2x) = sec2 x/(2-sec2 x) ·

A

• csc (2x) = (sec x. csc x)/2

A

Triple Angle Identities

LA

• Sin 3x = 3sin x - 4sin3x

• Cos 3x = 4cos 3x-3cos x

• Tan 3x = [3tanx-tan3x]/[1-3tan2x]
A

The three fundamen tal identities are.:

1. sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
2. 1 +tan2 A = sec2 A
3. 1+cot2 A= csc 2 A
 FORMUl"'AE AT A GLANCE
DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAE
1) If y = xn then -dy == nxn- 1
dx

2) If y = sinx then dy
-dx == cosx
O

3) If y = cosx then dy
-dx == -smx
.
N

4) If y = tanx then dy == sec 2 x

dx
LI

5) If y = cotx then dy == -cosec 2 x

dx
N

6) If y = secx then dy
dx
= secx tanx
ES

7) If y = cosecx then dy
dx
== -cosecx cotx

8) If y = ex then
H

9) Ify = ax then dy
dx
= axloga
A

10) If y = logx then

dy
-=-
dx x
1

= loga x
A
dy =-1-
11) Ify then dx xloga

= sin- 1 x
LA

12) If y then

dy 1
13) Ify = COS
-1
X then dx =-
A

14) Ify = tan -1 X then

dy 1
15) Ify = CO t-1 X then dx =- 1+x2

l j
16) If y == sec- 1 x
then dy 1
-==
dx x~
17) If y == co sec- 1 x
then dy
1
--
dx == -
x~
18) If y == sinhx
then dy
-dx == coshx
O

19) Ify == coshx then dy . h

-dx == sin X
N

20) Ify == tanhx then dy

-dx == sech 2 x
LI

21) Ify == cothx then dy

-dx == -cosech x
2

22) If y == sechx dy
then
N

;I; == sechx tanhx

23) If y == cosechx then == -cosechx cothx

ES
dy
dx

24) If y = sinh- 1 x then dy 1

;I; == ..J1+x2

25) If y = cosh- 1 x then dy 1

H

dx == ..Jx 2-1
26) If y = tanh- 1 x then dy
- = - -2
1
A

dx l-x

27) If y = coth- 1 x then

dy
= 1-x2
1
A
dx

28) Ify = sech-1 x then

dy
-= -
1
LA
dx

dy 1
29) If y = cosech-1 x then -= -
dx

30) If y = u +V then dy = du+ dv

A

dx dx - dx

dy du dv
31) If y = UV then - = v -+ud
dx dx X
 32) If y ==
V then dy
-==
du
v-d -u-
x
dv
dx
dx vz
33) If y == xx
then dy X
== x (1 + logx)

INTEGRATION FORMULAE
O

1) J x n dx == xn+1
-n+1 if n * -1
N

dx
2) f- == logx
LI

3) f sinx dx == -cosx
N

4) f cosx dx == sinx
ES

5) f tanx dx == logsecx

6) f cotx dx == -logcosecx = logsinx

H

7) f secx dx = log(secx + tanx) = log

. {
tan(X+ Tr}
2 4
)
A

8) f cosecx dx = log(~osecx - cotx) = log {tan(~)}

A

9) f sec2 x dx = tanx
f cosec2 x dx = -cotx
LA

10)

11) f secx tanx dx = secx

12) f cosecx cotx dx = -cosecx
A

13)
15) I dx
== sin~ 1
a

16) J dx
== log(x +

17) f == log(x + -J x2 + ai)

1
O

dx
18) I xz+az == -tan~ 1
a a

dx - x-a
N

19) I x2-a2 -
1
-2 log(-)
a x+a
a+x
LI

20) I a2-x2
dx -
-
1
-2a log(-)
a-x
dx _ _1
21) IX sec x
N

a2 -X 2 -

22) I e ax sinbx
·
dx = -a2+b2 (asmbx -
eax .
bcosbx)
ES

23) Jeaxcosbx dx = -a eax

+b 2
-
2
(acosbx + bsinbx)
H

=
2
24) - x 2 dx
2
-x 2 + ~sin-
2
1 :.
a
A

25) - a 2 dx =2 ·
- a2 -
a2
-log(x
2
+
r---
- a2)
A

=
2

26) J + a2dx + a2 + -z-log(x

a
+xz + a 2 )
LA

27) Jsinhx dx = coshx

28) Jcoshx dx = sinhx

Jtanhx dx =
A

29) Iog(coshx)

30) Jcothx dx = log(sinhx)

31) Jsechx dx = sin-l(tanhx)

32) f cosechx dx == tan( tanh ::)
2

33) f uv dx "' u(f vdx) - f (f vdx). du) u is chosen using

dx
O
L I ATE
N
(logarithm, inverse, algebraic. trigonometric, exponential)
LI
34) f ex(f(x) + f'(x)) = exf(x)
f0a f(x)dx = f0a f(a -
N
35) x)dx

f: f f:
= f (a+ b -
ES
36) (x)dx x)dx
H
A
A
LA
A