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The History of "Noah Sheets"

The following four pages include a collection of interesting and useful mathematical
formulas and relationships that were originally gathered together by IMSA alumnus, Noah
Rosenberg, when he was a student at the Academy. He was an enthusiastic participant in
math competitions and compiled them for use by our math team. His hand written notes
have been edited and enhanced by Mr. George Milauskas (IMSA mathematics faculty). The
resulting materials are affectionately known as the "Noah Sheets". Our hopes are that you
will find some worthwhile ideas for use in math classes, mathlete training and problem
solving. ✍
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"The Noah Sheets" [Begun by Noah Rosenberg, IMSA Class of 1995, Edited and enhanced by George Milauskas]
Triangles
Two Pole Problem Stewart's Theorem Ceva's Theorem Basic Theorems
C C

b D
a a
x1
b t Y P X M N
x3 x2 m n
1 1 1 c A Z B
= + so A B
x1 a b 2 2 2
AC:AB = CD :DB (bis thm)
a n+b m = t c+m·n·c AZ BX CY PX PZ PY
a·b a·b (Proven by using •
ZB XC
• YA =1, AX + + CZ =1 BY1
x1 = x = MN || & AB [Midline
a + b a+kb Law of Cosines twice)
 2
k
AX, BY, & CZ are concurrent Thm]

Circumcenter [ Bisectors] Incenter [ - Bisectors] Orthocenter Centroid [ Medians ]

C [Altitudes] C
C C
D
R
E D E
C I
O M
r BA
A B B
A F B A F All six areas are equal.
1 Watch for similar triangles. M splits each median in ratio 2:1 .
a b c Area (ABC) = 2 r P
= = =2R eg: ADB  CFB Coordinates of M = avg of vertices.
sin A sin B sin C = r·s (s=semi-perimeter)
.
The Euler Line Fermat Point (Equiangular Pt) Nagel Point Gergonne Point
C C
C Se b–x
b a m b–x
M ip
er b–x + c–x
=a
O C im
G
I 120° 120°
et
x c–x
N
er
c F
120° A B A x c–x B
O, M , & C are collinear, A B
[Joins Semi-Perimeter Pts [Tangency Pts to Vertices]
such that OM : M C = 2:1 The sum AF + BF + CF to Vertices] Notice segments &
2 2 2 2
and 9·(OC) = a + b + c is a minimum. (Found by, Notice resulting  segments "walkaround" labeling.
putting equilateral 's on sides)

Golden Triangle Equilateral Triangles The 13-14-15 Triangle The 4-5-6 Triangle
N C
Q 2
14 4 5
36° 13
E T h D
E 12
P 
G
72°
F 15 6
A B
P A G [An altitude and three sides
Sum of dist from any P to sides = h . One angle is twice the other.
In a regular pentagon, are consecutive integers.]
1+ 5 Any Q on Circum- : QB = QC + QA 65
Area = 84, r = 4, R = Area = 6 6
PN:PA = PG:GA = 2 CGB, has sides in a ratio, 1 : 3 : 2 8

RIGHT TRIANGLES

y a 2 1 1 1
= a = y·c 2 = 2 + 2
A a c h a b
x D A
b
c x
b
=
b
c
 2
b = x·c
2·r = a + b – c
c
h y a+b r
2·R = c = R+r b
C
a
B x
h
=
h
y
 2
h = x·y 1
2
median = 2 hypotenuse R
2 2 2 2
2 2
(a + b) = c + 4(Area) a·b = c·h (m – n , 2mn, m + n ) C a B
2 2 2 is Pythagorean triple for
a + b = c Pythagorean Thm m, n positive integers
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A Triangle And Its Circles:
PROPERTIES
 ABC has sides: c, b, and a, ra
and angles A, B, and C.
The radii of the: C
rb
Inscribed circle, r.
The three escribed circles: ra, rb , & rc r
a
b
I
and the circumscribed circle, R. C*
R
The area of the triangle is K.
A c B
The semiperimeter is S.
Drawn to sides a, b, and c, respectively: rc
Let m a, m b, & m c be the medians.
Let t a, t b, & t c be the angle bisectors.
Let h a, h b, & h c be the altitudes.

The following relationships are true for triangles as labeled above:

2 2 2 2
K = S (S–a) (S–b) (S–c) Heron's Formula c = 2a + 2b –4m and its permutations
c
2
1 a sin B · sin C a·b·c Law of Cosines:
K = 2
·a·b·sin C = 2 sin A
= r·S = 4·R 2 2 2
c = a + b – 2·a·b cos C (& permutations)
a·b·c a·b·c Law of Sines:
R = 4·K 2·R·r = a+b+c 2·r  R in all 's a b c
= = = 2R
sin A sin B sin C
C
2·a·b·cos 2 2 a·b·S·(S–c) a–b 1
tan 2 (A – B)
Law of Tangents: =
tc = a + b = a+b a+b 1
tan 2 (A + B)
1 1 1 1 (s–a)(s–b)(s–c)
r = ha + hb + hc r2 = s

Other
Point-Line(plane) Distance Logarithms Series: S = a + a + a + . . . + a + . . .
1 2 3 n
between (x0,y 0) and line p
•Arithmetic: Constant Difference d = a – a
n+1 n
log N = p  b = N n
ax + by + c = 0: b
log N
an = a1 + (n–1)·d & Sn = 2 (a1 + a n )
| a·x 0 + b·y 0 + c | a
dist is: log N = "change base" a
b log b
a2 + b 2 a •Geometric: Constant ratio r = an+1
m·n
between (x0,y 0,z0) and line log q = log m + log n – log n
n–1 a
n–1
ax + by + c·z + d = 0: q a = a ·r , S = a – a r & S = 1
n 1 n 1–r 1–r
| a·x 0 + b·y 0 + c·z 0 + d | p
is: log N = p log N (–1 < r < 1)
2 2 2 1
a + b + c
a·b·c logb a = log b
also dist = a
a·b+b·c+a·c

If you find any errors, or have any worthy additions to "The Noah Sheets" please contact
George Milauskas, Mathematics Coordinator at the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy,
1500 Sullivan Rd, Aurora, Illinois, 60506 (708)907-5965: E-mail: geom@imsa.edu
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Quadrilateral Properties: K = Area, r = inradius, R = circumradius, P = perimeter, S = semiperimeter
P r P A b
Q D Q a
q III
m
II diagonals B
c
S I  IV s d1 & d2 S
d
p m joins C
midpoints R If Diagonals are perpendicular,
R A,B,C,D are midpoints, ABCD is a parallelogram. 1
Areas: AI · AIII = AII · AIV PA QB RC SD
K= 2 (diag 1 )(diag 2 )
If = = = = n then the
1
KPQRS = 2 d1 d2 sin 
AQ BR CS DP a2+ c 2 = b2+ d 2
ratio
2 2 2
p + q + r + s = d1 + d 2 +(2m)
2 2 2 2
2
of areas, K(ABCD) : K(PQRS) = n +12  (if and only if)
.
(n+1) the diagonals are 

In a Parallelogram Cyclic Quadrilaterals Circumscribed The Rectangle

B
b U b A Quadrilaterals
C b A B
a
d1
U A
d2
c d2 P
A D c r
d1 a
2 2
2(a + b ) = d1 + d2
2 2 a D C
Q d
2 2 Q P
BD = a + b – 2ab cos A
D d D For any point, P,
K = a · b · sin  A .
 & rectangle ABCD
d1 A + Q = U + D = 180° a+c = b+d  QUAD has
ab + cd
d = ad + bc d ·d = a·c + b·d (Ptolemy) in 2 2
2
1 2 (PA) + (PC) =
(2nd Ptolemy's Theorem) K 1 2 2
r= and K = 2 r·P (PB) + (PD)
K = (S–a)(S–b)(S–c)(S–d) a+c
If QUAD is both inscribed. and
circumscr., then K = a·b·c·d
Trapezoid: Circles
R a A z b
t P
F Q G a b
w Q x P a
M N e
V W a y
s
T b P
Angle-Arc Property
a+b b – a A tangent to a circle is
If MN = median, MN= 2 Angle-Arc Property P = 2
b+a perpendicular to a radius.
b–a 2·a·b Q = Two tangents to a circle from
VW = 2 FG = a+b 2 Power Theorem
Power Theorem 2 an outside point are equal.
If MN is any parallel, w·x = y·z t = s·e tan-tan angle = supp of inner
RM·b + MT·a arc. P + a = 180°
MN = RT
Volume and Surface Areas of Solids:
Prismatic solids: (prism, box, cylinder) Pointed Solids: (pyramid, cone) Spheres:
Lateral Area = (base perimeter)(height) [Linearly related cross sections]
2
Lateral Area (add lat faces) , LA(cone) = ·r·l Total Surface Area = 4··r
Total Area = lateral area + 2 bases l = lateral edge (slant height)
4 3
Total Area = lateral area + one base Volume = r
3
Volume = (Area of Base)(height) 1 4
Volume = (Area of Base)(height) Ellipsoid: Volume = a·b·c·
3 3
h
Prismoidal Volume Formula: V = (B + 4M + B )
6 1 2
[For solids with quadratically related cross sections, height h, upper bases B , B and mid section M]
1 2
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Trigonometry:
sin A = opp leg Pythagorean Identities Sum & Difference Identities
hypotenuse 2 2 sin (A ± B) = sin A·cos B cos A·sin B
adj leg sin A + cos A = 1 cos (A ± B) = cos A·cos B sin A·sin B
cos A = hypotenuse
1 + tan 2 A = sec2 A tan A  tan B
tan (A ± B) =
tan A = opp leg = sin A 1 + cot 2 A = csc2 A 1 m tan A  tan B
adj leg cos A
Odd-Even Functions: Double Angle Identities
csc A = hypotenuse = 1
opp leg sin A sin (–A) = – sin (A) sin 2A = 2 sin A · cos A
hypotenuse 1 cos (–A) = cos (A) 2
cos 2A = cos A – sin A
2
sec A = adj leg = cos A tan (–A) = – tan (A) 2 2
or = 1 – 2 sin A = 2cos A – 1
Complements A & B 2 tan A
cot A = adj leg = 1
2 2 tan 2A =
opp leg tan A sin A + sin B = 1 2
1 – tan A
Values to Memorize: sin A = cos B, etc .

Sum to Product
sin 30° = 1 = cos 60° A + B A – B Triple Angle Identities
2 sin A + sin B = 2 sin cos 2
2 3
3 sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin A
cos 30° = 2 = sin 60° A – B
sin A – sin B = 2 sin 2
A + B
cos 2 3
cos3A = 4 cos A – 3 cos A
3 A + B A – B 2
cos A + cos B = 2 cos 2 cos 2
tan 30° =
3
= cot 60° tan 3A = tan A·(tan
2
A–3)
A + B 3 tan A – 1
cos A – cos B = – 2 sin 2 sin
sin 45° = cos 45° = 2 A – B
2
tan 45 ° = 1 2
sin(A ± B) Half Angle Formulas
6 – 2 tan A ± tan B = cos A·cos B
sin 15° = = cos 75°
4 1 – cos A
A
6 + 2 sin 2 = ± 2
cos 15° = = sin 75° Product to Sum
4 1 1 + cos A
A
tan 15°= 2– 3 , tan 75°= 2+ 3 sin A ·sin B = 21 [cos(A–B) – cos(A+B)] cos 2 = ± 2
Golden rectangle & regular pentagon. cos A ·cos B = 2 [cos(A–B) + A sin A 1–cos A
cos(A+B)] tan 2 = =
5 – 1 1+cos A sin A
sin 18° = cos 72° = 4 1
sin A ·cos B = 2 [sin(A–B) + sin(A+B)]
cos(A–B) – cos(A+B)
cos 36 ° = sin 54° = 5 4+ 1 tan A · tan B = cos(A–B) + cos(A+B)

Polar Coordinates Complex Numbers, DeMoivre's Thm, Euler's Thm & CI S

Points are represented in terms of (r,) rather than (x,y) iy a+bi
z=a+bi 2cis(135°)
8cis(45°)
imaginary axis

y (r,) 120°
2cis(15°)
r b 120° 120°
y
2 2 2
 x x +y = r a x Equal distribution of
roots of complex number
x
tan  = yx real axis 2cis(255°)
Z = a + b i = r cis  (polar form of complex number)
x = r cos  2 2
The magnitude, r = | a + bi | = a +b
y = r sin  i
Some common graphs: e = cos  + i sin  = cis  (Euler)
cis A
a cis(A + B) = cis A·cis B cis(A – B) =
70°
cis B
20°
DeMoivre's Theorems: (see illustration above)
r = a sin  r = a sin (+70°) n n n
r = a cos  r = a cos (–20°) (a+bi ) = ( r cis  ) = r cis (n· ) for n = pos int

r · cis 
2k+
n
r ·cis  =
n
n 
for k = 0,1,2,3...,n–1 ✍