Contents

Introduction..................................................................4
Nepal Telecommunication...........................................5
History Of Nepal Telecom...........................................7
Working of Telecommunication..................................8
Radio Nepal...............................................................12
Working Of Radio Sub-Station..................................14
Nepal Television........................................................16
Working Of Television Sub-Station..........................17
Conclusion.................................................................21
References..................................................................22
 Introduction

A field visit was organized to Budhetola to gain practical insights into

the following aspects like: NTC, NTV and Radio Nepal . This visit
aimed to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-
world applications. The report provides an overview of the visit,
highlights key observations, and reflects on its relevance to academic
and professional learning.
 Nepal Telecommunication

Nepal Telecom has always put its endeavors in providing its valued
customers a quality service since its inception. To achieve this goal,
technologies best meeting the interest of its customers have always
been selected. The nationwide reach of the organization, from urban
areas to the economically nonviable most remote locations, is the
result of all these efforts that makes this organization different from
others.

In Nepal start of telecommunication service can be traced back to

B.S. 1973. But formally telecom service was provided mainly after the
establishment of Mohan Akashwani in B.S. 2005. Later as per the
plan formulated in the First National Five year plan (2012-2017),
Telecommunication Department was established in B.S. 2016. To
modernize the telecommunications services and to expand the
services, during the third five-year plan (2023-2028),
Telecommunication Department was converted into
Telecommunications Development Board in B.S. 2026.

After the enactment of the Communications Corporation Act 2028, it

was formally established as a fully owned Government Corporation
called Nepal Telecommunications Corporation in B.S. 2032 for the
purpose of providing telecommunications services. After serving the
nation for 29 years with great pride and a sense of accomplishment,
Nepal Telecommunication Corporation was transformed into Nepal
Doorsanchar Company Limited (NDCL) from Baisakh 1, 2061. Nepal
Doorsanchar Company Limited is a company registered under the
Company Act 2053. However, the company is known to the general
public by the brand name "Nepal Telecom" as its registered
trademark.

Converting Nepal Telecom from a government-owned monopoly to a

business-oriented, customer-focused company in the competitive
environment, Nepal Telecom invites all the shareholders in the
sacred work of nation-building.

History Of Nepal Telecom

Telecommunications services in Nepal were first established in 1913,
and a year later, a direct connection was established
between Kathmandu and Raxaul. In 1935, twenty-five automatic
telephone lines were installed in Kathmandu, which were followed a
year later by the installation of a telecommunications line between
Kathmandu and Dhankuta. Palpa was linked with Kathmandu in 1951
and with Bhairahawa in 1953. A telephone exchange known as
"Central Battery" was installed in Kathmandu in 1950, providing
telecommunication service to the public.
Wireless service first started in Nepal in 1950 with service to
Kathmandu, Bhairahawa, Illam, Dhankuta, and Biratnagar. In 1952,
service expanded to Doti, Dang, Jumla, Dailekh, Sallyan,
Okhaldhunga, and Rajbiraj, and later to Jaleshwar, Ramechhap,
Bandipur, Terathum, Taplejung, Dandeldhura, and Baitadi. Also in
that year, stations were set up in Baglung, Palpa, Dhangadi, Pokhara,
Bhojpur, and Birgunj. Initially, the Department of Communications
oversaw both postal and telecommunication services, but an
independent Department of Telecommunication was established in
1959.
Nepal Telecom was legally founded as a wholly-owned government
corporation called Nepal Telecommunications Corporation with the
goal of offering telecommunications services after the adoption of
the Communications Corporation Act (1972). Nepal
Telecommunication Corporation was renamed Nepal Doorsanchar
Company Limited (NDCL) in 2004.
The Nepal Saar Doorsanchar Company Limited was incorporated
under the Companies Act (1997). Its registered trademark "Nepal Sr.
Telecom-NT" or "Nepal Saar Telecommunication Corporation-NTC" is
well known among the general population.
In 2003, Nepal Telecom began offering GSM (Global System for
Mobile Communication) services to the entire population. In addition
to GSM, Nepal Telecom offers CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access),
EVDO, ADL, ADSL, FTTH, and other services.
Nepal Telecom provides modern services ranging from
early GPRS, HSDPA, 3G, and 4G/LTE. Nepal Telecom began a 5G trial
in Kathmandu, Pokhara, Birgunj, which is still limited to internal
testing.
As a public business, Nepal Telecom is solely responsible for
providing services to all parts of Nepal. It offers services in rural parts
where other operators have failed to uphold their responsibility to
their community.
Working of Telecommunication
Antennae
Antennae enable wireless communication by transmitting and
receiving electromagnetic waves. A transmitting antenna converts
electrical signals into electromagnetic waves, while a receiving
antenna does the reverse. They are crucial in systems like mobile
phones, satellites, and radio towers.

Optical Fibers

Optical fibers transmit data as light signals using total internal

reflection. Made of glass or plastic, they offer high bandwidth, low
signal loss, and resistance to interference. They are key in internet
backbones, telephone networks, and cable TV systems.

Amplifiers
Amplifiers strengthen signals to travel long distances without
degradation. Electronic amplifiers are used in wireless systems, while
optical amplifiers boost light signals in fiber networks. They are vital
in telephone networks and undersea cables.

Transmitters

Transmitters convert data into signals for transmission. They include

components like modulators and amplifiers, which encode and
strengthen signals. Transmitters are used in radio, mobile base
stations, and satellites.

Receivers

Receivers decode transmitted signals and convert them back into

usable information. They include demodulators and filters and are
found in radios, televisions, and mobile phones.

Switches and Routers

Switches connect devices within local networks, while routers direct

data between networks. These devices manage data traffic and
ensure efficient communication in telecommunication systems.

Modems

Modems convert digital signals to analog for transmission and back

to digital for reception. They are essential for connecting digital
systems to traditional communication lines like telephone and cable
networks.
Base Stations

Base stations connect mobile devices to the central network via radio
signals. They are key in maintaining wireless communication within
mobile phone networks.

Communication Satellites

Satellites relay signals between ground stations, enabling long-

distance communication. They support applications like GPS, satellite
phones, and international broadcasting.

Power Sources

Power sources like solar panels, batteries, and electricity supply

energy to telecommunication systems. They ensure uninterrupted
operation of devices and networks.

Integrated Operation

Telecommunication involves encoding data, transmitting signals,

amplifying them, and decoding them at the receiver. This integration
ensures seamless and reliable communication.

RADIO NEPAL
Radio Nepal is the state-owned Radio broadcasting organisation
of Nepal. It was established on 2 April 1951. Radio Nepal airs
programs on shortwave, medium wave (AM) and FM frequencies.
Regular broadcasts consume sixteen hours every day, including two
hours of regional broadcasts. Public holidays feature an additional
two hours. FM Kathmandu, the first FM channel covering Kathmandu
valley and adjoining areas, was started in 1995 in Singha
Durbar, Kathmandu.
On 19 May 2016, An environmental song, Melancholy was recorded
by 365 renowned Nepali singers and musicians in a single day at the
Radio Nepal studio.
In 2016 Radio Nepal had six medium wave relay stations, one
shortwave relay station, and 20 FM relay stations. Broadcasts are
available online. Radio Nepal broadcasts six different programs from
satellite.
In 2024, Radio Nepal airing on these medium wave (MW/AM)
frequencies; 576 kHz, 648 kHz, 1143 kHz, 810 kHz, 684 kHz, and
792 kHz.
Transmission coverage of the MW transmitters is able to reach the
80 and 90% of the population of nation.

Working Of Radio Sub-Station

A radio station operates by transmitting audio signals via

electromagnetic waves. The process begins with audio content, such
as music or speech, created in a recording studio. This audio is
converted into electrical signals and modulated onto a carrier
frequency. The modulated signal is then transmitted through an
antenna as electromagnetic waves. Radios receive these waves,
decode the signals, and convert them back into sound.

Antennae
Antennae are vital for transmitting and receiving radio signals. The
transmitting antenna converts electrical signals into electromagnetic
waves that travel through the air. The receiving antenna captures
these waves and converts them back into electrical signals for
processing in the radio.

Transmitter
The transmitter processes audio signals for broadcast. A modulator
combines the audio signal with a carrier wave, enabling transmission
at a specific frequency. A power amplifier boosts the signal's strength
to ensure it reaches long distances.

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

A UPS ensures uninterrupted power supply to the station, protecting
it from outages and voltage fluctuations. This system is crucial for
maintaining consistent broadcasting, especially during emergencies.

Internet Connectivity
Modern radio stations use internet connectivity for various purposes.
It supports live streaming to online audiences, facilitates access to
remote content, and enables coordination between substations and
central control rooms.
Receiver (Radio)
Radios are designed to tune into specific frequencies to receive
broadcasts. The tuner selects the frequency, the demodulator
extracts the audio signal, and the speaker converts the signal back
into sound, making it accessible to listeners.

NEPAL TELEVISION
Nepal Television shortened to NTV is the Nepali national public
state-controlled television broadcaster. It's accessible in four
languages. It is the oldest and most watched television channel
in Nepal. The news broadcast at 8:00 PM is the channel's most
popular show, followed by comedy programmes such
as Sakkigoni, Mundre Ko Comedy Club and Meri Bassai.

Working Of Television Sub-Station

A television sub-station receives broadcast signals from a central
station via satellite, optical fibers, or microwave links. These signals
are processed, amplified, and transmitted to viewers using terrestrial
antennas or distributed through cable networks. The system ensures
the delivery of clear audio-visual content to televisions across a
designated area.
Key Components
1. Satellite Dish

A satellite dish receives signals transmitted from the central

broadcasting station via communication satellites. These signals
often include audio, video, and metadata. The dish focuses and
captures the weak satellite signals, which are then sent to the
receiver for further processing.

2. Receiver and Decoder

The receiver processes the incoming satellite signals and decodes
them into a usable format.
 Receiver: Extracts multiplexed audio and video streams.
 Decoder: Converts encrypted or compressed signals into a
standard format suitable for transmission or distribution.
3. Transmitter
The transmitter broadcasts the processed signals to viewers via
terrestrial transmission.
 Modulator: Combines the audio and video signals with a carrier
wave for efficient transmission.
 Power Amplifier: Boosts the signal strength for long-distance
coverage.
 Broadcast Antenna: Converts electrical signals into
electromagnetic waves for distribution.

4. Optical Fiber Links

For cable television networks, optical fibers are used to deliver high-
quality signals to distribution hubs. These fibers carry large amounts
of data over long distances with minimal loss.
5. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
A UPS ensures stable power supply to all equipment, safeguarding
against outages or voltage fluctuations. This is critical for
uninterrupted broadcasting and signal processing.
6. Monitoring and Control Systems
These systems monitor the health of the sub-station's equipment
and signal quality. Automated controls and real-time diagnostics help
in maintaining efficient operation and minimizing downtime.

7. Cable Distribution System

In cable TV setups, the sub-station connects to a cable distribution
network.
 Splitter: Divides the signals for multiple connections.
 Amplifiers: Strengthen the signals for delivery to distant
subscribers.
 Set-Top Boxes: Decode the signals at the viewer’s end.

Conclusion

The one-day field visit to the sub-stations of Radio Nepal, Nepal

Television (NTV), and Nepal Telecom (NTC) in Budhetola provided us
with an invaluable opportunity to gain practical insights into the
operations and infrastructure of these critical communication
systems. The visit aimed to bridge our theoretical knowledge of
telecommunications and broadcasting with real-world applications.
During the visit, we observed the functioning of broadcasting
equipment at Radio Nepal, the production and transmission
processes at NTV, and the telecommunication systems maintained
by NTC. This hands-on experience deepened our understanding of
the technical and operational aspects of communication networks.
We also gained an appreciation of the significance of teamwork,
technological advancement, and infrastructure in ensuring efficient
communication services. Challenges such as the complexity of
equipment management and the need for regular maintenance were
discussed, giving us a comprehensive view of the industry's
demands.
Overall, the field visit was highly educational and fostered a better
understanding of the intricate systems behind media and
telecommunications. We recommend that future visits include
additional time for interactive Q&A sessions with technical experts to
further enhance learning outcomes. This experience has
undoubtedly contributed to our academic growth and appreciation
of Nepal’s communication sector.

References

Radio Nepal Sub-Station Visit

 Observations and discussions during the field visit to the
Radio Nepal sub-station, Budhetola.

Nepal Television (NTV) Sub-Station Visit

 Observations and explanations provided by technical
staff at the Nepal Television (NTV) sub-station,
Budhetola.

Nepal Telecom (NTC) Sub-Station Visit

 Insights from the Nepal Telecom (NTC) sub-station,
Budhetola, during the field visit.
Radio Broadcasting in Nepal - Wikipedia
 Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Nepal

Nepal Television Overview - Wikipedia

 Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Television

Nepal Telecom - Official Website

 Retrieved from https://www.ntc.net.np