Micro project chemistry 4

Government Polytechnique, Jalgaon
Academic Year: 2018-19

Course: Diploma in Electrical Engineering
Semester :1st
Scheme: I
Subject: Chemistry (Micro Project)
Subject Code: 22102
Group Id: A
Title: Conductors and Insulators
1
Acknowledgement: -
We wish to express our sincere gratitude to Shri. A.S.Zope
Sir, Head of Electrical Department, Government Polytechnic,
Jalgaon to give us an opportunity to do project work in
Government Polytechnic, Jalgaon.
We sincerely thank Mrs. Borse Madam for her guidance and
encouragement in our project work. I also wish to express my
gratitude to Science Department, who helped us during our
project work.
Group Members:
1. Aakanksha B. Hyalinge
2. Anurag N. Adakmol
3. Altaf Khan
4. Priyadarshani N. Asmar
5. Prathmesh H. Atre
6. Ashvini N. Bhadane
7. Jivan R. Bobade
2
Conductors and Insulators:
Index:
Sr. No. Topic Page no.

1. Introduction to conductors and insulators. 4
2. History of conductors and insulators. 7
3. More about conductors. 9
4. Applications of Conductors. 12
5. More about insulators. 13
6. Applications of insulators. 14
7. References. 15
3
Conductors and Insulators
Q. Have you ever got the electric shock when you touch a
live wire? Why does that even happen?
Q. Why don’t you get the same shock when you are
holding a plastic stick to touch the wire? The reason is
simple.
Let’s learn it in detail (Conductors and Insulators) so that
you are in a better position to understand their
phenomena.
1. Introduction to Conductors and Insulators:
Key is conductor. Wood is insulator.
4
Conductors:
➢ The materials allowing easy passage of free electrons are called
conductors.
➢ Electrical current is generated by the flow of negatively charged

electrons.
➢ When potential difference occurs in the conductor across two points,

the electrons get sufficient energy to flow from lower potential to higher
potential.
➢ Electrons do not flow in straight line.
➢ In a conductor, electrons are in to and fro motion. The free electrons

get collided with another electrons or atoms.
➢ Materials made of metal are common electrical conductors.
5
Insulators:
➢ The materials which stop the passage of free electrons, heat,

electricity and sound are called insulators.
➢ Electrical insulation is absence of electrical conduction.
➢ The use of insulating material is important in various industrial and

engineering operations where heat and electric energy is utilized.
➢ When battery is applied across electrical insulator, current will not flow
through it because there are no free electrons in it.
➢ In electrical field, purpose of insulating material is to separate electrical

conductors without passing current through it.
➢ The most important insulation material is air.
➢ A variety of solid, liquid and gaseous insulators are used in electrical

apparatus.
No free electrons in outermost shell in insulator.
6
2. History of Conductors and Insulators:
Stephen Gray (scientist) (December 1666 – 7 February 1736), a British
Chemist, was first to identify properties of conductors and insulators.
Experiment of Stephen Gray for conductors and insulators:
7
The "flying" child is suspended, in mid-air, by cords of silk which serve as
insulators.
The eight-year-old receives the electrical charge when Gray holds his feet
against a rotating sulphur ball.
Once the boy is "charged," lightweight objects (such as gold metal leaf and
feathers) are attracted to his hands.
When he is discharged, sparks fly from his fingers.
On the left side of the illustration we see a small boy standing on what
appears to be an insulating drum. That drum will help him to avoid getting
a shock when he touches the flying boy.
The adult male, however, does not have anything like the insulating drum
to protect him. Therefore, when he touches the flying boy, sparks will fly.
The sparks flow from an electrical current which leap between the man's
fingers, and those of the boy, then flows through the man's body to the
ground.
Stephen Gray conducted this experiment in 1730, at Charterhouse in

London. He received the Royal Society's first Copley Medal for his efforts.
8
3. More about Conductors -
a) Conductors are substances that allow electricity to pass through
them freely.
b) The reason behind this is that these substances contain many
atoms that have loosely bound outermost electrons or valence
electrons.
c) Metals have a number of valence electrons or even a single
valence electron which are loosely bound.
d) In an electric circuit, these electrons can freely move around the
circuit.
e) Metals are found towards the right of the periodic table.
f) Metals are good conductors of electricity and heat.
For example:
Q. Can you name a metal which you are familiar with which is used
in electrical wiring?
Copper is the metal that is primarily used for electrical wiring

because each copper atom has only one valence electron which can be
easily freed. Thus, it can easily be used in electrical wiring as it is an
excellent conductor.
9
Q. Can you think of a few substances which are good conductors of
electricity?
Nails, safety pins, iron rods, etc, are a few examples of
conductors of electricity.
The human body is also a conductor of electricity. Thus, we need to
be extra cautious that we do not get an electric shock.
Solid Conductor
1. Metallic Conductor: Silver, Copper, Aluminium, Gold etc.
2. Non-metallic conductor: Graphite
3. Alloy Conductor: Brass, Bronze etc.
1. Metallic conductor:
Copper: -
Symbol: cu
Atomic no: 29
Electronic configuration: (2,8,18,1)
Copper is a conductive material having a

low resistance. The electrons are loosely
attached to a nucleus and flow freely. The
energy losses in copper are less when
compared with other conductive metals.
The property of high melting point makes the copper suitable

for heating applications. Copper has good thermal conductivity,
electrical conduction, and corrosion resistant.
10
Silver:
Symbol: Ag
Atomic no: 47
Electronic configuration: (2,8,18,18,1
Silver withstands corrosion and provides

oxidation. Hence, it is good for electrical usage. It
is also used in medical applications for
antimicrobial analysis.
It is a perfect metal for making jewellery.
2. Non-metallic conductor:
Graphite:
Graphite is used for making electrodes. It is used in, fiber optics, surface
tiles in space shuttles.
Automotive cars use graphite for electrical motors and generator

components, in bearing elements, and in braking systems.
11
Liquid conductors –
• Metallic Conductor: Mercury
• Non-metallic Conductor: Saline Water, Acid Solution etc.
4. Applications of conductors:
• Mercury is a common ingredient in thermometer to check the

temperature of the body because it is excellent liquid conductor.
• Aluminium is used in making foils to store food and also in the
production of fry pans to store heat quickly.
• Iron is common in vehicle engine manufacturing to conduct heat.
• The plate of an iron is made up of steel to absorb heat briskly.
• Conductors find their use in car radiators to eradicate heat away from
the engine.
• Silver is the best conductor of electricity. However, it is costly and
so, we don’t use silver in industries and transmission of electricity.
Model for Conductors:
Bulb is connected across a battery. Crocodile clips are connected to

graphite (Good conductor of electricity). So, there is flow of current
through graphite and the blub glows.
12
4. More about Insulator -
a) Insulators are just the opposite of conductors.
b) They are substances or materials that do not conduct electricity.
c) Insulators inhibit the easy passage of electrons from atom to
atom and thus do not allow electric current to pass through them.
d) The insulating materials or elements have the valence electrons
tightly bound. These electrons can not be freed or loosened.
e) They are poor conductors of electricity.
A few examples of insulators are erasers, paper, glass, and cotton.
Insulating material made of glass or any other good insulator may be

used in between electric wiring as a protective barrier and to prevent
shock. Rubber and glass are one of the strongest insulators.
No free electrons in outermost shell in insulator.
13
6. Applications of Insulators:
a. Glass wool: -
It is used as thermal insulator, in making motors, ovens,

refrigerators, walls and roof of houses, thermoplastic bottles,
because it is soft, heat proof, fire proof and even insect proof.
It is used in sound insulators as it helps in controlling noise level, as
it is good in absorbance of sound. Therefore, we use it in buildings,
conference halls, to make them noise free
It is also used in electrical insulators to hinder the flow of electron
or passage of current so, we use it extensively in circuit boards.
b. Thermocole: -
• It is light and shock proof so, it is used as an ideal packing material

for delicate electrical and electronics equipment.
• It is used for decorative purposes.
c. Plastic:
It is a good insulator and it is used in making a number of things.
d. Rubber:
It is a common component in making tyres, fire-resistant clothes
and slippers. This is because it is a very good insulator.
14
Model for insulators:
Bulb is connected across a battery. Crocodile clips are connected to

wood which is a is good insulator of electricity. So, there is no flow of
current through wood and bulb does not glow.
Reference:
a) www.Information on conductors and insulators.com

b) www.science daily.com
c) www.magcraft.com
15
16

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Government Polytechnique, Jalgaon

Academic Year: 2018-19

Sr. No. Topic Page no.

1. Introduction to Conductors and Insulators:

Key is conductor. Wood is insulator.

➢ Electrical current is generated by the flow of negatively charged

➢ When potential difference occurs in the conductor across two points,

➢ Electrons do not flow in straight line.

➢ In a conductor, electrons are in to and fro motion. The free electrons

➢ Materials made of metal are common electrical conductors.

➢ The materials which stop the passage of free electrons, heat,

➢ Electrical insulation is absence of electrical conduction.

➢ The use of insulating material is important in various industrial and

➢ In electrical field, purpose of insulating material is to separate electrical

➢ The most important insulation material is air.

➢ A variety of solid, liquid and gaseous insulators are used in electrical

No free electrons in outermost shell in insulator.

Experiment of Stephen Gray for conductors and insulators:

When he is discharged, sparks fly from his fingers.

Stephen Gray conducted this experiment in 1730, at Charterhouse in

Copper is the metal that is primarily used for electrical wiring

Copper is a conductive material having a

The property of high melting point makes the copper suitable

Silver withstands corrosion and provides

It is a perfect metal for making jewellery.

Automotive cars use graphite for electrical motors and generator

• Mercury is a common ingredient in thermometer to check the

Model for Conductors:

Bulb is connected across a battery. Crocodile clips are connected to

A few examples of insulators are erasers, paper, glass, and cotton.

Insulating material made of glass or any other good insulator may be

No free electrons in outermost shell in insulator.

It is used as thermal insulator, in making motors, ovens,

• It is light and shock proof so, it is used as an ideal packing material

Bulb is connected across a battery. Crocodile clips are connected to

a) www.Information on conductors and insulators.com

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