Q. 1. (1) Both the countries (India and Brazil) have republic type of government. (2) As the latitudinal extent of Brazil is more, there is a variety of climatic conditions. (3) India is covered mainly by ancient plateaus. (4) India’s per capita income is less than Brazil due to massive population.
Q. 2. (1) Field Visit – Sample questionnaire
(2) Pico De Neblina – Highest peak in Brazil (3) Most urbanised state – Goa (4) Rio de Janeiro – Tourist place
Q. 3. (1) Orographic form of rain is found in the Himalayan region. (2) Area wise, Rajasthan is the largest state in India. (3) Goa is the most urbanized state in India. (4) Nascente do Rio Moa is the western most point of Brazil. (5) Horse mackerels, clupeids, silver bellies are mainly caught from the fishing in the Bay of Bengal. Q. 4. (A)
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Q. 4. (B) (1) Forests in Brazil : (i) Equatorial forests (ii) Tropical grasslands (iii) Swampy lands (iv) Hot deciduous forests (v) Throny bushes (vi) Temperate Grassland. (Any two) (2) The name of the island shown in the map is Marajo island. (3) Crocodiles are found in the Pantanal region. (4) Tamarin are found in Brazil in Amazon river basin. (5) The name of the grassland to the southernmost part of Brazil is Pampas. Q. 5. (1) (1) The amount of annual average rainfall is nearly 2000 mm in the northern part of Brazil. The annual average temperature of this region is about 28°C. (2) The equator passes through the northern part of Brazil. Therefore, this region receives perpendicular sunrays throughout the year. (3) Due to abundant sunshine and heavy rainfall, vegetation grow with high speed in this region. The life cycle and the density of vegetation is found to be high in this region. Therefore, the northern part of Brazil is covered by dense forests.
(2) (1) Due to white sand beaches, scenic seacoasts, beautiful islands, evergreen dense forests, variety of species of birds and animals, gardens and parks, etc., tourism has increased in Brazil.
(2) Increased tourism may lead to pollution and environmental degradation. Therefore it is necessary to control harmful effects of increased tourism.
(3) Promoting tourism as well as protecting environmental balance is equally essential. Therefore, ecotourism is being developed more in Brazil.
(3) (1) There are comparatively less number of mineral deposits in the western part of Brazil. (2) Most of the western part of Brazil is covered by the Amazon river basin. There are evergreen dense rainforests in this areas. Due to dense forests this area has become inaccessible. As its effect, there are natural limitations on the use and exploitation of mineral resources available in this areas. (3) The density of human settlement is very low in the western part of Brazil. Thus, the demand for minerals in this part is comparatively low. (4) Similarly, transport facilities are poorly developed in this areas. Therefore, mining has not developed in the western part of Brazil.
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(4) (1) In mixed economy, the private sector and public (government) sector coexist. (2) In Brazil as well as in India, the sectors like railway, electricity production, iron and steel industry, etc. are owned and managed by public (government) sector. (3) In Brazil as well as in India, the sectors like banking, airways, health, education, telecommunication, etc. are owned and managed by private as well as public (government) sector. In this way, there is mixed economy in Brazil and India.
Q. 6. (A) Simple bar graph :
(1) The above simple bar graph shows percentage of urban population Brazil 1960 to 2010. (2) Urbanisation occurred rapidly during 1960 to 1970. (3) The percentage increase in urbanisation during the period from 1980 to 1990 was 8.6%. OR Q. 6. (B) (1) The average life expectancy in India in the year 2016 is 68 years. (2) In the year 1990, an increase in life expectancy in Brazil as compared to India was by 7 years. (3) The average life expectancy in 1980 was same in Brazil in 1960. (4) Brazil shows an increase in life expectancy during the period from 2010 to 2016. (5) High life expectancy is found in Brazil. (6) In the year 1960, India’s life expectancy was less than Brazil by 13 years. Q. 7. (1) We will take the following precautions continuously during field visit : (1) We will ensure safety of oneself and others and will carry identity card, first aid box, etc. with oneself for emergency circumstances.
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(2) We will strictly obey the instructions given by teachers. (3) During field visit, we will try to gather information about local circumstances by conversing with the local people. (4) We will also ensure that one does not harm the environment in any way during field visit.
(2) The changes occurring in the climatic conditions of India while going from south to north are as follows : (1) In India, as we go from south to north, the temperatures keep dropping. (2) For example, in peninsular region located in the southern part of India, the average temperature is found to be ranging between 25°C and 30°C. On the other hand, mountainous regions located in the northern part of India, the average temperature is found to be ranging between 5°C and 10°C. (3) In India, as we go from south to north, the amount of rainfall also keeps decreasing. (4) For example, in Chennai (located in the southern part of India), the amount of the maximum average rainfall in the month of November is nearly 410 mm. On the other hand, in Delhi (located in the northern part of India), the amount of the maximum average rainfall in the month of August is nearly 250 mm. (3) The characteristics of the North Indian Plains are as follows : (1) A flat low-lying area is located in the north of India. This region is known as the North Indian Plains. (2) The North Indian Plains lie between Himalayan Mountain in the north and the Peninsula in the south. It extends from the states of Rajasthan and Punjab in the west to Assam in the east. (3) The North Indian Plains are divided into three parts. (4) The low-lying area to the east of the Aravalis is known as Ganga plains. It slopes to the east. (5) The delta of Ganga-Brahmaputra rivers extents in the state of West Bengal in India and Bangladesh. This region is known as Sunderbans. Sunderbans is the largest delta region in the world. (6) The western part of the North Indian Plains is occupied by desert. It is known as Thar Desert or Marusthali. The state of Rajasthan is occupied by Thar Desert. (7) The Plains of Punjab lies to the north of Thar Desert. It is located to the west of Aravalis and Delhi ranges. (8) The Plains of Punjab slopes to the west. It has very fertile soil and therefore, agriculture is highly developed in this region.
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