N19-39:

N19.

N20.
N21.
𝑢 = 𝑥+𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑢−𝑥
⇒ 𝑦′ = 𝑢′ − 1(1)
Substituting (1) into 𝑦′ = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
 𝑢′(𝑥) − 1 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 + (𝑢 − 𝑥) = 𝑢
𝑢′(𝑥)
⇒ =1
𝑢+1
1
⇒∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑥
𝑢+1
⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑢 + 1| = 𝑥 + 𝐶
⇒ 𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑢+1| = 𝑒 𝑥+𝐶
⇒ |𝑢 + 1| = 𝑒 𝑥+𝐶 = 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑒 𝐶
⇒ 𝑢 + 1 = ±𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑒 𝐶
⇒ 𝑢 = −1 ± 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑒 𝐶
We got 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 ⇒ −1 + 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑒 𝐶 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
⇒ 𝑦 = −1 ± 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑒 𝐶 − 𝑥

N22.
We have 𝑣 = 𝑦/𝑥 ⇒ 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑣
⇒ = (𝑣𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑣. 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑥𝑦′ = 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥(𝑣 + 𝑥) = 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑣
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑥. 𝑣 + 𝑥 2 𝑣′(𝑥) = 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑣
⇒ 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑣′(𝑥) = 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑣
⇒ 𝑥𝑣′(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑣
𝑣′(𝑥) 1
⇒ 𝑣 =
𝑒 𝑥
1 1
⇒∫ 𝑣
𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥

⇒∫ 𝑒 −𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥

⇒ −𝑒 −𝑣 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝐶
⇒ 𝑒 −𝑣 = −𝑙𝑛|𝑥| − 𝐶
⇒ −𝑣 = 𝑙𝑛(−𝑙𝑛|𝑥| − 𝐶)
⇒ 𝑣 = −𝑙𝑛(−𝑙𝑛|𝑥| − 𝐶)
⇒ 𝑦/𝑥 = −𝑙𝑛(−𝑙𝑛|𝑥| − 𝐶)
⇒ 𝑦 = −𝑙𝑛(−𝑙𝑛|𝑥| − 𝐶).x
N23.

N24.

N25.

Given that :

Therefore:

Graph the solution using CAS:

N26.

Graph:
Let C = -10 Let C =0
Let C = 100 Let C =10000

Therefore, with the larger C, the function changes less significantly.

N27.

𝑑𝑦
y’=𝑦 2 ⇔ =𝑦 2 ⇔ 𝑦 −2 dy=dx
𝑑𝑥
Integrate:
1
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒: ∫ 𝑦 −2 dy = -
𝑦
Right side: ∫dx = x + C

1
Then we got: - = x + C, where K= -C so the solution is y=0
𝑦

N28.
y’ = xy
𝑑𝑦
⇔ = xy
𝑦
𝑑𝑦
⇔∫ =
𝑦 ∫
xdx ⇔
1
⇔ ln|𝑦|= 𝑥 2 +C
2
𝑥2 𝑥2
+𝑐
⇒|𝑦| = 𝑒 2 = 𝑒 . 𝑒𝑐
2

𝑥2
⇒y = k.𝑒 where k= ±𝑒 𝑐
2

Taking k=0 , so the solution is y=0

N29.
N30.
The curves 𝑦 2 = 𝑘𝑥 3 form a family of power functions.
𝑦 2 = 𝑘𝑥 3
𝑑 2 𝑑
⇔ (𝑦 ) = (𝑘𝑥3 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇔ 2𝑦𝑦′ = 3𝑘𝑥2
3𝑘𝑥2
⇒ 𝑦′ =
2𝑦
3𝑦
⇒ 𝑦′ =
2𝑥
The slope of the tangent line at (x,y) on one of the curves. Therefore, the orthogonal
−2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥
trajectories must satisfy 𝑦′ = ⇔ =
3𝑦 𝑑𝑥 3𝑦
⇔ 3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

⇔∫ 3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 2
⇔ 𝑦 = −𝑥2 + 𝐶1
2
2
⇔ 3𝑦2 = −2𝑥 + 𝐶2
2
⇔ 2𝑥 + 3𝑦2 = 𝐶
This is a family of ellipses.
Demonstrating:
 N31.
𝑘
y=
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑘
⇔ =
𝑑𝑥 −𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
The slope of the orthogonal trajectories is the negative reciprocal of ,
𝑑𝑥
therefore:
𝑑𝑦 1
=𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑘
𝑘
From y= ,we can write k=xy
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥
⇔ =𝑥 2 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦 𝑦

⇔ y.dy=x.dx
𝑦2 𝑥2
∫ ydy=∫ xdx ⇒ = + C ⇒𝑦 2 - 𝑥 2 =C
2 2
N32.
𝑥
y=
1+𝑘𝑥
(1+𝑘𝑥).1−𝑘𝑥 1+𝑘𝑥 −𝑘𝑥 1
⇒ ⇔ = (1+𝑘𝑥)2
(1+𝑘𝑥)2 (1+𝑘𝑥)2
The orthogonal slope is the negative reciprocal:
𝑑𝑦
= −(1 + 𝑘𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
𝑥
From y= ,we can solve:
1+𝑘𝑥
1 𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
k= ( -1)= . =
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑦
Substitute k into −(1 + 𝑘𝑥)2 :
𝑥−𝑦 2 𝑥−𝑦 2 𝑥
−(1 + 𝑘𝑥)2 = −(1 + 𝑥. ) = −(1 + ) = −( )2
𝑥𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑥2
⇔ =− ⇔ 𝑦 2 dy= −𝑥 2 dx
𝑑𝑥 𝑦2
⇔∫ 𝑦 2 dy= ∫ −𝑥2dx
𝑦3 𝑥3
⇔ =- +C
3 3
⇔𝑦 3 + 𝑥 = 3C 3

N33.
𝑥
𝑦(𝑥) = 2 + ∫2 (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑦(𝑡))𝑑𝑡 (1)
2
𝑦(2) = 2 + ∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑦(𝑡))𝑑𝑡 = 2
2

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑥
(1) => 𝑦(𝑥) = (2) + ∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑦(𝑡))𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑 𝑥
∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑦(𝑡))𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
=> = 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑥(1 − 𝑦(𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
1
=> 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥
1−𝑦

1
=> ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
1−𝑦
 1
=> ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
1−𝑦

=> 𝑙𝑛|1 − 𝑦| = + (−𝐶)

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐶1 = −𝐶 => 𝑙𝑛|1 − 𝑦| = + 𝐶1
1 2
|1 − 𝑦| = ±𝑒 −2𝑥 . 𝑒 𝐶1

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐶2 = ±𝑒 𝐶1
−1 2
𝑥
=> 𝑦 = (1 − 𝑒 2 ) 𝐶2

𝑊𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒: 𝑦(2) = 2

=> 2 = 1 − 𝑒 −2 𝐶2 ↔ 𝑒 −2 𝐶2 = −1
1
𝐶2 = − = −𝑒 2
𝑒 −2

N34:
𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑦(𝑥) = 2 + ∫ ;𝑥 > 0
1 𝑡𝑦(𝑡)

Right away, we see that if we plugin x = 1 to the intergral equation, we get

1
𝑑𝑡
𝑦(1) = 2 + ∫ =2
1 𝑡𝑦(𝑡)

So the initial condition is y(1) = 2. In order to solve for y(x) by the method introduced in this session,
differentiate both side of the integral equation with respect to x:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑𝑡
𝑦(𝑥) = 2+ ∫
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑡𝑦(𝑡)

By the fundamental theorem of caculus:

𝑑 𝑥 𝑑𝑡 1
∫ =
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑡𝑦(𝑡) 𝑥𝑦(𝑥)

So the differential we need to solve in the following:

𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦(𝑥)
↔ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 1𝑑𝑥

↔∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑥

𝑦2
↔ = 𝑥 + 𝐶 ↔ 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 + 2𝐶
2
 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐶1 = 2𝐶 => 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 + 𝐶1 => 𝑦 = ±√2𝑥 + 𝐶1

𝑊𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒: 𝑦(1) = 2 ↔ ±√2𝑥 + 𝐶1 = 2 ↔ √2 + 𝐶1 = 2

↔ 𝐶1 = 2

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥 > 0 => 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 + 2 => 𝑦 = √2𝑥 + 2

N35:
Right away we see that if we plug in x = 0 to the integral equation we get:
0
𝑦(0) = 1 + ∫ 2𝑡√𝑦(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 => 4 + 0 = 4
0

So the initial condition is y(0) = 4. In order to solve for y(x) by the method introduced in this section,
didfferentiate both side of the integral equation with respect to x.
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑥
𝑦(𝑥) = 4+ ∫ 2𝑡√𝑦(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 0

By the fundamental theorem of caculus:

𝑑 𝑥
∫ 2𝑡√𝑦(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 2𝑥√𝑦(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 0

So the differential we need to solve is the following:

𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥√𝑦
𝑑𝑥
This is the seperable equation which means we can solve for y(x) by bringing all terms with y to the
left and all constants and terms with x to the right and then integrating both sides:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 => ∫ = ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
√𝑦 √𝑦
1 2 1
=> √𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2
1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐶1 = 𝐶, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛,
2
1
𝑦(𝑥) = ( 𝑥 2 + 𝐶1 )2
2
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑦(0) = 4 = 𝐶1 2 => 𝐶1 = ±2 => 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝐶1 = 2
1
𝑦(𝑥) = ( 𝑥 2 + 2)2
2

N36:
Simplify the equation
 (𝑡 2 + 1)𝑓′(𝑡) + [𝑓(𝑡)]2 + 1 = 0
⇒ (𝑡 2 + 1)𝑓′(𝑡) = −[𝑓(𝑡)]2 − 1
𝑓′(𝑡) −1
⇒ =
[𝑓(𝑡)]2 + 1 (𝑡 2 + 1)
𝑑𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
⇒∫ 2
=∫ − 2 (1)
[𝑓(𝑡)] + 1 𝑡 +1
1 𝑓′(𝑡)
We have 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛′(𝑥) = 1+𝑥2 ⇒ 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛′(𝑓(𝑡)) = 1+[𝑓(𝑡)]2
Therefore:
(1) ⇒ 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑓(𝑡)) = −𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑡) + 𝐶
⇒ 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(−𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑡) + 𝐶) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(−𝑡) + 𝐶)
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥)+𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑦)
Because 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥).𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑦)
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(−𝑡)) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐶) −𝑡 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐶)
⇒ 𝑓(𝑡) = =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(−𝑡)). 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐶) 1 + 𝑡. 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐶)
−3 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐶)
𝑓(3) = 2 ⇒ 𝑓(3) = =2
1 + 3𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐶)
⇒ −3 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐶) = 2 + 6. 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐶)
⇒ 5𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐶) = −5 ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐶) = −1
−𝑡−1 𝑡+1
Conclusion: 𝐹(𝑡) = 1−𝑡
= 𝑡−1

N37:
𝑑𝑄 1
𝑅
+ 𝑄 = 𝐸(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝐶
𝑃𝐿𝑢𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑅 = 5𝛺; 𝐶 = 0.05𝐹; 𝐸(𝑡) = 60𝑉
5𝑄′(𝑡) + 20𝑄(𝑡) = 60
⇔ 𝑄′(𝑡) + 4𝑄(𝑡) = 12
⇔ 𝑒 𝑄′(𝑡) + 4𝑒 4𝑡 𝑄(𝑡) = 12𝑒 4𝑡
4𝑡

⇔ (𝑒 4𝑡 𝑄(𝑡))′ = 12𝑒 4𝑡

⇔ ∫ (𝑒 4𝑡 𝑄(𝑡))′𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 12𝑒 4𝑡 𝑑𝑡
12 4𝑡
⇔ 𝑒 4𝑡 𝑄(𝑡) =
𝑒 +𝐶
4
𝐶
⇔ 𝑄(𝑡) = 3 + 4𝑡
𝑒
⇔ 𝑄(𝑡) = 3 + 𝐶𝑒 −4𝑡
𝑄(0) = 0 ⇔ 𝐶 = −3
⇔ 𝑄(𝑡) = 3 − 3𝑒 −4𝑡
The limiting value of the charge:
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑄(𝑡) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚(3 + 𝑒−3∞ ) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚3 = 3
𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞

N38:
Using Newton’s law of cooling:
𝑑𝑇
= −𝑘(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 )
𝑑𝑡
Plug in initial coffee temperature: 95OC; room temperature: 20OC and cooling rate:
1OC per minute when the coffee’s temperature is 70OC:
−1 = −𝑘(70 − 20)
1
⇔ 𝑘=
50
Therefore, the differential equation becomes:
𝑑𝑇 −1
= (𝑇 − 20)
𝑑𝑡 50
−1 2
⇔ 𝑇′(𝑡) = 𝑇(𝑡) +
50 5
1 2
⇔ 𝑇′(𝑡) + 𝑇(𝑡) =
50 5
1 1 1 2 1
⇔ 𝑒 50 𝑇′(𝑡) + 𝑒 50 𝑇(𝑡) = 𝑒 50
50 5
1 2 1
⇔ (𝑒 50 𝑇(𝑡))′ = 𝑒 50
5
1 2 1
⇔ ∫ (𝑒 50 𝑇(𝑡))′𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑒 50 𝑑𝑡
5
1 1
⇔ 𝑒 50 𝑇(𝑡) = 20𝑒 50 + 𝐶
𝐶
⇔ 𝑇(𝑡) = 20 + 1
𝑒 50
We have T(0)=95 => C=75
⇔ 𝑇(𝑡) = 20 + 75𝑒 −𝑡/50

N39:
𝑑𝑃
= 𝑘(𝑀 − 𝑃)
𝑑𝑡
⇔ 𝑃′(𝑡) = 𝑘𝑀 − 𝑘𝑃(𝑡)
⇔ 𝑃′(𝑡) + 𝑘𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑘𝑀
⇔ 𝑒𝑘𝑡 𝑃′(𝑡) + 𝑒𝑘𝑡 𝑘𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑒𝑘𝑡 𝑘𝑀
𝑘𝑡
⇔ (𝑒 𝑃(𝑡))′ = 𝑀𝑘𝑒𝑘𝑡
 𝑘𝑡
⇔∫ (𝑒 𝑃(𝑡))′𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑀𝑘𝑒𝑘𝑡 𝑑𝑡
⇔ 𝑒𝑘𝑡 𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑀𝑒𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
𝐶
⇔ 𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑀 + 𝑘𝑡
𝑒
We assume that performance is at level 0 when t=0
𝑃(0) = 0 ⇔ 𝐶 = −𝑀
⇔ 𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑀 − 𝑀𝑒−𝑘𝑡
The limit for this expression:
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑀 − 𝑀 ∗ 0) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑀 = 𝑀
𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞
This shows that P(t) (the performance of the learner) approaches M(maximum-level
performance) as t(time) approaches infinity.