Magnetic Properties

Metals
Polymers
Ceramics
Composites
 Magnetism

Magnetism: a phenomenon by
which materials assert or influence
an attractive or repulsive force on
other materials.

432
 Applied Magnetic Field
• Created by current through a coil:

N = number of turns
applied magnetic field, H L = length of the coil

current I

• Relation for the magnetic field strength, H:

NI The magnetic field
H=
L (H) generated by the
current current in the loop
magnetic field strength and the bar magnet.
units = (ampere-turns/m)
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 Response to a Magnetic Field
B = H ◼ The magnetic induction, or magnetic
flux density B, unit =Tesla
 Magnitude of internal magnetic field
strength within a substance subjected to
H-field

= permeability (Wb/A-m, or
henries/m)
= a measure of the ease with
which a B field can be induced in
the presence of an external H
field.
434
 Response to a Magnetic Field

◼ In vacuum, B = o H
 o = 4×10-7 henries/m =
permeability in vacuum
B =  H = ( o r ) H = o H (1 +  m )

r =  o = relative permeability
m= magnetic susceptibility = the ease with which the
material becomes magnetized under an applied magnetic
field
Magnetization (M) = net magnetic moment per unit volume
B = o H + o M M = m H
435
 Magnetic quantities and their units

436
 Origin of Magnetic Moment
Electrons produce magnetic moments:

Nucleus

e-

(a) an orbiting e- (b) a spinning e-

Net magnetic moment:

--sum of moments from all electrons.
Net Magnetic Moment = [magnetic moment of each electron(orbital+spin)]

437
 Magnetic materials classifications
e.g., ferrite( -Fe ), Co, Ni
(  as large as 10 6 !)

e.g., Fe 3 O4 , NiFe 2O4

e.g., Al, Cr, Mo, Na, Ti, Zr

e.g., Al2 O3 , Cu, Au, Si, Ag, Zn

438
 Magnetic Moments
No Applied Applied
Magnetic Field (H =0) Magnetic Field (H)

Diamagnetic

opposing
none
Paramagnetic

random

aligned
Ferromagnetic More to

aligned
aligned

explain

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 Ferromagnetic & Ferrimagnetic
Materials
• As the applied field (H) increases...
--the magnetic moment aligns with H.
B sat Becomes a single domain:
H aligned with the field (H)
H
induction (B)

H
Magnetic

• “Domains” with
aligned magnetic
H
moment grow at
expense of poorly
H aligned ones!
0 Applied Magnetic ⚫ Domains = Small
Field Strength (H) regions in which all of
H=0 the magnetic dipole
440 Domains: randomly oriented moments are aligned.
 Hysteresis Loop
Saturation
Remanence
residual B when H =0

Coercivity
•H required to
reduce B to
zero Hysteresis loop
•happen when B
field lags behind
the applied H
field

Saturation
•In the opposite directon
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 Permanent Magnets

Process: B
2. apply H, cause
3. remove H, alignment stays! alignment
-> permanent magnet !

Applied Magnetic
Field (H)
4 . Coercivity, H c : 1. initial (unmagnetized state)
Negative H needed to
demagnitize!

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 Hard & Soft Magnets
B
Hard Magnets
• high remanance, large coercivity,
low initial permeability
• large and nearly square hysteresis

Soft
Applied Magnetic
--good for permanent magnets Field (H)
high resistance to demagnetization
--add particles/voids to make
domain walls hard to move

Soft Magnets
• lower remanence, small coercivity,
high initial permeability
• small hysteresis loop (thin and narrow)
--good for electric motors
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 Influence of Temperature
on Magnetic Behavior

• If higher temperature
higher thermal
vibrations of atoms

more random
magnetic moments

less saturation of
magnetization

@ Curie Temperature
(Tc) the saturation
magnetization
abruptly drops to zero

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 Magnetic Storage
Information is stored by magnetizing material.
Two media types:
• Head can...
--WRITE:
--Thin film:
apply magnetic
CoPtCr or CoCrTa
field H & align
alloy.
Simulation of hard drive domains
Domains are ~ 10-
(i.e., magnetize
30nm! (hard drive)
the medium).

--Particulate: --READ:
needle-shaped - detect a change
Fe2O3. +/- mag. in the
moment along axis. magnetization
(tape, floppy) of the medium.

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 Applications

Hard magnets
• Motors Soft magnets
• Loud speakers in radio,
lightweight earphones, •Electrical power
hearing aids, computer generators
peripheral and
• In cordless drills and transformers.
screw driver • Electric motors
• In clock • Dynamos
• Telephone • Switching circuit
• Component of sound
and video reproduction
systems.
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 SUMMARY
• A magnetic field can be produced by:
--putting a current through a coil.
• Magnetic induction:
--occurs when a material is subjected to a magnetic field.
--is a change in magnetic moment from electrons.
• Types of material response to a field are:
--ferri- or ferro-magnetic (large magnetic induction)
--paramagnetic (poor magnetic induction)
--diamagnetic (opposing magnetic moment)
• Hard magnets: large coercivity, good for permanent magnet
• Soft magnets: small coercivity, good for electric motor
• Magnetic storage media:
--particulate -Fe2O3 in polymeric film (tape or floppy)
447
--thin film CoPtCr or CoCrTa on glass disk (hard drive)