Magnetism

-The phenomenon by which materials exert an attractive

or repulsive force or influence on other materials

Magnet
- An object capable of producing magnetic field,
attracting unlike poles, and repelling like poles.

Characteristics of a Magnet
- Magnets will attract ferromagnetic substances
- Like pole of the magnet repel, unlike poles attract
-A suspended magnet always comes to rest in the North-South direction
-The poles of the magnet are in pairs
Magnetic Dipoles
-Magnetic dipoles may be thought of as small bar
magnets composed of north and south poles instead of positive
and negative electric charges.

Magnetic field
lines of force
around a current
loop and a bar
magnet.
The magnetic moment a
designated by an arrow.
 Types of Magnet
Permanent Magnet
- are materials where the magnetic field is generated by
internal structure of the material itself. (Ex. Neodymium, NdFeB)

Temporary Magnet
- are magnets made of soft metals that are magnetized only
when exposed to a permanent magnetic field or an electric
current.

Electromagnet
- is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced
by an electric current. It usually consist of wire wound into a
coil.
Basic Concept
Magnetic Field Intensity, H (A/m)
- the magnetic field produced by an external applied magnetic field
or the magnetic field produced by a current passing through a
conducting wire or coil of wire (solenoid).
Where:
H - Magnetic field strength (amperes per meter, A/m)
N: Number of turns of the coil
I: Current flowing through the coil (amperes, A)
L: Length of the coil (meters, m)

Example Problem 1:

A solenoid has 500 turns of wire and is 0.2 meters long. If a current of 2
amperes flows through the coil, what is the magnetic field strength?
Basic Concept
Magnetic Flux Density, B (teslas or Wb/m2)
- The magnetic induction, or magnetic flux density, represents the
magnitude of the internal field strength within a substance that is
subjected to an H field.
where:
B - Magnetic flux density (teslas, T)
μ - Permeability of the material (henries per meter, H/m)
H - Magnetic field strength (amperes per meter, A/m)

Magnetic Flux Density in Vacuum, B0

Example Problem 2:
A material has a permeability of 1.257 x 10⁻⁶ H/m and is
subjected to a magnetic field strength of 1000 A/m. What is the
magnetic flux density?
Basic Concept
Magnetic permeability μ
- the ratio of the magnetic induction B to the applied magnetic
field H for a material.

Relative permeability μr
- the ratio of the permeability of a material to the permeability
of a vacuum.
Basic Concept
Magnetization, M
- process of converting a non magnetic material to a magnetic
material; process by which a material becomes magnetized,
meaning it develops a magnetic moment and produces a magnetic
field.
where:
M - Magnitization
B - Magnetic flux density (teslas, T)
μ0 - Permeability of the material in vacuum (henries per meter, H/m)
H - Magnetic field strength (amperes per meter, A/m)

Magnetic susceptibility χm
- the ratio of M (magnetization) to H (applied magnetic field)
Basic Concept
Classification of Magnetic Materials

1. Diamagnetism
2. Paramagnetism
3. Ferromagnetism
4. Antiferromagnetism
5. Ferrimagnetism
Classification of Magnetic Materials
Diamagnetism
- A very weak form of magnetism that is nonpermanent and
persists only while an external field is being applied

- Opposes magnetic fields and will go to regions with low

magnetic fields

- Since the effect is very small, it can be considered that

diamagnetic materials are nonmagnetic

Example:
Au (Gold), H2O (water), Hg (Mercury), B (Boron), Si (Silicon),
P (Phosphorus), and S (Sulfur)
Classification of Magnetic Materials
Paramagnetism
- Weak form of magnetic field that is produced when an
external field is applied

- Attracts towards region with high magnetic field

- Like diamagnetic materials, paramagnetic materials are

considered nonmagnetic

Example:
Liquid Oxygen, Sodium, Platinum, Salts of Iron and Nickel
Classification of Magnetic Materials
Ferromagnetism
- The creation of a very large magnetization in a material
when subjected to an applied magnetic field.
-After the applied field is removed, the ferromagnetic
material retains much of the magnetization

- Large and permanent magnetizations may be established

within the ferromagnetic metals

Example:
Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), and Nickel (Ni)
Classification of Magnetic Materials
Antiferromagnetism
- a type of magnetism in which magnetic dipoles of atoms
are aligned in opposite directions by an applied magnetic field
so that there is no net magnetization
- Opposite magnetic moments

Ferrimagnetism
- a type of magnetism in which the magnetic dipole
moments of different ions of an ionically bonded solid are
aligned by a magnetic field in an antiparallel manner so that
there is a net magnetic moment.
- Aligned magnetic moment
Curie-Weiss Law
- The Curie-Weiss law is a mathematical relationship that
describes the magnetic susceptibility,X of a ferromagnetic
material above its Curie temperature.
where:
C - material specific Curie constant
T - absolute temperature
Tc - Curie temperature in Kelvin

- As temperature increases, the magnetism of a ferromagnetic

material decreases
- The random thermal motion destroys the ordering of spins
- For the temperature above the Curie temperature, the long
range order of spins is and only a short order exists.
Soft Magnetic Materials
- materials that are easily magnetized and demagnetized;
cannot be permanently magnetized

Properties:
-High magnetic permeability
-Low coercivity
-Low hysteresis loss
Properties Soft Magnetic Materials
High magnetic permeability
- which allows them to easily magnetize and demagnetize

Low coercivity
- they can be demagnetized with a relatively low magnetic
field

Low hysteresis loss

- they can be magnetized and demagnetized with minimal
energy loss
Applications of Soft Magnetic Materials
Transformers
- used to efficiently transfer electrical energy
(Ex. Iron, Nickel-iron alloys)

Inductors
- used to store electrical energy
(Ex. Iron, Nickel-iron alloys)

Magnetic shielding
- used to shield electronic devices from magnetic interference
(Amorphous metals)

Magnetic sensors
- used in magnetic sensors to detect changes in magnetic fields
(Amorphous metals)
Hard Magnetic Materials
- materials that are difficult to magnetize and demagnetize

Properties:
-High coercivity
-High remanence
-High hysteresis loss
Properties Hard Magnetic Materials
High coercivity
- they are resistant to demagnetization

High remanence
- they retain their magnetic field even after the external
magnetic field is removed

High hysteresis loss

- they can be magnetized and demagnetized with minimal
energy loss
Applications of Hard Magnetic Materials
Permanent magnets
- used to make permanent magnets, which are used in a wide range of
applications, including motors, generators, and magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) machines.
(Ex. Neodymium iron boron (NdFeB), Alnico)

Magnetic storage
- used in magnetic storage devices, such as hard drives and magnetic tapes.

Magnetic sensors
- used in magnetic sensors, such as Hall effect sensors and magnetoresistive
sensors.
(Ex. Ferrites)

Electric motors
- used in electric motors, such as DC motors and stepper motors
(Ex. Alnico)