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    Tutorial_STR_1_24

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    Tutorial_STR_1_24

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    Tutorial-1

    PH101-Relativity

    1) The separation between two space-time events is defined as

    ∆s2 = −c2 dt2 + dx2 + dy 2 + dz 2 ,


    p
    where dt is the time interval and dx2 + dy 2 + dz 2 is the spatial distance between them in the
    same inertial frame. Show that ∆s2 remains invariant under the following transformations:
    a) Under the rotation x′ = x cos θ + y sin θ, y ′ = y cos θ − x sin θ, z ′ = z and t′ = t where the
    coordinates (x, y, z, t) and (x′ , y ′ , z ′ , t′ ) belong to two different frame of references.
    b) Under the Lorentz transformation x′ = γ(x − vt) and t′ = γ(t − vx
    c2
    ) where γ = √ 1
    .
    1−v 2 /c2
    Here, c is velocity of light and v is uniform relative velocity between the two inertial frames.

    2) Starting from Maxwell’s equations, it is possible to derive a wave equation whose solutions
    represent electromagnetic waves. The wave equation for the electric field, E(x, t), may be written
    as
    ∂2 1 ∂2
    E(x, t) = E(x, t)
    ∂x2 c2 ∂t2
    where c is the speed of light. Show that this wave equation is not invariant under the Galilean
    transformation x′ = x − vt, t′ = t. Show however that the wave equation is invariant under the
    Lorentz transformation. Consider that under both the transformations E(x, t) = E′ (x′ , t′ ).
    5c
    3) A bus of length L moves at speed 13 with respect to the ground. Inside the bus a ball is
    thrown from the back end towards the front. The speed of the ball with respect to the bus is 3c .
    As viewed by someone on the ground, how much time does the ball spend in the air, and how far
    does it travel?
    4) A light beam is emitted at an angle θ0 with respect to the x-axis in the S frame. Find the
    angle θ the beam makes with respect to the x′ -axis in S ′ . The inertial frame S ′ is moving with
    respect to S along the positive x direction with a uniform velocity v.

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