Solid Geometry

3.1 Basic Concepts of Solid

3.2 Measurements of Solids
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 In this chapter …
● We extend what we know about two-dimensional figures to three dimensional shapes.

● We will define the different types of 3D shapes and their parts.

● We will find the surface area and volume of prisms, cylinders, pyramids, cones, and

spheres.
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 3.2.1 Cube
Cube- is a polyhedron whose six faces are all squares.

e - edge
d - diagonal
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Properties and Formulas
Properties
1. The three dimensions of a cube are all equal to each other. All edges are
equal.
2. All faces of a cube are congruent squares.

Formulas
Example:
1. A cube of edge e = 4 cm is cut by a plane containing
two diagonally opposite edge of the cube. Find the area
of the section and the length of the diagonal of the
section. Show your sketch and solution.

Solution:

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 3.2.2 RECTANGULAR PARALLELEPIPED
Rectangular parallelepiped is a polyhedron whose six faces are all rectangular.

 The parallel edges of a rectangular parallelipiped are equal.

 The opposite lateral faces are rectangles are equal and
parallel.
 Any two opposite faces of a rectangular parallelipiped may
be taken as bases.
 Any section of a rectangular parallelipiped made by a plane to
the base is equal to the area of the base.
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Formulas
Example:
1. A storage room has a rectangular floor 76 ft by 42 ft. The walls are vertical and 20 ft high. If
there are no windows, find the total area of the ceiling, walls, floor and the storage space of the
room.

Solution:
Example:
2. A rectangular parallelepiped has a base of 2.46 inches
and 8.68 in. And a height of 3.71 in. Find the area of the
section which contains two diagonally opposite edges of
the parallelepiped.

Solution:
 3.2.3 Prism A prism is a type of polyhedron whose congruent bases lie
in parallel planes.

 Right Prism – is a prism whose lateral faces or

lateral edges are perpendicular to the bases.
 Regular Prism – is a right prism whose bases are
regular polygon.
 Oblique Prism – is a prism whose lateral faces and
lateral edges are not perpendicular to its bases.
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Parts of a Prism Base

1. Base – is the plane where the two-

dimensional shape or polygon begins and ends.
2. Lateral faces – is a surface on the sides of Lateral Face
Lateral
a prism or the non-base faces. Lateral Edge height
Face

3. Lateral edges – is the intersection of lateral

faces of a prism.
4. Altitude/Height – is the distance between
the bases. Base
classification

Height is a lateral edge

Height is an altitude
outside the prism.
Right Prism
Oblique Prism
A right prism is a prism where all the lateral faces are perpendicular to the bases.
An Oblique Prism is a prism that leans to one side and the height is outside the prism.
Examples:
Lateral Surface area
A lateral surface area (LSA) is the sum of the areas of the rectangular
lateral faces.

𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝐿3
Lateral Surface Area
𝑳𝑺𝑨 = 𝑷𝒆

Where LSA is the lateral surface area, P is the perimeter of the base, and e is the length
of a lateral edge.
LSA = Pe
P = 120 cm

LSA = 120 cm (6 cm)

6 cm

LSA = 720 𝑐𝑚2

 Total Surface Area of Prism
● A total surface area (TSA) is the sum of the areas of the bases and the

areas of each rectangular lateral face.

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝟐𝑩 + 𝑳𝑺𝑨

where B is the area of the base.
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 Volume of Prism

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝐵 ∙ ℎ
where B is the area of the base of the prisms and h is the height of the prism.

For prisms with bases that are regular polygons, recall that we can find the area of the
regular polygon using the following.
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 3. Find the volume of the prism below.

Solution: This is a right triangular prism. To find the volume, we need to find the area of the base then
multiply it to the height of the prism.
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Example 4: A concrete dam 40 ft high has a uniform vertical cross section. The dam 80 ft long
with a trapezoid ends whose upper base of 4 ft and a lower base of 16 ft. If the material
weighs 125 lbs per cu ft. Find the weight of the dam. Sketch the problem and show your solution.

Solution:
 3.2.4 CYLINDER

 A cylinder is a solid bounded by

a closed cylindrical surface and
two parallel planes.

A cylinder has a radius and a height.

A cylinder can also be oblique, like the one on the far right.
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Parts of the Cylinder
1. Base – is a two parallel planes where circle in shape
begins and ends.
2. Lateral faces – is a cylindrical surface.
3. Element – is a line segment formed in a cylindrical surface.
4. Radius – refers to the radius of the base.
5. Vertex – is the point where the slant height meet.
6. Axis of a Cone – is the line segment joining the vertex and
the center of the base.
7. Altitude/Height – is the perpendicular distance between
the bases.
Classification of cylinder

 Right Circular Cylinder – is a cylinder whose line segment drawn from the center of
the bottom base to the center of the top base is perpendicular to each of the bases.

 Circular Cylinder – is a right circular cylinder whose bases are circles.

 Oblique Circular Cylinder – is a cylinder whose line segment drawn from the center
of the bottom base to the center of the top base is not perpendicular to each of the
bases.
 properties of a cylinder
 The bounding cylindrical surfaces are called lateral surface and the two bounding planes are called
bases.

 The two bases are equal.

 The altitude of the cylinder is perpendicular between two bases.

 The section of a cylinder made by two parallel planes are congruent.

 The elements of a cylinder are equal.

Lateral Surface Area of a Cylinder
𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
where 𝑳𝑺𝑨 is the lateral surface area of the circular cylinder, 𝒓 is the radius of the base,
and 𝒉 is the height of the circular cylinder.

Since C = 2𝜋r,

LSA = Ch
 Total Surface Area of Cylinder
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝟐𝑩 + 𝑳𝑺𝑨
𝐵 = 𝜋𝑟 2

𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ

𝟐
𝑻𝑺𝑨 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓 + 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒉
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 Volume of a Cylinder
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝐵 ∙ ℎ

𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

𝟐
𝑽 = 𝝅𝒓 𝒉
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 Example:
Find the total surface area and the volume of the cylinder.
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Example 3: Find the volume of the cylindrical post whose diameter is 3 feet with a height of
9 ft. Sketch and show your solution.

Solution:
 Assessment:
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1. A rectangular prism has a volume of 2400 mm and a height of
48 mm. What is the area of the base of the prism?

2. Find the volume of the prism below.

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3.2.5 Pyramid
A pyramid is a solid with one base and the lateral faces meet at a common vertex.

The edges between the lateral faces are lateral edges.

The edges between the base and the lateral faces are base edges.
 A regular pyramid is a pyramid where the base is a regular polygon.
 All regular pyramids also have a slant height which is the height of a lateral face.
 A non-regular pyramid does not have a slant height.
 Finding the Slant Height
Find the slant height of the square pyramid

Solution: The slant height is the hypotenuse of the right triangle formed by the height and half the
base length. Use the Pythagorean Theorem.
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Lateral Surface Area of Pyramid
𝟏
𝑳𝑺𝑨 = 𝒏𝒔𝒍
𝟐

Where LSA is the lateral surface area, n is the number of side of the base,
s is the side length of the regular base polygon, and l is the slant height of
the lateral face.
 Total Surface Area of Pyramid
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐵 + 𝐿𝑆𝐴

where 𝐵 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝟏
𝑻𝑺𝑨 = 𝑩 + 𝒏𝒔𝒍
𝟐
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 Volume of Pyramid
𝟏
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 = 𝑩𝒉
𝟑
𝐵 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

ℎ = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑑

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 Example:
Find the total surface area and volume of the pyramid.
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Example:
1
If there are 1 cu. ft. in a bushel, what is the
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capacity of a hopper in a shape of an inverted pyramid
12 feet deep and 8 ft. square at the top? Sketch the
problem.

Solution:
3.2.6 Cone
A cone is a solid with a circular base and sides taper up towards a vertex.

A cone has a slant height, just like a pyramid.

A cone is generated from rotating a right triangle, around one leg, in a circle.
 Total Surface Area of Cone
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐵 + 𝐿𝑆𝐴
𝐵 = 𝜋𝑟 2

𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙

𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝜋𝑟𝑙
where l is the slant height of the cone, and r is the radius of the base.
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 Volume of Cone
𝟏 𝟐
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 = 𝝅𝒓 𝒉
𝟑
𝑟 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

ℎ = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒

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 Example: What is the total surface area and volume of the cone?
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Example:
The liquid content of a conical form of glass has a base diameter of 3 inches. If the glass contains
10 fluid ounces and 1 fluid oz. is 1.805 cubic inches, what is the greatest depth of the liquid? Sketch.

Solution:
Example:
A pile of sand is in the form of a right circular
cone of altitude 7 ft. and slant height of 25 ft.
Find the weight of the sand if sand weighs
107.5 lbs per cubic feet. Sketch.

Solution:
3.2.7 Sphere
A sphere is the set of all points, in three-dimensional space, which are equidistant from a point

The radius has an endpoint on the sphere and the other endpoint is the center. The diameter must contain
the center.
A great circle is a cross section of a sphere that contains the diameter.
It is the largest circle cross section in a sphere.
Properties
• Every plane section of a sphere is a circle. It contains a great circle and
small circles.

• The axis of a circle in a sphere is the diameter of the plane circle.

• The poles of a circle of a sphere are the ends of the axis.

• .The radius of great circle is equal to the radius of the sphere.

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Total Surface Area and Volume

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 Example: Find the total surface area and volume of a sphere with a radius of 14 feet.
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 Example: Find the total surface area of the figure below.
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Example:
Find the weight of a snow ball 4 ft. In diameter, if the wet compact snow of which the ball is
made weighs 30 lbs per cu. ft.

Solution:
Given: diameter = 4 ft. ; radius = 2 ft. ; Density (D) = 30 lbs/cu.ft.
 try this:
1. A sphere has a volume of 14,137.167 𝑓𝑡 3 , what is the radius?

2. Find the total surface area and volume of the following solid.
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 Solution: This solid is a cylinder with a hemisphere on top. It is one solid,
so do not include the bottom of the hemisphere or the top of the cylinder.
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 Assessment:
1. How many cubic centimetres of stuffing are needed to fill a
cylindrical bean bag, which measures 30cm from the centre to the
edge, and stands 20cm high?

20cm

30cm
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