LECTURE-27

MATHEMATICS 1 (15B11MA111)

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION WITH CONSTANT

COEFFICIENT-PARTICULAR INTEGRAL

Differential Equation CO[C105.5]

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Table of Contents

1 Particular Integral
Special Cases for Particular Integral
General formula for Particular Integral

2 Practice Questions

3 Reference
R.K. Jain and S.R.K. Iyenger, "Advanced Engineering
Mathematics" fifth edition, Narosa publishing house, 2016.

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Rules for Finding the Particular Integral

CASE 3: When r (x) = x α , α > 0

The particular integral of F (D)y = x α , α > 0, is given as

yp (x) = [F (D)]−1 x α ,

Expand [F (D)]−1 as an infinite series in ascending powers of D and

then operate on x α .

Example: Find the particular integral of the following differential

equation
d 2y dy
2
+ = x 2 + 2x + 4.
dx dx

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Cont...

Solution: Given differential equation is (D 2 + D)y = x 2 + 2x + 4. The

particular integral is given as

1 1
yp (x) = (x 2 + 2x + 4) = 2 (x 2 + 2x + 4)
F (D) D +D
1
= (x 2 + 2x + 4)
D(D + 1)
1
= (1 + D)−1 (x 2 + 2x + 4)
D
1
= (1 − D + D 2 − ...)(x 2 + 2x + 4)
D
1 2
= [(x + 2x + 4) − (2x + 2) + 2]
D
1 2 x3
= (x + 4) = + 4x.
D 3

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CASE 4: When r (x) = eαx h(x)
The particular integral of F (D)y = eαx h(x), is given as

1 1
yp (x) = eαx h(x) = eαx h(x)
[F (D)] [F (D + α)]

Example: Find the general solution of the following differential equation

16y 00 + 8y 0 + y = 48xe−x/4 .

Solution: Given differential equation is (16D 2 + 8D + 1)y = 48xe−x/4 .

The auxiliary equation is given as 16m2 + 8m + 1 = 0, on solving we
get m = −1/4, −1/4.

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Cont...
Hence the complimentary function is given by

CF = (A + Bx)e−x/4 .

Now the particular integral is given as

1 1
yp (x) = 48xe−x/4 = 2
48xe−x/4
F (D) 16D + 8D + 1
1
= 48e−x/4 2
x
16(D − 1/4) + 8(D − 1/4) + 1
1 3
−x/4 x
= 48e−x/4 x = 3e .
16D 2 6
The general solution is therefore

x 3 e−x/4
y (x) = CF + PI = (A + Bx)e−x/4 + .
2
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CASE 5: When r (x) = x.h(x)
The particular integral of F (D)y = x.h(x), is given as

F 0 (D)
 
1 d 1 1
yp (x) = x h(x) + h(x) = x h(x) − h(x).
F (D) dD F (D) F (D) [F (D)]2

Example: Solve the differential equation

y 00 − y = xsinx.

Solution: Given differential equation is (D 2 − 1)y = xsinx. The auxiliary

equation is given as m2 − 1 = 0, on solving we get m = 1, −1.

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Cont...
Hence the complimentary function is given by

CF = Aex + Be−x .

Now the particular integral is given as

1 1
yp (x) = xsinx = 2 xsinx
F (D) D −1
1 2D
= x 2 sinx − 2 sinx
D −1 (D − 1)2
1 2D xsinx 2cosx
= x sinx − sinx = − − .
−2 4 2 4
The general solution is therefore

xsinx 2cosx
y (x) = CF + PI = Aex + Be−x − − .
2 4

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General formula for Particular Integral

The particular integral of the differential equation

F (D)y = (D − α)y = r (x) is given by
Z
1
yp (x) = r (x) = eαx e−αx r (x)dx.
D−α

Example: Find the particular integral of the following differential

equation
y 00 + y = secx.
Solution: Given differential equation is (D 2 + 1)y = secx.

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Cont...

The particular integral is given as

1 1
yp (x) = secx = secx
F (D) (D + i)(D − i)
 
1 1 1
= − secx.
2i (D − i) (D + i)

Now
cosx − isinx
Z Z
1 ix −ix ix
secx = e e secxdx = e dx
(D − i) cosx
Z
ix
= e (1 − itanx)dx = eix (x + ilog(cosx)).

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Cont...

Similarly

1
secx = e−ix (x − ilog(cosx)).
(D + i)

Therefore
1  ix 
yp (x) = e (x + ilog(cosx)) − e−ix (x − ilog(cosx))
2i
eix − e−ix eix + e−ix
= x + log(cosx)
2i 2
= xsinx + cosxlog(cosx).

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Practice Questions

Example 1: Solve y 00 − 2y 0 + y = xex sinx.

Ans: y (x) = (A + Bx)ex − ex (xsinx + 2cosx).

Example 2: Find the particular integral of the following differential

equation
y 00 − 3y 0 + 2y = xe3x + sin2x.
 
3x x 3 1
Ans: yp = e − + (3cos2x − sin2x).
2 4 20

Example 3: Solve (D 2 − 1)y = 

xsin3x. 
x −x 1 3
Ans: y (x) = Ae + Be − xsin3x + cos3x .
10 5

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