2nd Topic

Linear Differential Equations

Definition of Inverse operator and
Rules for finding the Particular Integral
(Working procedure to solve the equation)

Prepared by:
Prof. Sunil
Department of Mathematics & Scientific Computing
NIT Hamirpur (HP)

1
The Inverse operator :
f (D )
1
Definition: X is that function of x, free from arbitrary constants, which when
f (D )
operated upon by f (D) gives X.
 1 
Thus f (D ) X = X .
 f (D ) 
1
Obviously, f(D) and are inverse operators.
f (D )
1
Theorem: Show that X is the particular integral of f (D )y = X .
f (D )
Proof: The given equation is f (D )y = X . (1)

1  1 
Putting y = X in (1), we have f (D ) X  = X ⇒ X = X , which is true.
f (D )  f (D ) 
1
Therefore, y = X is a solution of (1).
f (D )
Since, it contains no arbitrary constants, so it is the particular integral of f (D )y = X .
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 2
Integral

1
Theorem: Prove that X = ∫ Xdx .
D
1
Proof: Let X = y.
D
1  dy
Operating both sides by D, we have D X  = Dy ⇒ X = .
D  dx
Integrating both sides w. r. t. x, we get
1
y= ∫ Xdx , no arbitrary constant being added since y =
D
X contains no arbitrary

constants.
1
Thus,
D
X= ∫ Xdx . This completes the proof.

1
Theorem: Prove that X = eax ∫ Xe −ax dx .
D−a
1
Proof: Let X = y.
D−a
 1 
Operating both sides by D − a , we have (D − a ). X  = (D − a )y .
D−a 
dy dy
⇒X= − ay ⇒ − ay = X , which is a Leibnitz’s linear equation.
dx dx

Here I.F. = e ∫
− adx
= e − ax .
1
∴ Its solution is ye −ax = ∫ Xe −ax dx , no constant being added since
D−a
X = y does not

contain any constant.

∴ y = e ax ∫ Xe −ax dx

1
Hence X = e ax ∫ e − ax Xdx . This completes the proof.
D−a

Rules for finding the Particular Integral:

Consider the differential equation,

dn y d n −1y dn −2 y
+ k1 + k2 + ......... + k n y = X .
dx n dx n −1 dx n − 2
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 3
Integral

( )
In symbolic form this can be written as D n + k1D n −1 + k 2 D n − 2 + ......... + k n y = X .
⇒ f (D )y = X .
1 1
∴ P.I. = X= X.
f (D ) D n + k1D n −1 + k 2 D n −2 + ........... + k n

Case 1. When X = eax :

Since Deax = aeax

D 2eax = a 2eax
...................
..................

D n −1e ax = a n −1e ax

D n eax = a n eax .

( ) ( )
∴ D n + k1D n −1 + ........... + k n eax = a n + k1a n −1 + .......... + k n eax

⇒ f (D )e ax = f (a )e ax
1
Operating on both sides by , we get
f (D )
1
f (D )
[
f (D )e ax = ]1
f (D )
[ ]
f (a )e ax ⇒ e ax = f (a )
1 ax
f (D )
e .

Dividing both sides by f (a), we get

1 ax 1 ax
e = e , provided f (a ) ≠ 0 .
f (a ) f (D )
1 ax 1 ax
Hence e = e , provided f (a ) ≠ 0 . (i)
f (D ) f (a )
Case of failure:
If f (a ) = 0 , the above method fails and we proceed further.

Since f (a ) = 0 , thus D = a is a root of A.E. f (D ) = D n + k1D n −1 + ......... + k n = 0 .

∴ D − a is a factor of f (D).
Suppose f (D ) = (D − a )φ(D ) , where φ(a ) ≠ 0 . Then
1 ax 1 1 1 ax 1 1 ax
e = e ax = . e = . e [by (i)]
f (D ) (D − a )φ(D ) (D − a ) φ(D) (D − a ) φ(a )
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 4
Integral

1 1 ax 1 ax 1 ax 1 ax
= . e = .e ∫ eax .e − ax dx = e ∫ dx = x e .
φ(a ) D − a φ(a ) φ(a ) φ(a )
Since f (D ) = (D − a )φ(D ) .
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. D, we have f ′(D ) = (D − a )φ′(D ) + 1.φ(D ) ⇒ f ′(a ) = φ(a ) . (ii)
1 ax 1
∴ e =x e ax .
f (D ) f (a )
′

If f ′ (a ) = 0 , then applying (ii) again, we get

1 ax 1
e = x2 eax , provided f ′′ (a ) ≠ 0 , (iii)
(
f D ) ′′
f a ( )
and so on.

Now let us find particular integral of some linear differential equations for the present

case when ( X = eax ):

(
Q.No.1.: Find the particular integral of D 2 + 5D + 6 y = e x . )
1
Sol.: P.I. = 2
e x . [Put D = 1]
D + 5D + 6
1 ex
= ex = . Ans.
12 + 5.1 + 6 12

Q.No.2.: Find the particular integral of (D + 2)(D − 1)2 y = e −2 x + 2 sinh x .

Sol.: P.I. =
1
(D + 2)(D − 1) 2
(e −2x
)
+ 2 sinh x =
1
2
(D + 2)(D − 1)
(e − 2x
)
+ ex − e− x .

Let us evaluate each of these terms separately.

1 1  1 −2x 
2
e− 2x = . e 
(D + 2)(D − 1) D + 2  (D − 1)2 
1 1 1 1 1 1 x
= . 2
e− 2x = . e − 2 x = .x. e − 2 x = e − 2 x ,
D + 2 (− 2 − 1) 9 D+2 9 1 9

1 1 1 1 2 1 x x2 x  d2 2 
ex = ∵ 2 (D − 1) = 2
x
2
. e = .x . e = e ,
(D + 2)(D − 1) 1 + 2 (D − 1)2 3 2 6  dD 
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 5
Integral

1 1 e− x
and 2
e− x = 2
e− x = .
( D + 2 )( D − 1) ( −1 + 2 )( −1 − 1) 4

1 x −2x x 2 x 1 − x
2 (
Hence P.I. = e−2x + e x − e − x ) = e + e − e . Ans.
( D + 2 )( D − 1) 9 6 4

(
Q.No.3.: Find the particular integral of 4D 2 + 4D − 3 y = e 2 x . )
1 1
Sol.: P.I. = e 2x = e 2x [replacing D by 2]
2 2
4D + 4 D − 3 4(2) + 4(2) − 3
1 2x
= e . Ans.
21

Q.No.4.: Find the particular integral of D 2 + 3D + 2 y = 5 . ( )

Sol.: P.I. =
D 2
1
+ 3D + 2
(5e 0 x ) [∵ e 0x
]
=1

1
= 5. e0x [replacing D by 0]
0+0+2
5
= . Ans.
2

(
Q.No.5.: Find the particular integral of D 3 − 3D 2 + 4 y = e 2 x . )
1
Sol.: P.I. = e 2x .
3 2
D − 3D + 4
Here, the denominator vanishes when D is replaced by 2. It is a case of failure.
We multiply the numerator by x and differentiate the denominator w. r. t. D, we get
1
P.I. = x. e 2x .
2
3D − 6D
It is again a case of failure. We multiply the numerator by x and differentiate the
denominator w. r. t. D again, we get

1 1 x 2 2x
P.I. = x 2 . e 2x = x 2 . e 2x = e . Ans.
6D − 6 6(2 ) − 6 6

*****************
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 6
Integral

Case 2. When X = sin (ax + b ) or cos(ax + b ) :

Since D sin (ax + b ) = a cos(ax + b )

( )
D 2 sin (ax + b ) = − a 2 sin (ax + b )

D 3 sin (ax + b ) = −a 3 cos(ax + b )

D 4 sin (ax + b ) = a 4 sin (ax + b )

(D ) sin(ax + b) = (− a ) sin(ax + b)
2 2 2 2

…………………………………….
……………………………………..

In general, D 2 ( )n sin(ax + b) = (− a 2 )n sin(ax + b) .

( ) ( )
∴ f D 2 sin (ax + b ) = f − a 2 sin (ax + b )
1
Operating on both sides
f D2( ) , we get
1
f (D )
(( )
2
. f D 2 sin (ax + b ) =) f (D1 2 ).(f (− a 2 )sin(ax + b))
⇒ sin (ax + b ) = f − a 2 ( )f (D1 2 )sin(ax + b) .
∴ Dividing both sides by f − a 2 , we get ( )
1
sin (ax + b ) =
1
sin (ax + b ) provided f − a 2 ≠ 0 ( )
( )
f −a 2
( )
fD 2

Case of failure:

( )
If f − a 2 = 0 , the above method fails and we proceed further

Since cos(ax + b ) + i sin (ax + b ) = ei(ax + b ) [Euler’s theorem]

1 1
[cos(ax + b ) + i sin (ax + b)] = e i(ax + b )
fD( ) 2
( ) fD 2

[If we replace D by ia, f (D 2 ) = f (− a 2 ) = 0 , so that it is a case of failure]

1 1
e ( ) = x.
i ax + b
=x cos ( ax + b ) + i sin ( ax + b )  .
f ′ ( −a )
2
f ′ ( −a 2 )
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 7
Integral

Equating real and imaginary parts, we get

1
f (D )
2
cos ( ax + b ) = x.
1
2 
f ′ ( −a )
cos ( ax + b )  , provided f ′ − a 2 ≠ 0 , ( )
1
f (D )
2
sin ( ax + b ) = x.
1
2 
f ′ ( −a )
sin ( ax + b )  , provided f ′ − a 2 ≠ 0 . ( )
Similarly,

( )
if f ′ − a 2 = 0 ,
fD
1
( ) 2
cos(ax + b ) = x 2
( )
1
f ′′ − a 2
( )
cos(ax + b ) , provided f ′′ − a 2 ≠ 0

1
sin (ax + b ) = x 2
1
( )
sin (ax + b ) , provided f ′′ − a 2 ≠ 0
fD ( ) 2
( )
f ′′ − a 2

and so on.

Now let us find particular integral of some linear differential equations for the present
case when (When X = sin (ax + b ) or cos(ax + b ) ):

(
Q.No.6.: Find the particular integral of D 3 + 1 y = cos(2 x − 1) . )
1
Sol.: P.I. = 3
cos(2 x − 1) [Put D 2 = −22 = −4 ]
D +1
1
= cos(2x − 1) Multiply and divided by 1+ 4D
D(− 4) + 1

=
(1 + 4D) cos(2x − 1) = (1 + 4D). 1 cos(2x − 1)
(1 − 4D)(1 + 4D) 1 − 16D 2
1 1
= (1 + 4D ) cos(2x − 1) = [cos(2x − 1) + 4D cos(2x − 1)]
1 − 16(− 4) 65
1
= [cos(2x − 1) − 8 sin(2x − 1)] . Ans.
65
d3 y dy
Q.No.7.: Find the particular integral of 3
+4 = sin 2x .
dx dx

Sol.: Given equation in symbolic form is D3 + 4D y = sin 2 x . ( )

∴ P.I. =
(
DD +4
1
2
) sin 2x [∴ D 2
+ 4 = 0 For D 2 = −22 , ∴ Apply (v) ]
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 8
Integral

 d 
=x
3D + 4
1
2
sin 2 x 3
( 2
)
∵ dD D + 4D = 3D + 4
 
1 x
=x sin 2x = − sin 2x . Ans.
3(− 4) + 4 8

( )
Q.No.8.: Find P.I. of D 3 + 1 y = sin (2x + 3) .
1 1
Sol.: P.I. = sin (2x + 3) = sin (2x + 3) [Putting D 2 = −2 2 ]
3
D +1 D−2 ( )+ 1
2

1
= sin (2 x + 3) .
1 − 4D
Multiplying and dividing by (1 + 4D ) , we get
1 + 4D 1 + 4D
= sin (2x + 3) = sin (2 x + 3)
(1 − 4D)(1 + 4D ) 1 − 16D 2
1 + 4D
= sin (2x + 3) [Putting D 2 = −2 2 ]
1 − 16 − 2( )2

1
= [sin (2x + 3) + 4D sin(2x + 3)]
65
1  d
= [sin (2x + 3) + 8 cos(2x + 3)] . Ans. ∵ D ≡ dx 
65  

(
Q.No.9.: Find particular integral of D 2 + 4 y = cos 2x . )
1
Sol.: P.I. = cos 2x .
D2 + 4

Here, the denominator vanishes when D 2 is replaced by − 2 2 = −4 . It is a case of failure.

We multiply the numerator by x and differentiate the denominator w. r. t. D, we get.
1 x  1 
P. I. = x. cos 2 x = ∫ cos 2 xdx ∵ D f (x ) = ∫ f (x )dx 
2D 2  
x
= sin 2 x . Ans.
4
********************
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 9
Integral

Case 3. When X = x m , m being a positive integer:

1 m
Here P.I. = x = [f (D )]−1 x m .
f (D )
Take out the lowest degree term from f(D) to make the first term unity (so that Binomial
theorem for a negative index is applicable).
The remaining factor will be of the form [1 + φ(D)] or [1 − φ(D)] .
Take this factor in the numerator. It takes the form

[1 + φ(D)]−1 or [1 − φ(D)]−1 .
Expand it in ascending powers of D as far as the term containing D m ,

since D m +1 ( x m ) = 0 , D m + 2 ( x m ) = 0 and so on.

Operate on x m term by term.

Now let us find particular integral of some linear differential equations for the present

case (when X = x m , m being a positive integer):

d2y dy
Q.No.10.: Find the particular integral of 2
+ = x 2 + 2x + 4 .
dx dx

(
Sol.: Given equation in symbolic form is D 2 + D y = x 2 + 2x + 4 . )
∴ P.I. =
1
D(D + 1)
( 1
)
x 2 + 2x + 4 = (1 + D )−1 x 2 + 2x + 4
D
( )
=
1
D
( )(
1 − D + D 2 − D 3 + ....... x 2 + 2 x + 4 )
1
D

(
=  − 1 + D − D 2 + .......  x 2 + 2 x + 4

)
x3 
=  + x 2 + 4x − x 2 − 2x − 4 + (2 x + 2) − 2
 3 

x3
= + 4x − 4 . Ans.
3

(
Q.No.11.: Find particular integral of D 2 + 5D + 4 y = x 2 + 7 x + 9 . )
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 10
Integral

Sol.: P.I. =
2
D + 5D + 4
(
1
x 2 + 7 x + 9) =
 5D D
1
2
( x 2 + 7x + 9)
41 + + 
 4 4 
 
−1
1   5D D 2 
= 1 + 
4   4
+ 
4 
(x 2 + 7x + 9)
 
 2 
1   5D D 2   5D D 2 
= 1−

4  4
+

+
4   4 
+
4  
− ............. x 2 + 7 x + 9

( )
 

1  5D D 2 25D 2 
=
4 
1−
4
−
4
+
16 
(
........... x 2 + 7 x + 9 )


1  5D 21D 2 
=
4 
1−
4
+
16 
(
........... x 2 + 7 x + 9 )


= 
4
(
1 2 5
4
) ( 21
) 
x + 7x + 9 − D x 2 + 7x + 9 + D 2 x 2 + 7x + 9 
16 
( )
= 
4
(
1 2
)
5 21  1  9 23 
x + 7 x + 9 − (2 x + 7 ) + (2 ) =  x 2 + x +  . Ans.
4 16  4  2 8 

********************

Case 4. When X = eax V , where V is a function of x:

If u be a function of x, then by successive differentiation, we have

( )
D eax u = eax Du + aeax u = eax (D + a )u

( ) ( ) ( )
D 2 e ax u = D e ax (D + a )u = e ax D 2 + aD u + ae ax (D + a )u

( )
= e ax D 2 + 2aD + a 2 u = e ax (D + a )2 u .

( )
Similarly, D 3 e ax u = e ax (D + a )3 u .
………………………………..
………………………………..

( )
In general, D n eax u = eax (D + a )n u .

( )
∴ f (D ) eax u = eax f (D + a )u .
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 11
Integral

1
Operating on both sides by , we get
f (D )
1
f (D )
( )
.f (D ) eax u =
1 ax
f (D )
e f (D + a )u[ ]
⇒ e ax u =
1
f (D )
[
e ax f (D + a )u . ] (i)

1
Now let f (D + a )u = V ⇒ u = V.
f (D + a )
Then from (i), we have

eax
1
f (D + a )
V=
1
f (D )
eax V ⇒
1
(
f (D )
)
e ax V = e ax
1
f (D + a )
V.( )
Now let us find particular integral of some linear differential equations for the

present case (when X = eax V , where V is a function of x):

Q.No.12.: Find particular integral of D 2 − 2D + 4 y = e x cos x .( )

1
Sol.: P.I. = 2
e x cos x [ Replace D by D + 1 ]
D − 2D + 4
1 1
= ex 2
cos x = e x 2
cos x [ Put D 2 = −12 = −1 ]
(D + 1) − 2(D + 1) + 4 D +3
1 1
= ex cos x = e x cos x . Ans.
−1+ 3 2

(
Q.No.13.: Find particular integral of D 2 − 4D + 3 y = e x cos 2x . )
1 1
Sol.: P.I. = e x cos 2x = e x cos 2x
D 2 − 4D + 3 (D + 1)2 − 4(D + 1) + 3
1 1
= ex cos 2x = e x cos 2 x [Putting D 2 = −2 2 ]
2 2
D − 2D − 2 − 2D
−1 x 1 1 2−D
= e cos 2 x = − e x cos 2 x
2 2+D 2 (2 + D )(2 − D )
1 2−D 1 2−D
= − ex cos 2x = − e x cos 2x
2 4 − D2 2 4 − − 22 ( )
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 12
Integral

1 x 1
=− e (2 cos 2 x − D cos 2 x ) = − e x (2 cos 2 x + 2 sin 2 x )
16 16
1
= − e x (cos 2 x + sin 2 x ) . Ans.
8
*************************
Case 5. When X is any other function of x:
In this case, resolving into linear factors.
Let f (D ) = (D − m1 )(D − m 2 )..................(D − m n ) .

1  A1 A2 An 
=  + + .............. + 
f (D )  D − m1 D − m 2 D − mn 
1
Since P.I. = .X .
f (D )

1  A1 A2 An 
∴ P.I. = .X =  + + ............... + X
f (D )  D − m1 D − m 2 D − mn 

1 1 1
= A1 X + A2 X + ............. + A n X
D − m1 D − m2 D − mn

= A1.e m1x ∫ Xe− m1x dx + A 2 .e m 2 x ∫ Xe − m 2 x dx + ............ + A n .e m n x ∫ Xe − m n x dx

 1 mx 
∵ D − m X = e ∫ Xe dx 
mx
 
Remarks: This method is a general one and can, therefore, be employed to obtain a
particular integral in any given case.

Working procedure to solve the equation:

Consider a linear differential equation
dn y d n −1y d n −2 y dy
n
+ k1 n −1
+ k2 n −2
+ ......... + k n −1 + kn y = X .
dx dx dx dx
The symbolic form of this equation is

(D n
+ k1D n −1 + ......... + k n −1D + k n y = X . )
Step 1. To find the complementary function
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 13
Integral

(i) Write the A.E.

( )
i.e. m n + k1m n −1 + ......... + k n −1m + k n = 0 and solve it for m.
(ii) Write the C.F. as follow:
Roots of Auxiliary equation (A.E.) Complementary Function (C.F.)
1. m1, m 2 , m3....... c1e m1x + c 2e m 2 x + c3e m3 x + ........
(real and different roots.)

2. m1, m 2 , m3.......
(c1x + c 2 )e m1 x + c 3e m 3 x + ........
(two real and equal roots)

3. m1, m 2, m3 , m 4 .......
(three real and equal roots.)
(c1x 2 + c 2 x + c3 )e m x + c 4e m x + ........
1 4

4. α + iβ, α − iβ, m3 ........

(a pair of imaginary roots.) eax (c1 cos βx + c 2 sin βx ) + c3e m 3 x + .....

5. α ± iβ, α ± iβ, m5 ......... e ax [(c1x + c 2 ) cos βx + (c 3 x + c 4 )sin β x ] + c 5 e m 5 x

(2 pairs of equal imaginary roots.) + ........

Step 2. To find the particular integral

1 1 1
From symbolic form, P.I. = X= X= X.
D n + k1D n −1 + ...... + k n −1D + k n f (D ) φ D2( )
(i) When X = eax :
1 ax 1 ax
P.I. = e , put D = a, we get P. I. = e , provided f (a ) ≠ 0
f (D ) f (a )
1 1 ax
=x eax , put D = a, we get P. I. = x e , provided f (a ) = 0, f ′ (a ) ≠ 0 .
f ′ (D ) f ′(a )
1 1
= x2 eax , put D = a, we get P. I. = x 2 e ax ,
f ′′ (D ) f ′′(a )
provided f (a ) = 0, f ′ (a ) = 0, f ′′ (a ) ≠ 0 and so on.
Here f ′ (D ) = diff . coeff. of f (D ) w. r. t. D
f ′′ (D ) = diff . coeff. of f ′ (D ) w. r. t. D etc.
(ii) When X = sin (ax + b ) or cos(ax + b ) :
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 14
Integral

P.I. =
1
( )
φD 2
sin (ax + b ) [or cos(ax + b )] , put D 2 = −a 2 [φ(− a ) ≠ 0].
2

=x
φ′ D
1
( ) 2
sin (ax + b ) [or cos(ax + b )], put D 2 = −a 2 [φ(− a ) = 0, φ′ (− a ) ≠ 0]
2 2

1
= x2 sin (ax + b ) [or cos(ax + b )] , put D 2 = −a 2 ,
φ′′ D ( ) 2

[φ(− a ) = 0, φ′(− a ) = 0, φ′′ (− a ) ≠ 0] and so on.

2 2 2

( ) ( )
Here φ ′ D 2 = diff . coeff. of φ D 2 w. r. t. D

φ ′′ (D ) = diff . coeff. of φ ′ (D )w. r. t. D etc.

2 2

(iii) When X = x m , m being a positive integer:

1 m
P.I. = x = [f (D )]−1 x m .
f (D )

To evaluate it, expand [f (D )]−1 x m in ascending powers of D by Binomial theorem as for as

D m and operate on x m term by term.

(iv) When X = eax V , where V is a function of x.

1 ax 1
P. I. = e V = eax V
f (D ) f (D + a )
1
and then evaluate V as in (i), (ii) and (iii).
f (D + a )
(v) When X is any other function of x:
1
P.I. = X.
f (D )
1
Resolve into partial fractions and operate each partial fraction on X remembering
f (D )
1
that X = eax ∫ Xe −ax dx .
D−a
Step 3. To find the complete solution (C.S.).
Then the C.S. is y = C.F. + P.I.
 Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 15
Integral

Case Form of F(x) Particular Integral (P.I.): yp Subject to Remarks/

the condition observation
that
Ia Any function of x 1 c=0 Substitute F(x)
yp = F( x ) = e ax ∫ F( x )e − ax dx and integrate w.r.t.
D−a
x
Ib F(x) = b = constant 1 b a≠0 …………
yp = b=−
D−a a
Ic F( x ) = e ax 1 ………… …………
yp = e ax = xe ax
D−a
Id F( x ) = e ax 1 x n ax ………… Repeated factor n
yp = e ax = e
(D − a )n n! times

Ie Any function of x If f (D) = (D − a1 )(D − a 2 ).....(D − a n ) ………… Most general case

Resolving the partial fractions Resolve F(D) into

factors.
1  A1 A2 An 
yp = F( x ) =  + + ..... + F( x )
f ( D)  D − a1 D − a 2 D − an  Resolve 1 into
f ( D)
Applying result Ia.
partial fractions
a 1x −a 1 x
y p = A1e ∫ F( x )e dx + ....... Apply result Ia to
each term.
+ A n e a n x ∫ F( x )e −a n x dx

IIa eax + b yp =
1 ax + b
e =
1 ax + b
e f (a ) ≠ 0 Replace D by ‘a’
f (D) f (a ) in f(D)
IIb Constant = b= be0 x yp =
1
b=
b f (0) ≠ 0 Replace D by 0 in
f ( D) f (0) f(D)
with a = 0
IIc eax + b yp =
1 ax + b
e =
1
e ax + b g(a ) ≠ 0 Replace D by a in
f ( D) (D − a )n g (D) g(D) and apply
1 1
= e ax + b result of Id.
g (a ) ( D − a ) n
1 x n ax + b
yp = e
g(a ) n!
IIIa sin(ax + b ) yp =
1
sin (ax + b ) = 1 sin (ax + b ) ( )
f −a2 ≠ 0 Replace D2 by
f (D 2 ) f (−a 2 ) − a 2 in f(D),
when terms of D,
D3,…. are present.
IIIb cos(ax + b ) yp =
1
2
cos(ax + b ) =
1
2
cos(ax + b ) ( )
f −a2 ≠ 0 Multiply by D in
order to get D2,
f (D ) f ( −a )
D4,…….etc.
terms. Then
replace D2 by
− a 2 etc.
 Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 16
Integral

IIIc sin(ax + b ) yp =
1
sin (ax + b ) = −
x cos(ax + b ) a≠0 sin is replaced by
D +a2 2 (2a ) cos and multiplied
by − x
2a
IIId sin(ax + b ) 1 xn  nπ  a≠0
yp = sin (ax + b ) = sin  ax − 
(D 2 + a ) 2 n (2a ) n
n!  2 

IIIe cos(ax + b ) yp =
1
cos(ax + b ) = x sin (ax + b )
a≠0 cos is replaced by
D +a2 2 (2a ) sin and multiplied
by x
2a
IIIf cos(ax + b ) 1 xn  nπ  a≠0
yp = cos(ax + b ) = cos ax − 
(D 2
+ a2 )n (2a ) n! 
n 2 

IV xm 1 m a0 ≠ 0
yp =
f (D )
x = [f (D )]−1 x m Expand [f (D )]−1
in ascending
[ 2
y p = a 0 + a1D + a 2 D + ..... + a m D m
]x m powers
delete
of D and
all terms
beyond Dm (since
D n x m = 0 when
n > m).
V e ax V( x ) yp =
1 ax
e V( x ) = e ax
1
V( x )
f (D + a ) ≠ 0 Replace D by
f ( D) f D + a)
( D + a in f(D).
Then evaluate
(Exponential shift) 1 by
V(x )
f (D + a )
the above method.
VI xV ( x ) 1 1 f ′(D) …………
yp = xV( x ) = x V( x ) − V(x)
f ( D) f (D ) [f (D)]2

Now let us solve some non-homogeneous linear differential equations:

Q.No.1.: Solve the following differential equation: (D − 2)2 y = 8 e 2 x + sin 2x + x 2 . ( )

Sol.: Given equation is (D − 2)2 y = 8 e 2 x + sin 2x + x 2 , ( )
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.
Step 1. To find the complementary function

Its auxiliary equation is (m − 2)2 = 0 ⇒ m = 2, 2 .

Thus, C.F. = (c1 x + c 2 )e 2 x .

Step 2. To find the particular integral
 1 2
P.I. =
1
[8(e 2x
+ sin 2x + x 2 = 8 )] 2
e 2x
+
1
(D − 2)2
sin 2 x +
1
x
(D − 2)2 

(D − 2)2  (D − 2 )
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 17
Integral

1 1
Now e 2x = x e 2x (case of failure)
(D − 2)2 2(D − 2 )

1 2x x 2 e 2x
= x2 e = .
2(1) 2
1 1
sin 2x = sin 2x
(D − 2)2 D 2 − 4D + 4
1 1
= sin 2x = − sin 2x (putting D 2 = −2 2 )
(− 2 )− 4D + 4
2 4D

1 1  − cos 2 x  1
=−
4 ∫ sin 2 xdx = − 
4 2
 = cos 2 x
 8
1 1 1
and x2 = x2 = x2
2 2 2
(D − 2) (2 − D)  D
41 − 
 2

1 
−2 2
1 D  D  (− 2)(− 3)  D 
= 1 −  x2 = 1 + (− 2) −  +  −  + .......x 2
4 2 4  2 2!  2  

1 3 2  2 1 2 3
= 1 + D + D + ..........  x =  x + 2 x + 
4 4  4 2

x2 1 1 3 
Thus P. I. = 8 e 2 x + cos 2x +  x 2 + 2 x + 
 2 8 4 2 

= 4 x 2e 2 x + cos 2x + 2x 2 + 4x + 3 .
Step 3. To find the complete solution
Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.

∴ y = (c1x + c 2 )e 2 x + 4x 2 e 2 x + cos 2x + 2x 2 + 4x + 3 . Ans.

d2y
Q.No.2.: Solve the following differential equation: − 4 y = x sinh x .
dx 2

Sol.: Given equation in symbolic form is D 2 − 4 y = x sinh x , ( )

which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.
Step 1. To find the complementary function

Its auxiliary equation is m 2 − 4 = 0 ⇒ m = ±2 .

Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 18
Integral

Thus C.F. = c1e 2 x + c 2e −2 x .

Step 2. To find the particular integral

1 1  ex − e− x  1  1 1 
P.I. = x sinh x = x  = e x .x − 2 e − x .x 

D2 − 4 D − 4 
2 2  2 D − 4

2
D −4 

1 x 1 −x 1 
= e x − e x 
2  (D + 1)2 − 4 (D − 1)2 − 4 
1 x 1 1 
=  e 2
x − e− x 2 x
2  D + 2D − 3 D − 2D − 3 

 
 
1  1 1 
= e x x − e− x x
2  2D D 2   2D D 2  
  − 31 + 
 − 31 − 3 − 3   3
−
3  
     

 −1 −1 
1  e x   2D D 2  e−x   2D D 2 
 .x 
= 1− +  .x − 1 +  −
2  − 3   3 3  −3   3 3 


   

1   2D   2D   1  2  2 
= − e x 1 + + ......  x − e− x 1 − + ..... x  = − e x  x +  − e − x  x − 
6  3   3   6  3  3 

x  e x − e − x  2  e x + e − x  x 2
=−  − = − sinh x − cosh x
3  2  9
  2 
 3 9

Step 3. To find the complete solution

Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
x 2
∴ y = c1e2 x + c 2e − 2 x − sinh x − cosh x . Ans.
3 9

( )
Q.No.3.: Solve the following differential equation: D 2 − 1 y = x sin 3x + cos x .

( )
Sol.: Given equation is D 2 − 1 y = x sin 3x + cos x ,
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.
Step 1. To find the complementary function

Its auxiliary equation is m 2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ m = ±1 .

∴ C.F. = c1e x + c 2e − x .
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 19
Integral

Step 2. To find the particular integral

P.I. =
1
D2 − 1
(x sin 3x + cos x ) = 1
D2 − 1
( )
x I. P. of e3 i x +
1
D2 − 1
cos x

1 1
= I.P. of e3 i x .x +
2
D −1 (− 1 )− 1 cos x
2

 1  cos x  1  cos x
= I.P. of e 3 i x . x − = I.P. of e3 i x . 2 x −
 (D + 3i )2 − 1  2  (
D + 6iD − 10  2 )
 2  −1 
 3i x 1  1 − 3iD D  x  − cos x
= I.P. of e . −
 − 10  5 10   2
 

 1  3iD   cos x  e3 i x  3i  cos x

= I.P. of e 3 i x . 1 + + ....... x  − = I.P. of −  x +  −
 − 10  5   2  10  5  2

−1  3i  cos x
= I.P. of  (cos 3x + i sin 3x ) x +  −
 10  5  2

1  3 sin 3x   3  cos x
=− I. P. of  xcos3x −  + i x sin 3x + cos 3x  −
10  5   5  2

1 3  cos x
=−  x sin 3x + cos 3x  −
10  5  2
Step 3. To find the complete solution
Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
1
∴ y = c1e x + c 2e − x − (5x sin 3x + 3 cos 3x + 25 cos x ) . Ans.
50

(
Q.No.4.: Solve the following differential equation: D 4 + 2D 2 + 1 y = x 2 cos x . )
( )
Sol.: Given equation is D 4 + 2D 2 + 1 y = x 2 cos x ,
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.
Step 1. To find the complementary function

( )2
Its auxiliary equation is m 2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ m = ± i, ± i .
∴ C.F. = (c1x + c 2 ) cos x + (c 3 x + c 4 ) sin x .
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 20
Integral

Step 2. To find the particular integral

P.I. =
1
x 2 cos x =
1
(
x 2 Re .P. of e i x )
(D + 1)
2 2
(D + 1)
2 2

   
1 i x 2  ix 1 2
= Re.P. of  e .x  = Re.P. of  e .x 
 D + 1
2
(2
)   [
(D + i )2 + 1
2
] 

    1  −2 
1 2 i  2
= Re.P. of ei x .x  = Re.P. of e −
ix
 1 − D  x 
 2
D + 2iD(2
 )   4D 2  2  

 1 1  iD  iD 
2
 iD 
3
 iD 
4
 2 
= Re.P. of  − ei x . 2  1 + 2 + 3   + 4   + 5   + ....... x 
 4 D  2  2   2   2   

 1  1 i 3 iD 5D 2  
= Re.P. of  − ei x .  2 + − − + + ....... x 2 
 4 D D 4 2 16  

 i x  x 5  
4
1 ix 3 3 2
= − Re.P. of  
e + − x − ix +  
4   12 3 4 8  

1   15  
=− Re.P. of ( cos x + i sin x )  x 4 + 4ix 3 − 9x 2 − 12ix +  
48   2 

1   15  
=− Re.P. of ( cos x + i sin x )   x 4 − 9x 2 +  + i 4x 3 − 12x   ( )
48   2 

1  4 15  
=− 
48 
2 3
(
 x − 9x +  cos x − 4 x − 3x sin x  .
2
)

Step 3. To find the complete solution
Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
1  4 15  
∴ y = ( c1x + c2 ) cos x + ( c3 x + c 4 ) sin x − 
48 
2

2
3
( )
 x − 9x +  cos x − 4 x − 3x sin x  . Ans.


d2y dy
Q.No.5.: Solve the following differential equation: −2 + y = xe x sin x .
dx 2 dx

(
Sol.: Given equation in symbolic form is D 2 − 2D + 1 y = xe x sin x , )
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.
Step 1. To find the complementary function
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 21
Integral

Its auxiliary equation is m 2 − 2m + 1 = 0 ⇒ m = 1, 1 .

Thus, C.F. = (c1x + c 2 )e x .

Step 2. To find the particular integral
1 1
P.I. = 2
e x .x sin x = e x . x sin x
(D − 1) (D + 1 − 1)2
1 1
D∫
= ex 2
x sin x = e x x sin xdx
D
Integrating by parts, we get

P.I. = e x
1
D
[ 1
]
x (− cos x ) − ∫ 1.(− cos x )dx = e x (− x cos x + sin x )
D

= e x ∫ (− x cos x + sin x )dx

[{ } ]
= e x − x sin x − ∫ 1.sin xdx − cos x = e x (− x sin x − cos x − cos x )

= −e x (x sin x + 2 cos x ) .
Step 3. To find the complete solution
Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.

∴ y = (c1x + c 2 )e x − e x (x sin x + 2 cos x ) . Ans.

d2y
Q.No.6.: Solve the following differential equation: 2
+ a 2 y = sec ax .
dx

Sol.: Given equation in symbolic form is D 2 + a 2 y = sec ax , ( )

which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.
Step 1. To find the complementary function

Its auxiliary equation is m 2 + a 2 = 0 , ⇒ m = ± ia .

Thus, C.F. = c1 cos ax + c2 sin ax .
Step 2. To find the particular integral
1 1 1  1 1 
P.I. = sec ax = sec ax = − sec ax
2
D +a 2 (D + ia )(D − ia ) 2ia  D − ia D + ia 


1  1 1 
=  sec ax − sec ax  .
2ia  D − ia D + ia 
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 22
Integral

1  1 − ax 
Now sec ax = ei a x ∫ sec ax.e −i a x dx ∵ D − a X = e ∫ Xe 
ax
D − ia  
cos ax − i sin ax
= ei a x ∫ dx
cos ax
 i 
= ei a x ∫ (1 − i tan ax )dx = ei a x  x + log cos ax  .
 a 
Changing i into − i , we get
1  i 
Now sec ax = e −i a x  x − log cos ax  .
D − ia  a 
1  ia x i   i 
Thus, P.I. =  e x + log cos ax  − e −i a x x − log cos ax 
2ia   a   a 

x ei a x − e −i a x 1 ei a x + e − i a x
= . + 2 log cos ax.
a 2i a 2
x 1
= sin ax + 2 log cos ax. cos ax .
a a
Step 3. To find the complete solution
Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
1  1 
∴ y = c1 cos ax + c 2 sin ax +   x sin ax +  2  cos ax log cos ax . Ans.
a a 

( )
Q.No.7.: Solve the following differential equation: D3 − 6D 2 + 11D − 6 y = e − 2 x + e −3x .

( )
Sol.: Given equation is D3 − 6D 2 + 11D − 6 y = e − 2 x + e −3x ,
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.
Step 1. To find the complementary function

Its auxiliary equation is m 3 − 6m 2 + 11m − 6 = 0 . (i)

Putting m = 1, the equation is satisfied.
⇒ (m − 1) is a factor of (i).
∴ (i) is written as

(m − 1)(m 2 − 5m + 6) = 0 ⇒ (m − 1)(m − 2)(m − 3) = 0 ⇒ m = 1, 2, 3.

So the complimentary function is, C. F. = c1e x + c 2e 2 x + c3e3x .
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 23
Integral

Step 2. To find the particular integral

P.I. = 3
D − 6D
1
2
+ 11D − 6
(e −2x
+ e − 3x )
=
3 2
D − 6D + 11D − 6
(
1
e − 2x )+
3 2
1
D − 6D + 11D − 6
(e − 3x ).

1 ax 1 ax
As e = e .
f (D ) f (a )

P.I. =
(− 2) 3
1
2
(e − 2x )+ ( 3
1
2
(e −3x )
− 6(− 2) + 11(− 2) − 6 − 3) − 6(− 3) + 11(− 3) − 6

e− 2x e −3 x  e − 2 x e −3x 
= + = − + .
− 8 − 24 − 22 − 6 − 27 − 54 − 33 − 6  60 120 

Step 3. To find the complete solution

Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.

∴ y = c1e x + c 2 e 2 x + c 3e 3x −
1
120
[ ]
2e − 2 x + e − 3x . Ans.

d2y 4dy
Q.No.8.: Solve the following differential equation: + + 5y = −2 cosh x .
dx 2 dx
dy
Also find y when y = 0 , = 1 at x = 0.
dx
d2y 4dy
Sol.: Given equation is + + 5y = −2 cosh x ,
dx 2 dx
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.
Given equation in symbolic form is
 ex + e− x 
(D 2
)
+ 4D + 5 y = −2 cosh x = −2
 2
 = − ex + e− x .

( )
 
Step 1. To find the complementary function
− 4 ± 16 − 20
Its auxiliary equation is m 2 + 4m + 5 = 0 ⇒ m = ⇒ m = −2 ± i .
2

∴ C.F. = e −2 x [c1 cos x + c 2 sin x ] .

Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 24
Integral

Step 2. To find the particular integral

P.I. =
D 2
−1
+ 4D + 5
(e x
+ e− x = −) D 2
1
+ 4D + 5
(e )− D
x
2
1
+ 4D + 5
(e )
−x

− ex e− x  ex e− x 
(1 + 4 + 5) (1 − 4 + 5) 10 2 
= − = − + .

Step 3. To find the complete solution

Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
 e x e −x 
∴ y = e −2 x [c1 cos x + c 2 sin x ] −  +  (i)
 10 2 

dy −2 x −2 x
 e x e −x 
∴ =e [− c1 sin x + c 2 cos x ] − 2e [c1 cos x + c 2 sin x ] −  −  . (ii)
dx  10 2 

dy
Given that when x = 0, y = 0 and = 1.
dx
 1 1 3 3
∴ 0 = e 0 [c1 + 0] −  +  ⇒ 0 = c1 − ⇒ c1 = .
10 2  5 5
Putting x = 0 in (ii), we get
dy  1 1 4
= (− 2c1 + c 2 ) −  −  ⇒ 1 = −2c1 + c 2 +
dx  10 2  10

3 2 2 6 5−2+6 9 9
⇒ 1 = −2  + c 2 + ⇒ c 2 = 1 − + = = . ∴ c2 = .
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Substituting these values of c1 and c2 in equation (i), we get

 e e− x 
x
3 9
y = e − 2 x  cos x + sin x  −  + 
5 5   10 2 

3 ex e− x
⇒ y = e − 2 x [cos x + 3 sin x ] − − . Ans.
5 10 2

d2x
Q.No.9.: Solve the following differential equation: + n 2 x = k cos(nt + α ) .
2
dt

d2x
Sol.: Given equation is + n 2 x = k cos(nt + α ) ,
2
dt
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 25
Integral

Given equation in symbolic form is

(D 2
)
+ n 2 x = k cos(nt + α ) , where D ≡
d
dt
.

Step 1. To find the complementary function

Its auxiliary equation is m 2 + n 2 = 0 ⇒ m = ± n i .

∴ C. F. = c1e n i t + c 2 e − n i t = c1 cos nt + c 2 sin nt .

Step 2. To find the particular integral
1 1 1
P.I. = .k cos(nt + α ) . As .X =
2
D +n 2
( )
fD 2
( ).X
f − a2
1
Here a = n. But
( ) = 0.
f − a2
1 t k
∴ P. I. = t. .k cos(nt + α ) = . sin (nt + α ) .
2D 2 n
Step 3. To find the complete solution
Now, since the complete solution is x = C.F. + P.I.
tk
∴ x = c1 cos nt + c 2 sin nt + sin (nt + α ) . Ans.
2n
d 2x dx
Q.No.10.: Solve the following differential equation: 2
+2 + 3x = sin t .
dt dt

d 2x dx
Sol. Given equation is +2 + 3x = sin t ,
dt 2 dt
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.

(
Given equation in symbolic form is D 2 + 2D + 3 x = sin t . )
Step 1. To find the complementary function
− 2 ± 4 − 12
Its auxiliary equation is m 2 + 2m + 3 = 0 ⇒ m = = −1 ± 2 i .
2

[
∴ C.F. = e − t c1 cos 2 t + c 2 sin 2 t . ]
Step 2. To find the particular integral

P.I. =
1
(sin t ) = 1 sin t = 1 D − 1.sin t
− 1 + 2D + 3 2D + 2 2(D + 1) D − 1
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 26
Integral

D −1 −1
= sin t = (D − 1)sin t = − 1 (cos t − sin t ) .
(
2 D2 − 1 ) 4 4

Step 3. To find the complete solution

Now, since the complete solution is x = C.F. + P.I.

[
∴ x = e − t c1 cos 2 t + c 2 sin 2 t + ] 1
4
(sin t − cos t ) . Ans.

d2y 3dy
Q.No.11.: Solve the following differential equation: + + 2 y = 4 cos 2 x .
dx 2 dx

d2y 3dy  1 + cos 2x 

Sol.: Given equation is 2
+ + 2 y = 4 cos 2 x = 4  = 2 + 2 cos 2x ,
dx dx  2 
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.

(
Given equation in symbolic form is D 2 + 3D + 2 y = 2 + 2 cos 2x . )
Step 1. To find the complementary function

Its auxiliary equation is m 2 + 3m + 2 = 0 ⇒ m = −1, − 2 .

∴ C.F. = c1e − x + c 2e −2 x .
Step 2. To find the particular integral
1 1 1
P.I. = 2
(2 + 2 cos 2x ) = 2
(2) + 2. 2
(cos 2x )
D + 3D + 2 D + 3D + 2 D + 3D + 2
1 1
= 2. .1 + 2. cos 2x
(D + 1)(D + 2) − 4 + 3D + 2
−1
1  D 1
= 2. (1 + D )−1 1 +  .1 + 2. cos 2x
2  2 3D − 2
2.(3D + 2 ) 2.(3D + 2 )
= 1+ cos 2 x = 1 + . cos 2 x
(3D − 2)(3D + 2) 9D 2 − 4
2(3D + 2 ) 2
= 1+ . cos 2 x = 1 − (− 6 sin 2 x + 2 cos 2 x )
− 36 − 4 40
1
= 1+ (3 sin 2x − cos 2 x ) .
10
Step 3. To find the complete solution
Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 27
Integral

1
∴ y = c1e − x + c 2 e − 2 x + (3 sin 2x − cos 2x ) + 1 . Ans.
10

(
Q.No.12.: Solve the following differential equation: D 2 − 4D + 3 y = sin 3x cos 2x . )
( )
Sol.: Given equation is D 2 − 4D + 3 y = sin 3x cos 2 x =
1
2
(sin 5x + sin x ) ,
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.
Step 1. To find the complementary function

4 ± 16 − 12
Its auxiliary equation is m 2 − 4m + 3 = 0 ⇒ m = = 2 ± 1 = 3, 1 .
2

∴ C.F. = c1e x + c 2 e 3x .
Step 2. To find the particular integral
1 1  1 1 1 
P.I. = 2  2 (sin 5x + sin x ) = 2  2 . sin 5x + 2 .sin x 
D − 4D + 3    D − 4D + 3 D − 4D + 3 
1  −1 1 
=  sin 5x + sin x 
2  4D + 22 2 − 4D 
1 − (2D − 11) 1 + 2D 
=  sin 5x + sin x 
4  (2D + 11)(2D − 11) (1 − 2D)(1 + 2D) 

1  − (2D − 11) 1 + 2D 
=  sin 5x + sin x 
(
4  4D 2 − 121) (
1 − 4D 2  )
1  − (10 cos 5x − 11sin 5x ) (sin x + 2 cos x ) 
= +
4  4(− 25) − 121 1 − 4(− 1) 

1  (10 cos 5x − 11sin 5x ) (sin x + 2 cos x ) 

= +
4  221 5 

10 cos 5x − 11sin 5x sin x + 2 cos x
= + .
884 20
Step 3. To find the complete solution
Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
1
∴ y = c1e x + c 2e3x + (10 cos 5x − 11sin 5x ) + 1 (sin x + 2 cos x ) . Ans.
884 20
d3y d2y dy
Q,No.13.: Solve the following differential equation: 3
+ 2. 2
+ = e 2 x + sin 2x .
dx dx dx
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 28
Integral

d3y d2y dy
Sol.: Given equation is 3
+ 2. 2
+ = e 2 x + sin 2x ,
dx dx dx
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.

(
Given equation in symbolic form is D3 + 2D 2 + D y = e2 x + sin 2x . )
Step 1. To find the complementary function

(
Its auxiliary equation is m 3 + 2m 2 + m = 0 ⇒ m m 2 + 2m + 1 = 0 ⇒ m = 0, − 1, − 1 . )
∴ C. F. = c1 + (c 2 x + c 3 )e − x .

Step 2. To find the particular integral

P.I. =
1
D 3 + 2D 2 + D
(e 2 x + sin 2x ) =
1
D 3 + 2D 2 + D
.e 2 x +
1
D 3 + 2D 2 + D
. sin 2x

1 1 1 1
= e2x + sin 2 x = e 2 x + sin 2 x
8 + 2 .4 + 2 − 4D − 8 + D 18 − 3D − 8
1 2 x 6 cos 2 x − 8 sin 2 x 1 6 cos 2 x − 8 sin 2 x
= e + 2
= e2x +
18 − 9D + 64 18 36 + 64
1 2x 1
= e + (6 cos 2x − 8 sin 2x ) = 1 e2 x + 3 cos 2x − 2 sin 2x .
18 100 18 50 25
Step 3. To find the complete solution
Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
1 2x 3 2
∴ y = c1 + (c 2 x + c 3 )e − x + e + cos 2 x − sin 2 x . Ans.
18 50 25
d2y dy
Q.No.14.: Solve the following differential equation: +2 + y = e 2 x − cos 2 x .
dx 2 dx

d2y dy
Sol.: Given equation is 2
+2 + y = e 2 x − cos 2 x ,
dx dx
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.

(
Given equation in symbolic form is D 2 + 2D + 1 y = e 2 x − cos 2 x . )
Step 1. To find the complementary function

Its auxiliary equation is m 2 + 2m + 1 = 0 ⇒ (m + 1)2 = 0 ⇒ m = −1, − 1 .

∴ C.F. = (c1x + c 2 )e − x .
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 29
Integral

Step 2. To find the particular integral

P.I. =
D 2
1
+ 2D + 1
(e 2x
− cos 2 x = ) 2
1
D + 2D + 1
e2x − 2
1
D + 2D + 1
cos 2 x

1 1  cos 2 x + 1 
= e2x −  
D 2 + 2D + 1 D 2 + 2D + 1  2 
1 1 1 1 1
= e 2x
− . cos 2 x − . (1)
D 2 + 2D + 1 2 D 2 + 2D + 1 2 D 2 + 2D + 1
1 1 1 1 1
= e2x − . cos 2x − . .1
4 + 4 +1 2 − 4 + 2D + 1 2 (D + 1)2

1 2x 1 1 1 1 1 (2D + 3) 1
= e − . cos 2 x − (D + 1)− 2 (1) = e 2 x − . 2 cos 2 x − (1 − 2D )(1)
9 2 2D − 3 2 9 2 4D − 9 2
1 2 x 1 (2D + 3) 1 1 1 1
= e − . cos 2 x − (1) = e 2 x + (− 4 sin 2 x + 3 cos 2 x ) −
9 2 − 16 − 9 2 9 50 2
1 2x 2 3 1
= e − sin 2 x + cos 2 x − .
9 25 50 2
Step 3. To find the complete solution
Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
1 1 2 3
∴ y = (c1x + c 2 )e − x + e 2 x − − sin 2 x + cos 2 x . Ans.
9 2 25 50
d2y
Q.No.15.: Solve the following differential equation: 2
− 4y = x 2 .
dx
d2y
Sol.: Given equation is 2
− 4y = x 2 ,
dx
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.

Given equation in symbolic form is D 2 − 4 y = x 2 . ( )

Step 1. To find the complementary function

Its auxiliary equation is m 2 − 4 = 0 ⇒ m = ±2 .

∴ C. F. = c1e 2 x + c 2e −2 x .
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 30
Integral

Step 2. To find the particular integral

−1
1
1 21 − 1  D 2  2 − 1  D 2  2 − 1  2 1 
P. I. = 2 x = . x2 = 1− x = 1+ x = x + .
D −4 − 4  D2  4  4  4  4  4  2
1 − 
 4 

Step 3. To find the complete solution
Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
1 1
∴ y = c1e 2 x + c 2 e − 2 x −  x 2 +  . Ans.
4 2

d2y
Q.No.16.: Solve the following differential equation: 2
+ 4 y = x 2 + sin 2x .
dx
d2y
Sol.: Given equation is 2
+ 4 y = x 2 + sin 2x ,
dx
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.

(
Given equation in symbolic form is D 2 + 4 y = x 2 + sin 2 x . )
Step 1. To find the complementary function

Its auxiliary equation is m 2 + 4 = 0 ⇒ m = ±2 i .

∴ C.F. = (c1 cos 2x + c 2 sin 2 x ) = c1 cos 2x + c 2 sin 2x .
Step 2. To find the particular integral

P.I. =
D
1
2
+4
(x 2
+ sin 2 x =) 2
1
D +4
.x 2 +
1
2
D +4
sin 2 x

−1
1  D 2  2 1 1  D 2  2 x  − cos 2x 
= 1+ x + x. sin 2 x = 1 − x +  
4  4  2D 4  4  2 2 

1 2 1 x 1 2 1 1
=  x −  − cos 2 x = x + − x cos 2 x .
4 2 4 4 8 4
Step 3. To find the complete solution
Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
1 2 1 1
∴ y = c1 cos 2 x + c 2 sin 2 x + x − − x cos 2 x . Ans.
4 8 4

(
Q.No.17.: Solve the following differential equation: D3 − D y = 2x + 1 + 4 cos x + 2e x . )
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 31
Integral

( )
Sol.: Given equation is D3 − D y = 2x + 1 + 4 cos x + 2e x ,
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.
Step 1. To find the complementary function

Its auxiliary equation is m 3 − m = 0 ⇒ m m 2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ m = 0, ± 1 . ( )

∴ C.F. = c1 + c 2e x + c3e − x

Step 2. To find the particular integral

P.I. =
D 3
1
−D
(2x + 1 + 4 cos x + 2e ) = x
3
1
(2x + 1) + 3
1
4 cos x +
3
1
2e x
D −D D −D D −D

=
1
−D
(
1 − D2 )
−1
(2x + 1) +
(
D D −1
1
2
) 4 cos x + x.
1
2
3D − 1
2e x

=
−1
D
( )
1 + D 2 (2x + 1) +
1
D(− 1 − 1)
4 cos x +
x
3 −1
2e x

 −1  1 1 x x − 2x 2
= + D (2 x + 1) + 4 cos x + 2e = − x − 2 sin x + xe x
D  −2 D 2 2

= − x 2 − x + 2 − 2 sin x + xe x .
Step 3. To find the complete solution
Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.

( )
∴ y = c 4 + c 2 e x + c 3e − x + xe x − x 2 + x − 2 sin x . Ans. [where c 4 = c1 + 2 ]

d2y dy
Q.No.18.: Solve the following differential equation: +5 + 6 y = e − 2 x sin 2x .
dx 2 dx

d2y dy
Sol.: Given equation is 2
+5 + 6 y = e − 2 x sin 2x ,
dx dx
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.

(
Given equation in symbolic form is D 2 + 5D + 6 y = e − 2 x sin 2x . )
Step 1. To find the complementary function

Its auxiliary equation is m 2 + 5m + 6 = 0 ⇒ (m + 2)(m + 3) = 0 ⇒ m = −2, − 3 .

∴ C.F. = c1e −2 x + c 2e −3x .

Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 32
Integral

Step 2. To find the particular integral

P.I. =
D 2
1
+ 5D + 6
(e −2x
)
sin 2 x .

1 ax 1
Now e V = eax V
f (D ) f (D + a )
1 1
P.I. = e − 2 x 2
sin 2x = e − 2 x 2
sin 2 x
(D − 2) + 5(D − 2 ) + 6 D − 4D + 4 + 5D − 10 + 6
1 1 D+4
= e− 2x 2
sin 2 x = e − 2 x sin 2 x = e − 2 x 2 sin 2 x
D +D −4+D D − 16

D+4 e −2 x
= e− 2x sin 2 x = (2 cos 2x + 4 sin 2x ) = − 1 e−2 x (cos 2x + 2 sin 2x )
− 4 − 16 − 20 10
Step 3. To find the complete solution
Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
1 − 2x
∴ y = c1e − 2 x + c 2 e − 3x − e (cos 2x + 2 sin 2 x ) . Ans.
10

Q.No.19.: Solve the following differential equation: D 4 − 1 y = e x cos x . ( )

(
Sol.: Given equation is D 4 − 1 y = e x cos x , )
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.
Step 1. To find the complementary function

Its auxiliary equation is m 4 − 1 = 0 ⇒ m = ±1, ± i .

∴ C.F. = c1e x + c 2e − x + c3 cos x + c 4 sin x .

Step 2. To find the particular integral

1
P.I. = 4
e x cos x .
D −1
1 ax 1
Now e V = eax V.
f (D ) f (D + a )
1 1
P.I. = e x 4
cos x = e x cos x
(D + 1) −1 D + 4 D + 6D 2 + 4D
4 3

1 1 −1 x
= ex cos x = e x cos x = e cos x .
1 − 4 D − 6 + 4D −5 5
Step 3. To find the complete solution
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 33
Integral

Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.

1
∴ y = c1e x + c 2 e − x + c 3 cos x + c 4 sin x − e x cos x . Ans.
5

(
Q.No.20.: Solve the following differential equation: D 2 + 4 y = e x sin 2 x .)
( )
Sol.: Given equation is D 2 + 4 y = e x sin 2 x ,
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.
Step 1. To find the complementary function

Its auxiliary equation is m 4 + 4 = 0 ⇒ m = ±2 i .

∴ C.F. = c1 cos 2x + c 2 sin 2x .
Step 2. To find the particular integral
1 1 1  1 − cos 2 x 
P.I. = e x sin 2 x = e x sin 2 x = e x 2  
4 2 D + 2D + 1 + 4  
D +4 (D + 1) +4 2

ex  1 
=  2
(1) − 2 1 cos 2x 
2  D + 2D + 5 D + 2D + 5 

ex 1 1 1
= e 0 x − .e x cos 2 x
2 D 2 + 2D + 5 2 D 2 + 2D + 5

ex 1 1 1 ex 1 ex 1
= . − ex cos 2 x = . − cos 2 x
2 0 + 0 + 5 2 − 4 + 2D + 5 2 5 2 2D + 1
1 x  1 2D − 1  1  1 (− 4 sin 2 x − cos 2 x ) 
= e  − 2
cos 2 x  = e x  − 
2  5 4D − 1  2 5 − 16 − 1 
1 x 1 1 
= e  − (4 sin 2 x + cos 2 x ) .
2  5 17 
Step 3. To find the complete solution
Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
1 1 1 
∴ y = c1 cos 2 x + c 2 sin 2 x + e x  − (4 sin 2 x + cos 2 x ) . Ans.
2  5 17 

( )
Q.No.21.: Solve the following differential equation: D 2 + 4D + 3 y = e − x sin x + x .

( )
Sol.: Given equation is D 2 + 4D + 3 y = e − x sin x + x ,
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 34
Integral

Step 1. To find the complementary function

Its auxiliary equation is m 2 + 4m + 3 = 0 ⇒ m = −3, − 1 .

∴ C.F. = c1e −3x + c 2e − x .

Step 2. To find the particular integral

P.I. =
D2
1
+ 4D + 3
(e −x
sin x + x = ) 1
D 2 + 4D + 3
e − x sin x +
1
D 2 + 4D + 3
(x )
1 1
= e− x sin x + (x )
(D − 1)2
+ 4(D − 1) + 3  D 2 + 4D 
31 + 
 3 
 
−1
−x 1 1  D 2 + 4D 
=e sin x + 1 + (x )
D 2 + 2D + 0 3  3 


−x 1 1   D 2 + 4D   1 + 2D  1 4
=e sin x + 1 −
   (x ) = e − x   sin x +  x − 
(− 1 + 2D) 3   3 
2
 − 1 + 4D  3 3

4  e− x
 2D + 1 
= e− x   sin x +
1
 x − = (2 cos x + sin x ) + 1  x − 4  .
 − 4 −1 3 3 −5 3 3
Step 3. To find the complete solution
Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.

e −x
∴ y = c1e − 3x + c 2 e − x + (2 cos x + sin x ) + 1  x − 4  . Ans.
−5 3 3

d2y
Q.No.22.: Solve the following differential equation: + 2 y = x 2 e 3x + e x cos 2x .
2
dx

d2y
Sol.: Given equation is + 2 y = x 2 e 3x + e x cos 2x ,
2
dx
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.

( )
Given equation in symbolic form is D 2 + 2 y = x 2 e 3x + e x cos 2x .
Step 1. To find the complementary function

Its auxiliary equation is m 2 + 2 = 0 ⇒ m = ± 2 i .

∴ C.F. = c1 cos 2 x + c 2 sin 2 x .
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 35
Integral

Step 2. To find the particular integral

P.I. =
D
1
2
+2
(x e
2 3x
+ e x cos 2 x = ) 2
D +2
1
x 2 e3 x + 2
1
D +2
e x cos 2 x .

1 1 1
Now 2
x 2 e3 x = e3 x 2
x 2 = e3 x 2
x2
D +2 (D + 3) +2 D + 6D + 9 + 2
−1
3x 1 e3x  D 2 + 6D  2
2
=e x = 1+ x
D 2 + 6D + 11 11  11 

 2 
e3x  D 2 + 6D  D 2 + 6D 
= 1− + + ............ x 2
11  11   
  11  

e3x  D 2 6D 36D 2  2 e3x  2 2 12x 36.2 

= 1 − − + + ....... x = x − − + 
11  11 11 121  11  11 11 121 

e3x  2 12x 50 
= x − + .
11  11 121 
1 1 1
And 2
e x cos 2x = e x 2
cos 2x = e x 2
cos 2 x
D +2 (D + 1) +2 D + 2D + 1 + 2
1 1
= ex 2
cos 2 x = e x cos 2 x
D + 2D + 3 − 4 + 2D + 3
1 2D + 1
= ex cos 2 x = e x cos 2 x
2D − 1 4D 2 − 1

x  − 4 sin 2 x + cos 2x  e x
=e  = (4 sin 2x − cos 2x ) .
 − 16 − 1  17
1 3x  2 12 x 50  1 x
∴ P.I. = e x − +  + e (4 sin 2 x − cos 2 x ) .
11  11 121  17
Step 3. To find the complete solution
Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
1 3x  2 12 x 50  1 x
∴ y = c1 cos 2 x + c 2 sin 2 x + e x − +  + e (4 sin 2 x − cos 2 x ) . Ans.
11  11 121  17

d4y
Q.No.23.: Solve the following differential equation: − y = cos x cosh x .
dx 4
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 36
Integral

d4y
Sol.: Given equation is − y = cos x cosh x ,
dx 4
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.

( )
Given equation in symbolic form is D 4 − 1 y = cos x cosh x .
Step 1. To find the complementary function

Its auxiliary equation is m 4 − 1 = 0 ⇒ m = ±1, ± i .

∴ C.F. = c1e x + c 2e − x + c3 cos x + c 4 sin x .

Step 2. To find the particular integral

1 1  ex + e− x 
P.I. = cos x cosh x = cos x  
D4 − 1 4
D −1  2 
 
1 1 1 
=  4
e x cos x + 4 e − x cos x 
2 D −1 D −1 

1 x 1 1 
= e cos x + e − x cos x 
2  (D + 1)4 − 1 (D − 1)4 − 1 

1 x 1 1 
=  e cos x + e − x cos x 
4 3 2
2  D + 4 D + 6 D + 4D 4 3 2
D − 4D + 6 D − 4D 

 
1 x 1 1
= e cos x + e −x
cosx
2 
2 2
( ) 2
( ) ( )
2
 − 1 + 4D − 1 + 6 − 1 + 4D
2 2 2
( )2
− 1 − 4D − 1 + 6 − 1 − 4D ( ) ( )

1 x 1 1 
=  e cos x + e − x cos x 
2  1 − 4D − 6 + 4 D 1 + 4D − 6 − 4D 

1 x 1 −x 1  1  e x + e − x 
 cos x = − 1 cosh x cos x .
= e cos x + e cos x = −
2  − 5 −5 
 5  2 
 5

Step 3. To find the complete solution

Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
1
∴ y = c1e x + c 2 e − x + c 3 cos x + c 4 sin x − cosh x cos x . Ans.
5

( )
Q.No.24.: Solve the following differential equation: D 3 + 2D 2 + D y = x 2 e 2 x + sin 2 x .

( )
Sol.: Given equation is D 3 + 2D 2 + D y = x 2 e 2 x + sin 2 x ,
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 37
Integral

which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.

Step 1. To find the complementary function

( )
Its auxiliary equation is m 3 + 2m 2 + m = 0 ⇒ m m 2 + 2m + 1 = 0 ⇒ m = 0, − 1, − 1 .

∴ C.F. = c1 + (c 2 x + c 3 )e − x .

Step 2. To find the particular integral

P.I. = 3
D + 2D
1
2
+D
(x e
2 2x
)
+ sin 2 x =
1
D(D + 2D + 1)
2
(x 2 e 2 x + sin 2 x )

=
(D + 1)
1
2
[∫ (x e
2 2x
) ]
+ sin 2 x dx

1  x 2e 2 x e2x  1 − cos 2 x  
= 
(D + 1)2  2
− ∫ 2 x .
2
dx + ∫ 
 2
dx 
 

 x 2 .e 2 x 
=
1

(D + 1)2  2
1
(
− ∫ xe 2 x dx + ∫ 1 − cos 2 x dx 
2
)


1  x 2 .e2 x xe2 x 1 2 x 1 sin 2 x 

=  − + e + x − 
(D + 1)2  2 2 4 2 4 

e2x  1  2 1  1 −2 1 1
=   x − x +  + (1 + D ) x − sin 2 x
2 2
 (D + 2 ) + 2(D + 2 ) + 1  2  2 4 (− 4 + 2D + 1)

e 2x  1  2 1  1 1 1
=  2
 x − x +  + [1 − 2D]x − 2 sin x
2  D + 4 + 2 D + 2D + 4 + 1  2  2 4 2D − 3

e 2x  1  2 1  1 1  2D + 3 
=   x − x +  + [1 − 2D]x −   sin 2x
2  D 2 + 4D + 9  2  2 4  4D 2 − 9 

 
 
e 2x  1  2 1 1 1  2D + 3 
=    x − x +  + (1 − 2D )x −   sin 2 x
2   D 2 + 4D    2 2 4  − 16 − 9 
 
 91 + 9 
  

  
−1
e 2x 2
1 − D + 4D   x 2 − x + 1  + 1 (x − 2 ) − 1  2D + 3  sin 2 x
=
18  9   2 2 4  25 
  
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 38
Integral

e 2x  D 2 + 4D  2
= 1 −  x − x + 1  + 1 (x − 2) − 1 (2D + 3) sin 2x
18  9  2 2 − 100
 

e 2x  2 1  2 8x 4   1 1
=  x − x + 2 −  9 + 9 − 9  + 2 (x − 2) + 100 (2.2 cos 2x + 3 sin 2x )
18   

e 2x  2 17 x 5  1 1
=
18  x − 9 − 9  + 2 (x − 2 ) + 100 (4 cos 2 x + 3 sin 2 x ) .

Step 3. To find the complete solution

Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.

e 2x  2 17 x 5  1 1
∴ y = c1 + (c 2 x + c 3 )e − x +  x − 9 − 9  + 2 (x − 2 ) + 100 (4 cos 2 x + 3 sin 2 x ) . Ans.
18

d2y
Q.No.25.: Solve the following differential equation: + 4 y = x sin x .
dx 2
d2y
Sol.: Given equation is + 4 y = x sin x ,
dx 2
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.

(
Given equation in symbolic form is D 2 + 4 y = x sin x . )
Step 1. To find the complementary function

Its auxiliary equation is m 2 + 4 = 0 ⇒ m = ±2 i .

∴ C.F. = c1 cos 2x + c 2 sin 2x .
Step 2. To find the particular integral
1 1 1
P.I. = x sin x = I.P. of xei x = I.P. of ei x x
D +42 2
D +4 (D + i )2 + 4
−1
ix 1 ei x  2 iD + D 2 
= I.P. of e x = I.P. of 1+ x
D 2 + 2 iD + 3 3  3 


ei x   2 i  ei x  2i
= I.P. of  x −    = I.P. of x − 
3   3  3  3

 cos x + i sin x  2i  1 2i cos x 2i 2 sin x 

= I.P. of   x −  = I. P. of  x cos x + ix sin x − − 
 3  3 3  3 3 
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 39
Integral

x sin x 2 cos x 1
= − = (3x sin x − 2 cos x ) .
3 9 9
Step 3. To find the complete solution
Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
1
∴ y = c1 cos 2 x + c 2 sin 2 x + (3x sin x − 2 cos x ) . Ans.
9

(
Q.No.26.: Solve the following differential equation: D 2 − 1 y = x sin x + 1 + x 2 e x . ) ( )
( )
Sol. Given equation is D 2 − 1 y = x sin x + 1 + x 2 e x , ( )
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.
Step 1. To find the complementary function

Its auxiliary equation is m 2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ m = ± 1 .

∴ C.F. = c1e x + c 2 e − x .
Step 2. To find the particular integral

P.I. =
D
1
2
−1
[x sin x + (1 + x )e ] =
2 x1
D −1
(x sin x ) + 1 (1 + x )e
2
D −1 2
2 x

1 1 1
= 2
x sin x + 2
ex + 2
e x .x 2 .
D −1 D −1 D −1
1 1 1
Now, [x sin x ] = I.P. of xei x = I.P. of e i x x
D2 −1 D2 − 1 (D + i )2 − 1
1 1
= I.P. of e i x x = I.P. of e i x x
D 2 − 1 + 2 iD − 1 D 2 + 2 iD − 2
−1
− ei x  D 2 + 2iD  − ei x  D 2 + 2iD 
= I.P. of 1 −  x = I.P. of 1 + x
2  2  2  2 
   

− ei x
= I.P. of (x + i ) = I.P. of − 1 (cos x + i sin x )(x + i )
2 2

= I.P. of
−1
2
[
x cos x + i cos x + i xsinx + i 2 sin x . ]
1 −1
∴ x sin x = (cos x + x sin x ) .
D2 − 1 2
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 40
Integral

1 1 x x x
ex = x e = e .
D2 −1 2D 2
1 1 1 1
And 2
ex x 2 = ex 2
x 2 = ex 2
x 2 = ex 2
x2
D −1 (D + 1) −1 D + 2D + 1 − 1 D + 2D

e x  D  2 e x  D D 2 D 3  2
−1
x 1 2
=e x = 1 +  x = 1− + − x
D(D + 2) 2D  2 2D  2 4 8 

ex  1 1 D D 2  2 e x  x 3 x 2 2x 2 
=  − + − x =  − + − 
2 D 2 4 8  
2  3 2 4 8 


ex  x3 x 2 x 1 
=  − + − .
2  3 2 2 4 


−1 x x 1 x  x 3 x 2 x 1 
∴ P.I. = (cos x + x sin x ) + e + e  − + − 
2 2 2  3 2 2 4

−1  3 2 
= (cos x + x sin x ) + 1 e x  x + x − x + x − 1 
2 2  3 2 2 4

−1  3 2 
= (cos x + x sin x ) + 1 e x  x − x + 3x − 1 
2 2  3 2 2 4

=
−1
2
(
(cos x + x sin x ) + 1 e x 4x 3 − 6x 2 + 18x − 3 .
24
)
Step 3. To find the complete solution
Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.

∴ y = c1e x + c 2 e − x −
1
2
(
(cos x + x sin x ) + 1 e x 4x 3 − 6x 2 + 18x − 3 . Ans.
24
)
d2y dy x
Q.No.27.: Solve the following differential equation: 2
+3 + 2 y = ee .
dx dx

d2y dy x
Sol.: Given equation is +3 + 2 y = ee ,
dx 2 dx
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.

(
Given equation in symbolic form is D 2 + 3D + 2 y = e e . ) x

Step 1. To find the complementary function

Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 41
Integral

Its auxiliary equation is m 2 + 3m + 2 = 0 ⇒ (m + 1)(m + 2) = 0 ⇒ m = −1, − 2 .

∴ C.F. = c1e − x + c 2e −2 x .
Step 2. To find the particular integral
1 x 1 x  1 1  ex
P.I. = ee = ee =  − e
D3 + 3D + 2 (D + 1)(D + 2)  (D + 1) (D + 2 ) 
1 ex 1 x
= e − ee .
D +1 D+2

Now
1 ex
D +1
x
e = e − x ∫ e x ee dx , putting e x = t [∵ e dx = dt ]
x

x
= e − x ∫ e t dt = e − x e t = e − x ee .

1 x x x
Similarly ee = e − 2 x ∫ e − 2 x ee = e − 2 x ∫ e x ee e x dx
D+2

Again putting e x = t [∵ e dx = dt ]
x

( )
= e −2 x ∫ te t dt = e −2 x te t − e t = e − 2 x  e x ee − ee 

x x

∴ P.I. = e − x e e − e − 2 x  e e e x − e e  = e − 2 x ee .
x x x x

 
Step 3. To find the complete solution
Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
x
∴ y = c1e − x + c 2 e −2 x + e − 2 x e e . Ans.

(
Q.No.28.: Solve the following differential equation: D 2 − 4D + 4 y = 8x 2 e 2 x sin 2x . )
( )
Sol.: Given equation is D 2 − 4D + 4 y = 8x 2 e 2 x sin 2x ,
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.
Step 1. To find the complementary function

Its auxiliary equation is m 2 − 4m + 4 = 0 ⇒ (m − 2)2 = 0 ⇒ m = 2, 2 .

∴ C.F. = (c1x + c 2 )e 2 x .
Step 2. To find the particular integral

P.I. =
1
(D − 2) 2
(8x e
2 2x
)
sin 2x = 8e 2 x
1
[(D + 2) − 2] 2
x 2 sin 2x = 8e 2 x
1
D 2
x 2 sin 2 x
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 42
Integral

1 1   − cos 2x  
= 8e 2 x . ∫ x 2 sin 2 xdx = 8e 2 x  x 2   + ∫ x. cos 2x dx 
D D  2  
 − x 2 cos 2x x sin 2x cos 2x 
= 8e 2 x  ∫ dx + ∫ dx + ∫ dx 
 2 2 4 

 − x 2 sin 2x 2 x sin 2x x cos 2x cos 2x sin 2x 

= 8e 2 x  +∫ dx − +∫ dx + 
 4 4 4 4 8 

2x
 − x 2 sin 2x x cos 2x sin 2x x cos 2x sin 2x sin 2x 
= 8e  − + − + + 
 4 4 8 4 8 8 

− x2 3 2 
= 8e 2 x  sin 2x + sin 2x − x cos 2x 
 4 8 4 

[
= e 2 x − 2x 2 sin 2 x + 3 sin 2x − 4 x cos 2x ]
[( )
= −e 2 x 2x 2 − 3 sin 2x + 4 x cos 2x . ]
Step 3. To find the complete solution
Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.

[( )
∴ y = (c1x + c 2 )e 2 x − e 2 x 2x 2 − 3 sin 2x + 4 x cos 2x . Ans. ]
Q.No.29.: Solve the following differential equation: D 2 + a 2 y = tan ax . ( )
(
Sol.: Given equation is D 2 + a 2 y = tan ax , )
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.
Step 1. To find the complementary function

Its auxiliary equation is m 2 + a 2 = 0 ⇒ m = ± a i .

∴ C.F. = c1 cos ax + c2 sin ax .
Step 2. To find the particular integral
1 1 1  1 1 
P.I. = tan ax = tan ax = − tan ax
D2 + a 2 (D + ia )(D − ia ) 2 i a  D − ia D + ia 
1  1 − ax 
Now, tan ax = e i a x ∫ tan ax.e −i a x dx ∵ D − a x = e ∫ xe dx 
ax
D − ia  

= ei a x ∫ tan ax (cos ax − i sin ax )dx

Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 43
Integral

sin ax
= ei a x ∫ (cos ax − i sin ax )dx
cos ax
  1 
= ei a x ∫ sin ax − i − cos ax  dx
  cos ax 

= e i a x ∫ (sin ax − i sec ax + i cos ax )dx

 − cos ax 1 i sin ax 
= ei a x  − log sec ax + tan ax +
 a a a 

1  − cos ax 1 i sin ax 
Similarly, tan ax = e i a x  + log sec ax + tan ax − .
D + ia  a a a 

 i a x  − cos ax 1 i sin ax  
e  − log sec ax + tan ax +  
1   a a a  
∴ P. I. =
2ia   − cos ax 1 i sin ax  
 + ei a x  + log sec ax + tan ax + 
  a a a 

2  cos ax  1
=  log sec ax + tan ax  = − [cos ax log sec ax + tan ax ] .
2 i a  ia  a2
Step 3. To find the complete solution
Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
1
∴ y = c1 cos ax + c 2 sin ax − [cos ax log sec ax + tan ax ] . Ans.
a2

Q.No.30.: Find P. I. of (D + 2)(D − 1)2 y = e −2 x + 2 sinh x .

Sol.: Given equation is (D + 2)(D − 1)2 y = e −2 x + 2 sinh x ,

which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.
Step 1. To find the complementary function

Its auxiliary equation is (m + 2)(m − 1)2 = 0 ⇒ m = −2, 1, 1 .

∴ C.F. = c1e −2 x + (c 2 x + c 3 )e x .

Step 2. To find the particular integral

P.I. =
1
(D + 2)(D − 1) 2
(e − 2x + 2 sinh x )
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 44
Integral

 ex − e−x 
=
1
(D + 2)(D − 1 ) 2
(e − 2x + e x − e − x ) ∵ sinh x =
2

 

1 1  1  1  1 
Now e − 2x =  e − 2x  =  e − 2x 
(D + 2)(D − 1)2 D + 2  (D − 1)2  (D + 2)  (− 2 − 1)
2

1 1
= . e − 2x [case of failure]
9 D+2
1 1 − 2x x − 2x
= x. e = e ,
9 1 9
1 1  1  1  1 x
ex =  ex  = 1 + 2 e 
(D + 2)(D − 1)2 (D − 1)2  D + 2  (D − 1)2  

1 1
= ex [case of failure]
3 (D − 1) 2

1 1
= .x ex [case of failure]
3 2(D − 1)
1 1 1
= .x 2 . e x = x 2 e x ,
3 2 6
1 1 1 −x
and e−x = e−x = e .
2 2
(D + 2)(D − 1) (− 1 + 2)(− 1 − 1) 4

x − 2x x 2 x 1 − x
Thus P.I.= e + e + e .
9 6 4
Step 3. To find the complete solution
Now, since the complete solution is = C.F. + P.I.

x − 2x x 2 x 1 − x
∴ y = c1e −2 x + (c 2 x + c 3 )e x + e + e + e . Ans.
9 6 4

d2y
Q.No.31.:Solve + y = cos ecx .
dx 2

(
Sol.: Given equation in symbolic form is D 2 + 1 y = cos ecx , )
which is a linear differential equation with constant co-efficients.
Step 1. To find the complementary function

Its auxiliary equation is m 2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ m = ±i .

Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 45
Integral

∴ C.F. = c1 cos x + c 2 sin x .

Step 2. To find the particular integral
1 1
P.I. = cosec x = cosec x
2
D +1 (D + i )(D − i )
1 1 1 
=  − cosec x [Partial Fractions]
2i  D − i D + i 

1 1 1 
=  cosec x − cosec x  .
2i  D − i D+i 
1  1 − ax 
Now cos ecx = e ix ∫ cosec xe − ix dx ∵ D − a X = e ∫ Xe dx 
ax
D−i  

= e ix ∫ cosec x (cos x − i sin x )dx = e ix ∫ (cot x − i )dx

= e ix (log sin x − ix ) .
1
Changing i to − i , we have cos ecx = e − ix (log sin x + ix )
D+i

∴ P. I. =
2i
[
1 ix
e (log sin x − ix ) − e ix (log sin x + ix ) ]
 e ix − e − ix   e ix + e − ix 
= log sin x  − x 
 2i   2 
   
= log(sin x )(
. sin x ) − x cos x = sin x log(sin x ) − x cos x .
Step 3. To find the complete solution
Now, since the complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
∴ y = c1 cos x + c 2 sin x + sin x log sin x − x cos x . Ans.
*** *** *** *** ***
*** *** ***
***

Home Assignments
Solve the following differential equations, when F( x ) = e ax + b :
Q.No. Differential Equation Answer
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 46
Integral

1 (D 2 − 5D + 6)y = e 4x 1
y = c1e 2 x + c 2 e 3x + e 4 x
2
2 (D 2 − a 2 )y = e 2x y = c1e ax + c 2 e − ax +
e 2x
for a ≠ 2 .
3
1 2x
y = c1e ax + c 2 e − ax + xe for a = 2.
4
3 (D 2 + 4)y = e3x (
y = c1e 2ix + c 2 e − 2ix + ) 1 3x
e
13
4 (D 2 − 5D − 8)y = e −3x + e − 4x y = c1e 2x
+ c2e −4x
−
e−3x xe−4x
−
5 6
5 (D 2 − D + 1)y = sinh x x

y = e 2 c1 cos
3x
+ c 2 sin
3x  1 x −x
( )
 + 3e − e
 2 2  6

6 (D 2 + 4D + 5)y = −2 cosh x , 3 − 2x
y= e
e x e −x
(cos x + 3 sin x ) − −
5 10 10
with y(0) = 0, y′(0) = 1 .
7 (D 2 − 2aD + a 2 )y = eax y = (c1x + c 2 )e ax +
x 2 ax
e
2
8 (D3 + 6D 2 + 9D)y = e −3x y = c1 + (c 2 x + c 3 )e − 3x −
x 2 e −3x
6
9 (D3 − 5D2 + 8D − 4)y = e2x + 2ex + 3e−x y = c1e x + c 2 e 2 x + c 3 xe 2 x +
1 2 2x
2
x e + 2xe x −
e−x
6

10 xe−2 x x 2e x e − x
(D + 2)(D − 1)2 y = e −2x + 2 sinh x . y = c1e− 2 x + (c2 x + c3 )e x +
9
+
6
+
4

11
(D3 − 12D + 16)y = (e x + e − 2x )2 y = (c1x + c2 )e2 x + c3e− 4x +
x 2e 2x 2e− x xe−4 x
12
+
27
+
36

12 D(D + 1)2 y = 12e − x y = c1 + (c 2 x + c 3 )e − x − 6 x 2 e − x

13 x 3e x
D 2 (D − 1)3 (D + 1)y = e x ( )
y = (c1x + c 2 ) + c3x 2 + c 4 x + c5 e x + c6e − x +
12

Solve the following differential equations, when F( x ) = sin(ax + b) or cos(ax + b) :

Q.No. Differential Equation Answer
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 47
Integral

1 (D4 + 10D2 + 9)y = cos(2x + 3) y = c1 cos x + c 2 sin x + c 3 cos 3x + c 4 sin 3x −

1
15
(2 x + 3)

2 (D2 + 2D+5)y = 6sin2x + 7cos2x y = e − x (c1 sin 2 x + c 2 cos 2x ) + 2 sin 2x − cos 2x

3 (D3 + D2 + D +1)y = sin2x + cos3x y = c1e − x + c 2 cos x + c 3 sin x +
1
15
(2 cos 2x − sin 2x ) − 1 (3 sin 3x + cos 3x )
80

4 (D 2 + 4)y = sin x + sin 2x y = c1 sin 2 x + c 2 cos 2 x +

sin x x cos 2 x
−
3 4
5 (D 2 − 8D + 9)y = 8 sin 5x y = c1e (4 + 7 )x + c 2 e (4 − 7 )x +
1
29
(5 cos 5x − 2 sin 5x ) .

6 (D 2 + 16)y = e −3x + cos 4x y = c1 cos 4 x + c 2 sin 4 x +

1 − 3x x
e + sin 4 x
25 8
7 (D 2 − 2D + 2)y = e x + cos x  cos x − 2 sin x  x
y = e x (c1 cos x + c 2 sin x ) +  +e
 5 
8 (D 2 + 9)y = cos 2 x y = c1 cos 3x + c 2 sin 3x +
1 1
+ cos x
18 10
9 (D 2 + 2D + 1)y = e 2x + cos 2 x y = (c1x + c 2 )e − x +
1 1 1
+ (2 sin 2 x + cos 2 x ) + e 2 x
2 5 9

10 (D 2 + 1)y = cos x y = c1 cos x + c 2 sin x + sin x log sin x − x cos x

11 (D 2 − 4D + 13)y = 8 sin 3x , y= [
1 2x
e (sin 3x + 2 cos 3x ) + sin 3x + 3 cos 3x ]
5
y(0), y ′(0) = 2 .
12 (D 4 + 2D 2η2 + η4 )y = cos mx y = (c1 cos ηx + c 2 sin ηx )(c 3 x + c 4 ) +
1
cos mx
(η 2
− m2 )2
with m ≠ η .
13 (D 2 + 4)y = cos x cos 3x y = (c1 cos 2 x + c 2 sin 2 x ) −
1 x
cos 4 x + sin 2 x
24 8
14 (2D2 − 2D +1)y = sin3x.cos2x x
 x x  10 cos 5x − 49 sin 5x 2 cos x − sin x
y = e 2 c1 cos + c 2 sin  +
 2 2 5002
+
10

15 (D3 + 4D)y = sin 2x y = c1 + c 2 cos 2 x + c 3 sin 2 x −

x
sin 2 x
8

Solve the following differential equations, when F( x ) = x m , m being a positive integer:

Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 48
Integral

Q.No. Differential Equation Answer

1 (D 2 + 3D + 2)y = x 3 + x 2 y = c1e − x + c 2 e − 2 x +
x 3 7 x 2 15x 31
− + −
2 4 4 8
2 (D3 − D)y = 1 + x 5 
y = c1 + c 2 e x + c 3 e − x −  x + 60x 2 + 5x 4 +

x 6 
6 


3 (D 4 + D3 + D 2 )y = 5x 2 −x

y = (c1 + c 2 x ) + e 2  c 3 cos
 2
3
x + c 4 sin
3  5 4 5 3
x + x − x + 10x − 10
2  12 3

4 (2D 2 + 2D + 3)y = x 2 + 2x − 1 x
− 
y = e 2 c1 cos
5
x + c 2 sin
5  x 2 2 x 25
x + + −
 2 2  3 9 27

5 (D 2 + D + 1)y = x 3 
−x
y = e 2 c1 cos
3
x + c 2 sin
3 
x  + x 3 − 3x 2 + 6
 2 2 

6 (D 2 + 4D + 4)y = x 2 + 2x y=−
3
(1 + 2x )e − 2x + 1 2x 2 + 3 ( )
8 8
with y(0) = 0, y′(0) = 0 .
7 (D3 − 2D + 4)y = x 4 + 3x 2 − 5x + 2 y = c1e − 2 x + e x (c 2 cos x + c 3 sin x ) +
x 4 x 3 3x 2 5x 7
4
+
3
+
2
− −
4 8

8 (D 4 + 2D3 − 3D 2 )y = x 2 + 3e 2x + 4 sin x y = c1 + c 2 x + c 3e x + c 4 e − 3x −
x2
108
( ) 3
20
2
3x 2 + 8x + 28 + e 2 x + (cos x + 2 sin x )
5

9 (D 2 + 3D + 2)y = e −x + x 2 + cos x y = c1e x +c 2 e− 2x − e− x +

2x 2 − 6x + 7 1
4
+ (cos x + 3 sin x )
10

10 (D + 1)2 y = e − x + x 2 1 x2 −x
−x
y = (c1x + c 2 )e + e + x 2 − 4x + 6
2 2
11 (D3 − D 2 − 6D)y = 1 + x 2 1  23x x 2 x 3 
y = c1 + c 2 e − 2 x + c 3e 3x − 
6  18
−
6
+
3 

12 (D3 − D)y = 2x + 1 + 4 cos x + 2e x y = c1 + c 2 e x + c 3 e − x + xe x − x 2 + x − 2 sin x ( )

Solve the following differential equations: Exponential shift:

Q.No. Differential Equation Answer
1 (D 2 − 4D + 3)y = 2xe3x + 3e x cos 2x y = c1e x + c 2 e 3x +
e 3x 2
(
x −x −
3e x
)
(cos 2x + sin 2x )
2 8

2 (D 2 + 5D + 6)y = e −2x (sec 2 x )(1 + 2 tan x ) y = c1e −2 x + c 2 e −3x + e −2 x tan x

3 (D 2 + 4)y = e x sin 2 x y = c1 cos 2 x + c 2 sin 2 x +
ex 1 1 
− (4 sin 2 x + cos 2 x )
2  5 17 
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 49
Integral

4 (D 2 + 4D + 3)y = e −x sin x + x y = c1e x + c 2e −3x +

1 x 2
16
(
e 2x − x −
1
27
) (
9 x 3 + 18x 2 + 42 x + 40 )
5 (D 4 − 1)y = cos x. cosh x 1
y = c1e x + c 2e − x + c3 cos x + c 4 sin x − cos x.cosh x
5

6 (D 2 − 4D + 4)y = e 2x cos 2 x  x2 1
y = (c1x + c 2 )e 2 x + e 2 x 

− cos 2x 
 4 8 
 
7 (D 2 + 4D + 5)y = e −2x (1 + cos x )  x 
y = e − 2 x  c1 cos x + c 2 sin x + 1 + sin x 
 2 
8 (D 2 − 6D + 13)y = 8e3x sin 2x y = e 3x (c1 cos 2x + c 2 sin 2x − 2x cos 2x )
9 (D 2 − 4)y = x sinh x y = c1e 2 x + c 2 e − 2 x −
x 2
sinh x − cosh x
2 9
10 (D3 − 2D + 4)y = e x sin x y = c1e − 2 x + (c 2 cos x + c 3 sin x )e x + (3 sin x + cos x )
xe x
20

11 (D 2 − 2D + 1)y = x 2 e3x y = (c1x + c 2 )e x + 2x 2 − 4x + 3 (

3x
)e8

Solve the following differential equations, when F(x ) = xV(X ) :

Q.No. Differential Equation Answer
1 (D 2 + 3D + 2)y = x sin 2x y = c1e − x + c 2 e − 2 x −
(30x − 7 ) cos 2x − (5x − 12) sin 2x
200 100

2 (D 2 + 2D + 1)y = x cos x y = (c1x + c 2 )e − x +

x 1
sin x + (cos x − sin x )
2 2
3 (D 2 − 1)y = x 2 sin 3x y = c1 e x + c 2 e − x −
x2
10
3x
sin 3x − cos 3x +
25
13
250
sin 3x

4 (D3 − 3D 2 − 6D + 8)y = xe −3x y = c1e x + c 2 e 4 x + c 3e − 2 x −

e −3x
(28x + 39)
784
5 (D 2 − 1)y = x sin x + e x (1 + x 2 ) y = c1e x + c 2 e − x −
1
2
(x sin x + cos x ) + e
2
x  x 3 x 2 3x 3 

 3
−
2
+ − 
2 4 


6 (D 2 + 4)y = x sin 2 x y = c1 cos 2 x + c 2 sin 2x +

x x cos 2x + 2 x 2 sin 2x
8
−
32

7 (D 2 + 1)y = x 2e 2x + x cos x y = (c1 cos x + c2 sin x ) +

e 2x
5
 2 8 22   x 2 1  x
 x − 5 x + 5  +  4 − 8  sin x + 4 cos x
   
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 50
Integral

8 (D 4 − 2D3 − 3D 2 + 4D + 4)y = x 2 e x y = (c1 x + c 2 )e − x + (c 3 x + c 4 )e 2 x +

ex  2 3
 x − 2x − 
4  2

9 (D 2 − 5D + 6)y = xe 4x y = c1e 2 x + c 2 e 3x + e 4 x
(2x − 3)
4
10 (D 2 + a 2 )y = sec ax y = c1 cos ax + c 2 sin ax +
x
a
sin ax +
1
a2
cos ax. log (cos ax )

Some More Home Assignments

d3y
Q.No.1.: Solve the following differential equation: + y = 3 + 5e x .
3
dx
1
x 3 3  5 x
−x
Ans.: y = c1e + e 2 c 
 2 cos 2 x + c 3 sin 2 x  + 3 + 2 e .
 

d2y
Q.No.2.: Solve the following differential equation:
dx 2
(
− 4y = 1 + e x )2 .
1 2 x 1 2x
Ans.: y = c1e 2 x + c 2 e − 2 x − − e + xe .
4 3 4

d2y dy
Q.No.3.: Solve the following differential equation: −2 + 5y = sin 3x .
dx 2 dx
1
Ans.: y = e x (c1 cos 2 x + c 2 sin 2 x ) + (3 cos 3x − 2 sin 3x ) .
26

d3y d2y dy
Q.No.4.: Solve the following differential equation: + + + y = sin 2x .
dx 3 dx 2 dx
1
Ans.: y = c1e − x + c 2 cos x + c 3 sin x + (2 cos 2x − sin 2x ) .
15

d3y x
Q.No.5.: Solve the following differential equation: + y = sin 3x − cos 2 .
3 2
dx
Ans.:
1
x 3 3  1
y = c1e −x
+ e 2 c
 2 cos x + c 3 sin x  + (sin 3x + 27 cos 3x ) − 1 − 1 (cos x − sin x )
 2 2  730 2 4
(
Q.No.6.: Solve the following differential equation: D 2 − 3D + 2 y = 6e −3x + sin 2x . )
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 51
Integral

3 − 3x 1
Ans.: y = c1e x + c 2 e 2 x + e + (3 cos 2 x − sin 2 x ) .
10 20

d2y
Q.No.7.: Solve the following differential equation: + 4 y = e x + sin 2 x .
2
dx
1 x
Ans.: y = c1 cos 2 x + c 2 sin 2 x + e x − cos 2 x .
5 4

d3y d2y dy
Q.No.8.: Solve the following differential equation: −2 +4 = e 2 x + sin 2x .
3 2 dx
dx dx

(
Ans.: y = c1 + e x c 2 cos 3x + c 3 sin 3x + ) 18 (e 2x + sin 2x ).
d3y d2y dy
Q.No.9.: Solve the following differential equation: − −6 = 1+ x2.
dx 3 dx 2 dx

3x − 2x 1  3 x 2 25 
Ans.: y = c1 + c 2 e + c3e − x − + x .
18  2 6 

d2y dy
Q.No.10.: Solve the following differential equation: + = x 2 + 2x + 4 .
2 dx
dx

x3
Ans.: y = c1 + c 2 e − x + + 4x .
3

d2y
Q.No.11.: Solve the following differential equation: + y = e 2 x + cosh 2x + x 2 .
2
dx
1 1
Ans.: y = c1 cos x + c 2 sin x + e 2 x + cosh 2 x + x 3 − 6 x .
5 5

(
Q.No.12.: Solve the following differential equation: D 2 − 3D + 2 y = 2e x cos ) x
2
.

8  x x
Ans.: y = c1e x + c 2 e 2 x − e x  2 sin + cos  .
5  2 2

d2y dy
Q.No.13.: Solve the following differential equation: −3 + 2 y = xe 3x + sin 2x .
2 dx
dx
1 1
Ans.: y = c1e x + c 2 e 2 x + e 3x (2 x − 3) + (3 cos 2 x − sin 2 x )
4 20
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 52
Integral

(
Q.No.14.: Solve the following differential equation: D 2 − 2D y = e x sin x . )
1
Ans.: y = c1 + c 2 e 2 x − e x sin x .
2

( )
Q.No.15.: Solve the following differential equation: D 2 + 4D + 8 y = 12e −2 x sin x sin 3x .
1
Ans.: y = e − 2 x (c1 cos 2 x + c 2 sin 2 x ) + e − 2 x (3x sin 2 x + cos 4 x )
2
x
Q.No.16.: Solve the following differential equation: (D − 1)2 (D + 1)2 y = sin 2 + ex + x .
2

x −x 1 1 x2 x
Ans.: y = (c1 + c 2 x )e + (c 3 + c 4 x )e + − cos x + e +x.
2 8 8

d2y
Q.No.17.: Solve the following differential equation: + 4 y = 4 tan 2x .
dx 2
Ans.: y = c1 cos 2 x + c 2 sin 2 x − cos 2x log(sec 2x + tan 2x ) .

d2y
Q.No.18.: Solve the following differential equation: − 4 y = cosh (2x − 1) + 3 x .
2
dx

2x − 2x x 3x
Ans.: y = c1e + c 2e + sinh (2 x − 1) + .
4 (log 3)3 − 4
d2y
Q.No.19.: Solve the following differential equation: + 4 y = x 2 + cos 2x .
2
dx
1 2 1 1
Ans.: y = c1 cos 2 x + c 2 sin 2 x + x − − x cos 2 x .
4 8 4

( )
Q.No.20.: Solve the following differential equation: D 2 + 4D + 3 y = e − x sin x + xe 3x .

ex 3x
Ans.: y = c1e − x + c 2 e − 3x − (sin x + 2 cos x ) + e  x − 5  .
5 24  12 

3rd Topic
Linear Differential Equations: Definition of Inverse operator, Rules for finding the the Particular 53
Integral

Linear Differential Equations

Methods of Variation of Parameters
and
undetermined coefficients

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