Renewable Energy: Generation and Application - ICREGA’24 Materials Research Forum LLC

Materials Research Proceedings 43 (2024) 96-103 https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903216-13

Application of artificial intelligence (AI) in

wind energy system with a case study
Fay ALZAHRANI1,a, Feroz SHAIK1,b*, Nayeemuddin MOHAMMED 2,c,
Nasser Abdullah Shinoon AL-NA’ABI3,d
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar,
1

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

2
Department of Civil Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Technology and Applied Sciences,
3

Sultanate of Oman
202000892@pmu.edu.saa; fshaik@pmu.edu.sab, mnayeemuddin@pmu.edu.sac;
nasser.alnaabi@utas.edu.omd

Keywords: Wind Energy, Artificial Intelligence, Wind Turbine, Windmill, Genetic

Algorithm, Wind Speed, Current Output

Abstract. Renewable energy is the fastest growing source of clean energy worldwide. The
employment of wind energy is expected to increase dramatically over the next few years. There is
a good source of wind power on the highways due to the movement of vehicles. A small windmill
could utilize the wind power generated by passing vehicles and produce electricity that can power
the lights on the highway. This paper presents the application of artificial intelligence to predict
the current output from a small windmill placed on the highway. The results show a good
concurrence between the experimental and predicted values.
Introduction
The main energy source is from fossil fuels, which is extensively used to meet the demand. The
usage of fossil fuels directly harms the clean environment and also leads to global warming. Fossil
fuels are non-renewable and get depleting, which makes people to focus on renewable energy
sources. All over the world harnessing of solar and wind as a sustainable source of energy gained
popularity to curtail the heavy dependency on fossil fuels and also to counter the global warming.
When wind energy is used to produce electricity, less pollution from conventional power plants
will be released into the environment. The need of concentrating on renewable energy resources
has increased, particularly in the wake of the Gulf of Mexico oil leak and the Japanese nuclear
accident. The installed wind energy capacity reached 196,630 MW globally in 2010, with 37,642
MW added in that year, according to the World Energy Association's report on wind energy for
2010. Enhancing wind farm design and layout; boosting wind turbine accessibility, dependability,
and efficiency; streamlining the upkeep, assembly, and installation of offshore and onshore
turbines and their substructures; showcasing massive wind turbine prototypes and expansive,
interconnected wind farms, etc. are the main research areas that should be prioritized in the wind
energy industry [1]. The first wind-powered generator was invented by Charles F. Brush, an
electrical pioneer from America, and it produced energy in his backyard. He built a windmill that
was 40 tons in weight and stood 60 feet tall. The actual wind mill measured 56 feet in diameter.
The wind mill had a total of 144 separate blades. 500 revolutions per minute was the turbine's peak
rotational speed. Everything in his basement was wired up to 408 batteries. With this technology,
he was able to power his entire house, including the lab. Up until 1909, his wind mill operated for
20 years [2].

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Materials Research Proceedings 43 (2024) 96-103 https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903216-13

The wind turbine's size is determined by its intended use. Typically, tiny turbines have a power
output between 20 and 100 kW. The 20- to 500-watt "micro" turbines are smaller and have a wider
range of uses, including the charging of sailboat and recreational vehicle batteries. Water pumping
is one use for turbines ranging from one to ten kW. Grain mills and water pumps have been
powered by wind for millennia. While mechanical windmills remain a cost-effective and practical
choice for water pumping in wind-free regions, farmers and ranchers are discovering that wind-
electric pumping offers greater versatility and doubles the volume of water pumped for the same
initial outlay. Furthermore, mechanical windmills have to be positioned straight above the well,
which could not maximize the wind resources that are available. Electric cables can be used to link
wind-electric pumping systems to the pump motor, which can be installed where the best wind
resource is available. Depending on how much power you wish to create, household turbines can
range in size from 400 watts to 100 kW (100 kW for extremely big loads). An average household
consumes around 10,000 kWh (kilowatt-hours) of power year, or 830 kWh each month. To
significantly meet this requirement, a wind turbine with a rating of between 5 and 15 kW would
be needed, depending on the typical wind speed in the region. If the average yearly wind speed in
the area is 14 miles per hour (6.26 meters per second), a 1.5 kW wind turbine can supply the energy
needed for a house that uses 300 kWh per month. Automatic overspeed-governing mechanisms
are included in most turbines, which prevent the rotor from spinning uncontrollably in extremely
strong winds [3].
Harrous and Ahshan [4], [5] developed a hybrid solar/wind system for his home. The hybrid
system consists of Bergey XL-1, a 1000-watt wind generator mounted on a tower 104 feet tall
along with 300 watts of solar, which is a stand-alone system with batteries. The battery bank is a
220-amp system made up of eight 6-volt batteries wired as a 24-volt system. The system runs
incandescent lights and a well pump at the barn, as well as water through heaters. The cost of the
complete system was around $ 10,000 including equipment, trenching for wires, building permit,
etc. For wind energy uses, there must be open space or accessible coastlines for wind energy plants.
Saudi Arabia is a large nation with extensive coastlines and open spaces. In the majority of these
locations, the wind speed is sufficiently high to make using wind energy cost-effective. Saudi
Arabian authorities will invest billions in this potential field of electricity since they understand
the value of renewable energy, particularly wind energy. Despite its vast oil reserves, Saudi Arabia
is very interested in actively participating in the development of new technologies for the
exploitation and use of renewable energy sources. Despite Saudi Arabia's substantial wind
resource potential, there are several obstacles to its development. These comprise the resource's
erratic nature, its seasonal and diurnal fluctuations, its isolated geographic position, and the
electrical grid infrastructure required to transfer wind energy to load regions. Significant
technological obstacles must be overcome in order to fully utilize Saudi Arabia's wind potential.
The energy balance between the needed load and the generated power, as well as the matching of
the wind turbine and location with an appropriate economic position, remain a significant problem.
By matching the locations and wind turbines, the researcher created an extensive computer
program that does all the calculations and optimization needed to precisely build the Saudi Arabian
wind energy system [6].
Eltamaly et al [7] built and examined the dynamic performance of a novel wind turbine
producing system using a thyristor inverter. The system is basically based on shaft generators,
which are highly reliable and produce high-quality power output and are frequently employed in
big ships. It was looked into if this innovative method could provide low-distortion electric power
at a steady frequency even when the natural wind's velocity fluctuated. Additionally, a dynamic
model was created, and it was discovered to have good agreement with the system's experimental
and simulated results. Zemamou et al [8] investigated the remarkable performance of savonius
wind turbines and how they might be used as an alternative to normal wind turbines to extract

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Materials Research Proceedings 43 (2024) 96-103 https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903216-13

valuable energy from air streams. Some benefits of employing this kind of machine include its
straightforward design, high starting and full operation moment, ability to receive wind from any
direction, minimal noise and angular velocity when operating, and reduced wear on moving
components. There have been many suggested modifications for this gadget over time. Another
benefit of employing such a machine is the range of possible rotor designs. The performance of a
Savonius rotor is impacted by each configuration. The performance of a Savonius rotor is
influenced by air flow, geometric, and operational factors. For the majority of settings, the quoted
range for the highest averaged power coefficient is between 0.05 and 0.30. The usage of stators
has also been shown to result in performance increases of up to 50% for the tip speed ratio of the
highest averaged power coefficient.
Renewable energy technologies affect how household power demands are met. Since most of
the energy produced by fossil fuels is used in buildings and their unchecked use is linked to
environmental risks, global warming, and the possibility of their depletion, it will be advantageous
to replace the conventional energy generation system with renewable energy sources [9].
Globally, there is a growing need to transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. The
main causes of this transformation are the lack of fossil fuels and their detrimental consequences
on the environment, particularly the climate. As a result, interest in renewable energy sources such
as solar, wind, and wave energy is growing around the world [10]. Converters for multiphase
generators, back-to-back linked converters, passive generator-side converters, and converters
without an intermediary dc-link for high-power wind energy conversion systems (WECS) are all
included in the low and medium voltage category. The series/parallel connection of wind turbine
ac/dc output terminals and high voltage ac/dc gearbox are taken into consideration while
evaluating the onshore and offshore wind farm layouts [11].
Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Wind Energy Systems
The majority of wind farms are situated in isolated areas or several miles offshore, thus it is vital
to monitor their mechanical parts for maintenance in order to keep them from breaking down
mechanically and perhaps cutting themselves off from the electricity grid [12]. Machine learning
algorithms, particularly artificial neural network ANNs, are commonly used to process gathered
data. The ANN's structure is inspired by real neurons, with basic processing units coupled by
weighted linkages. It contains three major layers: input, concealed, and output. Furthermore, the
number of hidden layers may be increased to construct the deep neural network (DNN) architecture
[13]. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN), Adaptive
Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), and Genetic Algorithm (GA) are some of the most often
used and proven AI approaches. The level of technology today and potentially uses tried-and-true
methods to create AI-powered renewable energy systems, particularly solar energy systems. To
ascertain the state and progress of AI approaches in the field of renewable energy systems (RES),
particularly solar power systems, a number of peer-reviewed journal publications were analyzed
[14].
The physical methods forecast wind energy using meteorological data, such as topography,
atmospheric pressure, and ambient temperature; the hybrid methods combine the advantages of
multiple single forecasting models to obtain the final prediction results through various weighting
strategies; and the intelligent methods process and optimize the integration of external and internal
big data to estimate future wind energy. The statistical approaches anticipate wind energy time
series by an assessment of the probability distribution and random process of the samples. Since
intelligent approaches and AI-based hybrid methods are more efficient at analyzing the complex
connections present in huge data sets, they are essential for increasing energy efficiency,
decreasing energy usage, and allowing real-time decision-making in the wind energy business.
[15].

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Materials Research Proceedings 43 (2024) 96-103 https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903216-13

Case Study
A small wind mill was fabricated using wind turbine mounted inside the tube, generator and a
battery pack. The fabricated tubular wind mill was flexible and can withstand turbulence. The
turbine inside the tube rotates in the direction of wind turbulence. Standard generator system was
used which can deliver a power output of 1 kW along with a maintenance free battery pack, inverter
and charge controller. Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the wind mill. Experimental data
was recorded by keeping the wind mill on road side platform based on vehicular movements for 7
days. Duration of data recording on each day varies from 30 to 180 min.

Fig 1. Schematic Diagram of Wind Mill

Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) use genetic algorithms that make use of adaptive heuristic
search methods. A genetic algorithm is a better method for achieving the global optimum's
convergence. Chromosome initialization is the first step in the genetic algorithm's operation, after
which fitness is assessed using an objective function [16]. Chromosomes are genetically
propagated by first selecting the most fit individuals and then using operators such as crossover
and mutation. A multi-objective solution from the optimization toolkit and a genetic algorithm
were used to optimize the process output variable models [17]. Ten neurons or nodes made up the
hidden layer, the output current serving as the dependent output neuron, and time and wind speed
serving as independent input variables were used to create the ANN network model [18]. Ten
neurons made up the hidden layer of the neural network, which was trained until the mean squared
error between the target and model output was as little as possible. The comparison between the
goal values of the present output and the output values of the ANN network model is displayed in
Figure 2 [19]. A high correlation coefficient value across training, validation, testing, and overall
comparison shows that the model can accurately forecast the wind mill's current production value.
The comparison output variables between the experimental investigations and the ANN-GA
projected values are displayed in Table 1 [20], [21].

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Materials Research Proceedings 43 (2024) 96-103 https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903216-13

Fig 2. ANN network model output values and the target values of the current output

Table 1. Experimental data and ANN-GA (Genetic Algorithm) Predicted Data

Current [Amp]
Current [Amp] (Predicted
Time Wind Speed [m/s] (Experimental) from ANN)
30 6.44 460 459.562
60 6.58 470 469.965
90 6.86 490 487.948
120 6.72 480 475.955
150 6.58 470 470.052
180 6.78 485 485.718
30 6.3 450 450.116
60 6.37 455 455.799
90 6.52 466 466.029
120 6.47 462 463.786
150 6.44 460 460.033
180 6.59 471 471.153
30 6.88 492 489.558
60 6.83 488 487.069
90 6.59 471 468.879
120 6.56 469 466.526

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150 6.32 452 452.211

180 6.28 449 448.877
30 6.44 460 459.562
60 6.02 430 431.558
90 6.04 432 430.039
120 6.09 435 433.239
150 6.13 438 437.854
180 6.18 442 447.680
30 6.38 456 455.237
60 6.37 455 455.799
90 6.55 468 467.877
120 6.58 470 468.046
150 6.65 475 474.828
180 6.74 482 481.832
30 6.37 455 454.937
60 6.16 440 458.332
90 6.21 444 440.683
120 6.02 430 432.400
150 6.44 460 460.033
180 6.02 430 442.955
30 6.3 450 450.116
60 6.37 455 455.799
90 6.52 466 466.029
120 6.46 462 462.543
150 6.44 460 460.033
180 6.59 471 471.153

Results and Discussion

The simple design of rotor blades enhanced the wind velocity and thereby generate high currents.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods, including machine learning and neural networks, have been
used successfully to improve wind turbine performance and efficiency. The implementation of AI
in wind energy systems has shown promising outcomes, as demonstrated by the case study done
in this paper. The case study entailed gathering real-time data from a wind turbine and using AI
models to forecast wind speed and direction, optimize turbine performance, and boost energy
output. It was shown by the results that artificial intelligence (AI) may greatly raise the overall
efficiency of wind energy systems, which will raise output and lower operating expenses.
Additionally, by offering more precise forecasts and enhanced grid stability, AI can help with the
better integration of wind energy into the system. In summary, this study shows how artificial

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intelligence (AI) has the power to completely transform the wind energy industry, making it more
dependable, effective, and sustainable.
Conclusions
A small fabricated windmill was used to measure the current out on a highway during vehicle
movement. The experimental data for seven days at an interval of 30 min. The obtained data was
used in Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm and training and testing. The ANN predicted
values were found to be in good concurrence with the experimental data.
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