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Class 12 Nuclei- Part 1-1

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21 views

Class 12 Nuclei- Part 1-1

Uploaded by

lakshmiktr15
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 5

CHAPTER 5- NUCLEUS

• The unit in which atomic and nuclear masses are measured is called atomic mass
unit (amu).
• One amu is defined as 1/12th of the mass of an atom of isotope.
Avogadro’s number = 6.023 × 10 ∴ Mass of 6.023 × 10 atoms of C12 = 12 g
23 23

• Atomic masses can be measured using a mass spectrometer.


• The different types of atoms of the same element which have similar chemical
properties but different masses are called isotopes.

Average Atomic Mass Calculations:

Average atomic mass is obtained by the weighted average of the masses of different
isotopes.

Atomic Mass [(mass of isotope1) (%abundance) ]+ [(mass of isotope2) (%abundance)] + [….]


== 100
Neutrons:
• The masses of the nuclei of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium are in the ratio of
1:2:3. Therefore, the nuclei of deuterium and tritium must contain some neutral
matter in addition to the proton.
• In 1932 by James Chadwick ,who observed emission of neutral radiation when
beryllium nuclei were bombarded with alpha-particles it was found that this neutral
radiation could knock out protons from light nuclei such as those of helium, carbon
and nitrogen. The only neutral radiation known at that time was photons
(electromagnetic radiation). Application of the principles of conservation of energy
and momentum showed that if the neutral radiation consisted of photons, the energy
of photons would have to be much higher than is available from the bombardment
of beryllium nuclei with a-particles.
• Assume that the neutral radiation consists of a new type of neutral particles called
neutrons. From conservation of energy and momentum, he was able to determine
the mass of new particle ‘as very nearly the same as mass of proton’.
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• A free neutron, unlike a free proton, is unstable. It decays into a proton, an electron
and a antineutrino (another elementary particle), and has a mean life of about 1000s.
It is, however, stable inside the nucleus.

Nucleus:
• The nucleus has the positive charge possessed by the protons. For an atom of atomic
number Z, the total charge on an atomic electron is (−Ze), while the charge of the
nucleus is (+ Ze).
• The composition of a nucleus is described using the followings terms and symbols:
Z = atomic number = number of protons, N = neutron number = number of
neutrons
A = mass number = Z + N = total number of protons and neutrons
• Nuclear species can be shown by the notation , where X is the chemical symbol
of the species.

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Isotopes:

• They are the atoms of an element whose nuclei have the same number of protons,
but different numbers of neutrons.

• They have the same atomic numbers, but have different mass numbers.
• They have identical chemical properties and are placed in same location in the
periodic table.

Isotones:
• The nuclei with the same number of neutrons N, (A - Z) ,but different atomic
number are called isotones.
198
• The nuclei Hg80 and 197Au79 are isotones. They do not have identical chemical
properties and are placed in different locations in the periodic table.

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Isobars:

• They are the atoms of different elements with the same mass number, but with
different atomic numbers.

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Size of Nucleus:

• It was found experimentally that the volume of a nucleus is proportional to its mass
number (A).
Let R → Radius of the nucleus , Volume = 4πR3/3

Where, R0 is a constant = 1.2 × 10−15 m ( 1.2fermi) is the range of nuclear force

• The density of nuclei of all the atoms is same as it is independent of mass


number. The density of nuclear matter is approximately 2.3 × 1017 kg m–3.

Mass – Energy Equivalence

Einstein showed from his theory of special relativity that it is necessary to treat mass as
another form of energy.
Einstein gave the famous mass-energy equivalence relation E = m c2.
Here the energy equivalent of mass m is related by the above equation and c is the velocity
of light in vacuum and is approximately equal to 3×108 m s–1.

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