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Math05 Co5.1 Sy2223

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11 views21 pages

Math05 Co5.1 Sy2223

Uploaded by

Chance Raphael
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Basic Calculus

Integration
INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
Objectives
• At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:
• know the relationship between differentiation
• and integration;
• identify and explain the different parts of the
• integral operation; and
• perform basic integration by applying the power
• formula and the properties of the indefinite
• integrals.
Basic Integration Processes
• Chain Rule of Integration (u-substitution)
• Integration Yielding Logarithmic Functions
• Integration of Exponential Functions
• Integration of Trigonometric Functions
• Integration Yielding Inverse Trigonometric Functions
DEFINITION: ANTIDERIVATIVE (INTEGRAL)
-The function F(x) is said to be the integral(antiderivative) (in particular, the
indefinite integral) of the function f(x), if the derivative of F(x) is the function f(x) or
the differential of F(x) is f(x)dx.

-The process of finding all solutions (the general antiderivative of f ) is called


antidifferentiation (or integration) and is denoted by the integral sign ‫׬‬.
𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦,

න𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
න𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙

න−𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛


𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑖𝑠 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐶 − 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Properties of Indefinite Integral and Basic
Integration Formula:
i.  dx = x + C
ii.  cf ( x)dx = c  f ( x)dx = cF ( x) + C
iii.  [ f ( x)  f
1 2 ( x)  ....  f n ( x)]dx =  f1 ( x)dx   f 2 ( x)dx  ...   f 3 ( x)dx
n +1
x
iv.  x n dx = + C ; n  −1
n +1
Example:
1. ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬+ 2 𝑑𝑥
• = ‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ׬‬+ ‫ ׬‬2𝑑𝑥 Use property 3

• = ‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ׬‬+ 2 ‫𝑥𝑑 ׬‬ Use property 2


𝑥2
• = 2
+ 2𝑥 + 𝐶 Use property 4 and 1
Example:
2. ‫ ׬‬3𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

• = ‫ ׬‬3𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ‫ ׬‬5𝑥 2𝑑𝑥 + ‫𝑥𝑑𝑥 ׬‬ Use property 3

• = 3 ‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ׬‬− 5 ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2𝑑𝑥 + ‫𝑥𝑑𝑥 ׬‬ Use property 2


3𝑥2 5𝑥3 𝑥2
• = 2
− 3 + 2 +𝐶 Use property 4
Example:
𝑑𝑧
3. ‫׬‬
𝑧5

• = ‫ 𝑧 ׬‬−5𝑑𝑧 Property of exponent


𝑧 −4
• = +𝐶 Use property 4
−4
Example:
𝑚 2
4. ‫׬‬ 𝑚− + 𝑑𝑚
2 𝑚
1
𝑚 2
• =‫ 𝑚 ׬‬− 2 + 1 𝑑𝑚 Rewrite the radical in rational exponent
2 𝑚2
1 1
𝑚 −
• = ‫𝑚׬‬ 2 − + 2𝑚 2 𝑑𝑚 Law of exponent
2
1 1
𝑚 −
• = ‫𝑚׬‬ 2 𝑑𝑚 − ‫𝑚𝑑 ׬‬ + ‫ ׬‬2𝑚 2 𝑑𝑚 Use property 3
2
1 1
1 −
• = ‫𝑚׬‬ 2 𝑑𝑚 − ‫ 𝑚𝑑𝑚 ׬‬+ 2 ‫ 𝑚 ׬‬2 𝑑𝑚 Use property 2
2
3 1
𝑚2 1 𝑚2 𝑚2
• = 3 − +2 1 +𝐶 Use property 4
2 2
2 2
3
1
2𝑚2 𝑚2
• = − + 4𝑚2 +𝐶 Simplify
3 4
Example:
1
5. ‫ ׬‬2𝑥 3 − 1 ( + 5)𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
1
• = ‫ ׬‬2𝑥 + 10𝑥 3 − 𝑥2 − 5 𝑑𝑥 Multiply the binomial

• = ‫ ׬‬2𝑥 + 10𝑥 3 − 𝑥 −2 − 5 𝑑𝑥 Propety of exponent

• = ‫ ׬‬2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ‫ ׬‬10𝑥 3𝑑𝑥 − ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬−2𝑑𝑥 − ‫ ׬‬5𝑑𝑥 Use property 3

• = 2 ‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ׬‬+ 10 ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬3𝑑𝑥 − ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬−2𝑑𝑥 − 5 ‫ 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬Use property 2


𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥−1
• =2 2
+ 10 4
− −1
− 5𝑥 + 𝐶 Use property 4 and 1
Generalized Power Formula (U-Substitution)
Integration by substitution is a technique use to transform complicated integration problems into simpler ones. It can be
motivated by examining the chain rule from the viewpoint of antidifferentiation.

The role of substitution in integration is comparable to the role of the Chain Rule in differentiation. Recall that for differentiable
functions given by 𝑦 = 𝐹 𝑢 and 𝑢 = 𝑔 𝑥 , the Chain Rule states that
𝑑
𝐹 𝑔𝑥 = 𝐹 ′ 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

From the definition of an antiderivative, it follows that

න 𝑭′ 𝒈 𝒙 𝒈′ (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭 𝒈 𝒙 +𝑪

Since F is an antiderivative of f, then

න 𝒇 𝒈 𝒙 𝒈′ (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭 𝒈 𝒙 + 𝑪 (𝟏)
Generalized Power Formula (U-Substitution)
𝑑𝑢
If 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥), then = 𝑔′ 𝑥 and in the differential form 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. Thus,
𝑑𝑥

න 𝑓 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐹 𝑢 + 𝐶 (2)

The process of evaluating an integral of the form (1) by converting it into the form (2) with the substitution
u=g(x) and du=g’(x)dx is known as the method of u-substitution.

Therefore the generalized power formula is:


[𝑓(𝑢)]𝑛+1
න[𝑓(𝑢)]𝑛 𝑑(𝑓(𝑢)] = + 𝐶; 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
Procedure for Evaluating the Integrals by
Substitution
1.Find a portion of the integrand f(x) that is especially “prominent” in the sense that if it were replaced by a
single new variable, say u then the integrand would be noticeably simpler. The resulting equation will have the
form u=g(x).

2. Using the equation u=g(x) obtained in step 1 , find the differential, du=g’(x)dx.

3.Using the two equations u=g(x) and du=g’(x)dx obtained in steps 1 and 2, rewrite the entire integrand
including dx, in terms of u and du only.

4. Evaluate the resulting indefinite integrals in terms of u.

5. Using the equation u=g(x) of step 1, rewrite the answer obtained in step 4 in terms of the original variable
Examples:
Evaluate the integrals.
𝟒 𝟑𝒙𝒅𝒙
1. ‫ 𝒙𝟐 ׬‬+ 𝟕 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝟓 2. ‫׬‬
𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟓
4 1
2 −2
= ‫𝑢𝑑 𝑢 ׬‬5 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥2 + 7𝑥 + 3 = 3 ‫ ׬‬4𝑥 + 5 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 4𝑥 2 + 5
1
4
+1 − 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑢5 𝑑𝑢 = 3‫𝑢 ׬‬ 2 = 8𝑥
= 4 + 𝑐 = 2𝑥 + 7 8
1
𝑑𝑥
+1 𝑑𝑥 1 −
5
9
=3 8
‫𝑢 ׬‬ 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 8𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑢5 1
= 9 +𝑐 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 7 𝑑𝑥 3𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
5
= 1 +𝑐 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥
9 8 2 8
5 2
𝑥 +7𝑥+3 5 1
4
= +𝑐 𝑛= 3 2
4𝑥 +5 2 1
9 5 = 1 +𝑐 𝑛 = −2
8
2
1
3 2
4𝑥 +5 2
= +𝑐
4
‫𝜽𝒅 𝜽𝝅𝒔𝒐𝒄 𝜽𝝅𝒏𝒊𝒔 ׬ ‪3.‬‬ ‫𝒙𝒅 𝟒𝒙‪𝒙𝟑 𝒍𝒏𝟐 𝟏+‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫׬ ‪4.‬‬ ‫𝟒𝒙‪𝟏+‬‬
‫𝜃𝜋𝑛𝑖𝑠 ׬ =‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝜃𝑑 𝜃𝜋𝑠𝑜𝑐‬ ‫𝜃𝜋𝑛𝑖𝑠 = 𝑢 𝑡𝑒𝑙‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 ‪2 𝑥 3‬‬
‫𝑛𝑙 ׬ =‬ ‫‪1 + 𝑥4‬‬ ‫‪𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 1 + 𝑥 4‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫𝑢𝑑‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬ ‫‪1+𝑥4‬‬
‫𝑢׬ =‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝜃𝜋𝑠𝑜𝑐𝜋 =‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬ ‫‪4𝑥3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫𝜋‬ ‫𝜃𝑑‬ ‫=‬ ‫𝟒 ‪ 𝑢2‬׬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬
‫=‬
‫‪1+𝑥4‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪ 𝑢2‬׬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬ ‫𝜃𝑑 𝜃𝜋𝑠𝑜𝑐𝜋 = 𝑢𝑑‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 ‪4𝑥 3‬‬
‫𝜋‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫׬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑 ‪𝑢2‬‬ ‫= 𝑢𝑑‬
‫‪𝑢2‬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪1+𝑥 4‬‬
‫=‬ ‫𝑐‪3𝜋 +‬‬ ‫𝜃𝑑 𝜃𝜋𝑠𝑜𝑐 =‬ ‫‪𝑢3‬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 ‪𝑥 3‬‬
‫𝜋‬ ‫=‬ ‫𝑐‪+‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4 3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪1+𝑥4‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝜃 2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪𝑙𝑛3 1+𝑥4‬‬
‫=‬ ‫𝑐‪+‬‬ ‫=𝑛‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫𝑐‪+‬‬ ‫‪𝑛=2‬‬
‫𝜋‪3‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙𝟓𝒆‬ ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙𝒕𝒐𝒄 𝒙𝒄𝒔𝒄‬
‫׬ ‪5.‬‬ ‫𝟑‬
‫׬ ‪6.‬‬ ‫𝟑‪𝟒+𝟑𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 𝟐Τ‬‬
‫𝒙𝟓 𝒆𝟐‪𝟏+‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪ 1+‬׬ =‬ ‫‪2𝑒 5𝑥 − 3‬‬ ‫𝑥‪𝑒 5‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬ ‫‪𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 1‬‬ ‫𝑥‪+ 2𝑒 5‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐‪ 4 + 3‬׬ =‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐‬ ‫𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐‪𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 4 + 3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬
‫𝑢𝑑 ‪− 3‬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫𝑢׬ =‬ ‫𝑥‪= 2 5 𝑒 5‬‬ ‫𝑢 ׬=‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪−3‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬
‫𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐‪= −3‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪−3‬‬ ‫𝑥‪5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫׬‬ ‫𝑢‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬ ‫𝑒‪𝑑𝑢 = 10‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬ ‫=‬ ‫׬‪−3‬‬ ‫𝑢‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬ ‫𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐‪𝑑𝑢 = −3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪𝑢− 2‬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬ ‫‪𝑢3‬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬
‫=‬ ‫𝑐‪+‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥‪= 𝑒 5‬‬ ‫‪=−‬‬ ‫𝑐‪+‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 =‬
‫‪10 −2‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪−3‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪−2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫𝑥‪1+2𝑒 5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪−20‬‬
‫𝑐‪+‬‬ ‫‪𝑛 = −3‬‬ ‫𝑐 ‪= − 4 + 3𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 +‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪𝑛 = −3‬‬
‫𝒙𝒅𝟐𝒙𝒏𝒍‬ ‫𝟓‬
‫׬ ‪7.‬‬ ‫𝒙‬
‫׬ ‪8.‬‬ ‫𝒙𝟑𝒆‬ ‫‪𝟓−‬‬ ‫𝒙𝟑𝒆‬ ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝒙𝒅‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬
‫𝑢𝑑‬
‫𝑢׬ =‬ ‫= 𝑢 𝑡𝑒𝑙‬ ‫‪𝑙𝑛𝑥 2‬‬ ‫𝑢׬ =‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝑥‪𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 5 − 𝑒 3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪−3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬ ‫𝑥‪2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬
‫𝑢𝑑 𝑢 ׬ ‪= 2‬‬ ‫‪= 2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ 𝑢2‬׬ ‪−‬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬ ‫𝑥‪= −3𝑒 3‬‬
‫𝑥𝑑‬ ‫𝑥‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬
‫‪𝑢2‬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫=‬ ‫𝑐‪+‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪=−‬‬
‫‪𝑢2‬‬
‫𝑐‪+‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥‪𝑑𝑢 = −3𝑒 3‬‬
‫‪2 2‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬ ‫𝑥‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪𝑙𝑛𝑥 2‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 ‪2‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫=‬ ‫𝑐‪+‬‬ ‫𝑥 = 𝑢𝑑‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝑒‪5−‬‬ ‫𝑥‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪=−‬‬ ‫𝑐‪+‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥‪= 𝑒 3‬‬
‫𝑢𝑑‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪−3‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪𝑛=2‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝑥‬
‫‪𝑛 =1‬‬
‫𝟏‬
‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 ‪ 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 +‬׬ ‪9.‬‬ ‫𝟕‬ ‫𝟒‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫𝟏 ‪ 𝒙 𝟑𝒙 −‬׬ ‪10.‬‬ ‫𝟓‬ ‫𝒙𝒅‬
‫𝑥‪ 1+‬׬ =‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 ‪𝑥 2‬‬ ‫𝑥 ‪𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 1 +‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ 3𝑥 − 1‬׬ =‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 ‪𝑥 4 𝑥 3‬‬ ‫‪𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 3𝑥 4 − 1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫𝑢׬=‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪𝑢−1‬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬ ‫‪𝑥 =𝑢−1‬‬ ‫‪𝑢+1‬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫𝑢׬ =‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪3𝑥 4 = 𝑢 + 1‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫𝑢׬ =‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑 ‪𝑢2 − 2𝑢 + 1‬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑 = 𝑥𝑑‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪𝑢+1‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪ 𝑢5‬׬ =‬ ‫𝑢𝑑 ‪𝑢 + 1‬‬ ‫= ‪𝑥4‬‬
‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫𝑢 ‪ 𝑢 − 2𝑢 +‬׬ =‬‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪ 𝑢 5‬׬ ‪= 36‬‬ ‫‪𝑑𝑢 +‬‬ ‫‪ 𝑢5‬׬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬ ‫= ‪4𝑥 3‬‬
‫‪36‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‪3‬‬
‫𝑢𝑑 𝑢 ׬ ‪ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 +‬׬ ‪ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 − 2‬׬ =‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪𝑢5‬‬ ‫‪𝑢5‬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬
‫‪𝑢2‬‬ ‫‪2𝑢2‬‬ ‫‪𝑢2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫𝑐‪+‬‬ ‫= 𝑥𝑑‪𝑥 3‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫𝑐‪+‬‬ ‫‪36 5‬‬ ‫‪36 5‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪3𝑥 −1 5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪3𝑥 −1 5‬‬
‫‪2𝑢2‬‬ ‫‪4𝑢2‬‬ ‫‪2𝑢2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪396‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪216‬‬ ‫𝑐‪+‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫𝑐‪+‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫𝑥‪2 1+‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝑥‪4 1+‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝑥‪2 1+‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪3𝑥 −1 5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪3𝑥 −1 5‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫𝑐‪+‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫𝑐‪+‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪396‬‬ ‫‪216‬‬
References:
• Howard Anton, Iri C. Bivens and Stephen Davis, Calculus Early
Transcendentals, 9th edition
• Salas, Hille and Etgen, Calculus One and Several Variables, 10th edition
• Clyde E. Love and Earl D. Rainville, Differential and Integral Calculus,
6th edition

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