Math05 Co5.1 Sy2223
Math05 Co5.1 Sy2223
Integration
INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
Objectives
• At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:
• know the relationship between differentiation
• and integration;
• identify and explain the different parts of the
• integral operation; and
• perform basic integration by applying the power
• formula and the properties of the indefinite
• integrals.
Basic Integration Processes
• Chain Rule of Integration (u-substitution)
• Integration Yielding Logarithmic Functions
• Integration of Exponential Functions
• Integration of Trigonometric Functions
• Integration Yielding Inverse Trigonometric Functions
DEFINITION: ANTIDERIVATIVE (INTEGRAL)
-The function F(x) is said to be the integral(antiderivative) (in particular, the
indefinite integral) of the function f(x), if the derivative of F(x) is the function f(x) or
the differential of F(x) is f(x)dx.
න𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
න𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙
The role of substitution in integration is comparable to the role of the Chain Rule in differentiation. Recall that for differentiable
functions given by 𝑦 = 𝐹 𝑢 and 𝑢 = 𝑔 𝑥 , the Chain Rule states that
𝑑
𝐹 𝑔𝑥 = 𝐹 ′ 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
න 𝑭′ 𝒈 𝒙 𝒈′ (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭 𝒈 𝒙 +𝑪
න 𝒇 𝒈 𝒙 𝒈′ (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭 𝒈 𝒙 + 𝑪 (𝟏)
Generalized Power Formula (U-Substitution)
𝑑𝑢
If 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥), then = 𝑔′ 𝑥 and in the differential form 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. Thus,
𝑑𝑥
න 𝑓 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐹 𝑢 + 𝐶 (2)
The process of evaluating an integral of the form (1) by converting it into the form (2) with the substitution
u=g(x) and du=g’(x)dx is known as the method of u-substitution.
2. Using the equation u=g(x) obtained in step 1 , find the differential, du=g’(x)dx.
3.Using the two equations u=g(x) and du=g’(x)dx obtained in steps 1 and 2, rewrite the entire integrand
including dx, in terms of u and du only.
5. Using the equation u=g(x) of step 1, rewrite the answer obtained in step 4 in terms of the original variable
Examples:
Evaluate the integrals.
𝟒 𝟑𝒙𝒅𝒙
1. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝟓 2.
𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟓
4 1
2 −2
= 𝑢𝑑 𝑢 5 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥2 + 7𝑥 + 3 = 3 4𝑥 + 5 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 4𝑥 2 + 5
1
4
+1 − 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑢5 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑢 2 = 8𝑥
= 4 + 𝑐 = 2𝑥 + 7 8
1
𝑑𝑥
+1 𝑑𝑥 1 −
5
9
=3 8
𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 8𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑢5 1
= 9 +𝑐 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 7 𝑑𝑥 3𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
5
= 1 +𝑐 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥
9 8 2 8
5 2
𝑥 +7𝑥+3 5 1
4
= +𝑐 𝑛= 3 2
4𝑥 +5 2 1
9 5 = 1 +𝑐 𝑛 = −2
8
2
1
3 2
4𝑥 +5 2
= +𝑐
4
𝜽𝒅 𝜽𝝅𝒔𝒐𝒄 𝜽𝝅𝒏𝒊𝒔 3. 𝒙𝒅 𝟒𝒙𝒙𝟑 𝒍𝒏𝟐 𝟏+
1
4. 𝟒𝒙𝟏+
𝜃𝜋𝑛𝑖𝑠 = 2 𝜃𝑑 𝜃𝜋𝑠𝑜𝑐 𝜃𝜋𝑛𝑖𝑠 = 𝑢 𝑡𝑒𝑙 𝑥𝑑 2 𝑥 3
𝑛𝑙 = 1 + 𝑥4 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 1 + 𝑥 4
1
𝑢𝑑 𝑢𝑑 1+𝑥4
𝑢 = 2 𝜃𝜋𝑠𝑜𝑐𝜋 = 𝑢𝑑 𝑢𝑑 4𝑥3
1
𝜋 𝜃𝑑 = 𝟒 𝑢2 𝑥𝑑
=
1+𝑥4
1
= 𝑢2 𝑢𝑑 𝜃𝑑 𝜃𝜋𝑠𝑜𝑐𝜋 = 𝑢𝑑 1 𝑥𝑑 4𝑥 3
𝜋
3 = 𝑢𝑑 𝑢2 = 𝑢𝑑
𝑢2 𝑢𝑑 4 1+𝑥 4
= 𝑐3𝜋 + 𝜃𝑑 𝜃𝜋𝑠𝑜𝑐 = 𝑢3 𝑢𝑑 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 3
𝜋 = 𝑐+ =
2 4 3 4 1+𝑥4
3
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝜃 2 1 𝑙𝑛3 1+𝑥4
= 𝑐+ =𝑛
2
= 𝑐+ 𝑛=2
𝜋3 12
𝒙𝒅 𝒙𝟓𝒆 𝒙𝒅 𝒙𝒕𝒐𝒄 𝒙𝒄𝒔𝒄
5. 𝟑
6. 𝟑𝟒+𝟑𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 𝟐Τ
𝒙𝟓 𝒆𝟐𝟏+ 2
−
1+ = 2𝑒 5𝑥 − 3 𝑥𝑒 5 𝑥𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 1 𝑥+ 2𝑒 5 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 + 3 = 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 4 + 3
2 𝑢𝑑 𝑢𝑑
𝑢𝑑 − 3 𝑢𝑑 −
𝑢 = 𝑥= 2 5 𝑒 5 𝑢 = 3
−3 𝑥𝑑
𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐= −3
10 𝑥𝑑
1 2
−3 𝑥5 1 −
= 10
𝑢 𝑢𝑑 𝑒𝑑𝑢 = 10 𝑥𝑑 = −3 𝑢 3 𝑢𝑑 𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑑𝑢 = −3
1
𝑢− 2 𝑢𝑑 𝑢3 𝑢𝑑
= 𝑐+ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥= 𝑒 5 =− 𝑐+ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 =
10 −2 10 1 −3
3
−2 3
𝑥1+2𝑒 5 1
2
= −20
𝑐+ 𝑛 = −3 𝑐 = − 4 + 3𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 + 3 𝑛 = −3
𝒙𝒅𝟐𝒙𝒏𝒍 𝟓
7. 𝒙
8. 𝒙𝟑𝒆 𝟓− 𝒙𝟑𝒆 𝟐 𝒙𝒅
5 𝑢𝑑
𝑢𝑑
𝑢 = = 𝑢 𝑡𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑛𝑥 2 𝑢 = 2 𝑥𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 5 − 𝑒 3
2 −3
1 𝑢𝑑 𝑥2 5 𝑢𝑑
𝑢𝑑 𝑢 = 2 = 2 =
1
𝑢2 − 𝑢𝑑 𝑥= −3𝑒 3
𝑥𝑑 𝑥 3 𝑥𝑑
𝑢2 𝑢𝑑 2 7
= 𝑐+ = =−
𝑢2
𝑐+ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑑𝑢 = −3𝑒 3
2 2 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 7
2
3
2
𝑙𝑛𝑥 2 𝑥𝑑 2 7
= 𝑐+ 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑑 2 𝑒5− 𝑥3 2 𝑢𝑑
4 =− 𝑐+ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥= 𝑒 3
𝑢𝑑 𝑥𝑑 21 −3
= 𝑛=2
5
2 𝑥
𝑛 =1
𝟏
𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 + 9. 𝟕 𝟒
1
𝟏 𝒙 𝟑𝒙 − 10. 𝟓 𝒙𝒅
𝑥 1+ = 2 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 1 + 4
1
1
3𝑥 − 1 = 5 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 4 𝑥 3 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 3𝑥 4 − 1
2 1
𝑢= 2 𝑢−1 𝑢𝑑 𝑥 =𝑢−1 𝑢+1 𝑢𝑑
1
𝑢 = 5 3𝑥 4 = 𝑢 + 1
3 12
𝑢 = 2 𝑢𝑑 𝑢2 − 2𝑢 + 1 𝑢𝑑 = 𝑥𝑑 1 1 𝑢+1
5 3 1 𝑢5 = 𝑢𝑑 𝑢 + 1 = 𝑥4
36 3
𝑢 𝑢 − 2𝑢 + =2 2 2 𝑢𝑑 1 6
1 1 𝑢𝑑
5 3 1 𝑢 5 = 36 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢5 𝑢𝑑 = 4𝑥 3
36 𝑥𝑑3
𝑢𝑑 𝑢 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 − 2 =
2 2 2 11 6
7 5 3 𝑢5 𝑢5 𝑢𝑑
𝑢2 2𝑢2 𝑢2 = 11 + 6 𝑐+ = 𝑥𝑑𝑥 3
= − + 𝑐+ 36 5 36 5 12
7 5 3
2 2 2 11 6
7 5 3 4
3𝑥 −1 5 4
3𝑥 −1 5
2𝑢2 4𝑢2 2𝑢2 = 396 + 216 𝑐+
= − + 𝑐+ 5 5
7 5 3 11 6
7 5 3 4 4
𝑥2 1+ 2 𝑥4 1+ 2 𝑥2 1+ 2 5 3𝑥 −1 5 5 3𝑥 −1 5
= − + 𝑐+ = + 𝑐+
7 5 3 396 216
References:
• Howard Anton, Iri C. Bivens and Stephen Davis, Calculus Early
Transcendentals, 9th edition
• Salas, Hille and Etgen, Calculus One and Several Variables, 10th edition
• Clyde E. Love and Earl D. Rainville, Differential and Integral Calculus,
6th edition