INTEGRATION AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Definition:
𝑑
If 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) then F(x) +C is called the antiderivative or indefinite integral of f(x) with respect to x, where C
𝑑𝑥
is an arbitrary constant known as a constant of integration. We write it symbolically as ‫ 𝑥 𝐹 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬+ 𝐶 .

Here, f(x) is called the Integrand. The integral sign ‫ 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑛𝑖 ׬‬the process of integration and the dx indicates
that the integral to be taken with respect to x.

Note : The symbol ‫ 𝑑𝑛𝑎 ׬‬dx have no meaning if written separately.

Constant of Integration
We know that the derivative of constant function is zero so the derivative of each of the function 𝑥3, 𝑥3
1
+ 2, 𝑥 3 + 3, 𝑥 3 + 𝑒𝑡𝑐. 𝑖𝑠 3𝑥 2
3
1
Hence, by the definition of integration, integration of 3𝑥 2 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 3 + 2, 𝑥 3 + 3, 𝑥 3 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
3
1
In general ‫ ׬‬3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝐶 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑒 0,2,3, 𝑒𝑡𝑐
3
𝑑
Hence, in general, if 𝐹(𝑥)) + 𝐶 = ‫𝑡 𝑥 ׬‬ℎ𝑒𝑛 ‫ 𝑥 𝐹 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬+ 𝐶,
𝑑𝑥
Where C is an arbitrary constant. The arbitrary constant C is known as the constant of integration.
 Some Standard integrals
By using basic differentiation formula, we can easily derive the following basic antiderivatives.

𝑎𝑥
8. ‫׬‬ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, 𝑎 > 0
𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑙𝑛𝑎
1. ‫= 𝑥𝑑 𝑛 𝑥 ׬‬ + 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
𝑎𝑏𝑥
9. ‫׬‬ 𝑎𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, 𝑎 > 0
(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)𝑛+1 𝑏 log 𝑎
2. ‫ 𝑥𝑎(׬‬+ 𝑏)𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑎(𝑛+1)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
10. ‫)𝑥(𝑓 ׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑓 𝑥 +𝐶
3. ‫ ׬‬1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶

1
Fundamental Rules of integration
4. ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬ = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
The rules given below are the fundamental rules of integration.
1 ln(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)
5. ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶 1. Coefficient Rule : ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬ 𝑘 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓𝑘 ׬‬
𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑎

2. Sum Rule : ‫ 𝑥 𝑓[׬‬± 𝑔 𝑥 ]𝑑𝑥 = ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬± ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑔 ׬‬

6. ‫ 𝑥 𝑒 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬+ 𝐶
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
7. ‫׬‬ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑎
Evaluate the following integrals −3
3
1 (a) ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬5 𝑑𝑥 = 2
‫׬‬ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Here, ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬5 𝑑𝑥 −3
+1
3 𝑥2
=
𝑥 5+1
+ 𝐶 ‫= 𝑥𝑑 𝑛 𝑥 ׬‬
𝑥 𝑛+1
+𝐶 = −3 +𝐶
5+1 𝑛+1 2 +1
2

𝑥6 −1
= +𝐶 3 𝑥2
6 = 2 −1 +𝐶
3 2
(b) ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 𝑥
−1
Solution : 3
=- × 2𝑥 2 +𝐶
3 2
Here , ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 𝑥
3 −3
=‫׬‬ 1 𝑑𝑥 = 1 +𝐶
2𝑥 ′ 𝑥 𝑥2
2
3
= ‫׬‬ 1 𝑑𝑥 −3
2𝑥 1+
2 = 𝑥
+ 𝐶
3
= ‫׬‬ 3 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
2
−3
3
= ‫𝑥 ׬‬ 2 𝑑𝑥
2
 1
(e)‫𝑥𝑑 ׬‬ ℎ ‫ 𝑒 ׬‬5𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥
Solution : 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∶
1
‫ ׬‬3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
‫ 𝑒 ׬‬5𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥
1 1 = ‫ 𝑒 ׬‬5𝑥 . 𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 +𝐶 [‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑥]
3 𝑥
= 𝑒 3 ‫ 𝑒 ׬‬5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
(f)‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 5𝑥
2𝑥+3 3 𝑒
= 𝑒 . 5 +𝐶
Solution :
2
‫ ׬‬2𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 5𝑥+3
= 5
+𝐶
1
= 2‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥+3

log(2𝑥+3 )
=2 +𝐶
2

= log 2𝑥 + 3 + 𝐶
2 (a) ‫ ׬‬9𝑥 2 + 2 𝑑𝑥 3 (g) ‫ 𝑒 ׬‬2𝑥 − 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 4 2𝑥 2 𝑥2
Solution : = − + 3 +𝐶
4 2
2 Solution :
‫׬‬ 9𝑥 2 + 2 𝑑𝑥 2
= 𝑥4 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝐶 ‫ 𝑒 ׬‬2𝑥 − 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
= ‫ ׬‬9𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ‫ ׬‬2𝑑𝑥
1 1 = ‫ 𝑒 ׬‬2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ‫ 𝑒 ׬‬−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 9‫׬‬ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ‫𝑥𝑑 ׬‬ (f) ‫׬‬ − 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥
𝑥 2+1 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 −3𝑥
= 9 + 2 .𝑥 + 𝐶 Solution : = − +C
2+1 2 −3
1 1
9𝑥 3 ‫׬‬ − 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 −3𝑥
= + 2𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑥3 𝑥 = + +C
3 2 3
1 1
= 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝐶 =‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 − ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 1
= + +C
2 3𝑒 3𝑥
(c) ‫׬‬ 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
= ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬−3 𝑑𝑥 − ‫𝑥𝑑 ׬‬
𝑥
Solution : 𝑥 −3+1
= − log 𝑥 + 𝐶
‫ ׬‬4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −3 + 1
𝑥 −2
=‫׬‬ 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − ‫ ׬‬2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬ = − log 𝑥 + 𝐶
−2
1
4𝑥 3+1 2𝑥 1+1 𝑥2
+1 1
= − + 1 +𝐶 = − 2 − log 𝑥 + 𝐶
3+1 1+1
2
+1 2𝑥
 3𝑥 6 + 𝑥 4 +2
3 (a) ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 3 c) ‫ 𝑥(׬‬+ 1)(3𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4
Solution : Solution :
3𝑥 6 + 𝑥 4 +2
‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 ‫ 𝑥(׬‬+ 1)(3𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4
3𝑥 6 𝑥4 2
= ‫𝑥 ׬‬4 𝑑𝑥 + ‫𝑥 ׬‬4 𝑑𝑥 + ‫𝑥 ׬‬4 𝑑𝑥 = ‫(׬‬3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
= ‫ ׬‬3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ‫ ׬‬1 𝑑𝑥 + ‫ ׬‬2𝑥 −4 𝑑𝑥 = ‫(׬‬3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2+1 𝑥 −4+1 = 3 ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ׬‬+ ‫ ׬‬1𝑑𝑥
= 3 2+1 +𝑥+ 2 −4+1 +C
𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1
= 3 2+1 + 4 1+1 +𝑥+𝐶
𝑥3 𝑥 −3
= 33 +𝑥+ 2 −3 +C 𝑥3 𝑥2
= 33 + 42 +𝑥+𝐶
3 2 3 2
=𝑥 + 𝑥 − +C = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶
3𝑥 3
3f) ‫ 𝑥𝑎 𝑒 𝑥𝑏 𝑒 ׬‬− 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4a) ‫(׬‬5𝑥 − 2)10 𝑑𝑥
Solution, Solution,
න 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ‫(׬‬5𝑥 − 2)10 𝑑𝑥
(5𝑥−2)10+1
=‫𝑥𝑏 𝑒 ׬‬+𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ‫𝑥𝑏 𝑒 ׬‬−𝑎𝑥 dx = +𝐶
5(10+1)

(𝑏+𝑎)𝑥 (𝑏−𝑎)𝑥 (5𝑥−2)11

=‫𝑒 ׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 − ‫𝑒 ׬‬ dx = +𝐶
5×11

𝑒 (𝑏+𝑎)𝑥 𝑒 (𝑏−𝑎)𝑥 [formula (5𝑥−2)11

= 𝑏+𝑎 − +C = +𝐶
𝑏−𝑎 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 55
‫= 𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑎 𝑒 ׬‬ 𝑎
+ 𝐶]
𝑒 (𝑎+𝑏)𝑥 𝑒 −(𝑎−𝑏)𝑥 Formula[
= 𝑎+𝑏 + +C (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)𝑛+1
𝑎−𝑏 "
‫ 𝑥𝑎(׬‬+ 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑛+1)
+ 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1
]
 1 𝑥+2
4 d) ‫ ׬‬3 𝑑𝑥 5 b) ‫𝑥 ׬‬−3 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥−3
Solution, Solution,
𝑥+2
1 ‫𝑥 ׬‬−3 𝑑𝑥
න3 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 − 3
𝑥−3+5
1 = ‫𝑥 ׬‬−3 𝑑𝑥
−
= න(5𝑥 − 3) 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−3 5
= ‫𝑥(׬‬−3 + 𝑥−3)𝑑𝑥
1
− +1
(5𝑥 − 3) 3
= +𝐶 = ‫ ׬‬1𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬
5
𝑑𝑥
1
5(− 3 + 1) 𝑥−3

2 5log(𝑥−3) 1 ln 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)
=𝑥+ 𝐶 + [∴ ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶]
𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑎
(5𝑥 − 3)3 1
= +𝐶 = 𝒙 + 𝟓𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙 − 𝟑) + 𝑪
2
5×3
𝟐
𝟑(𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟑
= +𝑪
𝟏𝟎
 𝑥+3
6 b) ‫(׬‬2𝑥 +𝑒 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
5 d) ‫𝑥 ׬‬+2 𝑑𝑥
Solution,
Solution,
‫(׬‬2𝑥 +𝑒 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥+3
‫𝑥 ׬‬+2 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫ 𝑒 ׬‬2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+2+1 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
= ‫𝑥 ׬‬+2 𝑑𝑥 = + 2 +𝐶
𝑙𝑜𝑔2
𝑥+2 1
= ‫𝑥[׬‬+2 + 𝑥+2]𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥
∴‫׬‬ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, 𝑎 > 0
𝑙𝑛𝑎
1
= ‫ ׬‬1𝑑𝑥 + ‫𝑥 ׬‬+2 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
න 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑎
= x + log x + 2 + C
6 d) ‫ ׬‬32+5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 7 a) ‫ 𝑥 𝑥 ׬‬+ 5 dx
Solution, Solution,
‫ ׬‬32+5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ‫ 𝑥 𝑥 ׬‬+ 5 dx
= ‫ ׬‬32 . 35𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ 𝑥(׬‬+ 5 − 5) 𝑥 + 5 dx
1 1
= 32 ‫ ׬‬35𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬+ 5 𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥 − 5 ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬+ 5 dx 2 2

= 32 ‫(׬‬35 )𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 1
= ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬+ 5 𝑑𝑥 − 5 𝑥 + 5
2 2 dx
(35 )𝑥
= 32 𝑙𝑜𝑔35 +C 3
+1
1
(𝑥+5)2 𝑥+5 2+1
32+5𝑥 = 3 −5 1 +𝐶
= +C 1( +1) 1 +1
2 2
5𝑙𝑜𝑔3
5 3
(𝑥+5)2 𝑥+5 2
= 5 −5 3 +𝐶
2
1
2
5 3
2(𝑥+5)2 10 𝑥+5 2
= − +𝐶
5 3
 1
7 d) ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥+2− 3𝑥−6 3 3
(3𝑥+2)2 (3𝑥−6)2
Solution = 3 + 3 +C
1 8×3× 8×3×
2 2
‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 3 3
3𝑥+2− 3𝑥−6
(3𝑥+2)2 (3𝑥−6)2
1 3𝑥+2+ 3𝑥−6 = + +C
4×3×3 4×3×3
=‫׬‬ ×
3𝑥+2− 3𝑥−6 3𝑥+2+ 3𝑥−6 3 3
3𝑥+2+ 3𝑥−6 (3𝑥+2)2 (3𝑥−6)2
= ‫ ( ׬‬3𝑥+2)2 −( 3𝑥−6)2 𝑑𝑥 = + +C
36 36

3𝑥+2+ 3𝑥−6 3 3
1
=‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = [ 3𝑥 + 2 2 + 3𝑥 − 6 2 ] +C
3𝑥+2−3𝑥+6 36
1 1
(3𝑥+2) +(3𝑥−6)2
2
=‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
8
1 1
(3𝑥+2)2 (3𝑥−6)2
=‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬ dx
8 8
1 1
+1 +1
(3𝑥+2)2 (3𝑥−6)2
= 1 + 1 +C
8×3( +1) 8×3( +1)
2 2
Evaluate the following indefinite integrals
1 2 𝒙𝟐
a) ‫׬‬ 𝑥+ 𝑑𝑥 Ans: 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒍𝒐𝒒𝒙 + 𝑪
𝑥
𝟑 𝟑
1 𝟏
b) ‫׬‬ Ans: [ 𝒙+𝟐 𝟐 +𝒙 ]+𝑪
𝟐
𝑥+2− 𝑥 𝟑
𝑥+2
c) ‫𝑥 ׬‬−2 𝑑𝑥 Ans: 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙 − 𝟐) + 𝑪
𝟓 𝟑
𝟒 𝟏𝟎
d) ‫(׬‬2𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥 Ans: 𝟓
(𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝟐 − 𝟑 (𝒙 + 𝟑) +𝑪
𝟐

𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 +𝑥+2 𝒙𝟐 𝟐
e) ‫𝑥( ׬‬+1)2 𝑑𝑥 Ans:
𝟐
−
𝒙+𝟏
+𝑪

𝑚𝑥+1 𝒂𝒎𝒙+𝟏
f) ‫𝑎 ׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 Ans:𝒎𝒍𝒐𝒒𝒂 +𝑪

2𝑒 4𝑥 +5𝑒 2𝑥 𝟏
g) ‫ ׬‬2𝑒 𝑥 +5𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Ans:𝟑 𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪