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Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
The cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO) is a common laboratory instrument that

provides accurate time and amplitude measurements of voltage signals over
a wide range of frequencies. The CRO is the vacuum tube and the main
function of this device is to change the signal from electrical to visual. Its
reliability, stability, and ease of operation make it suitable as a general-
purpose laboratory instrument. The heart of the CRO is a cathode-ray tube.
The function of each block of CRO is mentioned below.

Vertical Amplifier − It amplifies the input signal, which is to be displayed on
the screen of CRT.
Delay Line – If both vertical and horizontal signals arrive at the same time
to the corresponding deflection plates, then only exact waveform is obtained.
But vertical signal arrives much early compared to the horizontal signal. For
this reason, the vertical signal at the output of the vertical amplifier should be
delayed with the help of delay line. The delay time is almost equal to
200nsec.
It provides some amount of delay to the signal, which is obtained at the
output of vertical amplifier. This delayed signal is then applied to vertical
deflection plates of CRT.
Trigger Circuit − It produces a triggering signal in order to synchronize both
horizontal and vertical deflections of electron beam.
Time base Generator − An Electronic generator that generates the high
frequency saw tooth waves can be termed as a Time Base Generator. It can
also be understood as an electronic circuit which generates an output voltage
or current waveform, a portion of which varies linearly with time. The
horizontal velocity of a time base generator must be constant.
To display the variations of a signal with respect to time on an oscilloscope,
a voltage that varies linearly with time, has to be applied to the deflection
plates. This makes the signal to sweep the beam horizontally across the
screen. Hence the voltage is called as Sweep Voltage. The Time Base
Generators are called as Sweep Circuits.
It produces a sawtooth signal, which is useful for horizontal deflection of
electron beam.
Horizontal Amplifier – The saw tooth voltage produced by the time base
generator may not be of sufficient strength. Hence before giving it to the
horizontal deflection plates, it is amplified using the horizontal amplifier.
It amplifies the sawtooth signal and then connects it to the horizontal
deflection plates of CRT.
Power supply − It produces both high and low voltages.
It provides the voltages required by the cathode ray tube to generate and
accelerate the electron beam.
Cathode ray tube (CRT) requires high voltage for pre- accelerating and
accelerating anode, low voltage required for heater, control grid, focusing
anode and the other circuits of CRO.
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) − It is the major important block of CRO and
mainly consists of four parts. Those are electron gun, vertical deflection
plates, horizontal deflection plates and fluorescent screen.
The assembly of the cathode, intensity grid, focus grid, and accelerating
anode (positive electrode) is called an electron gun. Its purpose is to
generate the electron beam and control its intensity and focus. The cathode
ray is a beam of electrons which are emitted by the heated cathode (negative
electrode) and accelerated toward the fluorescent screen.
At the cathode end, the strontium & barium layers are deposited to obtain
the high emission of electrons at the moderate temperature. Once the
electrons are generated from the cathode grid, then it flows throughout the
control grid that is generally a nickel cylinder through a centrally situated co-
axial by the axis of CRT. So, it controls the strength of the generated
electrons from the cathode.
When electrons flow throughout the control grid then it accelerates with the
help of a high positive potential which is applied to the pre-accelerating or
accelerating nodes.
Deflecting Plate
Once the electron ray leaves the electron gun then this ray will pass
throughout the two sets of the deflecting plate. Between the electron gun and
the fluorescent screen are two pair of metal plates - one oriented to provide
horizontal deflection of the beam and one pair oriented to give vertical
deflection to the beam. These plates are thus referred to as the horizontal
and vertical deflection plates. The combination of these two deflections
allows the beam to reach any portion of the fluorescent screen. Wherever
the electron beam hits the screen, the phosphor is excited and light is emitted
from that point.
The vertical deflection plate will turn the ray up & down whereas the
horizontal ray moved the electrons beams from the left side to the right side.
These actions are autonomous from each other and thus the ray may be
located anyplace on the monitor.
In the most common use of the oscilloscope the signal to be studied is first
amplified and then applied to the vertical (deflection) plates to deflect the
beam vertically and at the same time a voltage that increases linearly with
time is applied to the horizontal (deflection) plates thus causing the beam to
be deflected horizontally at a uniform (constant> rate. The signal applied to
the verical plates is thus displayed on the screen as a function of time. The
horizontal axis serves as a uniform time scale.
Fluorescent Screen of CRT
In the CRT, the front face is known as the faceplate, For the CRT screen, it
is flat and its size is about 100mm×100mm. The CRT screen is somewhat
bent for bigger displays and the formation of faceplate can be done by
pressing the molten glass into a form & after that heating it.
The inner face of the faceplate is covered by using phosphor crystal to
change the energy from electrical to light. Once an electronics ray hits
phosphor crystal, the energy level can be enhanced & thus light is generated
throughout phosphorous crystallization, so this occurrence is known as
fluorescence.
Measurements by using CRO
We can do the following measurements by using CRO.
• Measurement of Amplitude
• Measurement of Time Period
• Measurement of Frequency
Measurement of Amplitude
CRO displays the voltage signal as a function of time on its screen. The
amplitude of that voltage signal is constant, but we can vary the number of
divisions that cover the voltage signal in vertical direction by varying
volt/division knob on the CRO panel. Therefore, we will get the amplitude of
the signal, which is present on the screen of CRO by using following formula.
Where,
A is the amplitude
j is the value of volt/division
nv is the number of divisions that cover the signal in vertical direction.
Measurement of Time Period
CRO displays the voltage signal as a function of time on its screen. The Time
period of that periodic voltage signal is constant, but we can vary the number
of divisions that cover one complete cycle of voltage signal in horizontal
direction by varying time/division knob on the CRO panel.
Therefore, we will get the Time period of the signal, which is present on the
screen of CRO by using following formula.
Where,
T is the Time period
j is the value of time/division
nh is the number of divisions that cover one complete cycle of the periodic
signal in horizontal direction.
Measurement of Frequency
The frequency, f of a periodic signal is the reciprocal of time period, T.
Mathematically, it can be represented as
So, we can find the frequency, f of a periodic signal by following these two
steps.
Step1 − Find the Time period of periodic signal
Step2 − Take reciprocal of Time period of periodic signal, which is obtained

in Step1
Applications of CRO
• Voltage measurement
• Current measurement
• Examination of waveform
• Measurement of phase and frequency
Uses of CRO
• It can display different types of waveforms
• It can measure short time interval
• It can measure potential difference

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Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)

The cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO) is a common laboratory instrument that

The function of each block of CRO is mentioned below.

Step1 − Find the Time period of periodic signal

Step2 − Take reciprocal of Time period of periodic signal, which is obtained

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