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EM Chapter 1

emf wave

Uploaded by

asrattsegaye224
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 39

University of Gondar (UOG)

Institute of Technology

EM Waves & Guide Structures

Chapter One

Review of Vectors and Maxwell’s Equations

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 1


Scalar & Vector Fields

Scalar field
• A field is a region in which a particular function has a
value at each and every point in that region.
• The distribution of a scalar quantity with a definite
position in a space is called scalar field.
• For example, the temperature. It has a definite value
in the atmosphere but no need of direction to specify
it.

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 2


Vector field
• If a quantity which is specified in a region to define a
field vector, then the corresponding field is called a
vector field.
• For example, the gravitational force on a mass in a space
is a vector field. This force has a value at various points in
a space and always has specific direction.

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 3


• The other examples of vector fields are the velocity of
particles in moving fluid, wind velocity of atmosphere,
voltage gradient in a cable, displacement of a flying bird in
a space, magnetic field existing from North south field etc.
Line, Surface, & Volume Integrals

• By a line we mean the path along a curve in space. We

shall use terms such as line, curve, and contour


interchangeably.

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 4


Given a vector field A and a curve L, we define the integral

• If the path of integration is a closed curve becomes a closed


contour integral.

which is called the circulation of A around L.

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 5


Example:

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 6


Figure

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 7


10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 8
10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 9
• Given a vector field A, continuous in a region containing the
smooth surface S, we define the surface integral or the flux of
A through S.

Path of integration of vector field A

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 10


Fig. The flux of a vector field A through surface S.

• Here, at any point on S, is the unit normal to S. For a closed


surface (defining a volume)

which is referred to as the net outward flux of ‘A’ from S.

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 11


• Notice, that a closed path defines an open surface whereas a
closed surface defines a volume, we define the integral.

is the volume integral of the scalar ρv over the volume v.


• The physical meaning of a line, surface, or volume integral
depends on the nature of the physical quantity represented by
A or ρv.

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 12


Note that dL, dS, and dv are all as defined.
Rectangular:

• The differential displacement is:

• The differential normal area is:

• The differential volume is:

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 13


Cylindrical:

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 14


• The differential displacement is:
• The differential normal area is:

• The differential volume is:

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 15


Consider the object as shown below, and calculate

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 16


Figure

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 17


10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 18
Spherical:

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 19


• The differential displacement is:
• The differential normal area is:

• The differential volume is:

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 20


DEL OPERATOR
The del operator, written ∇, is the vector differential operator. In Cartesian
coordinates:

The operator is useful in defining


 The gradient of a scalar V, written, as ∇V
 The divergence of a vector A, written as ∇ • A
 The curl of a vector A, written as ∇ X A
 The Laplacian of a scalar V, written as ∇2V

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 21


To obtain in terms of p ,Φ and Z

Similarly, to obtain V in terms of r, 6, and


Hence,

From the above equations, we obtain in cylindrical coordinates


as:

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 22


Similarly, to obtain in terms of r, Φ, and Z

To obtain,
From the above equations results in in spherical coordinates:

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 23


Gradient of a Scalar:

For Cartesian coordinate:

For cylindrical coordinate

For spherical coordinate:

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 24


Divergence & Curl of a Vector Field
The divergence of A at a given point P is the outward flux per
unit volume as the volume shrinks about P.

(a) Positive divergence, (b) negative divergence, (c) zero divergence.

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 25


The divergence of A at point P (xo, yo, zo) in a Cartesian system
is given by a vector field:

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 26


Divergence
Cylindrical Coordinate System

• Spherical Coordinate System The curl of a is an axial (or


rotational) vector whose magnitude is the maximum
circulation of A per unit area as the area lends to zero and

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 27


whose direction is the normal direction of the area when the
area is oriented so as to make the circulation maximum.

Curl: is related to the local rotation of the vector field:

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 28


Cartesian Coordinates:

Cylindrical Coordinates:

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 29


Spherical Coordinates:

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 30


Stokes's theorem: states that the circulation of a vector field
A around a (closed) path L is equal to the surface integral of
the curl of A over the open surface S bounded by L provided
that A and are continuous on S.

As k —> 0 and incorporating leads to:

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 31


Laplacian: A scalar field V is said to be harmonic in
a given region if its Laplacian vanishes in that region.
∇2V=0

Laplacian of a vector: ∇2A is defined as the gradient of the


divergence of A minus the curl of the curl of A;

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 32


Only for the cartesian coordinate system;

Helmholtz's theorem: states that any sufficiently smooth,


rapidly decaying vector field in three dimensions can be
resolved into the sum of
an irrotational (curl-free) vector field and
a solenoidal (divergence-free) vector field

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 33


This is known as the Helmholtz decomposition or
Helmholtz representation.
• A vector field is said to be solenoidal (or divergenceless) if

•A=0

• A vector field is said to be irrotational (or potential) if


×A=0

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 34


Maxwell’s Equation

• The static electric and magnetic fields are called time


invariant fields, in static electromagnetic fields, the electric
and magnetic fields are dependent other.
• Similarly, the time varying fields or the dynamic fields are
called time variant fields.
• In the dynamic electromagnetic fields (i.e. time varying
electromagnetic fields), the electric and magnetic fields are

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 35


interdependent such time varying fields are produced due to
the time varying currents.

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 36


10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 37
Individual Assignment:

#1. Derive the four maxwell's equations and write what


we understand from each equation precisely and clearly
for time invariant & variant conditions.

Submission date: Monday


16,2024

10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 38


10/12/2024 By: Robel Z 39

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