ENGINEERING PHYSICS-PHY 110

UNIT:1 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

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Lecture 3

Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024

 What we learned so far!
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1. Scalar and Vector quantities
• It is enough to have a magnitude for scalar physical quantities where as it is essential to
have both magnitude and direction for the vector physical quantities.
2. Scalar and vector field
• Region of space/domain in which a function, f(x,y,z), signifies a physical quantity (
Temperature, Velocity) is the field.
• Scalar field: Each point in space is associated with a scalar point function (Temperature,
potential) having magnitude.
• Vector field: Each point space is associated with a vector point function (Electric field,
Gravitational field) having magnitude and direction, both of which changes from point to
point.
3. Del operator ()
• It is a differential operator
• It is not a vector by itself
• It operate on scalar and vector functions and the resulting function may be a vector or scalar
function depending on the type of operation.

Rectangular (x,y,z), cylindrical (s,,z) and spherical polar(r, ,) coordinate systems

• Curvilinear coordinate system

• Coordinate transformation
Advanced Engineering Mathematics
• Partial differential calculus By ERWIN KREYSZIG

Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD

February 8, 2024
 What we learned so far?
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4. Operation with del () operator

• Gradient of scalar function F – Directional derivative..maximum change of the scalar
function F is along the direction of vector F, which nothing but the direction of outward
surface normal vector

• Divergence of a Vector function A - Gives the measure of the vector function’s spread
out at a point- is solenoidal or divergenceless when divergence of the vector is zero
which means that flux of the such vector field entering into a region is equal to that
leaving the region, a condition known as incompressibility; also gives an idea about
source (.A0) means vector diverge and sink(.A0) means vector converge.

• Curl of a Vector function A– regarding the rotation of the vector and the vector function
is irrotational when curl of the vector is zero, such fields are known as conservative fields.

Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024

4

Which is/are correct statement(s)regarding the gradient of a

scalar function (F),

a) Maximum change in the scalar function (F) is along

b) It is a vector quantity
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above

Answer: C
Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024
5

If the divergence of the vector is zero i.e . Then

that vector is called

a) Solenoidal vector
b) Rotational Vector
c) Null vector
d) Unit vector

Answer: A
Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024
6

Which is the correct statement for the ‘Curl of a vector’ ?

a) Curl of a vector is a vector quantity.

b) Curl of a vector is a rotational vector
c) Curl of a vector is normal to the area that make circulation
maximum.
d) It is not possible to have the curl of a scalar quantity.
e) All of the above
f) None of the above

Answer: E
Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024
7

Null Vector is a vector that has ??

a. Zero magnitude
b. No specified direction
c. Both A and B are correct
d. Both A and B are not correct

Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024

8

‘Curl of a vector’ is Zero, then the vector is

a) Solenoidal.
b) Irrotational
c) Null vector
d) Unit vecor

Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024

 Theorems in VECTOR CALCULUS
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 For Divergence of the vector function

 Fundamental theorem for Divergence

 For Curl of the vector function

 Fundamental theorem for Curl
F

Learn about line integral, surface integral, and volume

integral!!

Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024

 Line integral
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F = iFx+jFy+kFz
dr = idx+jdy+kdz
∫F.dr = ∫(Fxdx+Fydy+Fzdz)
So, F represents force acting on a particle moving along the curve, then line integral represents the total workdone by
force during the motion of particle over its entire path. Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD
 Surface Integral
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 ∫∫F.dS = ∫∫(FxdSx+FydSy+FzdSz)

 Where dSx = dydz

 dSy = dxdz
 dSz = dxdy
 So, if F represents the electric or magnetic induction
at point P the surface integral represents the normal
induction over the surface.

February 8, 2024
Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD
 Volume integral
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 ∫∫∫Fdv =∫∫∫(iFx+jFy+kFz)dxdydz

 ∫∫∫Fdv =i∫∫∫Fxdxdydz + j∫∫∫Fydxdydz + k∫∫∫Fzdxdydz

Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024

 lies

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Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 8, 2024

 Gauss theorem
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Also called Gauss Divergence theorem; Which states volume

integral of the divergence of a vector field over the volume is
equal to the surface integral of that vector field enclosing the
volume.

V S

Where, 𝐴 = 𝑖𝐴𝑥 + 𝑗𝐴𝑦 + 𝑘 𝐴𝑧 is the vector and V is the volume

bounded by the closed surface S
i.e.
 In short by this theorem volume integral can be converted to surface
integral– useful when the volume integration is difficult to achieve the result.

Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024

16

Gauss’s divergence theorem relates

a) Surface integral to volume integral

b) Line integral to surface integral
c) Surface integral to line integral

Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024

 Stokes’ theorem
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Stokes’ theorem states that surface integral (over a patch of the surface, S) of the curl
of a vector is equal to line integral of that vector over a closed curve (l) defining the
boundary of that surface (S)

Where, 𝐴 = 𝑖𝐴𝑥 + 𝑗𝐴𝑦 + 𝑘𝐴𝑧 is the vector and S is bounded

by the closed path l

• Convert surface integral into the line integral

• Curl of the vector relate to its line integration
• Right hand thump rule to know the direction of dS
• Not depend on the shape of the surface
• Depends on the boundary line

Stoke’s theorem can be related to the Green’s theorem..

Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024

18

Stokes theorem relates

a) Volume integral to surface integral

b)Line integral to surface integral
c) Surface integral to line integral

Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024

 Gauss’s law in Electrostatic (First law)
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Electric flux (E) : The area integral of the Electric field (E) over any
closed surface is the E or electric field is the flux per unit area

Eq..1

Gauss’s law: Electric flux (E) from a closed surface (Gaussian

surface) is equal to 1/o times the charge (q) enclosed by the surface

Eq..2

0 is the permittivity of free space. We know absolute permittivity  = 0r

It is the ability of a material to store electric energy under influence of an electric
field in its dielectric medium.
From Eq.1 and 2
Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD February 8, 2024
20

•Gauss's Law is a general law applying to any closed surface.

•A closed surface is one that completely encloses a certain volume in
space.
•Electric flux is a measure of how much an electric field penetrates a
given surface. It is the dot product of the electric field over the entire
closed surface.
• It is an important tool since it permits the assessment of the amount
of enclosed charge by mapping the electric field normal to the
surface outside the charge distribution
•Or can be used to calculate electric field
• The direction of the area vector (dS) ) is crucial. It points outward
from the closed surface.
Prof. Vipul Srivastava DRD February 8, 2024
Poisson’s Equations: is a simple second order differential equation
that come up in most of the engineering and physics fields.
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𝛻 2 X = −constant

Siméon Denis Poisson (1781-1840), French mathematician,

engineer, and physicist who made many scientific advances

For example, the solution to Poisson's equation is the potential field caused by a
given electric charge or mass density distribution; with the potential field known, one
can then calculate electrostatic or gravitational (force) field
It applies to electrostatics, Newtonian gravity, hydrodynamics,
diffusion etc..
Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024
Eg. In Electrostatics

Poisson's equation states that the Laplacian (2) of electric potential at

a point is equal to the ratio of the volume charge density () to the
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absolute permittivity of the medium (=or). Laplace's equation tells

us that the laplacian of electric potential at a point is equal to zero.

Eq.1 Gauss’s first law

Charge distributed over a volume with  is the volume charge density

Eq.3
Eq.2
Applying divergence theorem to eq.3

Eq.4

Integrands must be equal for LHS and RHS

Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024
 Poisson Equation in Electrostatics
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Eq.4
Electric field (E) and potential (V) are related as

But Eq.5 V is the Energy required for

moving a unit +ve charge from a
reference point to a specific point in
an electric field
Eq. 5 in Eq.4

By using the vector identity for

Eq.6 is the Poisson’s Equation in electrostatics

Whenever you have a field (Potential V here) whose gradient determines a force on
an object and where the force is conservative (energy difference between two points
are independent of the path), then that field can be expressed by Poisson equation 
Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024
Laplace Equations: is also simple second order differential
equation that come up in most of the engineering and physics
fields. 𝛻 2X = 0
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Like Poisson equation, it also applies to electrostatics, Newtonian

gravity, hydrodynamics, diffusion etc..

Eg. In Electrostatics

Poisson’s Equation
For a charge free region i.e =0, then the Poisson’s Equation
changes to

Eq.7

This, Eq.7 is known as Laplace’s equation and 2 is the Laplacian

operator.
Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024
 Laplace Equation
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Cartesian coordinate

Cylindrical coordinate

Spherical coordinate

Laplace’s equation is named for Pierre-Simon Laplace, a French

mathematician
Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024
 Difference between Laplace’s and
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Poisson Equations?
 Laplace’s equation has no source term
 Poisson’s equation has a source term
 When the Laplacian applied to a scalar function is not zero
then it is Poisson’s equation
 Poisson equation is the general form Laplace’s equation
 Or Laplace’s equation is the special case of Poisson equation

What geometry say:

All squares are rectangles, but all rectangles are not squares
In other way, for our case, all instances of Laplace’s equation are
also the instances of Poisson’s equation, but not all instances of
Poisson equation are instances of Laplace’s equation.
Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024
27

The Laplacian operator cannot be used in which

one the following?

a) Two dimensional heat equation

b) Two dimensional wave equation
c) Poisson equation
d) Maxwell equation

Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024

 Continuity Equation
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We know current, I is the rate of change of charge, q i.e.

If  is the charge density, then the charge, q, enclosing the volume

is given by

Also if J is the current density

-ve sign means decreasing  as

current flows out of the volume

By using the Gauss divergence theorem to LHS, we get

Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024
 Continuity Equation
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The above equations is true for any volume. So we can put the
integrands to be equal

Continuity Equation

Current density flowing out of the closed volume is equal to the rate of
decrease of charge within that volume.

Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024

30

Gauss theorem uses which of the following operations?

a) Gradient
b) Curl
c) Divergence
d) Laplacian

Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024

31

Stokes theorem uses which of the following operations?

a) Gradient
b) Curl
c) Divergence
d) Laplacian

Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024

32

The Green’s theorem can be related to which of the following

theorems mathematically?

a) Gauss divergence theorem

b) Stoke’s theorem
c) Euler’s theorem
d) Leibnitz’s theorem

Prof. Vipul SrivastavaDRD February 8, 2024