1. Quadratic Equations eLearn.Punjab 1. Quadratic Equations eLearn.

Punjab
2. Sets Functions and Groups eLearn.Punjab 2. Sets Functions and Groups eLearn.Punjab

ks .pk k s.pk k s.pk ks.pk ks .pk ks.pk ks .pk ks.pk ks.pk

oo bo o bo o o o o o bo o oo o o o o
eeb Fre
e
Fre
e
Fre
e b
Fre
eb ii) Dom e
Fre r = Fre
eb
Fre
e b
Fre
e b
iii) Clearly irst elements of no two ordered pairs of r can be equal. Therefore, in this case
r is a function.
Some more points belonging to r are: Into Function: If a function f : A D B is such that Ran
{(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (-2, -1), (-3 ,-2 ),(-4,-3)}
i)
f ⊂ B i.e., Ran f ≠ B, then f is said to be a function from A
Clearly, Dom r = , and Ran r = into B. In ig.(1) f is clearly a function. But Ran f ≠ B.
Therefore, f is a function from A into B.

f ={(1,2),
k (3,4), (5,6)}
.pk s.pk .pk .pk .pk s.pk .pk . p s.pk
o oks 2.10 Functions ok oks oks oks o k oks o ks o k
eeb ebo ebo ebo ebo eb o ebo ebo ebo
Fre Fre Fre Fre Fre Fre Fre Fre
A very important special type of relation is a function deined as below: - ii) Onto (Surjective) function: If a function f : A DB is
Let A and B be two non-empty sets such that: such that Ran f = B i.e., every element of B is the image
i) f is a relation from A t o B that is , f is a subset of A % B of some elements of A, then f is called an onto function
ii) Dom f = A or a surjective function.
iii) First element of no two pairs of f are equal, then f is said to be a function from A f = {(c1, m1),(c2, m1),(c3, m2)}
to B.
The function f is also written as:
iii) (1-1) and into .(Injective) function: If a function
s.pkf : ADB
k f from
o k s.p o k o k s.pk o k s.pk o k s.pk
o k s pk
o k s .pk
o ks.pk o k s.pk
o boa function from A t o Bee. bo ebo o bosuch that second elements
A into Beis bo of no two of its bo bo
eeb which is read:
Fre
feis
Fr Fre Fre
eb
F re F ree F ree F ree
If (x, y) in an element of f when regarded as a set of ordered pairs, ordered pairs are equal, then it is called an injective
we write y = f (x). y is called the value of f for x or image of x under f. (1 - 1, and into) function. The function shown in ig (3) is
In example 1 discussed above such a function. f = {(1, a)(2, b)}

(1 -1) and Onto function (bijective function). If f is a

i) r is a subset of C % F
ii) Dom r ={ c1, c2, c3} = C; iv)
iii) First elements of no two related pairs of r are the same. function from A onto B such that second elements of no
two of its ordered pairs are the same, then f is said to be
(1 - 1) function from A onto B.
Therefore, r is a function from C to F.

s.pisk also called a (1 - 1)ocorrespondence

In Example 2 discussed above
o ks.pk i) r is a subset ofokAs%.pkA;
o k s.pk o ks.pk ok s.p k Such a function
o k k s.pk o k s.pk ok s.pk
o o ebo ebo bo ebAo and B. It is also called o ebo ebo
eeb ii) Dom r F eeb
≠rA Fre Fre Free between
Fre Fre
aebbijective function.
Fre Fre
Therefore, the relation in this case is not a function. Fig(4) shows a (1-1) correspondence between the sets f = {(a, z),(b, x),(c, yj}
In example 3 discussed above A and B.
i) r is a subset of
version: 1.1 version: 1.1

32 33
 1. Quadratic Equations eLearn.Punjab 1. Quadratic Equations eLearn.Punjab
2. Sets Functions and Groups eLearn.Punjab 2. Sets Functions and Groups eLearn.Punjab

ks .pk k s.pk k s.pk ks.pk ks.pk ks.pk ks .pk ks.pk ks .pk

oo bo o bo o o o o o o o o o
eeb (a, z), (b,Frxe) eand (c, y) are the pairs e b
e i.e., in this case ree b ebo eb o e b o e b o
Fre of corresponding elementsFre F Fre x = 0, y = 2,
When
Fre Fre Fre
f = {(a, z), (b, x), (c, y)} which is a bijective function or (1 - 1) correspondence between the
2
sets A and B. When y = 0, x = = 0.6 nearly. So two points on the line
3
Set - Builder Notation for a function: We know that set-builder notation
is more suitable for ininite sets. So is the case in respect of a function are A (0, 2) and B = (0.6, 0).
comprising ininite number of ordered pairs. Consider for instance, the function Joining A and B and producing AB in both directions, we obtain
f = { (1,1), (2,4), (3, 9), (4, 16),...} the line AB i.e., graph of the given function.
Dom f = (1, 2, 3,4, ...}.and Ran f = {1,4,9, 16, ...}
This function may be written as: f = {(x, y) | y =x2, x d N } 1 k2
o k s.pk For the sake of brevity o ks.pkthis function may beokwritten
s.pk as: o k s.pk ok s.pk ii)
o
.pk
The equationksdeining the function is y=
o k s .
2
px .
o ks.pk o ks.pk
o ebo o ebo ebo bo bo bo o
eeb f = functionFredeined by the equationFry= eebx2 , x d N Fre Fre Fre
e
Fre
e
Fre
e
Fre
e b
Or, to be still more brief: The function x2 , x d N Corresponding to the values 0, ± 1, ±2, ±3 ... of x, values
In algebra and Calculus the domain of most functions is and if evident from the of y are 0, .5, 2, 4.5, ...
context it is, generally, omitted. We plot the points (0, 0), (!1, .5), (!2, 2), (!3, 4.5), ...
Joining them by means of a smooth curve and extending
2.10.1 Linear and Quadratic Functions it upwards we get the required graph. We notice that:
i) The entire graph lies above the x-axis.
The function {( x, y ) |=
y mx + c} is called a linear function, because its graph (geometric ii) Two equal and opposite values of x correspond to every value of y (but not vice
representation) is a straightk line. Detailed study of a kstraight line will be undertaken in the versa).
s . p k s . p s . p s . p k s.pk s.pk (numerically) y increases
s.pk and there is nooend s.pkto their ncrease. oks.pk
o k next class. For the present
o k it is suicient to knowo that
k an equationof the form
o k o k iii) As x increases
o k o k k
o ebo ebo ebo ebo o ebo ebo bo
eeb r e r e r e
y = mx + c or ax + by + c = 0 represents a straight line . This can be easily veriied
F F F F r e eeb the graph goes ininitely
FrThus Fre upwards. Such a curve ree
Fre is called a parabola. FThe
by drawing graphs of a few linear equations with numerical coeicients. The function students will learn more about it in the next class.
{(x, y)|y = ax2 + bx + c} is called a quadratic function because it is deined by a quadratic
(second degree) equation in x, y. 2.11 Inverse of a function
Example 4: Give rough sketch of the functions
If a relation or a function is given in the tabular form i.e., as a set of ordered pairs, its

i) {( x, y ) 3 x + y = ii) {( x, y ) y =
1 2 inverse is obtained by interchanging the components of each ordered pair. The inverse of r
2} x}
2 and f are denoted r -1 and f -1 respectively.
k
s.pSolution: s.pk s.pk s.pk s.p k If r or f are given k set-builder notation the
s.pin k
s.pinverse s.pkby interchanging oks.pk
of each is obtained
o k o k o k o k ok o k o k o k
bo bo ebo ebo bo o
eebdeining equation. The
x and y inFrthe ebo ebo ebo
ee Freinverse of a function may Fre or may not be a function.
ee e ree
i) r r
The equation deining the function is 3x + y = 2
F F Fre F Fre
⇒ y = -3x + 2
The inverse of the linear function
{(x, y) | y = mx + c} is {(x, y) | x = my + c} which is also a linear function. Briely, we
We know that this equation, being linear, represents a straight line. Therefore, for
may say that the inverse of a line is a line.
drawing its sketch or graph only two of its points are suicient.
version: 1.1 version: 1.1

34 35
 1. Quadratic Equations eLearn.Punjab 1. Quadratic Equations eLearn.Punjab
2. Sets Functions and Groups eLearn.Punjab 2. Sets Functions and Groups eLearn.Punjab

ks .pk k s.pk k s.pk ks.pk ks.pk ks.pk k s.pk ks.pk ks .pk

oo bo o bo o o o o o bo o o o o
eeb The line yF=rexeis clearly self-inverse. FThe
reefunction deined by this
b b ebo b o b o
Fre equation i.e., the
e e e e e
Fre Fre FreExercise 2.6 Fre Fre
function {(x, y) | y = x} is called the identity function.
1. For A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, ind the following relations in A. State the
Example 6: Find the inverse of
domain and range of each relation. Also draw the graph of each.
i) {(1, 1}, (2,4), (3,9), (4, 16),... xdZ+},
i) {(x, y) | y = x} ii) {(x, y)| y + x = 5}
ii) {(x, y) | y = 2x + 3,x d } iii) {(x, y)| x2 + y2=a2}.
ii) {(x, y) | x + y < 5} iv) {(x, y)|x + y > 5}
Tell which of these are functions.
2. Repeat Q -1 when A = , the set of real numbers. Which of the real lines are functions.
3. Which of the following diagrams represent functions and of which type?
Solution:

o k s.pi)k The inverse is: oks.pk o k s.pk o ks .pk

ok s.pk o ks.pk o ks .pk
o ks.pk o ks .pk
o o (9, 3), (16, 4 )...} . ebo o bo bo o bo o
eeb eb2),
{(2,1),re(4,
F Fre Fre
e b
Fre
e
Fre
e
Fre
e b
Fre
e
Fre
e b
This is also a function.

Note: Remember that the equation

y = x , x 80
deines a function but the equation y2 = x, x 8 0 does not deine a function.

The function deined by the equation

y= x , x 80
4. Find the inverse
ks.p
k
is called the square
k
k
s.p root function. k s.p k
k s.p k
k s.pk
k s.pkof each of the following k s .prelations.
k Tell whether each
ks .pk relation and its k s.pk
o o o o o o o o o
Fre y2 = x ⇒ y = ± x
o o o o o inverseeisboa function or not: - bo bo bo
eeb The equation
eb
Fre
eb
Fre
eb
Fre
eb
F re F ree F ree F ree
i) {(2,1), (3,2), (4,3), (5,4), (6,5)} ii) {(1,3), (2,5), (3,7), (4,9), (5,11)}
Therefore, the equation y2 = x (x 80) may be regarded as deining the union of the iii) {(x, y) | y = 2x + 3,x d } iv) {(x, y) | y2= 4ax ,x80 }
functions deined by
x , x 80 and y = - x , x 80.
v) {(x, y) | x2+ y2 = 9 , |x| 7 3,|y| 7 3 }
y=
ii) The given function is a linear function. Its inverse is: 2.12 Binary Operations
{(x, y)| x = 2y + 3}
which is also a linear function.
In lower classes we have been studying diferent number systems investigating the
Points (0, 3), (-1.5, 0) lie on the given line and points (3, 0),
.p(0,k -1.5) lie on its inverse.
properties of the operations performed on each system. Now we adopt the opposite course.
ks k s.(Draw
pk the graphs yourselves).
k s.pk ks.pk k s.pk We now study certain
k s.pkoperations which mayk .pkuseful in various particular
sbe k s.pk cases. k s.pk
o o o
bo symmetric with respect o o
boto the line y = x. This equality
bo of symmetry is eebo o o o o o
eeb The lines l, i’eare
re ree r e ebo which when performed ebo on a single number yields eboanother number of theebo
F F F
true not only about a linear n function and its inverse but is also true about any function of F
r Fre
An operation Fre Fre Fre
same or a diferent system is called a unary operation.
a higher degree and its inverse (why?).
Examples of Unary operations are negation of a given number, extraction of square
roots or cube roots of a number, squaring a number or raising it to a higher power.
version: 1.1 version: 1.1

36 37