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    Lesson10 Acids

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    si qi wang

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    Lesson10 Acids

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    7 views6 pages

    Lesson10 Acids

    Uploaded by

    si qi wang

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Lesson10 Acids, bases and salts

    10.1Acids and alkalis


    ① Common acids and alkalis (soluble base) ：
    acid: HCl(aq) H2SO4 (aq) HNO3 (aq) CH3COOH(aq)

    Alkali（soluble base): NaOH sodium hydroxide NaOH (aq) Ca(OH)2 (aq) KOH (aq)
    ammonia solution
    Insoluble base
    CuO MgO Fe2O3
    Mg(OH)2 white Fe(OH)2 green Fe(OH)3 brown
    Cu(OH)2 blue Cr(OH)3 green Zn(OH)2 white Al(OH)3 white

    ② Indicators: substance will change colour when added to acid or alkali

    ③ Comparing acidity, alkalinity and neutrality of solution by using universal


    indicator
    Paper

    10.2 A closer look at acids and alkalis


    (1)The nature/definition of acids and bases
    Acids: proton donors
    Bases: proton acceptors (oxides or hydroxides of metals)

    (2)Strong acid and weak acid


    Strong acid: an acid that is completely dissociated in aqueous solution
    Weak acid: an acid that is partially dissociated in aqueous solution

    (3)Strong alkalis and weak alkalis


    Examples: NaOH , KOH -strong alkali
    Ammonia solution- weak alkali

    10.3The reactions of acids and bases


    (1)Characteristic properties of acids
    ①+ reactive metals

    ②+bases

    ③+carbonates
    ④(+salts) AgNO3+ HCl--AgCl +HNO3

    sulfuric acid

    Chemical equations:
    Mg + 2HCl →MgCl2 + H2 Single displacement
    HCl+ NaOH→ NaCl +H2O Double displacement : Precipitate,gas ,water
    2HCl +CaCO3→CO2 + CaCl2 +H2O

    HCl+AgNO3→AgCl + HNO3

    (2) Characteristic properties of bases


    ①+acids
    ②+ammonium salt
    ③(+other salts) 2NaOH +MgCl2-- Mg(OH)2 +2NaCl

    10.4 Neutralisation and ionic equations


    ① Neutralisation
    ② Ionic equation: shows the ions that take part in the reaction

    10.5Oxides
    Acidic oxides: oxide of a non-metal that will react with bases and dissolves in water to produce acid solutions

    Basic oxide: oxide of a metal that will react with acids to neutralise the acid

    Amphoteric oxide:a metal oxide that will react with both an acid and an alkali to give a salt and water

    10.6 Making soluble salts and insoluble salts


    (1)Importance and solubility of salt

    metal/NH4+ + nitrate/sulfate/chloride/carbonate
    K+ Na+ NH4+ all soluble
    NO3- all soluble
    CO32- insoluble except K2CO3 Na2CO3 ( NH4)2CO3
    Cl- soluble except AgCl PbCl2
    SO42- soluble except BaSO4 CaSO4（slightly） PbSO4 SrSO4

    insoluble base CuO MgO


    Mg(OH)2 white ppt Fe(OH)2 green ppt iron(II ) hydroxide
    Fe(OH)3 brown iron(III) hydroxide
    Cu(OH)2 blue ppt +ammonia dissolves
    Cr(OH)3 green ppt+ NaOH dissolves
    Zn(OH)2 white ppt +NaOH dissolves//+ammonia dissolves
    Al(OH)3 white ppt +NaOH dissolves

    (3) Make soluble salts


     (Crystallisation )
    ① acid + excess metal 2HCl+ Zn-------ZnCl2 +H2
    ② acid + insoluble base 2HCl+ ZnO----ZnCl2 + H2O
    ③ acid + insoluble carbonate 2HCl +ZnCO3 -ZnCl2 +H2O +CO2

    Steps: Put the acid in a beaker.


    Add excess insoluble oxide/carbonate/ metal
    Filter the mixture.
    Crystallisation/ Evaporate the filtrate to crystallisation point .Leave to
    crystallise.Wash and dry with filter paper.
     Make soluble salts --titration
    ①acid+ alkali

    (2)insoluble salts-by precipitation


    Steps: Add one solution to another solution
    Filter the mixture to get the solid/precipitate.
    Wash and dry
    Eg: make AgCl silver chloride
    AgNO3 + NaCl /KCl/MgCl2 orAgNO3 +HCl
    Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaI ---PbI2 +2NaNO3

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