12/3/2020

Urban and Settlement Planning

Course Code: AR 652

B.Arch. III/II

Lecture 28

CHAPTER V: Data Collection

2077/08/18

Kailash Shrestha
Asso. Prof./ Architect/ Planner 1

Kathmandu Engineering College

Urban and Settlement Planning

CHAPTER V: Urban and Rural Planning

Data Collection: Survey

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Urban and Settlement Planning

CHAPTER V: Urban and Rural Planning

Data Collection: Survey
A survey is a method of collecting data in a
consistent and systematic way
 Survey research is very useful for collecting and
documenting existing problems, community conditions,
characteristics of a population, and community opinion

 Survey data is not only useful for immediate community

development purposes, but it can also serve the future
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Urban and Settlement Planning

Why do we need data?

 To know the existing situation, opinion etc.
 To figure out problems for improving the condition.
 Predict the future.
 For various planning purposes
 Others……..
 Can be used in different fields such as:
Health, business, ecology, socio-economy etc.

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 Physical Survey
• Natural Features, Land Use, Conditions of
Buildings, etc
 Economic Survey
• Occupational Condition, Survey of
Industries, Survey of Commerce, etc
 Civic or Socio-economic Survey
• Population, Housing, Health Condition,
Open Spaces, Land Cultivation etc

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Urban and Settlement Planning

Set of Tasks of Survey

I. Defining purpose of the study and available
resources

II. Collection of Data

III. Analyze the data

IV. Report Preparation and publication

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Set of Tasks of Survey

I. Defining purpose of the study and available resources
II. Collection of Data
 Choosing the techniques of observation
 Defining the questions
 Determining samples
 Pretesting and conducting the survey

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Urban and Settlement Planning

Data Collection

 Primary Data:
First hand information, gathered
form original source.
E.g. interviews, direct observation
 Secondary Data:
Second hand data
Someone has collected and made available
E.g. Data from Central Bureau of Statistics

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Urban and Settlement Planning

III. Analyze the data

 Compiling and editing the
raw data
 Analyzing the collected
data Chart : Distribution of Occupation

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 Interpreting the analysis 35
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Percentage
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IV. Report Preparation and 10
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Urban and Settlement Planning

Techniques of observation

a) Self Survey
• Questionnaires sent to respondents through the
mail or of survey forms
• Works in middle income societies
• Possible answers must be few and short

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b) Interviews
• Face to face interviews or by
telephone or internet
• It is accurate but expensive.
• Problem, if there are too many
people to interview.

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Urban and Settlement Planning

c) Direct Inspection
• Used in traffic counts, use of public spaces,
housing quality
• Information can be collected by just looking –
without asking anyone.

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Urban and Settlement Planning

d) Participant observation
• Developed by anthropologists in the study of
community life.
• Surveyor becomes resident of a community and
lives among the people, learning their way of life by
participating in it.

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Urban and Settlement Planning

Defining the Question

 Question is also called variables of survey

 Questions are basically made for two types of data:
Quantitative
Qualitative
 Open and Closed questions
 Three basic structures of variation in structuring the
question:
Nominal, Ordinal and Interval

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1. Nominal Scales

 - Various possible answers are categories of different

names
 - Question whose answer may be “Yes” or “No”
 e.g.
Sex: male, female
Color: red, yellow, blue
 - Should include all possible responses and categories

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2. Ordinal Scale
Putting things in ranked order.
e.g.
Priorities: 1st, 2nd, 3rd
Social class: upper, middle, lower
Climate: cold, warm, hot

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3. Interval Scale

 Standard set of numbers for measuring the intervals

 Money, distance, age, temperature, years of education,
test scores, weight

e.g. Years of education

a) 0-5 b)6-10
c) 11-15 d) more than 15

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Kathmandu Engineering College

Urban and Settlement Planning

Sampling

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Sampling
 Sample survey is a technique of collecting first hand
empirical data.
 Sample survey is done when it is unnecessary and too
expensive to interview everyone

Selecting a sample
 Sample should be representative
 A sample that is not representative is called biased
sample. e.g. Janamat in TV

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Urban and Settlement Planning

 How do we choose sample?

 Choose any one randomly

 Use variety of mechanical devices e.g. lottery

 Systematic sampling: Take every kth element from the

list e.g. every 10th student or every 5th house.

 Stratified sampling: Used to ensure representativeness

of a sample, where it might other wise be unlikely.

 Cluster sampling: Similar to stratified sampling, but

groups that are defined are heterogeneous. e.g. balanced
view with respect to racial and ethnic groups .
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Statistical Analysis

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Statistical analysis
 Mean/median /mode/range
 Standard deviation
 Variance
 Regression
 Corrections

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The "mean" is the "average" you're used to, where you add up
all the numbers and then divide by the number of numbers.

The "median" is the "middle" value in the list of numbers. To

find the median, numbers have to be listed in numerical order.

The "mode" is the value that occurs most often. If no number

is repeated, then there is no mode for the list.

The "range" is just the difference between the largest and

smallest values.
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Example

Find the mean, median, mode, and range for the following list
of values:
13, 18, 13, 14, 13, 16, 14, 21, 13

 Mean

= (13 + 18 + 13 + 14 + 13 + 16 + 14 + 21 + 13) ÷ 9 = 15

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Urban and Settlement Planning

 Median
The median is the middle value, so rewrite the list in order:
13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 16, 18, 21
There are nine numbers in the list, so the middle one will be
the (9 + 1) ÷ 2 = 10 ÷ 2 = 5th number:
13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 16, 18, 21
So, Median is 14.

Example:
 6, 8, 7, 9, 12, 5, 10, 7
 5, 6, 7, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12
Median = (7+8) / 2 = 7.5, Mean = 8
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Urban and Settlement Planning

 Mode

13, 18, 13, 14, 13, 16, 14, 21, 13

The mode is the number that is repeated more often than

any other, so 13 is the mode.

 Range
The largest value in the list is 21, and the smallest is 13,
so the range is 21 – 13 = 8.

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Urban and Settlement Planning

Standard Deviation
 In statistics and probability theory, standard deviation (σ)
shows how much variation or dispersion exists from the
average (mean), or expected value.

 It is defined as root mean square deviation of values from

their mean

 Low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend

to be very close to the mean (28, 29, 30, 31 and 32)

 High standard deviation indicates that the data points are

spread out over a large range of values. (10,20, 30, 40, 50)

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Kathmandu Engineering College

Urban and Settlement Planning

Standard Deviation

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Variation

Variance is a measure of how far a set of numbers is

spread out.

It is one of several descriptors of a probability

distribution, describing how far the numbers lie from the
mean (expected value)

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Urban and Settlement Planning

Regression

Regression analysis is a
statistical process for
estimating the relationships
among variables.

It includes many techniques

for modeling and analyzing
several variables

Regression analysis is widely used for prediction and

forecasting
Example
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