Decision Making:

Decisions help us decide the next course of action and move further. To make decisions, information is
necessary. Decisions cannot be taken in absence of information.
Traits of Intelligence
Human needs multiple intelligence to survive & progress in life. Human brain is a complex structure and
constitute multiple intelligence.
Logical and mathematical: Mathematical abilities such as calculations, logical reasoning, measurements,
problem solving etc. are carried out in the left, back and front of the brain.
Linguistic: Ability to interact, learn new languages and speak, ability to write, compose, grammar are
carried out by the left half region of the frontal lobe of the brain.
Spatial Visual: Ability to visualise, think, imagine, perceive the world in terms of images and visuals is
spatial visual intelligence which is handled by the right half of the brain.
Kinaesthetic: This intelligence refers to the intelligent or skilful use of the body especially limbs. Dancers,
actors, sportspersons demonstrate it through kinaesthetic intelligence.
Interpersonal: It involves interpersonal skills, communication skills and ability to interact with other
people Sympathy, empathy and seeing other's perspective are the traits of such intelligence.
Intrapersonal: Self-awareness, self-discipline, self-management, self-reliance are the traits of this
intelligence.
Existential: This refers to the religious inclination of the individual
Naturalist: Ability to interact and relate with the surroundings and environment is naturalist intelligence.

Understanding AI:
The Al field refers to the study of the principles, concepts and technology for building such machines and
systems that should think, act and learn like humans.
According to McCarthy: "Al is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines."
Al Challenges:
1. Retain the facts as knowledge. Recall the knowledge in a situation.
2. Think, analyse and apply logic. Make useful and accurate predictions.
3. Make decisions and upgrade their intelligence algorithm themselves.
So, the biggest challenge is to develop a machine or a computer that can store knowledge and improve
its own program to solve new problems with its evolved or improved intelligence
How do machines become Artificially Intelligent?
Intelligence is directly related to learning. More you learn about facts more would be the intelligence.
Al machines are trained to learn. It is fed with needed data to make it learn about the facts and rules.
This data is called training data. Patterns and information learnt from training data is retained by the
machine. Once machine is trained, its learning is tested by testing data. For example, how does a face
recognition algorithm work? It is trained with hundreds of thousands of facial data to learn the various
physical features of the face.
What Al is not: Automating the tasks by the help of programming is different from artificial intelligence.
Most of the smart devices such as washing machine, air conditioner, smart phone, smart TV etc. are not AI devices.
2. Basics of Artificial Intelligence
AI Types: Based on Complexity of Intelligence and Functionality
Al Types on the Basis of Complexity of lntelligence:
Narrow or Weak artificial intelligence:
Machines that exhibit a limited extent of intelligence to accomplish simple tasks are said to have
narrow/ weak intelligence. Such machines are deployed to perform some repeated tasks. Some
examples are:
1. Voice interface-based assistants such as Alexa and Siri.
2. A robot collecting empty food trays from the tables in a restaurant.
Strong or Generalized AI:
Machines with strong intelligence are capable of not only "think" like humans but also able to retain
the learning. Such learned intelligence is used to solve the same problem in different scenarios.
Examples:
1. A self-learning diagnostic system loaded with information regarding diseases and possible symptoms
along with rules to diagnose the diseases.
2. An airplane training system that functions without the help of a trainer.
3. A teaching robot that learns by answering students' queries and thereby enhancing its teaching
skills.
Al Types on the Basis of Functionality: Classified into following types:
Reactive machines:
A reactive machine knows how to respond to a particular stimulus (input) on the basis of a set of rules
and the logic. They show the most basic type of Al. They cannot retain learning by previous problem
solving.
Ex. Computers that play strategy games against humans.
Limited Memory:
Machines are equipped with the logic of sensing the changes occurring around. Machines with limited
memory cannot retain the learning. Ex. Self-driven cars, chat bots and customer response systems.
Theory of mind:
Machines are capable of interacting socially. They are able to respond suitably to others by exhibiting
understanding of their emotions and gestures.
Self-awareness:
Machines are truly intelligent machines. Such machines, of course, do not exist but endeavours to
develop machines that exhibit intelligence exactly like us humans are ongoing.
There is another form of Al called Artificial Superintelligence which is the highest form of Al using which
machines will surpass human intelligence owing to their speed, capability to process huge amount of
data and self-evolving smarter algorithms.
How does Artificial Intelligence Work?
Working of Al is based on enormous amount of data (heart of Al technology). Ex. if a machine is to be
taught to distinguish between a cat and a dog, it needs to be fed with several thousand different images
of dogs and cats so that it uses the "learning" from these images to identify a dog or a cat. Then, there
are filters based on algorithms that determine which data is useful for processing and which is to be
discarded. Third part of the functioning is the "learning brain" which is built on the complex algorithms.
It is able to identify patterns and trends in the data to develop learning out of it.

Al and Neurons:
Neurons are the microscopic cells that carry information (sensory signals and responses) throughout the
nervous system and into the brain. Millions of neurons form a communication network. Study of
neurons & research led to neuron like computing. Al focuses on building a network of artificial neurons.
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN):
At Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Farley and Clark developed a 128-neurons system which
could memorise simple patterns and then distinguish one pattern among many. Each neuron was able to
hold the information taught (fed repeatedly) to it. Various combinations of patterns were fed to the
artificial neurons system so that they are retained with various features of patterns.
Machine Learning (ML):
It is a sub-set of Al. It enables a computer system to learn from experience. This technique is used to
make computer perform accurate predictions after analysing the input given to it. ML has following
approaches:
Supervised ML: In this approach, the computer system is fed with the inputs and also informed about
what prediction/output is expected. After the prediction, the new findings are stored by the machine for
doing any new predictions in future. For example, a routing software learns to find the fastest possible
route by checking the patterns in traffic data and road conditions.
Unsupervised ML & Deep Learning: In this approach, computer machine is fed only with input data but
not the desired output details. It uses input data to analyse and find out any useful patterns. Such
machines are considered more intelligent. After prediction, the output is stored by the machine to use it
for performing any future predictions. Deep learning machines are helpful in finding new trends and
patterns in data.