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TELANAGA HISTORY
Sathavahanas
Introduction
The names of the Satavahana rulers, also known as the Andhras, occur in the lists of kings
found in the Puranas. There are many difficulties in using these lists as sources of history
without critically comparing them with other sources. For example the names ' of the kings and
the duration of their rule vary in the different Puranas. Moreover, information about the kings
is interwoven with myths and legends, and one has to carefully distinguish between facts and
legendary stories. The Puranas are nevertheless useful when studied with other sources such as
coins and inscriptions. The Satavahanas minted a large number of coins in lead, silver and an
alloy of copper. Their silver coins - carry the portrait of the king and his name. The inscriptions
are found in Buddhist caves cut in the rock and record donations made by Satavahana kings
and queens as well as by a large number of ordinary people.
The places ruled by them:
• Telangana
• Andhra Pradesh
• Karnataka
• Maharashtra
• According to “K.M.Panikkar”, Sathava- hanas have played important role in cultural
• integration between south india and Aryavarta (ancient name of Northern and Central
india).
• Various names of satavahanas are Shalivahanas, Andhra-Bhritya, Andhras
• and Satakarni.
• Progenitor of the Satavahana dynasty is “Satavahana”.
• Satavahana means the one who has a vehicle.
• In Kannada, Satavahana means “farmer”.
• In ancient texts, Satavahanas were described as “Andhra-Bhrityas”.
• Satavahanas ruled between 220 B.C to 225 A.D approximately.
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Origin of Satavahanas:
• According to B.S.L.Hanumanth Rao, satavahanas are Aryans.
• According to R.S. Sharma, satavahanas are Dravidans.
Varna of satavahanas:
• According to the ancient texts (puranas), the founder of dynasty Srimukha was
described as Sudra (Vishala)
• According to ancient literature Pracheena Vajmayam they are sudras.
• According to “Kathasaritsagara” written by Somadeva suri, satavahanas are born to
yaksha by name shatha and to a brahmin lady.
• Hence satavahanas belong to yaksha class.
• According to the Nasik inscription of Gautami Balasri, she described herself as
Rajarshipatni Kshatriapatni, hence some historians describe them as kshatriyas.
• In Nasik inscription of Gautami balasri , the Gautamiputra satakarni was described as
to a men of Naga sect , so they belong to Naga
• sect.
• According to a book Dvatrimsikaputtalika, satavahanas are born to male brahmin and
to a female of Naga sect.
Dispute regarding birthplace of satavahanas:
• There is a difference of opinion regarding the birthplace of satavahanas.
• Different historians have given different places.
• Karnataka : According to V.S.Sukthankar, the birth place of satavahanas is Bellary in
Karnataka. Reason: Myakadhoni inscription of Pulumavi 3 and Hirahadagali
inscription of pallava shiva skanda varma are found in Bellary.
• Vidarba: According to V.V.Mirashi, satavahanas belong to Vidarba of Maharashtra.
• Coastal Andhra : R.G. Bhandarkar, V.A. Smith and I.J. Rapson has described “Andhra”
as the first birthplace of satavahanas.
• Telangana : The following historians have decided “Telangana” as the birthplace of
satavahanas.
1. According to P.V. Parabrahma Sastry, Satavahanas have started ruling from
Telangana.
2. Kambampati Satyanarayana: Satavahanas have started ruling from Telangana and
expanded into West, North and Southern directions.
3. According to Dhame Raja Reddy, the coins and inscriptions of simukha are found
in Kotilingala so their 1st capital is Kotilingala.
4. G. Rambabu, B.N. Shastri, Mallampalli Somasekher Sharma , Sri Ram Sharma
have described Telangana as the birthplace of satavahanas.
SETTLEMENT PATTERN
• On the basis of the find-spots of their earliest inscriptions, it can be said that the
Satavahanas began their rule in the western Deccan.

• A second century A.D. The inscription of Gautamiputra Satakarni's mother from Nasik
provides information about the extent of the kingdom under the Satavahanas.
• The mention of both the Western and the Eastern Ghats as forming parts of
Gautamiputra Satakarni's empire suggests that by this time Satavahana rule covered the
entire Deccan and that it was divided into areas or districts.
• We get the names of at least five aharas in the inscriptions: Govardhana-ahara with its
center around Nasik; Soparaka-ahara on the west coast; Mamala-ahara comprising the
hilly portions of the Pune and Satara districts; Satavahanihara covering the Bellary
district of Karnataka; and Kapurachara perhaps in Gujarat.
• On the west coast there were a series of ports at Bharuch, Kalyan, Sopara and Chaul
and continuing further south all along the Konkan coast.
• To these ports commodities were brought from the inland centers through passes along
the Western Ghats.
• An important text for understanding the nature of travel and trade is the first century
A.D. Periplus of the Erythraean Sea written by an anonymous Greek sailor.
• It provides a graphic account of the dangerous passage through the narrow mouth of
the Gulf of Cambay to Bharuch.
• As a result incoming ships were piloted into the port by royal fishermen of the district.
We have earlier referred to the conflict between the Satavahanas and the Kshatrapas
over control of the maritime trade and the competition between the ports of Bharuch
and Kalyan.
• Inland Settlements Across the Western Ghats on the inland side, the major
concentrations of settlements were around Nasik; Junnar; within 30 Km. radius dKarle;
and further south in the upper Krishna basin around Kolhapur.
• It should be emphasized that all these areas are agriculturally rich and fertile and
provide a valuable resource base for the ports on the west coast. These ports handled
much of the trade in the first century A.D. between India and the Mediterranean region
and were also linked by the overland transpeninsular route across the Deccan to centers
in Andhra and along the east coast.
• It went from Bharuch to Paithan and Ter and further east to centers in Andhra. The
ancient site of Paithan spreads over 4 sq. km. along the Godavari and from time to time
a rich yield of antiquities like coins, molds, terracottas and pottery have been carried
out in the area also far and hence we know very little about the structural remains of
the Satavahana period. Ter lies in the major cotton producing region of the Deccan.
• Excavations at the site have yielded evidence of wooden fortifications and a number of
vats, perhaps for dyeing cloth.
• Ter is also well known for the find of an ivory figurine very similar to the specimen
found at Pompeii, but perhaps the most important ruin at the site is that of a brick caitya
subsequently converted into a Brahmanical temple. Another route in the Deccan linked
Ujjain to Maheshwar on the Narmada and past the caves at Ajanta and Pitalkhora to
Bhokardan and Paithan.
• Bhokardan was a major bead-making center and was idso known for shell and ivory-

working. Inhabitants of Bhokardan or Bhogavardhana are known to have made
donations at the Buddhist caves of Bharhut and Sanchi in central India.
• Further south in the upper Krishna valley Karad is an early center referred to in
Buddhist inscriptions.
• Also located in the same region is Kolhapur. In the western part of the town a rich hoard
of bronze objects was found. Some of these like the statuette of Poseidon were clearly
imports, while others like carts and bronze vessels were of local origin.
• manufacture. An extensive site in the adjacent district of Belgaum Is the site of Vadgaon
Madhavpur, a suburb of Belgaum town where excavations have yielded large numbers
of coins and other antiquities.
• Further south is the site of Banavasi known as the find-spot of one of the Satavahana
inscriptions. It was perhaps a fortified settlement as there are indications of a
fortification wall and a moat.
• The trans-peninsular route across the Deccan linked these sites in the western Deccan
to centers like Amaravgti in the lower Krishna valley and went past the Karimnagar
region of Andhra.
• The Karimnagar region has an extensive distribution of early historical sites, an
important center being that of Kondapur about 70 Km. north-west of Hyderabad.
Excavations at the site have yielded a rich collection of coins and terracottas and several
structures of brick of various sizes laid in mud mortar.
• Peddabankur is a small village now but was an important settlement during the
Satavahana period extending over a 30 hectare area. About 10 km. from Peddabankur
was the fortified site of Shulikatta. It was surrounded by a mud-rampart and excavations
have unearthed a large brick structure at the site. Another major
• The habitation site was at Kotilingala which was settled in the pre-Satavahana period
as indicated by recent coin finds. The Satavahana settlement had a mud fortification
and extensive brick structures. Large quantities of iron slag and ore were found at the
site. Leading from the Karimnagar region, the route branched off into the lower Krishna
valley which has a large concentration of Early Historical sites.
• Prominent among these are Amaravati and Dharanikota on both banks of the river
Krishna, and Dharanikota was connected to the river through a navigation channel. The
earliest structural aktivity at the site was marked by the construction of a wooden wharf
which was later converted into a brick structure. But with the gradual silting up of the
navigation channel the site was abandoned in the fourth century A.D.
• In addition to the transpeninsular route, another alternative was to go to the region of
Vidarbha into central India - the important settlements in Vidarbha being those of
Panuar, Pauni, Mandhal, Bhatkuli and Adam.
• One point that needs to be stressed is that it is only during the Satavahana period that
fortified settlements develop in the Deccan, and excavations indicate a marked
improvement in the quality of construction. Brick was increasingly used both for
fortification as well as for other structures.
• The floors were well made by means of rammed clay and the roof supported by wooden

posts and covered with tiles. railway lines at present follow the same routes that were
used in the ancient period.
• The Bhorghat is still the only pass across the Western Ghats connecting Pune to
Bombay past a series of early Buddhist caves such as Shelarwadi, Bedsa, Bhaja, Karle,
Ambivalent and Kondane.
Evidences Related to History of Satavahanas
1. Literary Sources:
Foreign books:
• The Greek Ambassador Megasthenes in his book Indica (in Greek) has stated that kings
of Andhra’s tribe have 30 fortified cities , one lakh army, two thousand cavalry and one
thousand elephants.
• Few fortified cities of Telangana out of 30 cities which were mentioned in Megasthenes
Indica are: Bodhan, Kotilingala, Dhulikatta, Pedda Bhankuru, Kondapur, Phanigiri,
Gajulabhanda and Indrapuri.
• In a natural history book of pliny and periplus of the erythraean sea of an unknown
writer the foreign trade of satavahanas was explained.
Native / Regional books:
• Puranas, Jataka stories of buddha and jain books.
Inscriptions:
• 24 inscriptions related to satavahanas are available. Inscriptions are written in prakrit
language and brahmi script was used in it.
Coins:
• Coins are issued in prakrit and desi languages.
• According to historians, Telugu language has evolved from desi language.
Excavations:
• Kondapur – Sangareddy district (Erstwhile Medak district)
• In the 3rd Century B.C only, Kondapur was developed as a city.
• Approximately 4000 coins related to Satavahanas are found in Kondapur.
• Mallampally Somasekher Sharma have described Kondapur as “Mint city of
• satavahanas”.
• Before satavahanas only , Kondapur was the capital for the “Ashika kingdom” (Ranga
• Reddy, Hyderabad and Medak districts).
• In the South, Kondapur was the main center for trade with the Roman empire.
• Necklace made up of Roman septaria with the symbol of Tiberius Caesar (emperor)
• was found in Kondapur.
Kotilingala – Jagityal district (Erstwhile. Karimnagar district):

• It is present at the meeting point of Godavari and Peddavagu.
• It is the first capital for satavahana kingdom.
• The pillar made up of sandstone was found here on which the words “Nagagopinikaya”

in brahmi script were written.
• On Munula Gutta near Kotilingala Jains “shilachchadalu” were founded.
• Addanki coins and coins of srimukha , early satavahanas and of rulers before
satavahanas were found in kotilingala.
Peddabankur – Peddapalli district (Erstwhile Karimnagar district):
• It is present on the banks of Hussain miya water stream.
• In Peddabankur one pot was found in a farmer's field which contained 22 thousand
satavahana coins.
• 22 fresh water wells which were built with bricks and one well which was made with
clay bangles are found here.
• The coins of Roman emperors Augustus, Caesar and Tiberius are found here.
• Dhulikatta – Peddapalli district (Erstwhile Karimnagar district)
• V.V.Krishna Shastri has found out the buddhist stupa which belonged to Satavahanas
time.
Satavahanas Political History

• Historians have different opinions regarding the number of kings who ruled over
Satavahanas kingdom and their time period.
• According to Matsya purana, there were 30 kings who ruled for 456 years.
• According to Vayu Purana, there were 17 kings who ruled over 272 years.
Important Satavahana rulers:
Srimukha/ Simukha:
• He is the founder of the satavahana kingdom/ dynasty and contemporary to Ashoka.
• In inscriptions, he was called Chimukha and Sindhuka.
• Vayu Purana – Sindhuka
• Matsya purana – Bali Puchka, Bali.
• Simukha’s 8 coins were found at Kotilingala.
• In the Nanaghat inscription of Devi Naganika , there is a mention about the king
Simukha that “Raya Simuka satavahana Sirimatho”.
• Earlier he patronized Jainism, later he turned to Brahmanism (Vedic religion).
• Important jains tourist site during his period – Munula Gutta (Karimnagar)
• The name on the coins issued by Srimukha- Ranagobhadra, Rana Goswamy.
• The 13th Rock edict of Ashoka mentions Simukha as feudatory of Mauryans.
• Ashoka has given the title “Raja” to Simukha.
• Ashoka has named Satavahanas as “Satyaputra” in his inscriptions.
• Srimukha has defeated the leader of “Rathika” clan i.e., Maharathi Tranakayiro and
married his daughter “Naganika” to Simukha’s son Satakarni-1
• According to Jain texts, people revolted against him due to his cruel administration.

• Later, Krishna, brother of Simukha became the king.
Kanha / Krishna
• In inscriptions, he was named as “Kanha”.
• He was the first Satavahana king to issue an inscription – Kanheri inscription.
• He engraved Nasik and Kanheri caves for the Buddhist monks.
• He appointed special officers “Dharma Mahamatya” for the welfare of the buddhist
• monks. Kanha patronized “Bhagavatha religion” during his period Bhagavatha religion
has spread from North India to Deccan.
Satakarni-1
• is the son of Simukha.
• His wife Naganika has issued Nanaghat inscription ( it is a decorative inscription). It is
• in “Prakrit”.
• Titles given to Satakarni-1 in Nanaghat inscription are:
Dakshina padapati
Ekaveera
Apratihita chakra
Shura
• Naganika describes herself as “Yajna hutana sugandha digavuta sindaya'' in Nanaghat
inscription. Nanaghat inscription has revealed the idols of following personsSrimukha,
Satakarni-1, Maharathi Tranakayiro, Naganika, Vedaksha Satakarni , Shatavari (sons
of Satakarni-1).
• According to Nanaghat inscription Satakarni-1 has performed two Ashwamedha
yagnas and one Rajasuya Yagam and other 20 rituals.
• According to Nanaghat inscription Satakarni- 1 has donated many Horses, Cows,
Elephants and villages to Brahmins he was the first to
• donate lands in india.
• He issued Ashwamedha coins; his coins contained the symbols of elephants and Ujjain
city.
Contemporaries of Satakarni-1 are:
• Magadha : Pushyamitra shunga
• Kalinga (Orissa) : Kharavela
• Northwest India: Demetrius (Indo- Greek King)
• As a mark of victory against Pushyamitra Shunga , Satakarni-1 have issued coins with
the symbol of “Ujjaini Town”.
• The kalinga king who invaded the Musika city of Satavahanas during Satakarni-1 was
• “Kharavela”. This was revealed from Kharavela's Hathigumpha inscription.
• According to Hathigumpha inscription , Kharavela have destroyed the city of Pithunda
• With donkeys he won Mushika city and gained the title “Musik Adhipati”.
• Historians opine that the Mushika city is the present day Kondapur in Sangareddy

district and Pithunda city is present day “Guntupalli”.
• But according to Chulla Kalinga Jatakam, Satakarni-1 has defeated Kalinga king
“Kharavela” and expanded his kingdom towards east.
Skanda Thambi :
• Invasions of Greek were started during his period.
Satakarni-II:
• He built a gateway to the southern side of Sanchi Stupa.
• Amongst Satavahanas, Satakarni-II have ruled for the longest period of 56 years.
• During his period, Satavahana kingdom expanded towards north india.
• According to Gargi Samhita, he annexed Vidisha which was the second capital of
• Shungas.
• He conquered Magadha capital “Pataliputra” in Northern India.
• From this period, the Saka-Satavahana conflict started.
• His court artist was Vashishta putra Ananda.
Kuntala Satakarni
• He was the 13th ruler.
• He changed the official language to Sanskrit in place of Prakrit.
• His title was Vikramarka.
• Court poets and their work during his period:
• Gunadhya – Brihat Katha (Paisachi Prakrit language)
• Sarva Varma – Katantra Vyakarnam
• Vatsyayana – Kamasutra, Nyaya Bhashyam
• Kuntala Satakarni married the princess of North India – Malayawati.
• Kuntala satakarni learned Sanskrit language through Sarva Karma because he felt
embarrassed before his queen who knew Sanskrit.
• Sarva Varma wrote Katantra Vyakarnam which was a grammatical book in Sanskrit.
• Through this book Kuntala Satakarni learnt Sanskrit.
• Gunadhya wanted his literary work Brihat Katha to be dedicated to the king but the
king refused. So, Gunadhya has burnt his book.At present only one chapter of Brihat
Katha is available. The main character in brihat katha was “Kubera / labbaika”. Based
on Brihat katha, 4 Sanskrit literary works were done in 10th & 11th century.
1) Somadeva Suri – Kathasaritsagara
2) Kshemendra – Brihat Katha Manjari
3) Hari sena – Brihat Katha Kosham
4) Varahamihira – Brihat Samhita
• Gunadhya’s Brihat Katha was translated intoSanskrit by king Durvinita of Ganga
• dynasty.
• Based on Brihat katha, Vishnu sharma wrote Panchatantra.
• According to Somadeva Suri’s Katha Sarit- sagaram, there were differences between

• Sharva Varma and Gunadhya.
• According to Vatsyayana’s Kamasutra,Kuntala Satakarni caused the death of his wife
• Malayavathi due to the sexual position named “ Karirtha”
• Kamasutra was translated into telugu by Aadi Narayana Shastri
Pulomavi-I
• He was the 15th ruler of Satavahanas.
• He invaded Magadha in North India and defeated Kanva king Susharma and annexed
his kingdom.
• Coins of Pulumavi-I are found in “Kurama/ Kuharam” near Pataliputra (Bihar).
Gaurav Krishna
• He was responsible for the disintegration of the Andhra kingdom. So he was degraded
and named as “Aristakarma”, “Vai Krishna”, “Rikta varnudu” in puranas.
Hala
• He was the 17th king of Satavahanas. He ruled only for 5 years.
• He was Telangana's first written great poet among kings.
• His period was described as the Golden era for prakrit.
• Hala was the author of “Gatha Saptashati” in Maharashtri prakrit language.
• This book contains 700 romantic love stories which reveal the rural social conditions
of that period. This book describes the importance of marriage traditions, betel leaves
and parani (which is applied by women on their feet during marriage) and also describes
the festival Holi.
• Gatha Saptashati is similar to the book “vajjalagga” written by Svetambara jain Monk
“Jayavallabha”.
• Bana in his book Harshacharita have mentioned that Hala has written Gatha
• Saptashati.
• Hala had titles “Kavi Vatsala” and “Kavi Raja”.
• In Kutuhala’s “Leelavathi Parinayam”, it was mentioned that Hala has invaded Simhala
(Sri Lanka) and married Simhala Princess Leelavati. According to this book, they were
• married in Bheemeshwara temple near Sapta-Godavari.
• According to Dr. Sanganabhatla Narsaiah, this place is Bhimeshwara temple on the
banks of Godavari near Vempalli Venkat Rao peta in Jagtial district.
• Hala felicitated the poets – “Kumarila” and “ Sripalitha”.
• The important army commander of Hala was “ Vijayanada”.
Gautamiputra Satakarni
• He was the 23rd king of Satavahanas according to Puranas.
• He was the greatest king among Satavahanas, he revived the political Glory of
Satavahanas.
• When he ascended the throne in 78 A.D, “Shalivahana Saka” was started.
• From 1957, Indian Government has recognised 78 A.D as the beginning of Shalivahana
Era / Saka.

• The only king who followed Shalivahana Saka was “Yadava Ramachandra Deva” (king
of devagiri)
• Gautamiputra Satakarni was the first king to use mother’s name in front of his name.
• His mother Gautami Balasri has issued a Nasik inscription. This inscription was issued
after the death of Gautamiputra Satakarni during the 19th Regnal year of his son
Vaashistaputra Pulomavi.
• In Nasik inscription Gautami Balasri describes herself as “Satya Vachan Adana Ahimsa
• Nirathaya” and “Rajarshi Vadhuvu”.
Titles of Gautamiputra Satakarni according to Nasik inscription:
• Eka brahmana
• Aagama Nilaya
• Dvijakula Vardana
• Eka Shura
• Chaturvarna Shankara
• Kshatriya Darpamana Vardhana
• Varna Sankara Nirodhaka
• Eka Dhanurdara
• Sakayavana Pahlava Nighadhana
• Bhenakataka Swamy
• Trisamudra toya peet vahan (one whose horses drunk the water of 3 oceans)
• The sovereign title “Rajoran” Kshaharata Vamsha Niravaseshakara.
Jogalthambi War:
• In this war, Gautami putra satakarni defeated “Nahapana” who was an important ruler
of Kshatrapas. After this war, Gautamiputra Satakarni gained the title “Destroyer of
Kshatrapas” (Kshaharata Vamsha Nirvaseshakara).
• After victory in this war, Gautamiputra Satakarni have re-issued the coins of
• Nahapana with his name.
• These re-issued coins were found at Jogalthambi in Maharashtra.
• Gautamiputra Satakarni annexed many kingdoms and changed the capital of
Satavahan’s from Dhanyakataka to Pratishthana Puram.
• Gautamiputra Satakarni built a city by the name “Bhenakatakam”.
• His coins were found at Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu.
• He donated 100 nivarthana land to Buddhist monks.
Vashistiputra Pulomavi (VPP) / Pulomavi II

• In the Nasik inscription , he was awarded the title “Dakshina Madeshwara”.
• During his period, Amaravati Stupa was built.
• 1st inscription of Satavahana in Andhra Pradesh was Dharani Kota inscription
• issued by VPP.
• Rudradaman of Western Kshatrapas (Kardamaka) dynasty has defeated Vashishti Putra
pulumavi.
• Due to the fear of Rudradaman ,VPP changed the capital from Pratishthana Puram to
Dhanyakataka. This is evident from the Girnar inscription or Junagadh inscription of
Rudradaman.
• The title of VPP : Navanagara Swamy. Vashishti Putra Shiva sri Satakarni
• His title was Kshatrapa.
• He was the 1st Satavahana king to issue coins in two languages i.e; in Prakrit and Tamil.
• Yajna Sri / Yagna Sri Satakarni
• Yagnya sree inscription was Chinna Ganjam.
• His coins contained the symbols of boats. Due to this , it is evident that foreign trade
took place with the Roman empire during his period.
• Historians opine that “Matsya Purana” was written in his period.
• Bana in his book “Harsha Charita” has mentioned Yagna sree as “Trisamudradipati”.
• In the Silappadikaram book, the Yagna Sri was described as “Paasanda Sathan”,
meaning the one who opposes the rituals of Yagnam / Yaga.
• He was the contemporary of Acharya Nagarjuna.
• Yajna sree have built Parvata Vihara or Mahachaitya Vihara at NagarjunaKonda
• for Acharya Nagarjuna.
• According to Chinese traveler Fahien, this Vihara had 5 floors and 1500 rooms.
• Pulomavi III
• He was the last ruler of Satavahanas.
• The inscription which tells about the fall of Satavahanas Kingdom and Pulomavi III
was Myakka Dhoni inscription (Near Bellary – Karnataka ).
Administration
• Satavahana followed Maurya’s administrative system.
• Kingdom was passed from father to son i.e; it was hereditary.
• “Monarchy system abide by Dharma Shastra” is the source of Satavahana state
• system: Junagadh inscription tells us about administration and the Ministers of
• Satavahanas.
• There were four main ministers giving advice to the king. They were known as
“Amatyas''. Amatya’s are not hereditary.
• Vishwasamatya – Prime Minister, Loyal to king , internal Advisor to king.
• Rajamatya – the one who implements the orders of the king.
• Mahamatya – Finance Minister
• Mahatalvari – Commander General of Army
• Along with them, different officers were appointed.
Important Officers:
• Hiranika – Treasurer(the one who collects taxes)

• Bhandagarika –Royal goods stores incharge
• Mahatalvara – Bodyguard
• Pratihara – Sentry(a soldier to control access to a palace)
• Rajagaha – the person who does land surveys and collects taxes.
• Rajuka – judge
• Maha Dhammika – a person who looks after education and resolves religious conflicts.
• Maha aryaka –Person who looks after legal affairs
• Pattaka Pala –Registrar of land documents
• Rajavija – Doctor for the court
• During Satavahanas, the lands were donated permanently by the condition
“Akshayani”.
Division of Kingdom Administrators
• Kingdom – King
• Aharas – Amatyas(Governors)
• Vishaya – Vishayapati
• Grama (Villages) – Gramika, Gramini
• Local Body Administration - Village
• Smallest division of the kingdom – Village
• Head of the village administration was Gramika or Gramini.
• Mahakaryaka was the officer to resolve the problems of villagers.
• A group of villages were called Gulmi. Head of Gulmi was “Gulmika”.
• According to Myakadauni inscriptions, Gulmika also acted as army chiefs in the
boundaries of villages.
Town Administration
• Administration of Town / Cities is looked after by the “Nigama Sabha”.
• The members of Nigama Sabha were Gahapati. They were the community heads.
• There was reference about the administration of cities during Satavahanas in the
• “Bhattiprolu Nigama Sabha inscription" .
• This inscription was issued by “Kubera”.
• Megasthenes Indica also has the reference of Nigama Sabhas.
• “Rajakamket” is the place where the administration is under the direct control of the
king.
Military force
• Hathigumpa inscription of Kharavela mentions about four military forces of
• Satavahanas.
• The army was composed of four arms (Chaturanga) – infantry, cavalry,
• elephantry and chariots.
• Temporary military camp was called Skandhagara.
• Permanent military camp was called Kataka (present day cantonment).

Economic Condition / Economic System
• The main occupation of the people was “Agriculture”.
• The land where crops were grown is known as “Sita Kshetram” and the head of this
was known as “Sitaadyakshya”.
• Unit of land Measurement was “Nivarthana”.
• 1 Nivarthana = 1.5 Acres (Approx)
• Main source of income was “Land Tax”
• Land tax was known as Bagha / Dheyameya.
• Dheya – Land tax was collected in the form of money.
• Meya – Land tax was collected in the form of produce.
• Generally land tax was collected as 1/6th of the crop produced.
• Tax collected from Artisans was “Kurukara”.
• Shulka – tax on water.
• Kara – tax on Vegetables and fruit crops.
• The land donated to brahmins and buddhist monks was exempted from tax.
• The scientific expert team was appointed by the kings to invent new tools for
agriculture.
• This team was known as “Odhayantrika”.
The inventions of odhayantrika are:
• Udhaga yantram – for plowing the land(Machine)
• Ghati yantra – for pulling water to up
• Garika yantram – for separation of
• seeds from raw cotton
• Rihatta Gadiya – tool for fetching water Water Resources / Irrigation
• Upadana – wells
• Thadaka – lake / tank
• Rahata Gadiya – Lift irrigation
• Paniya Gaharika – Irrigation officer
Farmers are of two types:
1. Halika- Small scale farmers
2. Gahapati / Samsarin – Large scale farmers or Zamindars.
Important crops during Satavahanas:
• Paddy, Turmeric, Sugarcane, Cotton, Wheat, Jute.
• Coconut (in the 1st Century A.D it was exported from Maliyadesam to South India).
• Shreni / Professional Associations
• During Satavahanas, each profession had its own association known as Shreni. The
head of the Shreni was “Shresti” (Shetty).

• These shreni’s eventually formed into castes.
• According to inscriptions, there were 18 different types of Shreni’s or guilds.
1. Kolika – Weavers
2. Halika – Farmers
3. Thilapistika – Oil Millers
4. Kulinarika – Potterman
5. Udhaya Yantrika – Man who operates water machines.
6. Vadhaka – Carpenter
7. Gandhika – Perfume Makers
8. Kasakara – Brass workers
9. Thesakara – Stone polishers
10. Kamaras – Blacksmith
11. Malankara – Flower merchants
12. Lohavaniya – Iron merchants
13. Suvanakara – Gold smith
14. Selavadhakas – Architects
15. Avecina – Artisans
16. Lekakas – Writers
17. Chammakaras – Leather works
18. Pasakaras – Medhari varu
• These shreni’s worked as banks in those days i.e; they accepted deposits and have given
loans. In those days interest was 12% per annum.
• According to Rishabadatta’s Nasik inscription, Rishabadatta took a loan of 2000
Karshapanas from Kolika shreni of Govardhan Mandal at 12% interest rate. Later
• Rishabh Datta has repaid the loan to Kolika shreni and in turn Kolika shreni have
donated the money to Buddhist Monks.
• During Satavahanas, a type of Iron named “Vooj” was manufactured.The evidence of
this is found in Kondapur of Medak district.
• The tools of the goldsmith were found at Kotilingala.
• The strongest shreni / guild was Kolika shreni (Padmashali), Economically Satavahana
kingdom was strongest because of Kolukula shreni (Padmashali).
• During the Vashishti Putra pulumavi period, a man named “Rakkasi lotai” invented a
machine to separate seeds from cotton. This machine was known as “Giraka”.
• Because of this “Giraka” machines, the seeds were separated easily and clothes were
manufactured within less time and they were
Exported.
• During this period, the clothes were exported to the Roman Empire.
• Historian Pliny opine that in the Roman Empirethe men were attracted to women who
wore the soft muslin clothes which were exported from India to the Roman Empire,
Because of this attraction of men towards women, the moral values of the Roman

empire are coming down.
Trade
• Barter system was followed.
• Trade unions issued “Punch marked coins”
• There was domestic and foreign trade during this period.
• Domestic traders were known as “Sedhi”
• Main mode of transportation was bullock carts.
• The business men when traveling to long distances they formed a union known as
• “Bidar” to fight against thieves.
• The important trade centers were Kotilingala, Dhulikatta and Kondapur.
• The men who did foreign trade were known as “Sarthavahas”
The important literary sources which tell us about Port cities & trade in Satavahana
period:
1. Periplus of the Erythraean sea by an unknown author: This book mentioned that
Arikamedu (near Puducherry) was named as the international sea port.
2. Ptolemy’s “The Guide to Geography”.
3. Pliny’s Natural history.
• According to Pliny Roman women imported thinnest cloth from India and in return they
gave 5 crores of sterling Roman gold coins.
Important port cities in West coast during Satavahanas:
• Bharucha (Barigaja)
• Present day Bharuch (Gujarat)
• Kalyan – Karnataka
• Sopara – Maharashtra
Important port in East coast:
• Maisolia (Motupalli)
• Important places during Satavahanas:
• Gudur – Famous for soft / thin clothes
• Machilipatnam – Famous for muslin
• Palnadu – Diamond industry
• Vinukonda – Metal industry
• Konasamudram (Karimnagar) – Best quality iron
Exports of Satavahanas:
• Soft clothes, Muslin
• Toys and things made up of elephant trunk
• Spices, Sandalwood, Forest herbs
• Golden chairs, gems, pearls
• Sugar , oil, ghee

• Luxury goods
• Female slaves
Imports of Satavahanas:
• Gold, silver, pearls, silk, camphor.
Coins
• Roman coins were found in Andhra,Telangana due to trade with the Roman Empire.
• In Pedda Bhankur, the coins with the pictures of Augustus &Tiberias were found.
• The coins of emperor Claudius were found inGutiparti of Nalgonda.
• Gold and Silver coins were found in Gutiparti,Yeleswaram and Akkinapally of
Nalgonda district.
• Golden coins of the Roman empire were found atNagavarappadu of Khammam district
and Arikamedu, Tamil Nadu (Near Puducherry).
• Arikamedu was Roman Trade Centre
• Satavahanas minted coins in metals like Copper, lead, tin, silver and gold, potin alloy.
• Gold coins were called Suvarnas
• Silver coins were called Karshapana
• One gold coin is equal to 35 Karshapanas
• Lead coins were minted on a large scale.
Social Conditions
• There was a composite culture during Satavahanas. It is a mixture of Dravida culture
and Aryan culture.
• Four-fold caste system was followed but it was not so strong.
• As the caste system was not strong, inter-caste marriages were prevalent.
• Brahmins were given highest regard in the society.
• Caste system emerged from Shrenis or guilds,But there is no Caste discrimination.
• Patriarchal system was followed. There was a Joint family system.
• Women were given freedom.
• Women were given property rights and they are free to patronize any religion.
• Women used to participate in Yaga’s / Rituals
• along with male.
• But there was Polygyny and practice of Sati During Satavahanas (Strabo named it after
the practice of Sati during this period).
• There were no Widow marriages. Prostituteswere also given respect.
• Dancers used to apply “Aradalam” as make-up. Women used to wear Uttariya (Kabari
Bandham) instead of blouses.
• Men and women used to wear headgear /turban known as “Ushniya”.
• Slavery was prevalent during this period.

SOCIETY
• The social structure of the Deccan under the Satavahanas shows many features which
are different from those prescribed in thedanskrit texts such as the Manusnuti.
• For example, many inscriptions~f the Satavahana rulers mention the names of their
mothers rather than those of their fathers, such as Gautamiputra Satakarni or Satakarni,
son of Gautami.
• This is not in keeping with the Dharmasastras which state that in the approved forms of
marriage the bride acquires the gotra of her husband and loses that of the father.
• Another interesting feature of the inscriptions is that the Satavahanas refer to
themselves as unique Brahmanas who crushed the pride of the Kshatriyas.
• According to the Brahmanical texts it was only the Kshatriyas who had the right to rule.
The inscriptions are also usefull as they record donations by a cross-section of the
population and from this we can judge the prosperity of certain sections of the society.
• Traders and merchants figure prominently as donors, but also important are
blacksmiths, gardeners and fishermen. No doubt these artisans and craftsmen benefitted
from the increased long-distance trade.
• What is noteworthy is that they mention their occupations with their names and not
their castes. In an earlier unit we had mentioned that Buddhist texts prescribe a
somewhat different division of society as compared to the Brahmanical texts.
• Here the distinction was based on work and craft and in most cases people were known
by their occupations rather than their castes.
• I Another category of donors that is known at this time was that of yavanas or
foreigners. The term yavana originally denoted an Ionian Greek, but around the
Christian era it was used indiscriminately for any foreigner.
• Many of the yavanas adopted Prakrit names and made donations to Buddhist
monasteries. Women frequently made gifts either on their own or sometimes with their
husbands or sons.
• One of the Satavahana I queens named Nayanika also performed Vedic sacrifices and
made large donations to I the Brahmana and Buddhist monks.
• These examples indicate that society in the Deccan, as it is known from the records of
the period, were not governed by rules laid down by the Brahmanical texts.
• Thus any , reconstruction of the ancient social structure shouldcarefully analyse textual
references and establish their veracity by comparing these with other sources such as
inscriptional or archaeological.
• The role of the Buddhist monasteries mentioned in the records of the period had also
changed a great deal since the time of the Buddha. In the beginning Buddhist monks
were allowed very few personal possessions.
• These were limited to a few robes and a begging bowl. Gradually the influence and
membership of the Buddhist Sangha increased. We have seen that Satavahana kings
donated large sums of money and land to the Buddhist monasteries.
• This added to the wealth of the Sangha. It is also at this time that we get references to

donations made by Buddhist monks and nuns themselves.
Religious Conditions
• Satavahanas followed Vedic religion(Brahmanism).
• Buddhism, Jainism and Vedic religion were prominent.
Vedic Religion:
• In the Nanaghat inscription, there is a mention of the deities Indra, Agni and Varuna.
This inscription starts with a prayer to God Indra.
• Hala’s Gatha Saptashati starts with a prayer to Lord Shiva and ends with Gowri
Stotram.
Shaivism:
• The sect of Shaivism which was prominent was Pashupata Shaivism. The founder of
this sect was “Lakulisa”. This was the 1st sect of
• Shaivism. They worshiped “Pashupati”.
• This sect of Shaivism prohibited sacrifices. They gave importance to peace.
• The oldest temple of Shaivism in Andhra Pradesh is at Gudimallam (Chittoor). In this
temple, there is a 14 feet high Shiva lingam. This belongs to 2nd Century B.C and was
worshiped by Satavahanas.
Jainism:
• Digambara Jainism is Prominent in Andhra.
• According to Jina Prabhasuri’s book “Kalpa Pradeepa”, 52 army chiefs of Satavahanas
have built 52 jain temples on their names.
• Ashoka’s grandson Samprati have embraced Jainism and sent persons to Andhra to
• propagate Jainism.
• The 10th Jain Teerthankara Sheetalanatha’s birthplace was Bhadrachalam (Badalpuri)
in Khammam district.
• Sri Mukha first patronized Jainism, this is evident from the Coins found at Munula
Gutta in Karimnagar.
• Kondakundacharya: He was the prominent digambar jain monk during Satavahanas.
He propagated two Jain Philosophies: Shadvadam, Anekantha vadam. He divided the
Digambara sect into 2 sub-sects. Balatkara Gachcham and Vakra gachchami
Buddhism:
• Buddhism spread to Andhra and Telangana in the 6th Century B.C during the lifetime
of Gautama Buddha.
• On the request of Shambhala king Subendran, Gautama Buddha visited
• Amaravati.
• Buddha gave preachings at Amaravati, according to the belief of Tibetan Buddhists.
• Even though Satavahana kings patronized Vedic religion, they also encouraged
• Buddhism, but Satavahana queens patronized Buddhism.
• Gautami Balasree has donated Nasik caves in Maharashtra to the sect of “Badranaya
Buddhism”.

• The Buddhism Sect which started in Andhra was “Chaityaka Vadham”.
• The founder of chaityaka vadham was Mahadeva Bikshuvu.
• Important Buddhist Philosopher during Satavahanas was Acharya Nagarjuna.
Acharya Nagarjuna:
Titles:
• Second Buddha (Second Tathagatha)
• Indian Martin Luther
• Indian Einstein
• Founder of Madhyamika path.
• The book which gives information about
• Nagarjuna was the Lankavatara Sutra (Maitreya nadha).
• According to this book, he was born in the village “Vedali” (is in Telangana according
• to historians).
• He established “Nagarjuna University” in Sri Parvatham, which was the 2nd University
in India (1st Taxsila).
• Acharya Nagarjuna expanded Mahayana Buddhism in Andhra Desham.
• He built stone arches for Mahachaitya at Amaravati and Shilamantapa at Srisailam.
Acharya Nagarjuna has written 24 books in Sanskrit. The important books are:
1) Suhrullekha
• This book is the summary of the conversations between Acharya Nagarjuna and Yajna
Sri Satakarni
• According to Chinese traveler I-tsing, in that period every student used to by-heart this
book.
2) Ratnavali:
• This book discusses the “welfare state concept”.
• Nagarjuna explains about the administrative policies in this book.
3) Pragnaparamita Shastram:
• It means Perfection of wisdom.
• It is an important book for Mahayana Buddhism.
Other books of Acharya Nagarjuna:

• Aarogya Manjari
• Rasavadham (on physics)
• Shunyata Saptathi
• Madhyamika Karika.
• Rasa Ratnakaram (on Chemistry)
• Pragna Paramita
• Nagarjuna started two new philosophies in Mahayana Buddhism.
1. Madhyamika School

2. Sunyata (emptiness)
• Acharya Nagarjuna is regarded as “Indian Einstein”. Because his Sunyata Philosophy
• contains “Theory of Relativity” which is similar to Einstein’s concepts.
• Disciple of Nagarjuna – Aryadeva
• Aryadeva's book was Chittasuddi prakaranam.
• Aryadeva became the head of Nagarjuna University after the death of Acharya
Nagarjuna.
Important Buddhist place / centers in Satavahana period:
• Peddapalli District – Dhulikatta
• Nalgonda District – Nandikonda, Gajula Banda
• Suryapet District – Phanigiri (Here Buddha’s foot & Dharma chakra are found).
• Khammam – Nelakondapalli (Bronze Buddha’s statue and White stone
• stupa was found)
• Warangal District – Jeelakarragudem
• Nagarjuna Konda was well known for Mahayana Buddhism, Aparashaila
• Chaitaka Philosophy.
• Nagarjunakonda is the great Island Museum in India.
Art & Architecture

• The Architecture was known as “Amaravati School of Art”.
• Amaravati Stupa: situated in Guntur district on the banks of
• Krishna River. It was identified by Colonel Colin
• Mackenzie (First Director General of Survey of India) in the year 1797.
• The perimeter of Amaravati stupa is 435 feet and 20 meters high.
• It was built during the period of Pulumavi-II.
• The symbols related to Buddha’s life are shown on the plate of white stone known as
“Ayakapatakam”.
1) Buddha’s Birth – Lotus
2) Mahabhinishkramana – Horse
3) Enlightenment (Nirvana) – Bodhi / Peepal tree
4) Dharma chakra Pravartan – wheel
5) Mahapariniryana (Death) – Stupa.
• The Ayakapatakam also has the pictures of Purna Khumbham and Vinayaka.
• Ferguson has described Amaravati Sculptures as the Epitome of Indian Architecture.
Stupa’s in Telangana:
• The stupa’s in Dhulikatta and Pashigam in Telangana are older than Amaravati stupa.
• Dhulikatta stupa was built in the 2nd century B.C. this has the picture of footprints of
Buddha.
• On one Plaque of Dhulikatta stupa Nagamuchilinda’s Sculpture along with 5 heads was

engraved (on top of footprints of Gautama Buddha).
• Satavahana built Chaityas,Viharas and Stupas.
Ikshvakus
The Ikshvakus emerged in the Krishna-Guntur region following the decline of Satavahana
power in the eastern part of the peninsula. The Ikshvaku dynasty (300 CE- 400 CE), is named
after the legendary King Ikshvaku.
• Ikshvakus made “Vijayapuri" as capital and ruled the areas present on both the sides of
Krishna River.
• The other name for Vijayapuri was Sri Parvata, so Ikshvakus are also known as Sri
Parvateyas (Mentioned in Puranas).
• The Mountain ranges from NagarjunaKonda to Srisailam are known as Sri Parvata".
Old name of Sri Parvata is Nallamalli". They worshiped the symbol “Ikshu". In
Sanskrit, Ikshu means Sugar Cane.
• As per Alluri Inscription, Ikshvakus are feudatories to Satavahanas.
• Alluri inscription was issued by Veera Purusha Datta.
The Origins of the Ikshvakus
● The Ikshvaku dynasty was founded by a chieftain called Chamtamula, a
feudatory of the Satavahanas.
● As the Satvahana Empire declined, he claimed legitimacy as a sovereign king
by performing an Ashwamedh yagya—the royal Brahminical ritual that ended
with a horse sacrifice.
● He is popularly imagined today as this tough guy. Even his chosen dynastic
name, Ikshvaku, was his attempt to attach himself to the mythological hero,
Rama of Ayodhya.
● This was a common royal move; Indian kings invented glorious genealogies all
the time—to raise their social status, and to establish their divine right to rule.
Birthplace of Ikshvakus
• There is a difference of opinion regarding the birthplace of Ikshvakus.
• Kannada Region - Hegel, Stenko
• Tamilnadu – Dr. K. Gopalchary Natives of Andhra Region -Bishop Caldwell North
India – Buller, Rapson
• According to Vishnu Purana, Ikshvakus are from North India.
• A Portugal Religious Preacher "Bishop Caldwell'" has analyzed the relation between
Telugu and Dravidian languages.
• He wrote a book: "A Comparative Grammar to Dravidian Languages". In
Nagarjunakonda inscription, Ikshvakus claim themselves as the descendants of Sri
Rama Chandra (Ikshvaka clan) and Buddha (Sakya Muni).
• According to Dr. R.G Bhandarkar, Ikshvakus are Kshatriyas.

• According to P. Subramanyam kshvakus belongs to Chenchu race
Historical Sources
• Inscriptions of Ikshvakus are found at NagarjunaKonda, Jaggayapeta, Ram Reddy Palli,
Phanigiri.
• These inscriptions are in Prakrit language and Brahmi Script.
• From the period of Ehuvala Santamula, the inscriptions were issued in Sanskrit
language.
• The following were found during the excavations at NagarjunaKonda which were of
Ikshvakus period (A.D.3d Century).
• Fort, Buddha Stupas, Chaityas, Viharas, Temples, Bath Tanks.
• The remains of Nagarjuna Konda were found by Telugu Assistant Prof. A. Ranganath
Saraswati who worked in the Archaeological Department in the year 1926. The practice
of writing Mother's name in front of the king's name was taken from Satavahanas and
this practice ended with Ikshvakus. The book "Dharmamruta" written by Nayasena
reveals the facts of Sri Parvata. Ashwagosha's Buddha charita reveals about the Birth
Antecedents of Ikshvakus.
Ikshavaku Rulers
• As per Ikshvakus inscriptions, there are 4 rulers.
1. Vasista Putra Sri Santhamula (A.D 220-233):
• Founder of Ikshvaku dynasty.
• His inscriptions were found at Rentala, Kesana palli and Dachepally.
• He expanded his kingdom through Matrimonial Alliances.
• He has two sisters- Shanta Sri, Ramya Sri. Shanta Sri married Skanda Sriof Pugiya
Clan.
• His son Veera Purusha Datta married Rudra Battarika, daughter of Rudradaman(King
of Ujjain).
• He patronized Vedic/Vaidika religion.
• He was a devotee of Kartikeya". He also worshiped Mahasena Virupaksha
Subramaniya Swamy.
• He extended his support to Brahmins by donating villages(Agraharas) and lands. He
issued Rentala and Dachepally (Prakrit) inscriptions. These inscription mentions about
him as follows:
• He donated lakhs of gold coins. He encouraged Professional guilds/ Sreni's by the name
“Negima ''.
• He reconstructed the entrance of Srisailam at Eleswaram (North east direction).
• He cleared forests and brought land under cultivation.
• He donated lakhs of Cows, Ploughs, Lands and Gold coins for the development of
Agriculture.
• His titles:
• Shathasahasra Halaka

• Shatha Sahasra
• Mahadhanapati Dakshinapadhapati
• Apratihatha Shasana
• He performed Ashwamedha, Vajapayea, Asuya, Agnishaman and Agnihotra agas.
2. Matariputra Sri Veera Purusha Datta(A.D 233-253):
• He was the greatest of all Ikshvaku rulers.
• His titles are Dakshina Ashoka and Ikshavaka Ashoka.
• Initially he patronized Vedic religion but due to the influence of his aunt Shanta Sri he
embraced Buddhism. He was the only ruler in Ikshavakus who Patronized Buddhism.
His period was known as “Golden Era in the history of Mahayana Buddhism"
• During his period, Nagarjuna Konda became popular as “Southern Gaya".
• He established Sri Parvata University, 14 Buddhist University in India.
• His aunt Shanta Sri had built “Maha chaitya" (on the Mortal remains of Buddha) at
Nagarjuna konda.
• As per NagarjunaKonda Inscription, Shanta Sri did many donations for Brahmins and
poor people, sramanas.
• Veera Purusha Datta married 4 daughters of Shanta Sri. From his Period, the practice
of Marrying aunt's daughter has started. There is a picture of Veera Purusha Datta
hitting Shivalinga with his legs at NagarjunaKonda. By this it is evident that he hated
Shaivism.
• Many Buddhist sculptures of Ikshavaku's period were excavated at NagarjunaKonda.
These are known as Manaviya Sculptures".
Inscriptions of Veera Purusha Datta:
• Alluri Inscription
• Jaggaiah peta Inscription
• Nagarjuna Konda Inscription
• Amaravati Inscription
• Uppugunduru Inscription
Upasika Bodhisri:
• She was a Buddhist patron and she did tremendous work for the spread of Buddhism.
She was the niece of Bodhi Sharma who was Treasurer during the Veera Purusha Data
Period.
• She was the daughter of Revantha of Sri Parvata.
• HerUpasika Inscription" at Amaravati tells us about her efforts for Buddhism.
• She built a Buddhist monastery at Chuladammagiri on NagarjunaKonda.
• She constructed a platform for the Bodhi tree at Sinhala Vihara.
Other constructions of Upasika:
• Constructed Shila Mantapam in front of Paruvata Vihara.
• Mantapashala at Purvashada.

• Prayer hall at Devagiri.
• Chaitya at Kuhala Vihara.
• Vihara on top of Mahadammagiri.
• 7 Viharas at Papila and 3 Viharas at Erumuthuva.
Bhava Viveka:
• He was a Buddhist preacher who lived at NagarjunaKonda during Veera Purusha Datta.
He started two Traditions in Buddhism. • Svatantra Madhyamika Tradition • Nyaya
Prayoga Tradition
His literary works were
• Prajna Pradeepa
• Tarkay Wala
• Karathala Ratna
• Chinese Traveller Hiuen Tsang mentioned Bhava Viveka.
3. Santamula-II
• Vashmibatta Ehubala Santamula The practice of adopting Grandfather's names started
with Ikshvakus.
• During his period, Prakrit was replaced by Sanskrit as official Language, the usage of
Sanskrit Language in inscriptions started. In south India, 1" Sanskrit Inscription was
issued by Ehubala Santamula, at NagarjunaKonda -Gummadi Gurru Inscription. He
patronized Vedic Religion, Buddhism and Hinduism developed during his period. He
was the 1st ruler to build Hindu temples in South India.
• He built Pushpa Bhadra Swamy temple at NagarjunaKonda.
• Other temples were constructed at NagarjunaKonda during his period:
• Kartikeya temple
• Pushpa Bhadra Swamy temple
• Nodagiri swamy temple
• Harathi temple
• Kubera Swamy temple
• Navagraha temple
• During that period, women used to offer bangles at saptamatruka of Harathi temple for
Progeny.
• His army chief : Yelisri. Yelisri built a city known as "Yeleswaram".
• Yelisri built a Shiva temple by name "Sarva Devalayam".
• During Ehubala Santamula's period, King Vasu Sena of Abhira Dynasty invaded
Ikshvaku's Kingdom.
• According to Nagarjunakonda inscription. King Vasu Sena of the Abhira dynasty ruled
Vijayapuri for 5 years.
• The army chief of Vasu Sena was Shiv Sena, Shiv Sena built Astabhuja Swamy temple
at NagarjunaKonda, it was 1" Vishnu temple in South India.
4. Rudra Purusha Datta (A.D. 283-301):

• Last ruler of Ikshvakus.
• Pallava King “Simha Varma" defeated Rudra Purusha Datta and annexed the kingdom
of Ikshvakus. This is revealed from the Manchikallu Inscription.
• During his fourth regnal year, Noduka Sri donated land to the Halampura Swamy
temple in Nagulapuram, Guntur.
• Manchikallu inscription was issued by Pallava king Veera Kurcha Varma". Ancient
Pallavas were responsible for the downfall of Ikshvakus. This information was found
on the Maidavolu Inscription which was issued by Shiva Skanda Varma.
The Fall of the Ikshvakus

• Going back to the Ikshvaku Kingdom, why did it come to an end? Scholars have
proposed two theories.
• (1): Over a decade or two, the Krishna River rose dramatically and began
flooding the capital city regularly. This was so disruptive that people began
moving out.
• (2): There is also evidence of plunder, destruction, and the breaking of statues by
an invading army of the Pallavas from the south. The Pallavas were an expanding
military power in the early 4th century.
• The British archaeologist AH Longhurst, who excavated Vijayapuri, wrote, ‘The
ruthless manner in which the buildings have been destroyed is simply appalling
… so many of the pillars, statues and sculptures have been wantonly smashed to
pieces.’
• This included the breaking of some temples, stupas, and religious sculptures.
Such targeted destruction of religious sites in rival kingdoms was not uncommon
in the subcontinent, long before any Muslim invasions of India.
• Between the floodings and the invasion, Vijayapuri’s fate was sealed. It was
mostly abandoned by around 320 CE. It got covered by earth and shrub and was
forgotten … until its rediscovery a mere hundred years ago.
• After the decline of Ikshvakus, their Feudatories “Brihatpalayanas" declared

Independence.
Administration and Trade

• Ikshvakus have followed Satavahana’s administrative system with little difference.
• Ikshvakus divided the kingdom into states. • Alluri and Amaravati Inscription mentions
States.
• During that period, 5 villages put together were known as “Gram Panchak”, the head
of the village was “Talavara”.
• Main Occupation was Agriculture.
• Main source of income to the state was LandTax (Revenue Tax).
• Land Tax was known as Bhaga and it was 1/6 part of crop produce.
• Tax collected in the form of money was Dheya Hiranya, tax in the form of produce was
Meya.
• Ghantasala was the main port city during the period.
• Vishavatti Inscription tells us about the artisans during the Ikshvakus period.
• Artisans formed into Shreni's or Guilds for doing Business.
• Pusika Shreni–Dealt with Sweets
• Parnika Shreni- Dealt with Betel Leaves
• During Ikshvakus, trade with the Roman empire was at its peaks.
• Roman's gold coins were found at NagarjunaKonda and Jaggaiah Peta.
• The trade unions were known as “Negimas". After the downfall of Satavahanas, the
village way of living was increased and villages thrived for Self-Sufficiency, Urban
way of living was decreased.
Cultural Conditions
• During Ikshvakus, there is a development in many fields like Art, Architecture and
Literature.
• Except Veera Purusha Datta, other 3 rulers Patronized Vedic Religion.
• Official religion of Ikshvakus was Shaivism. But they also Patronized Buddhism.
• During the period of Veera Purusha Datta, Buddhism spread into Andhra.
• Adavi Shanta Sri donated Buddhist Monasteries and Viharas for Buddhist monks at
NagarjunaKonda.
• Amaravati was a Main center for Purva Shaili's sect of Buddhism and Nagarjuna Konda
was a Main center for Apara shaili's sect of Buddhism.
• For the 1% time, the Nikayas in Buddhist Scriptures were read in the form of Mantras"
The construction of consecration Pillars also started. These were Constructed in
Buddhist Stupas after the desires were fulfilled.
• In January 2015, during the excavations at Phanigiri Buddhist site in Suryapet District,
the Vessel made up of copper and glass was found near Mahastupa which belonged to
the 3rd century A.D..
• The statue of Buddha with 4 heads was excavated in 2015 January at Singa Raya Loddi
in Karimnagar.
• Acharya Nagarjuna's disciple Aryadeva wrote a book "Chitta Suddhi Prakaranam".
Sanskrit language Developed during Ikshvakus period, even though their Court
language is Prakrit.
Architecture
• Nagarjuna Konda became the main center for Amaravati School of Art.
• Mahayana Buddhism was followed in the Architectural work.
• The Practice of Sati was first found in Amaravati Sculptures.
Mandhata Sculpture:
• Important Sculpture during Ikshvakus Period, this is present in Jaggaiah pet.

• This revealed the pictures of Kings for the 1" time.
• The practice of writing the names of sculptors on sculptures and Temples started during
the Ikshvakus period. The Practice of writing date, year and tithi on inscriptions also
started during this period.
• The name of the sculpture "Bhattacharya '' is seen on Vihara at NagarjunaKonda. The
Universities in Amravati and Nagarjuna Konda have gained popularity. The
Nagarjunakonda became a Prominent Buddhist ararma in 2nd Century A.D.
• The important construction in NagarjunaKonda was the acoustic center.
• Important stupa which was built during Ikshvakus was at Nelakondapally.
• The Copper statue of Buddha and 9 statues of Budda engraved on white marble stone
of Ikshvakus period were found during excavations at Nelakondapally.
• One Buddha stupa and two lion toys made with white stone were found at Gajula
Banda.
Other Constructions:
• Sarvadevalayam in Neeleeswaram
• Saptamatruka Statues at Chejarla
• Veerapuram Temple
• Konidena, Peddamudium Sculptures
• Viragal '' is the Practice of installing the statues of martyrs. This started from the
Ikshvakus period.
Notable Buddhists
1. BuddhaGhosa (5th Century)
• He preached Hinayana Buddhism.
• He lived at "Sinhala Vihara '' in NagarjunaKonda.
• He wrote commentaries on Tripitakas known as *Vibasha or Visuddimaga".
2. BuddhaPalita (5th & 6th century):
• He was the founder of Prasangika Madhyamika School.
3. Maitreya Natha:
• He started Yogacara school of Buddhism.
4. Dignaga (5h Century):
• He was known as “Father of Logic in India".
• His books were:
• Pramana Samuchchaya
• Nyaya Pravesha
• Hethu Chakra Damaru
5. Dharma keerti (6h & 7t Century):
• He was known as “Kant of India".
• His works are Pramana Vartika, Nyaya Bindu and Hetu Bindu.

Nagarjuna, the Second Buddha
• Vijayapuri is also where the famous thinker Nagarjuna lived in his later years. Often
called ‘the second Buddha’, he is easily one of the greatest philosophers of all time.
• He is said to have lived and taught in one of the excavated monasteries. He expanded on
the Buddha’s ideas and pioneered a new school of Mahayana Buddhism called
Madhyamaka, or The Middle Way school, which later became influential around the
world.
• The term Middle Way is a little tricky to understand. It refers to the notion of dependent
origination, which is the idea that there is no objective, mind-independent reality that’s
accessible to us.
• He spoke of shunyata, the idea that things have no innate essence independent of the
observer. And what we make of reality inevitably depends on the cognitive structure of
our minds. We understand the world through concepts, and there is no escape from our
conceptual categories, no firm foundation we can reach beyond them.
• Nagarjuna’s philosophy differed from the leading Brahminical school of Vedanta, which
held that behind the veils of illusion, or Maya, there is a true and universal reality, of
Brahman. The human mind, with effort, can come to know it. And knowing it became a
precondition for attaining moksha, or liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth.
• This view first appeared in the Upanishads and was developed later by Adi Shankara.
Nagarjuna held the opposite view. He denied the possibility of knowing any ‘ultimate
reality’. Even today, this is a fundamental disagreement between Mahayana Buddhists
and Advaitin Hindus.
Vishnukundins (A.D. 358-569)

They described themselves as “Amara pureesha’s” and disciples of Sri Parvata • Swamy Coins
had the symbol of “Nandi”.
• Historians opine that the native place of Vishnukundins is Amarabad mandal • (today’s
Munnuru) in Mahabubnagar district. They extended their kingdom from this place.
• The kingdom of Vishnukundins is compared with the Kaustubha (Divine Jewel or
Ratnam) of Lord Vishnu.
• They brought luster to Brahmins & Kshtriyas by performing “Hiranyagarbha” yagna.
• Near to this place, there is a famous Pilgrimage place “Uma maheshwaram”. This place
is famous for a specific bees Mango tree, the Bees comes out from the fruits of this tree
when they are opened.
• As a part of Sanskritization, they changed the Name of capital from Mamidipuram to
Amarapuram. In Sanskrit, Mango is known as “Amram”.
• The 1st Capital of Vishnukundins was Amarapuram / Indirapuram / Indrapalanagaram.
• Amarapuram is the Amrabad mandal headquarters in Mahabubnagar.
• Presently Indrapalanagaram is in the outskirts of Tummala Gudem of Valigonda

Mandal in today’s Yadadri District.
• 2nd Capital : Denduluru (West Godavari district).
• Vishnukundina were awarded a title “Trikutamalaya” by the Kandara kings.
• Information regarding Vishnukundins is in “Tummala Gudem Inscription”.
• The 1st Tummala Gudem inscription was given by Govinda Varma-I.
• The 2nd Tummlagudem inscription was given by Vikramendra Bhattaraka.
• According to historian Keel horn, the Vishnu Kundi word is the Sanskritised version of
Vinukonda. Vishnukundina’s were the feudatories of Vakatakas.
Rulers
Indra Varma (Maha Rajendra Varma) (A.D 358-370)
• His title was “Priya Putra”.
• He was the 1st Vishnu Kundina Ruler.
• He issued Ramatirtha Inscription.
• He made Indrapala Nagaram (Tummala- gudem) as his capital and ruled from there.
• Madhava Varma -I (A.D. 370-398)
• His title was “Vikra Mahendra”.
• He changed the capital from Vinukonda to Keesara.
• He Engraved the caves at Undavalli, Bhairavakona and Moghal rajapuram.
• He married the princes of Vakatakas.
• He brought “Rushika Mandal” into his control. In those days Telangana was known as
“Rushika Mandal”.
• The areas under Rushika Mandal were Nalgonda, Mahabubnagar, Khammam and
Rangareddy districts.
Govinda Varma-I
• Capital: Indrapalanagaram.
• He was the greatest of early Vishnukundins.
• He built “Govinda vihara” on his name on the banks of Musi river in Chaitanyapuri
(Hyderabad) and issued Chaitanyapuri Inscription in Prakrit.
• 1st Prakrit Inscription in Telangana: Chaitanyapuri Inscription.
• He was the only ruler in the Vishnukundins who patronized Buddhism.
• His wife “Parama Bhattarika” built Maha vihara for Buddhist monks at Indrapala-
nagaram. King Govinda Varma donated “Penkapara” (Enmadala) village for this Maha
vihara.
• Penkapara is a village in present day Mothkur mandal of Yadadri district.
• Later Vikramendra Bhattaraka Varma, donated the village “Irundera” for the Maha
vihara built by Parama Bhattarika.
• He defeated Pallavas and expanded his kingdom till “Gundlakamma” river.
• He declared himself as “Swanaya Bujalotsaha Prabavanuraga Vyapti Swarajya”
Madhava Varma -II (A.D. 435-470)

• He was the greatest and most powerful ruler.
• His period was known as the “Golden era”.
• He changed the capital from Indrapala Nagaram to Denduluru.
• His Inscriptions describe him as a “Literate, brave and reasonable, fair ruler (Balasatva
dairya vidya vinaya Sampanna).
• He expanded his kingdom by invading neighboring Kingdoms.
• He defeated Shalankayas and Anandagotri’s and annexed “Vengi”.
• He defeated Pallavas and Vakatakas also.
• He performed “Ashwamedha yagam, Purusha Medha and 1000 other rituals as a mark
of his victory.
• He was the 1st to perform Naramedha yaga (Human Sacrifice). This was the only
dynasty in Andhra to perform this type of sacrifice.
• He Patronized Vedic religion.
• During his period, the buddhist caves at Mogalrajapuram & Undavalli were changed
into Hindu Temples.
• He demolished the Buddha statue at Undavalli and carved a statue of Lord Vishnu in
that place. The statue of Lord Vishnu is in Sleeping position. This is Present day
Anantha padmanabha Swamy temple.
• He carved Purna Kumba at Undavalli caves.
Temples built by Madhav Varma-II
• Keesara – Ramalingeshwara Temple.
• Cheruvugattu (Nalgonda) – Jadala Ramalingeswara Temple
• Shadnagar (Ranga Reddy) – Ramalingeshwara Temple
• Indrapala Nagaram – Amareshwara temple Mallikarjuna temple Rameshwaram temple
• Puligilla (Valigonda) – Ramalingeshwara temple
Titles of Madhav Varma -II:
• “Janaasraya”
• “Trivarnagara Bhavanagata Sundari Hrudaya Spandana”
• “Pragdhikshinapadamboonidhireva Saritsalilavalaya”.
• Madhav Varma-II as mark of his victories, fixed “Shiva Lingas” at Keesaragutta.
• He constructed “Ramalingeshwara” temple at every place where he won the war.
• Copper edict of Madhav Varma-II found at Khanapur Village of Maharashtra.
He issued following inscription:
• Eepuru inscription-I
• Khanapur inscription (Satara district,MH)
Velpuru inscription
• According to the Velpuru Inscription, he installed / fixed the statue of Lord Ganapati.
• Some Historians opine that Janaashraya Chandovicchiti was written by Madhav
Varma-II (but some say that it was written by Gunaswamy), It was the 1st Sanskrit
Lakshanagrandha in Telangana.

• Lakshanagrandhas Provide the framework relating to Classical music & dance.
• Vikramendra Varma
• According to the Indrapala Nagaram Inscription, the titles of Vikramendra Varma
are:Paramasogathsya (Intellectual as Gautama Buddha), Maha kavi.
• He was also known as “Vishnukundina, Vakataka Vamshadwayalankara Janma”
Madhav Varma-3
• His titles were Trikuta Malayadipatti and Alisitha Vividadivya.
• He destroyed the Kandara dynasty (Ananda Gotrika) and gained the title Trikuta
Malayadipatti.
Vikramendra Bhattaraka Varma (Vikramendra Varma-II)
• His titles were: Sakala Bhuvana Rakshabaranaikashraya and Uttama Ashraya
• He issued inscriptions namely: Tummala Gudem inscription -2, Tundi inscription,
Chikkuluru inscription
• He donated “Tundi” Village to Brahmins. Madhava Varma-4
• He issued polamuru-2 & Eepuru-2 inscriptions.
Indra Bhattaraka Varma
• He Established Ghatkesar (Ghatika
• During his period, Ghatika were Established which were Hindu educational centers.
Mancha Bhattaraka Varma
• He was the last ruler of Vishnukundins.
• According to the “Tandivada” inscription, Prudhvi Mularaju defeated Mancha
Bhattaraka Varma and annexed Vishnukundins Kingdom.
Cultural Conditions
• Vishnukundins have divided the Kingdom into States and Vishayas for administration.
• During Vishnukundins period, there were army chiefs for different wings of the army.
• Hastikosha – Head of Elephantry
• Veerakosha – Head of Infantry
Other officers were:
• Rajjuka – Land Surveyor, the one who Measures the land using thread and decides
ayacut (the area by an Irrigation project).
• Phaladhara – the one who estimates the quantity of crop produce to be given to the state.
• Setti – officer in charge of crop produce Measurement given to the state.
• Akshapataladhikari – Head of archives / He protects government Documents.
Economic Conditions & Trade:

• During Vishnukundins, Self Sufficient rural economy prevailed.
• They implemented different methods for the development of agriculture.
• During this period, trade took place with Rome and Greece along with East Asian
countries.

• The importance of international trade is evident from the title “Trisamudradipathi”
given to Madhav Varma -2.
Coins:
• The coins were made up of Copper and Iron.
• The coins were minted with the words “Sri Parvata” and had symbols of Lion and
Shankha (Cone).
• According to Chinese traveler Fa-hein, the shells were also used as Currency during the
Vishnukundins period.
• Another Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsang had mentioned that there were golden Buddha
idols statues on Sri Parvata. But at present, these are present at Amaravati.
• Based on this, we can say that goldsmiths were good at their work.
• A sniff box of 7 centimeters size ( made of cast iron, was in mango shape) was found
at Keesara Gutta is another piece of evidence.
• During excavation in Kundali Sangameswaram near Alampur, the golden coins of
Roman emperor Constantine (A.D. 306-337) were found.
Social Conditions:
• During their period, the caste system was Strengthened.
• Madhav Varma used to bow down and touch the feet of his parents regularly, by this
we can tell that people used to respect their parents and elders.
• In their inscriptions it is mentioned that “ Vishnu Kundinulu Danamanadula che
• Anuraktamagu Varnashrama Swajana Parijanulu”.
Literature - Religion
• Vishnukundins were the first to make “Sanskrit” as official Language.
• In the Chikkulla Copper inscription given by King Vikramendra Bhattaraka Varma, the
Telugu word “Vijayarajya Samvastharambul” was found.
• A true Telugu word “Tolchuvandlu” was inscripted on a big rock at Keesara gutta.
• Title of Indra Bhattaraka Varma : “GhatikaVastha Punya Sanchaya”,
• Title of Madhav Varma -2: “Vidya Dvijaguda Vistha Varuda Tapasvi Jain Ashraya”.
• Govinda Varma was known as “Shadabignya”.
• By all the above titles, we can say that kings of Vishnukundins were great poets and
Patrons of Poets.
Religious Conditions:
Vedic Religion:
• Vishnukundins followed Vedic religion.
• Their family presiding deity was “Sri Parvata Swamy”.
• By their names we can know that they patronized vedic religion.
• They were the 1st to build Hindu cave temples in south india.
• Ikshvakus were 1st to build Hindu temples.

• The Uma Maheshwaram temple (at Amrabad) in Sri Parvatham was known as the
Northern Gateway for Srisailam.
• Being followers of Vedic religion also, they did not hate other religions.
Jainism:
• During Vishnukundins period, Srisailam was a great Jain centre, later it became a great
Shaiva center.
• This was mentioned in “Dharma Amrutham” written by Jain poet Nyaya Sena.
• Jainism was degraded due to the “kapalika” sect of Jainism.
Buddhism:
• The Prominent Buddhist Guru during Vishnukundins was Dignaga. His famous
Sanskrit literary work was “Pramana Samuccaya”.
• Dignaga taught “Yogacara” methods.
• Dignaga was the last Buddhist Guru in Telugu
• states.
• He debated with “Eshwar Krishna”, a poet of Vengi.
• Duggipalli Duggena of Vishnukundins period wrote “Nachiketa Pakyanam”.
• Great Buddhist place during Vishnukundins was “Bojjana Konda”.
• Proceedings Known as “Divya’s”.
• Madhav Varma had punished his son with the death sentence as he drowned the cart
and crushed a son of a Tamarind merchant to death.
• Symbolic stupa during their period was “Lingala Mettu”.
• Vishnukundins were the last rulers, who patronized Buddhism.
• During the 5th century A.D, a new Buddhist sect “Vajrayana” entered Amaravati and
NagarjunaKonda.
• Buddhism lost its sanctity because the “Vajrayana” sect allowed women,alcohol and
encouraged black magic.
• The Vajrayana sect was finally destroyed and lost people’s faith.
• Later, the Brahmins changed the minds of people by saying that “Buddha” was the 9th
incarnation of Vishnu and changed all the Buddhist centers into Vaishnava temples /
centers.
Art – Architecture
• The special features in the temples built by Vishnukundins were Garbagriha, Mukha
Mandapam and Artha Mandapam.
• The official emblem of Vishnukundins roaring lions statues at Bhuvanagiri fort is
evidence to say that Bhuvanagiri fort was first built by Vishnukundinas.
• Buddhist centers during Vishnukundins period were Phanigiri and Nelakondapally.
• The Buddhist stupa at Nelakondapally was known as “Virat Stupa”, later it came to be
known as the throne of “Virata Raja”.
• Chaitya decorations (Buddhist Aramas) are seen on the caves of Gouri Gundam

waterfalls and L. Madugu near Manthani city of Peddapalli District.
• Komati caves near L. Madugu belongs to the contemporary Jaina aramas.
• The Great Shiva-shakti temples Uma Maheshwaram, Saleshwaram caves and Alampur
are near Amaravati, which is the birth place of Vishnukundins.
• Uma Maheshwaram has become the Northern gateway for Srisailam.
• The Shiva Linga designed by Pallavas and Nagara Bheri which was made by
Vishnukundins are still present at Uma Maheshwaram temple.
• On the walls of Saleshwaram cave temples the following words “Vishvesha kakkalasa”
are inscribed in Brahmi script. This was found by Dr. Dyavanavalli Satyanarayana.
Caves During Vishnukundins:
Moghalrajpuram Caves (Krishna district):
• Total 5 caves are there in Moghalrajpuram.
• The 5th cave is the largest. It contains the statue of “Ardhanarishvara”. This cave is
known as “Shiva Tandava” cave.
• Astabhuja Narayana Swamy and Trivikramavatara statues are present.
Undavalli Caves (Krishna district):
• It has 3 caves. The middle one is the largest. Anantha Padmanabhaswamy temple is
present in the caves.
• These caves contain inscriptions as “Utpathi Pidugu”.
• “Purna Kumbha” is present in these caves. Akkanna – Madanna caves:
• These caves are constructed by Vishnukundins.
• These are present near Kanaka Durga temple in Vijayawada.
Growth of Buddhism and Jainism

Satavahanas
• The Satavahanas, who ruled a significant part of South India from around the 1st
century BCE to the 3rd century CE, played a crucial role in the growth and proliferation
of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent, including the Telangana region. Here is a
detailed account of the growth of Buddhism under the Satavahanas:
RISE OF NEW RELIGIOUS IDEAS

The new religious ideas during this period emerged out of the prevailing social, economic
and religious conditions.
i) The Vedic religious practices had become cumbersome, and in the context of the new
society of the period had become in many cases meaningless ceremonies.
Sacrifices and rituals increased and became more elaborate and expensive. With the
breakup of communities, the participation in these practices also became restricted and
as such irrelevant to many sections in the society.
ii) Growing importance of sacrifices and rituals established the domination of the

Brahmanas in the society.
They acted both as priests and teachers and through their monopoly of performing
sacred religious rites, they claimed the highest position in the society which was now
divided into four vamas.
iii) Contemporary economic and political developments, on the other hand, helped
the emergence of new social groups which acquired considerable economic power.
You have seen that merchants living in cities or even rich agricultural householders
possessed considerable wealth.
Similarly, the Kshatriyas, whether in the monarchies or in the gana-samghas, came to
wield much more political power than before.
These social groups were opposed to the social positions defined for them by the
Brahrnanas on the basis of their heredity.
As Buddhism and Jainism did not give much importance to the notion of birth for social
status, they attracted the Vaisyas to their folds.
Similarly, the Kshatriyas i.e. the ruling class were also unhappy with Brahmanical
domination. Briefly put, it was basically the discontent generated by the dominant
position of the Brahmanas in the society, which contributed to the social support behind
the new religious ideas.
It is worth remembering that both Buddha and Mahavira came from Kshatriya class but
in their search for answers to the pressing problems of society they went beyond
boundaries set by their birth.
Further, when we try to find out how their ideas were received by their contemporaries,
we notice that they had a range of people responding to them: Kings, big merchants,
rich householders, Brahmans and even courtesans.
They all represented the new society which was emerging in the sixth century B.C. and
Buddha and Mahavira, and other thinkers of those times, in their own ways, responded
to the problems of a new social order.
The Vedic ritualistic practices had ceased to be of much relevance to this new social
order. Buddha and Mahavira, were by no means, the first to criticise the existing
religious beliefs.
Many religious preachers before them, like Kapila, Makkali Gosala, Ajita
Kesakambalin and Pakuda Kachchayana had already highlighted the evils of the Vedic
religions.
They also developed new ideas on life and God. New philosophies were also being
preached. iiowever, it was Buddha and Mahavira, who provided an alternative religious
order.
This was the background which helped the emergence and establishment of new
religious orders in the sixth century B.C. Among these Buddhism and Jainism were
most popular and well organised. We will now discuss the origin and development of
Buddhism and Jainism separately.

1. Royal Patronage:
• The Satavahana rulers provided substantial royal patronage to Buddhism, leading to the
establishment and flourishing of Buddhist monastic centers, stupas, and viharas across
their empire, including in Telangana.
• This patronage included land grants, exemptions from taxes, and other privileges to
Buddhist monasteries and communities, encouraging monks and scholars to settle and
propagate Buddhism in the region.
2. Development of Buddhist Sites:
• Nagarjunakonda, located in present-day Telangana, emerged as a significant center for
Buddhism during the Satavahana period. The site contains numerous Buddhist remains,
including stupas, monasteries, and inscriptions dating back to this era.
• The establishment of such prominent Buddhist centers facilitated the spread of
Buddhist teachings, attracting scholars, monks, and pilgrims from various parts of India
and beyond.
3. Art and Architecture:
• The Satavahanas contributed significantly to the development of Buddhist art and
architecture. They commissioned the construction of grand stupas, such as the one at
Amaravati (in present-day Andhra Pradesh), known for its intricate sculptural panels
depicting the life of the Buddha and Jataka tales.
• Buddhist viharas built during this period showcased exquisite sculptures and paintings,
highlighting the artistic and spiritual endeavors supported by the Satavahana rulers.
4. Scholarly Exchange:
• The Satavahana period witnessed a vibrant exchange of ideas and teachings among
Buddhist scholars, monks, and intellectuals. Nagarjuna, a renowned Buddhist
philosopher and scholar, is believed to have hailed from this region, contributing
significantly to the Madhyamaka school of Mahayana Buddhism.
• Monastic centers like Nagarjunakonda became hubs of Buddhist learning, attracting
scholars not only from within the empire but also from other Buddhist regions, fostering
intellectual growth and doctrinal discussions.
5. Trade and Cultural Exchange:
• The Satavahana Empire was strategically located along major trade routes, facilitating
the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultural influences. Buddhist merchants and
missionaries likely used these routes to spread Buddhism to distant regions, including
Southeast Asia.
• The integration of Buddhist principles with local cultures and traditions contributed to
the adaptation and acceptance of Buddhism among diverse communities, further aiding
its growth and influence.
• Overall, the Satavahana rulers' support for Buddhism, combined with the region's
cultural vibrancy and connectivity, played a pivotal role in the growth and
establishment of Buddhism in the Telangana region and beyond during this period.
Ikshvakus

• The Ikshvaku dynasty, also known as the Ikshvakus, played a significant role in the
growth and development of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent, particularly in
regions such as Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Let's delve into a detailed account of
the growth of Buddhism under the Ikshvakus:
TEACHINGS OF BUDDHA
The basic teachings of Buddha are contained in: a) Four Noble Truths, and b) Eight Fold
Path The following are the Four Noble Truths:
i) The world is full of sufferings.
ii) All sufferings have a cause: desire, ignorance and attachment are the causes of
sufferings.
iii) The suffering could be removed by destroying its cause. iv) In order to end sufferings
one must know the right path.
This path is the Eight Fold Path (Ashtangika Marga).
The Eight Fold Path consists of the following principles:
i) Finding the right view. It is to understand that the world is filled with sorrow generated
by desire. The ending of desire will lead to the liberation of the soul.
ii) Right aim. It seeks to avoid the enjoyment of the senses and luxury. It aims to love
humanity and increase the happiness of others.
iii) Right speech, which seeks to emphasise the speaking of truth always.
iv) Right action, which is understood to be unselfish action.
v) Right livelihood. It instructs that a man should live by honest means.
vi) Right effort. It is the proper way of controlling one's senses so as to prevent bad
thoughts.
It is through correct mental exercises that one can destroy desire and attachment. vii)
Right mindfulness.
It is the understanding of the idea that the body is impermanent and meditation is the
means for the removal of worldly evils.
viii) Right concentration. The observation of it will lead to peace. Meditation will unravel
the real truth. Buddhism laid great emphasis on the law of 'karma'.
According to this law present is determined by the past actions. The condition of a man in
this life and the next depends upon his own actions.
1. Patronage and Support:

• The Ikshvakus were known for their patronage of Buddhism, providing support to
Buddhist monastic communities, scholars, and institutions. This support included land
grants, financial assistance, and royal patronage for the construction of monasteries and
stupas.
2. Construction of Monastic Centers:
• Under the Ikshvakus, several Buddhist monastic centers (viharas) and stupas were
constructed or renovated, serving as hubs for Buddhist learning, meditation, and
religious practices.
• Notable viharas and stupas from this period include those at Nagarjunakonda,
Amaravati, and Ghantasala, among others. These sites attracted monks, scholars, and
pilgrims from far and wide, contributing to the dissemination of Buddhist teachings.
3. Artistic and Architectural Contributions:
• The Ikshvakus made significant contributions to Buddhist art and architecture, as seen
in the sculptural panels, inscriptions, and structural elements found in Buddhist
monuments from this period.
• The Amaravati stupa, which flourished under Ikshvaku patronage, is renowned for its
intricate relief sculptures depicting scenes from the life of the Buddha, Jataka tales, and
other Buddhist narratives. These artistic expressions not only showcased the Ikshvaku
dynasty's support for Buddhism but also served as visual aids for teaching Buddhist
principles.
4. Scholarly and Cultural Exchange:
• The Ikshvakus facilitated scholarly exchanges and debates within Buddhist
communities and with other religious traditions prevalent in the region. This intellectual
environment contributed to the growth of Buddhist philosophy, doctrines, and
practices.
• Buddhist scholars and monks associated with Ikshvaku-sponsored monasteries engaged
in theological discussions, textual studies, and the dissemination of Buddhist texts and
teachings, enriching the religious and intellectual landscape of the time.
5. Continued Influence and Legacy:
• The Ikshvaku dynasty's patronage and support contributed to the enduring influence of
Buddhism in the Telangana and Andhra Pradesh regions long after their rule. Buddhist
communities continued to thrive, and their cultural and religious contributions persisted
through subsequent dynastic periods.
• In essence, the Ikshvakus played a crucial role in fostering the growth of Buddhism by
providing patronage, constructing religious monuments, nurturing scholarly activities,
and fostering a cultural environment conducive to the spread and sustenance of
Buddhist teachings and practices in the Telangana region and beyond.
Vishnukundins
State of Buddhism during the Vishukund period:

• By the first phase of the Vishnu Kund rule, Buddhism had spread in the society.
• The first generation Vishnu Kund rulers have patronized Buddhism though they
themselves were the followers of Vedic religion.
Vishnu Kund kings:
• State of Buddhism
• Might have constructed on Buddhist arama Viharas on all four sides of their kingdom
and
• Might have undertaken repairs and extensions to the already existing ones.

• Vishnukunds were the last Telugu kings who patronized Buddhism.
• By the end of 5th century B.C, to the south of Krishna river, in Amaravati and
Nagarjunakonda areas another important branch in Buddhism- Vajrayana has taken
shape.
• Buddhist Sangha relating to vajrayana branch:
• women, wine, mutton, deceitful mantras have all entered
• Gradually losing purity and affection of the people
• At last, they became infamous places of liars and women-seekers.
• Another development that has taken shape in Buddhism, has been the Brahmin
supremacy in Buddhist Sanghas and arama – Viharas.
• These Brahamins gradually painted Buddha as the ninth avatar of Vishnu.
• As a result, some Buddhist holy Centers got turned into Vaishnava holy centers.
• They turned into Narasimha temples.
• Dharmapur had been a Buddhist area right from Buddha time. During the time of
Vishnukunds, it got changed to Ramalingeswara Swamy and Narsimha Swamy
temples.
State of Jainism during the vishnu kund period:
• Accordingly, Kannada literary text reveals that Prior to Vishnu Kundin, the Srisailam
(or Sri Parvata) and Amrabad area was dominated by the widespread use of Jainism.
• But, during the Vishnukundins period , the followers of the Kapalika sect of Savism
with their magic skills and Mantras, became responsible for the decline of Jainism.
• Jain temples became Saiva Temples.
• One such example was Srisailam Temple.
• Kumarilabhattu born in Andhra received Jain education in the beginning, but after
realizing that there is nothing that could be appreciated in Jainism, Condemned Jainism
and attracted many Jains into Vedic religion.
• Indra Varma, the first king among the Vishnukundins, was also one among them.
Chalukyas
Buddhism:
• By the 7th Century A.C, Buddhism began to decline and was incorporated into
Hinduism, as the ninth incarnation of Vishnu and got worshiped along with Hindu gods.
Jainism:
• Though Buddhism declined, Jainsim continued to receive royal patronage.
• During the time of Vemulawada Chalukya king Arikesari II, Tribhuvanatilaka Vasadi
was built and 24 Tirthankaras along with ‘Chakras Waris’ were installed by
Jinavallabha, brother of the pampa (famous Kannada poet).
• Baddega, another king of the same line, constructed Subhadhamma Jinalaya and
appointed Somadeva, a famous Jaina poet.
• The reign of Kalyani Chalukyas witnessed the growth of several Jain Centers.

• They were endowed with rich donations.
• The growing popularity of Saivism in the Telangana region from the 10th century
resulted in Jaina – Saivate conflicts.
• Consequently, Jainism had to give way to the puranic faith.
• Thus many Jain Temples got converted into Saivite Temples.
TEACHINGS OF MAHAVIRA
Mahavira accepted most of the religious doctrines laid down by Parsvanatha.
However, he made some alterations and additions to them.
Parsvanatha advocated the following four principles:
(a) Truth
(b) Non-violence,
(c) Non-possession, and
(d) Not to receive anything which was not voluntarily given. To this Mahavira added
celibacy (brahmacharya).
Kakatiyas
The Kakatiya dynasty, which ruled parts of present-day Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and
surrounding regions in South India from the 12th to the 14th centuries CE, witnessed significant
developments in the growth of Buddhism and Jainism alongside Hinduism. Here is an account
of the growth of Buddhism and Jainism during the Kakatiya period:
1. Religious Tolerance and Patronage:
• The Kakatiya rulers were known for their religious tolerance and patronage of various
faiths. They provided support and resources to Buddhist and Jain communities
alongside Hindu establishments, fostering a climate of religious diversity and harmony.
2. Construction of Monastic Centers and Temples:
• Under Kakatiya patronage, Buddhist viharas (monastic complexes) and Jain temples
were constructed or renovated. These religious sites served as centers of worship,
education, and community gatherings for followers of Buddhism and Jainism.
• While specific Buddhist and Jain monuments directly attributed to the Kakatiyas may
vary, their overall support for these faiths is reflected in historical records and
archaeological findings.
3. Artistic and Architectural Contributions:
• The Kakatiya period witnessed artistic and architectural achievements in both Buddhist
and Jain contexts. Skilled artisans created sculptures, reliefs, and architectural elements
depicting Buddhist and Jain themes, contributing to the region's rich religious art and
heritage.
• Notable examples include sculptures depicting Buddha, Bodhisattvas, Jain
Tirthankaras, and other divine figures found in temples, caves, and rock-cut structures.

4. Cultural Exchange and Influence:
• The Kakatiya Empire's strategic location along trade routes facilitated cultural
exchanges with neighboring regions and beyond. This exchange of ideas, goods, and
artistic styles influenced the development and spread of Buddhism and Jainism in the
Kakatiya domain.
• Buddhist and Jain communities interacted with scholars, merchants, and travelers from
diverse backgrounds, enriching their religious practices, beliefs, and cultural
expressions.
Jain Councils
• Towards the close of Chandragupta Maurya's rule a terrible famine broke out in South
Bihar. It lasted for about 12 years.
• Bhadrabahu and his disciples migrated to Sravanabelgola in Karnataka. Other Jains
remained in Magadha with Sthulabhadra as their leader.
• They summoned a council at Pataliputra at about 300 B.C. In that council the sacred
teachings of Mahavira were divided into twelve angas.
• The second Jain Council was held at Vallabhi (Gujarat) in 5 12 A.D. and was presided
over by Devardhi Kshemasarmana.
• The purpose of this Council was to collect the Sacred texts and write them down
systematically. However this time the 12th anga drawn at the first Council was lost.
• All the remaining angas were written in Ardhamagadhi.
5. Scholarly Activities and Educational Centers:
• Buddhist and Jain monastic centers supported by the Kakatiyas served as hubs of
learning and intellectual exchange. Monks, scholars, and devotees engaged in scriptural
studies, philosophical debates, and the dissemination of religious teachings.
• The availability of resources and royal patronage encouraged the establishment of
educational institutions within Buddhist viharas and Jain centers, contributing to the
intellectual growth of these communities.
6. Legacy and Historical Significance:
• Despite the eventual decline of the Kakatiya dynasty due to external invasions, their
contributions to the growth and preservation of Buddhism and Jainism in South India
left a lasting impact.
• Archaeological remains, inscriptions, and literary sources provide insights into the
Kakatiya era's religious pluralism and cultural vibrancy, highlighting a period of
coexistence and mutual respect among different religious traditions.
• In conclusion, the Kakatiya dynasty's era was marked by religious tolerance, patronage
of diverse faiths, artistic achievements, scholarly activities, and cultural exchanges, all
of which contributed to the growth and prosperity of Buddhism and Jainism alongside
Hinduism in the regions they governed. This period remains significant in the historical
and religious narrative of South India, reflecting the region's rich religious and cultural
tapestry.
•

QUESTION & ANSWERS
Q.1) Analyze the contribution of the Satavahana dynasty to the cultural and political
landscape of ancient Telangana.
Introduction The Satavahana dynasty from the 2nd century BCE to the 2nd
century CE, significantly shaped ancient Telangana's landscape.
Their reign was marked by remarkable achievements in territorial
expansion, social integration, and cultural developments.
Body Political Landscape

 Expansion and Administration: The Satavahanas extended
their empire across Telangana, Maharashtra, and
Karnataka, establishing a robust administrative framework.
Their governance model efficiently integrated diverse
regional governance structures, ensuring stability and
prosperity.
 Foreign Relations and Cultural Integration: Through
diplomatic engagements with the Sakas, Yavanas, and
Pahlavas, the Satavahanas facilitated a cultural exchange that
enriched the local culture with foreign elements.
Cultural Dynamics
 Literature: By patronizing Prakrit and Sanskrit, they
stimulated a literary renaissance, as seen in Hala's
"Gathasaptasati," which became a hallmark of the era’s
intellectual vitality.
 Artistic and Religious Patronage: Their support for
Buddhism and Brahmanism is evident in the architectural
grandeur of Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda stupas.
 The symbols of 'Swastik' and 'Nandipada on Satavahana
coins implies the popularity of Brahmanism and Puranic
theism great development under the patronage of Satavahana
rulers
Economic and Social Structure
 Crafts and Guilds: Inscriptions from this period record the
existence of various craftsmen and guilds. This economic
prosperity contributed to the social and political stability of
the region.
 Family and Gender Roles: Inscriptions also shed light on the

joint family system and the patriarchal nature of society, with
notable attention to women's roles in administration and
religious activities, indicating a nuanced social hierarchy.
 According to Apasthambha Smriti, the women were
provided equal property rights and freedom So women like
Naganika and Gautami Balasri took part in administration.
Women were honoured and were given much higher social
status.
Conclusion The Satavahana dynasty's contributions to the political consolidation,

cultural enrichment, and economic prosperity of Telangana have had
a profound and enduring impact, laying the foundations for the
region's future development.
Q.2) Examine the factors leading to the rise and spread of Jainism and Buddhism in
Telangana.
Introduction The rise and spread of Jainism and Buddhism in Telangana were
significantly influenced by various factors during the ancient and
medieval periods. These two religions, diverging from the prevailing
Brahmanical tradition, found fertile ground in this region due to a
combination of socio-economic, political, and cultural reasons.
Body Reasons Behind the Growth of Jainism and Buddhism in

Telangana
People Were Unhappy with Old Rituals
 Jainism and Buddhism became popular because they were
easier to understand and follow compared to the older Vedic
rituals, which were complex and expensive.
Good Farming and Growing Cities
 Telangana's land was great for farming because of rivers like
the Godavari and Krishna. This led to wealthy cities and a
class of traders, especially under the Satavahanas dynasty
(around 1st century BCE to 2nd century CE).
 These traders liked Jainism and Buddhism because these
religions treated everyone equally.
Support from Kings and Queens
 Local leaders played a big role in spreading these religions.
For example, the Satavahanas helped Buddhism grow by

building special structures like the Amaravati Stupa.
 Early leaders of the Kakatiya dynasty supported Jainism by
building temples and educational places before they started
following Shaivism.
Eg: The Kulpakji Jain Temple in Kolanupaka is a well-known Jain
pilgrimage site that dates back to 10th century.
Easy to Understand Teachings
 Buddhist and Jain teachings were in Prakrit languages, not
the harder-to-understand Sanskrit. This made it easier for
ordinary people in Telangana to follow these religions
because they could understand the teachings better.
Trading and Travelling Spread Ideas
 Telangana was in a good spot for trade routes, which helped
bring new religious ideas into the area. Merchants and monks
traveling these routes spread Jain and Buddhist teachings far
and wide.
Historical Proof
 There are many old sites in Telangana with evidence of
Jainism and Buddhism. Places like Nagarjunakonda have
ruins of Buddhist monasteries and stupas.
Conclusion Jainism and Buddhism grew popular in Telangana because of many

reasons including Local rulers and the growth of cities and trade also
helped these religions spread. This shows how the history and
culture of Telangana are rich and complex.
Q.3) Evaluate the development of language and literature in ancient Telangana under
the Satavahanas, Ikshvakus, and Vishnukundins, focusing on their contribution to
the enrichment of Dravidian languages and Sanskrit.
Introduction In ancient Telangana, during the times of the Satavahanas,

Ikshvakus, and Vishnukundins, there was a remarkable growth in
language and writing. This era was special because it helped develop
languages like Prakrit and Sanskrit, and it also saw the early stages
of Dravidian languages, especially Telugu.

Body Satavahanas (BC 300-AD 300)
 During the Satavahana period, Prakrit was the main language
used. Important works from this time include "Gatha
Saptasati" by Hala, which is a set of 700 poems in
MaharashtraThis era was important for the development of
Telugu, showing how different languages could come
together.
 Example: "Brihatkatha" by Gunadhya helped the growth of
Telugu by influencing later works in both Sanskrit and
Telugu.
Ikshvakus
 The Ikshvaku period saw a shift towards Sanskrit in official
and scholarly texts, reflecting the rise of Mahayana
Buddhism and Vedic traditions. This time also highlighted
the emergence of Telugu, with inscriptions showing unique
Telugu words. Learning centers like Amaravati and
Nagarjunakonda became places of knowledge, benefiting
both Sanskrit and regional languages.
 Example: Inscriptions from this time, using Telugu words
like "Adavi" and "Bapi", show Telugu's unique identity.
Vishnukundins
 Under the Vishnukundins, Sanskrit became the language of
the court and scholars, while Telugu was spoken by the
people. The mixing of Sanskrit with local languages helped
Telugu literature and language grow. Documents and
writings from this era include Telugu words, showing how
Sanskrit and Telugu influenced each other.
 Example: The Chikkulla inscription by Vikramendra Varama
included the Telugu word "ambul", showing the influence of
the people's language on official documents.
Conclusion The time of the Satavahanas, Ikshvakus, and Vishnukundins was

crucial for the development of languages in ancient Telangana,
helping Prakrit, Sanskrit, and Telugu grow. The works and language
changes from these periods not only enriched the area's culture but
also set the stage for future literary and linguistic advancements,
showing a rich and evolving language heritage.

Q.4) Discuss the evolution of art and architecture during the reign of the Satavahanas,
Ikshvakus, and Vishnukundins in ancient Telangana.
Introduction The architecture of Telangana during ancient times, particularly

under the influence of Buddhism, led to the construction of
numerous stupas, viharas, and chaityas , with the Satavahanas,
Ikshvakus, and later dynasties contributing to the rich architectural
heritage.
Body Art and architecture during Satavahanas Period:

Hiuen Tsang, the Chinese traveler, highlighted three prominent
stupas in Andhra Pradesh: Amaravati, Bhattiprolu, and
Salihundam. Stupas served as monumental structures built over the
relics of Buddha or his disciples, featuring a circular base, a massive
dome, and a circumambulatory path. They fall into three categories:
1. Relic Stupas: Housing Buddha's relics, with notable
examples like Amaravati and Salihundam.
2. Object Stupas: Containing objects associated with Buddha
or his followers, such as Jaggayyapeta and Bhattiprolu.
3. Uddesika Stupas: Built to express devotion towards
Buddha, exemplified by Lingalametta and Guntupalli.
Significant Sites and Their Contributions
 Nelakondapalli: Known for its extensive Buddhist stupa,
viharas, and a multitude of artifacts suggesting it was a
significant Buddhist center.
 Dhulikatta: Featured a Mahasthupa and a vihara, revealing
connections to the Hinayana sect and showcasing art inspired
by Barhut sculpture.
 Kotilingala: Served as the Satavahana dynasty's initial
capital, highlighting the coexistence of Buddhism and
Shaivism.
 Phanigiri: A renowned Buddhist site featuring a
Mahasthupa, various structures, and sculptures depicting
Buddhist tales.
 Amaravati Stupa: The Amaravati Stupa stands out for its
architectural and historical significance. Initially laid by
Ashoka and completed by the Satavahanas, its sculptures and
reliefs offer insights into Buddhist iconography and
narratives. The stupa was adorned with railings and pillars,
illustrating key events from Buddha's life.

Chaityas and Viharas
 Chaityas, or prayer halls, and viharas, monastic residences,
form an integral part of Buddhist architectural heritage.
Prominent chaityas like Karle, Kanheri, and Guntupalli
illustrate the evolution of Buddhist worship spaces.
 Viharas served as shelters for monks, with examples spread
across Telangana, showcasing the adaptability and spread of
Buddhist practices.
Art and Architecture under Ikshvakus and Vishnukundins
 The post-Satavahana era, especially under the Ikshvakus and
Vishnukundins, saw a flourishing of Buddhist arts and
architecture.
 Nagarjunakonda emerged as a pivotal site, revealing a
complex of stupas, viharas, and chaityas.
 The Vishnukundins further contributed to this legacy by
constructing Buddhist and Hindu temples, integrating local
artistic traditions with their architectural endeavors.
Conclusion The architectural and artistic endeavors in ancient Telangana,

particularly through the construction of Buddhist stupas, chaityas,
and viharas, highlight the region's rich cultural and religious heritage
during above dynasties
Q.5) Trace the trajectory of socio-cultural transformation in ancient Telangana from

the Satavahana period through the era of the Ikshvakus and Vishnukundins.
Introduction The Satavahanas, Ikshvakus, and Vishnukundis shaped the early

Indian societal landscape, influencing social structures, economic
practices, and religious patronage in profound ways.
Body Satavahanas
Social Structure and Caste System
 The four-fold division of society (Brahmins, Kshatriyas,
Vaishyas, Sudras) began to take root in Telangana during
the Satavahana era, reflecting the spread of Aryan culture.
This period witnessed a mix of Aryan and Dravidian
cultures.
 The caste system was influenced but not fully rigid due to
Jain and Buddhist teachings, and the influence of
foreigners like the Greeks, Sakas, Pahlavas, and Kushans

who were Indianized and sometimes recognized as
Kshatriyas.
Status of Women
 Women, including those of royal families, played significant
roles in society, indicating their high status. Some women
participated in administration and were involved in
significant religious and social donations.
Religious and Cultural Influences
 Satavahana society was marked by religious diversity, with
influences from Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism.
 Literature and art from this period, such as "Gatha Saptasati,"
highlight the social conditions, including inter-caste
marriages and the roles of women in society.
Ikshvakus
Social Hierarchy and Integration
 The Ikshvakus continued to emphasize the varna system,
but there was significant social mobility and integration of
foreign communities into Indian society, especially in
adopting kshatriya status.
 Brahmins received considerable patronage from the
Ikshvaku rulers, reflecting in the construction of temples and
performance of Vedic rituals.
Economic and Social Developments
 The economic condition of Brahmins improved due to royal
patronage. Land grants to Brahmins and the cultivation of
these lands by Shudras indicate a feudal system emerging.
 Various professions and trades flourished under the
Ikshvakus, reflecting a diverse and dynamic economy.
Status of Women
 Women of royal and high-status families continued to make
independent donations and participate in religious activities,
especially Buddhism, showcasing their significant social
status and economic independence.
Vishnukundis
Social and Economic Policies
 The Vishnukundis adhered to the varnashrama system,
with a clear distinction and respect for Brahmins and

Kshatriyas. They performed sacrifices and rituals to elevate
their social status.
 Economic development was encouraged through trade and
agriculture, with specific attention to crafts and guilds. Land
grants to farmers and donations of servant maids indicate a
complex social structure.
Status of Women
 Women enjoyed freedom and independence, with queens
and royal women actively participating in Buddhism,
indicating their influence in religious and social spheres.
Cultural Contributions
 The Vishnukundins contributed to cultural and religious
developments through the construction of viharas and
support for Buddhism, reflecting a society that valued
religious diversity and patronage.
Conclusion Through their diverse contributions, these dynasties left a lasting

legacy on India's social fabric, blending tradition with change and
highlighting the dynamic nature of ancient Indian society.
Q.6) Evaluate the administrative system of the Satavahanas and its effectiveness in
governing their diverse empire, highlighting the role of 'Mali Sathvahana' in their
dynasty.
Introduction The Satavahana dynasty, one of ancient India's significant ruling

families, thrived from around the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century
CE. Their administrative system was a complex and multifaceted
mechanism designed to govern a vast and diverse empire stretching
across parts of present-day Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana, and beyond.
Body Central Administration

 The Satavahana dynasty followed a hereditary monarchy
system with a decentralized administration that showed
features reminiscent of the Mauryan era but with notable
adaptations.
 The king was at the helm, performing both secular and
religious duties, indicating a governance model that blended
autocratic and theocratic elements.
 Titles like 'Raja' and 'Maharaja' were common, and the

performance of Vedic sacrifices such as Ashvamedha and
Rajasuya underscored their legitimacy and divine right to
rule.
Administrative Divisions and Local Governance
 The empire was divided into various administrative units
called 'Aharas' or 'Vishayas', with each unit having its own
central town ('Nigama') and several villages ('Gramas').
 This hierarchical structure facilitated efficient management
and tax collection, while also allowing for a degree of local
autonomy.
 The village was the smallest administrative unit, headed by
a 'Gramani' or 'Gramika', indicating a bottom-up approach
to governance that was essential for administering the
empire's diverse regions.
Military and Defense
 The Satavahanas maintained a considerable military force,
including chariots, elephants, cavalry, and foot soldiers, to
defend their territories against external threats and internal
rebellions.
 The presence of forts and military camps ('Skandavaram'
and 'Katakam') across the empire underscores the strategic
importance of military preparedness in their administrative
system.
Judicial System
 The judicial organization under the Satavahanas was rooted
in Dharmasastra, with the king playing a central role in
ensuring justice. While village officials handled local
disputes, more severe offenses were subject to harsher
punishments, reflecting a system that favored the upper
classes but aimed at maintaining social order.
Role of Mali Satavahana
 'Mali Satavahana' is a term used to refer to Later
Satavahanas (notable rulers like Gautamiputra Satakarni,
Yajnasri Satakarni etc) who significantly contributed to the
dynasty's administrative and military achievements. Their
reign marked a period of territorial expansion, economic
prosperity, and cultural flourishing, emphasizing the
effectiveness of the Satavahana administrative system.
Economic and Cultural Aspects
 Economically, the Satavahanas promoted trade, as evidenced
by coins and inscriptions, which facilitated the prosperity of
their realm.

 Culturally, they patronized Buddhism and other religious
traditions, contributing to the rich cultural tapestry of their
empire.
 These aspects were integral to their governance, fostering
loyalty and unity among the diverse populations under their
rule.
Conclusion The administrative system of the Satavahanas was an intricate blend

of centralized authority and local autonomy, military prowess, and
judicial governance based on Dharmasastra. The Satavahana
dynasty's legacy is a testament to their effective governance and
enduring impact on Indian history.
Q.7) Write about growth of Prominent Buddhist Centers in Telangana and the salient
features of Buddhist Art and Architecture with examples.
Introduction The rich cultural and religious history of Telangana is marked by the
growth of numerous prominent Buddhist centers that flourished
during the ancient period. These centers not only served as places of
worship and study for Buddhist monks but also as hubs for the
development of unique forms of art and architecture.
Body Prominent Buddhist Centers in Telangana

Nelakondapalli and Dhulikatta:
 These sites, with their stupas and monastic remains,
represent the largest and most architecturally significant
Buddhist establishments in South India during the 3rd and
4th centuries.
 Excavations at Nelakondapalli revealed a Mahasthupa,
brick-built Viharas, and a bronze idol of Buddha,
underscoring the importance of this site in Buddhist history.
 Dhulikatta, mentioned by Megasthenes, featured a
Mahasthupa that belonged to the Hinayana sect, showcasing
the spread and acceptance of Buddhism across different
sects.
 Phanigiri: Known for its serpent-shaped hillock, Phanigiri
houses footprints of Buddha and a vast array of structures
including Mahasthupa, Votive Stupas, and Viharas,
illustrating the comprehensive nature of Buddhist monastic
life and its teachings.
Salient Features of Buddhist Art and Architecture

 Stupas: Central to Buddhist architecture, stupas like those at
Amaravati and Nelakondapalli serve as monumental relics
holding significant religious importance. The Amaravati
Stupa, renowned for its detailed carvings and grand scale,
showcases the evolution of stupa architecture with its
circulatory path, prakaras, and standing pillars that narrate
the life of Buddha.
 Chaityas and Viharas: Chaitya halls, such as those at
Guntupalli, served as prayer halls and are distinguished by
their rock-cut architecture, large halls, and carved pillars.
Viharas, like the ones at Kanheri, provided shelter for
monks and featured an open central court surrounded by
cells, highlighting the communal aspect of monastic life.
 Artistic Expression: The Amaravati School of Art
exemplifies the zenith of Buddhist artistic expression in the
region. Its sculptures, characterized by physical beauty and
expressive motifs, depict the life events of Buddha and
Jataka tales. The intricate carvings, utilization of marble, and
the portrayal of emotions through art underscore the skill and
philosophical depth of artisans of the time.
Conclusion The Buddhist centers in Telangana are not merely archaeological

sites but are testimonies to the profound impact of Buddhism on the
region's cultural and religious landscape. The art and architecture of
these centers reflect a blend of spiritual devotion and artistic
innovation, capturing the essence of Buddhist teachings and its
widespread influence.
Q.8) What was the contribution of the Ikshvakus to art and architecture, especially in
relation to the World’s Island Museum at Nagarjunakonda.
Introduction The Ikshvakus played a pivotal role in the development of art and
architecture in the post-Satavahana era in the Deccan region. Their
contributions are most notably encapsulated in the archaeological
findings at Nagarjunakonda, which not only housed the world's only
Island Museum but also showcased a rich array of architectural and
sculptural marvels from the 3rd century CE.
Body Architectural Innovations

 Nagarjunakonda: The Ikshvakus' architectural skill is
vividly displayed in the comprehensive excavations at
Nagarjunakonda, which unearthed an impregnable fort, an

open-air stadium, an Asvamedha platform, Buddhist
Stupas, Viharas, Chaityas, Aramas, and temples. The
Amphitheatre, constructed in different stories and believed
to be built with the assistance of Roman experts, stands as a
unique structure not found elsewhere in India, highlighting
the Ikshvakus' architectural innovation and openness to
external influences.
 Buddhist Structures: Approximately 30 Buddhist Aramas
at Nagarjunakonda underline the Ikshvakus' dedication to
promoting Buddhism. The construction of about 50 Buddhist
Viharas and stupas, many of which were commissioned by
Ikshvaku queens and royal women, further demonstrates
their commitment to the expansion of Buddhist architecture.
Sculptural Excellence
 Human Depictions of Buddha: The Ikshvakus broke new
ground in Buddhist art by promoting the depiction of Buddha
in human form, encouraged by the Aparamahavinasileeya
branch of Buddhism.
 This period witnessed the creation of exquisite statues and
Ayaka slabs that beautifully narrated the life stories of
Buddha, marked by the skill and artistry of the sculptors.
 Mandhata Sculpture: The Mandhata Sculpture, discovered
at Jaggayyapeta and representing the emperor's striking
features, stands as a testament to the sophisticated sculptural
techniques of the Ikshvakus.
 This period saw the sculpture at Nagarjunakonda reaching its
zenith, with significant statues of Buddha and Bodhisattva
Avalokiteshvara being found.
Contributions to Religious Architecture
 First Temples in South India: The Ikshvakus are credited
with building the first temples in South India, adhering to
agamic prescriptions that included the sanctum sanctorum,
pavilion, flagpole, and ramparts. Noteworthy temples
constructed during this era include the Sarvadevalayam in
Eleshvaram and the Veerapuram Temple, which were
adorned with seven models of chasers and intricate
sculptures.
World’s Island Museum at Nagarjunakonda
 The Island Museum at Nagarjunakonda, the only one of its
kind globally, serves as a monumental repository of
Ikshvaku art and architecture. This museum preserves the

rich heritage unearthed from the site, offering insights into
the advanced civilizational aspects of the Ikshvakus,
including their architectural grandeur and sculptural finesse.
Conclusion The Ikshvakus significantly influenced the evolution of art and

architecture in the Deccan, especially through their monumental
contributions at Nagarjunakonda. Their innovative architectural
designs, pioneering sculptural depictions of Buddha in human form,
and the establishment of the first temples in South India mark a
golden era of cultural and religious expression.
Q.9) Give an account of Religious developments in ancient Telangana with special

reference to Jainism and Buddhism.
Introduction In Ancient telangana the three religions namely the Vedic

religion,Buddhism and Jainism flourished in the Deccan. During
Satavahana and vakataka rule vedic religion flourished. For Instance,
according to Naneghat inscription, satavahana king Satakarni
performed many vedic rites, donated Karshapanas and cows to
the Brahmins. Hala’sGathasapthasati has praised Lord Krishna as
Madhusudana and Damodara. Majority of the Vakataka rulers were
saivaites and some were vaishnavas.
Body  Ikshvaku King, Srisantamula performed vedic sacrifices like

asvamedha and vajapeya. EhuvalaSantamula constructed a
siva temple, named as Pushpabhadraswamy at
Nagarjunakonda. During this time Puranic, Saiva, Vaishnava
and Sakteya religions have been honoured.
Buddhism and Jainism: While Buddhism is prevalent in coastal
Andhra, Jainism is prevalent in Telangana.
 Rishabhanatha, the first Jain Tirthankara, happened to be
the King of Varanasi. After him, his eldest son, Bahubali
became the ruler of Asmaka (Bodhan).
 Srimuka, the founder of satavahana empire was a follower of
Jainism. Four stones shades of Jain monks were noticed on
Munulagutta, near Kotilingala the capital of Srimuka.
 During the buddha’s lifetime only Buddhist ideology spread to
Telangana and Andhra regions. Buddha has visited Amaravati
and administered ‘Kalachakramoola Tantropadesam’.
 Bavari who was living in Asmaka kingdom accepted
Buddhism.

 Though satavahana rulers followed vedic religion, they
patronized Buddhism also. Gautami putra satakarni donated a
village at trirasmi to Buddhist monks.
 Because of spread of Buddhism chaityas, stupas and Viharas
were built in the Deccan.
 Acharya Nagarjuna, a versatile genius and a scholar in many
Sastras (sciences) was born in vedali village. Scholars are of
the opinion that Vedali would be in telangana only.
 Even though most of the Ikshvaku kings were followers of
vedic religion their queens had patronised Buddhism and made
donations. On the other hand, Penugonda, Pithapuram,
Nedunuru, Tatipaka, Aryavatam and Drakshraram had been the
main centers of Jainism.
Conclusion Because of the spirit of tolerance of the Satavahanas, Ikshvahus and

Vishnukundins the diversity of beliefs and ideologies co-existed
since ancient times in Telangana
Q.10) Discuss salient features of the Agrarian system under Satavahanas (10m)
Introduction The satavahanas rule led to vast economic development in the

Deccan region. Agriculture was the main occupation of the
people. By the time of the Satavahanas, the people of the Deccan
were fairly acquainted with the use of iron in agriculture. The
Satavahanas probably exploited the rich mineral resources of iron
ores from Karimnagar and Warangal.
Body  Several large settlements emerged in the fertile areas,

especially along the major rivers. The amount of land under
agricultural use also expanded significantly, as a result of
forest clearance and construction of irrigation reservoirs.
The kings had their own lands and farmers had to cultivate
these lands by vetti system. Tax free lands were given as
grants to Brahmanas and Buddhist Monks.
 Although irrigation canals were present, dug wells were the
main source for irrigation. The UdakaYantras(Persian
Wheels) were used to draw the water from these wells. Not
only oxens but buffaloes and donkeys were used for ploughing
the fields. As per Myakadoni inscription, one gahapati (house
owner) was stated to have constructed a water source.
 The paddy transplantation was an art well known to the
Satavahanas and the area between the Krishna and

Godavari, especially at the mouth of the two rivers, formed a
great rice bowl. Rice, Sorghum, Sesame, Jute, Sugarcane
etc were major crops. Wheat, red gram, black gram, castor,
coconut and cotton were other crops. Thus a good portion of
the Deccan developed a very advanced rural economy.
 They also relied on the trade of various agricultural
commodities within and outside India. Shrenis were formed
to trade agricultural commodities and by-products.
Thus a good portion of the Deccan developed a very advanced rural
economy. Apparently the peasants produced enough to support
Satavahana military strength and contributed to the establishment of
the Satavahana empire in the Deccan.
Conclusion The growth of agriculture during satavahanas signified that the

economic revolution of the Gangetic region was repeated all over
India.

Vemulawada Chalukyas
Vemulawada Chalukyas were the Feudatories of Rashtrakutas. According to historian
B.N.Shastri, Vemulawada Chalukyas being the Feudatories of Rashtrakutas ruled
Sapadalaksha region (Present Karimnagar, Nizamabad regions) by making Bodhan and
Vemulawada as their Capitals.
• “Sapadalaksha” means a kingdom with one lakh 25 thousand villages.
• They ruled over North-western region of Telangana.
• Vemulawada Chalukyas:
• 1st capital – Bodhan
• 2nd capital – Vemulawada
Main sources of history

Inscriptions:
• Arikesari I: Kollipara Copper inscription
• Arikesari II: Vemulawada Copper inscription
• Chennur inscription (A.D. 941)
• Karimnagar inscription (A.D. 946)
• Arikesari III: Parbhani Copper inscription (A.D. 966)
• Beeragruha: Karuvakattu Rock inscription (Mahabub nagar)
• Jina vallabha: Kurkkyala inscription (A.D.940)
Literary Sources:
• Pampa Kavi – Vikramarjuna Vijayam
• Somadeva Suri – Yashastilaka champu Kavya, Nitivakyamrita
• Malliya Rechana – Kavijanashrayam
• Nelaturi Venkataramanaiah did research regarding the present available (political
History) information related to Vemulawada Chalukyas.
Vemulawada Chalukyas - Rulers
Vinayaditya Yuddhamalla
• He was the founder of the kingdom “Vemulawada Chalukyas”.
• He was an Army chief of Rashtrakuta king Dantidurga. Being an army chief fought
many wars and battles and conquered “Chitrakuta Fort”. Impressed by this Dantidurga
gave “Sapadalaksha” Kingdom to Vikramaditya Yuddhamalla.
• According to Mallinada Suri, Chitrakutam is the present day Ramagiri in Karimnagar.
• During their period, Karimnagar & Nizamabad were known as Asmanta Sabbinadu.
• According to the book “Vikramarjuna Vijayam”, the ruler Vinayaditya had the largest
number of elephants.

• According to Kollipara inscription, he defeated kings of Turkish, Magadha, Kalinga etc
and those kings performed “Paada Pooja” of Vinayaditya Yuddhamalla.
Arikesari-I
• He changed the capital from Bodhan to Vemulawada.
• He issued Kollipara inscriptions.
• He donated “Belmoga” village to the Shaiva Guru “Mugdha Shivacharya” for
educational purposes.
• According to Kollipara inscription, Arikesari-I was well educated and well versed in
Archery and Ayurveda.
Titles of Arikesri – I
• Samastha Loka Ashraya
• Raja Trinethra
• Tribhuvana Malla Sahasarayadi
• Contemporary Rashtrakuta kings were Dhruva and Govinda-II
Baddega-I (A.D. 850 – 895)
• Baddega-I title: Soladaganda (means a warrior who won 42 wars).
• He built a temple called Baddegedara temple, which was later recognised as
Bhimeswara temple of Vemulawada.
• “Kolleru War” was fought between Baddega-I and Vengi ruler Chalukya Bhima-I.
• After winning the Kolleru war, Baddega-I tied Chalukya Bhima as Crocodile in Kolleru
lake house. This is mentioned in the Parbhani inscription.
• Eastern Chalukya Gunaga Vijayaditya was also defeated by Baddega-I.
• Kusumayudha of Mudigonda Chalukya defeated Baddega-I.
Narasimha-2 (A.D. 915-930)
• He was the feudatory king of Indra-III of the Rashtrakuta dynasty.
• On the instructions of Indra -III, he waged war against Laata, Sapta Malava kingdoms
of the Northern region and also collected “Kappam” from them.
• According to the Vemulawada inscription, he built the Victory pillar at Kalapriya
(today’s Kalfi), after defeating Gurjara Pratihara king “Mahipala '' at Kanyakubja.
• During his time, Jain structures (Jain chaumukha) were built at Vemulawada.
Arikesari -2 (A.D. 930-955)
• He was the greatest of the Vemulawada Chalukyas, he encouraged Kannada literature.
• His court poet Pampa Kavi has written Vikramarjuna vijayam. In this,he equated
Arikesari 2 with Arjuna.
• Arikesari-2 donated Dharmapuri village in jagityal taluka as Agrahara to Pampa Kavi.
• He gave “Kavita Gunaranava” title to Pampa Kavi.
• Arikesari-2 built Jain temple on his name at Bodhan, i.e., Arikesari Jinalaya
• Arikesari-2 defeated Rashtrakuta king Govinda-IV and made his step brother Baddega
(3rd Amoghavarsha) as a ruler in place of Govinda-IV.

• According to the Badega inscription which was found in Agastheswara temple near
Chennur, Arikesari-2 extended the kingdom from Bodhan to Chennur.
• Arikesari -II married “Revakanirmadi”, daughter of Rashtrakuta king Indra-III and also
married Lokambika, a Rashtrakuta Princess.
• He issued the Vemulawada Rock inscription in Sanskrit.
• His Army chief Peddanaryudu built the Aditya temple at Vemulawada. Arikesari-II
donated 100 Nivarthana of land for this temple on Sankranti festival.
Vegaraju (A.D. 955-960)
• He was the feudatory king of Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna-III.
• Vegaraju made “Gangadhara” city as his capital.
• Somadeva Suri mentioned in his book “Yashastilaka Champu Kavya”, that he finished
this book when Vegaraju was with Krishna-III at Yelpadi (Chittoor) in A.D. 959.
Baddega – II / Bhadra Devi (A.D. 960 – 965)
• Bhadradeva had built a Jainist Math with the name “Subhadama Jinalaya” at
Vemulawada. This was built for his guru “Somadeva Suri”.
• “Bommalattam Region” flourished as a center of Jainism during his rule.
Somadeva Suri:
• He was a Jain Preacher. He wrote the following books.
• Yashastilaka Champu Kavya (Yashodara Charitha)
• Neeti Kavyamruta
• Yukta Chintamani
• Sannavati Prakaranam
• Titles of Somadeva Suri were:
• Shadwadha chala simha
• Tarkik Chakravarthy
• Vakkallola Payonidhi
• Vadhiba Sanchanana
• Arikesari – III (A.D.965-973)
• He was the last ruler of Vemulawada Chalukyas.
• He issued two copper plate inscriptions. They are
1) Parbhani Inscription
2) Karimnagar Copper Inscription
• He made Vemulawada as his capital and ruled.
• He donated the “Repaka” village to Subhadama Jinalaya built by Baddega-II for
Somadeva Suri. This is now located in Siricilla taluk.
His titles are:
• Pambaram Kusha
• Vidyadhara
• Samantha Chudamani Vikramarjuna

Administration - Economic Conditions
• The King is the Supreme authority.
• The important officers were Mahasandhi Vigraha, Tantrapala and Satradipala.
• Village was under the control of 12 officers.
• Gaunda, Goud, Patel and Reddy were the officers.
• The Professions during this period were Bronze-making, Weavers and Charmakar
(cobbler’s).
• The land tax was 1/6 of the total crop produce, its main source of income.
• Apart from the tax Payable by individuals, the whole village used to pay tax yearly
once. This was known as the “Gramawar Method”.
Judiciary:
• King is the supreme Judicial authority.
• In states, Rashtradipati was judge and in Visayas, Vishayadipati was Judge.
• During this period, the special judges by name “Pradvivaka” were appointed.
• “Mitakshara” books of Vignaneshwara and Neeti kavyamruta of Somadeva Suri were
considered as Dharma Shastra books during their period.
Religious Conditions:
• Jainism was Prominent during their Period.
• Vemulawada Chalukyas built many jaina temples by Patronizing Jainism.
• The capitals of Vemulawada Chalukyas, Vemulawada '' and Pathanapuram (Bodhan)
were the Jain centers.
• Pottla Cheruvu (Patancheru) had 500 Jain homes.
• Popular Jain Monk during this Period was Somadeva Suri.
• Baddega-II built “Subhadama jinalaya” for Somadeva Suri in Vemulawada. For this
Arikesari -III had donated “Venkatampalli” village.
• Pampa Kavi’s brother Jina vallabha was Jain follower.
• Jina vallabha issued “kurkiala inscription” in Karimnagar and built “Chakreshwar”
temple near Karkala (Jain deity).
• The inscription on Bommala Varmagutta in which the 1st Telugu kanda poem was
visible.
• The Jain’s education starts with the sutra “Om Namo Sidham Namo”.
The important Jain centers at the time of Vemulawada Chalukyas were:
• Vemulawada
• Anumakonda (Hanumakonda)
• Kolanupaka
• Bodhan
• Pottla Cherruvu (Patancheru)
Kolanupaka:
• This is present in Yadadri district (Previously Nalgonda). This was the great Jain center.
Initially it was a Shaiva center.
• Digambara statue of Vardhamana is present here.
Architecture
• The Hundred Pillar Indra Narayana temple present in Bodhan was built during
Vemulawada Chalukya’s period. This temple was changed as Daval Masjid during the
Aurangzeb Period.
• Rajarajeswara temple in Vemulawada was built in 11th Century by
Mahamandaleshwara Rajaditya (feudatory king of Vikramaditya- IV). This was
initially a Jain temple later changed into Shiva temple.
• According to the Vemulawada inscription of Arikesari-II, the 4 main temples in
Vemulawada and their deities.
Literature
• Vemulawada Chalukyas encouraged Telugu and Kannada literature.
• Court poets of Arakesari-II were Pampa Kavi,
• Malliya Rechana and Padma Kavi (Telugu Poets).
• Malliya Rachana’s “Kavijanasrayam” is the earliest work of Telugu Prosody (basic
rhythm of verses in Telugu poetry).
• Padma kavi wrote “Jinendra Puranam” in telugu.
Pampa kavi:
• His titles: Kannada Aadi kavi and “ Kavitha Gunarnava”.
• He belongs to “Vangapadu” village in Guntur.
• He is first in Kannada, Aadi kavi of kannada literature.
Literary works of Pampa Kavi
• Adi Purana (on Rishaba nadha)
• Pampa Bharatham (Translation of Mahabharatha in Kannada), it is also known as
Vikramarjuna Vijayam.
• Pampa kavi’s Grave is present in Bodhan fort wall.
• The 1st three Kannada poets are known as “Kannada Trayam” (three gems of Kannada
poetry) – Jain poets.
• Pampa Kavi
• Ponna – book - Shanti Puranam
• Ranna – book - Ajithanatha Puranam
Vemulavada Bhimakavi:
• Literary works:
• Raghava Pandeeveeyam
Shathakandara Ramayanam
Jina Vallabha:
• Book: Mahaveera swamy Stotram.

• Titles: Sakala Kalapraveena, Gunapaksha pathi, Bhavyaratnakar
Mudigonda Chalukyas
Mudigonda Chalukyas ruled • “Manchikondanadu” by making Mudigonda. Mudigonda
Chalukyas were the feudatories of Vengi (Eastern) Chalukyas.
• (Khammam) as their capital. Mudigonda is in Koravi Seema of Telangana.
• The Khammam and Warangal regions are called Koravi Seema.
• The eastern region of Koravi Seema was called Manchikondanadu.
• Another name for Koravi seema is “Visurunadu”.
• They ruled feudatories of eastern chalukyas from A.D. 850 to Kakatiya’s Rudradeva’s
period for about 3 and half centuries.
Historical Sources:
• Moghali Cheruvu inscription,
• Koravi Copper Inscription (A.D.935),
• Guduru inscription of Viryala ( A.D.1124),
• Krivvaka (Kukkuru) inscription of Kusumayudha.
• The Moghali Cheruvu inscription issued by the Kokkiraja describes the dynasty of
Mudigonda Chalukyas.
• According to this Moghali Cheruvu inscription, Kokkoraja and Ranamardha both were
Brothers. They Established their kingdom by making mudigonda as capital.
Rulers / Political History
Kokkiraju
• Titles: Pravardhamana, Vijaya.
• Founder of the dynasty: Ranamardha
• He was the “Progenitor” of the dynasty.
• According to the Moghalicheruvu inscription, he was described as the second Rama.
• He defeated the Chiyya king and got “Garuda Dhwaja Sthambam”.
• He was having the great “Vetala Dvajam” which was with Ravanasura in those days.
• Ranamardha wore a necklace known as “Kantiya” and it was his official emblem.
Kusumayudha-I (A.D. 870 – 895)

• He was the contemporary of Chalukya Bhima-I of Eastern Chalukyas.
• According to Koravi inscription: He was the feudatory king to 1st Chalukya Bhima of
Vengi Chalukya.
• He played an important role in Vengi Chalukya – Manyakheta conflicts.
• This inscription explains about his victories.
• Chalukya Bhima donated a Village called “Dokiparru” to a Brahmin named Potamayya
on the request of Kusumayudha-I.
• He played Prominent role in defeating Rashtrakutas and throwing them away from
Koravi Seema.
Kusumayudha – II (A.D. 935 -960)
• He had a title namely “Vineeta Janasraya”.
• There was peace in the Kingdom during his time. Kusumayudha – II exempted all the
tax in the village “moghali cheruvu” and donated it to a Brahmin namely “Dhoniya
sharma”( of Kuthsitha Gotra), this was donated on a Sankranthi festival. This
inscription which explains donation had ithihasa poems.
• Koravi inscriptions explain about political conditions and administration.
Kusumayudha–IV
• According to Moghali cheruvu inscription, he donated Moghalicheruvu village to a
Brahmin called “Gonaya”.
Betaraja – I (A.D. 1075-1100)
• Betharaju-1 came to power after his father Kusumayudha -IV death.
• From that time, conflicts started in the kingdom.
• Kakartya Gundana defeated Betaraja and occupied the Koravi region.
• Later, Betaraja-I took the help of the ruler of Viriyala and regained his Kingdom.
Kusumayudha – V
• Title – Muttenegalla.
Kusumayudha – VI
• Title – Marbala Kesari.
• His contemporary was “Rudradeva” of the Kakatiya dynasty.
• According to Krivvaka inscriptions, Rudradeva defeated him. After this defeat,
Kusumayudha – VI was in exile for 12 years.
• After 1 year, he regained his kingdom with the help of his ministers and appointed them
as Mahamandaleshwar (Grand Chiefs).
Nagathi Raja
• His title was “Viveka Narayana”.
• During his period Kakatiya ruler Ganapati deva defeated Nagati Raja and annexed
Mudigonda Chalukyas Kingdom.
• The decline of Mudigonda Chalukyas is explained in the “Palampeta” inscription issued
by Recharla Rudra who was the army chief of kakatiyas.
Social and Economic Conditions
• Inscriptions tell us that Mudigonda Chalukyas belong to “Manavyasa Gotra”.
• Initially they were Sudras, later they were Brahminized.
• According to the Moghalicheruvu inscription, people lived in village and tribal huts.
• The rulers were concerned about the Welfare and Poverty of the people.
• It is believed that if someone gives Produce (Eragadanyam) to the government on
peramani Poornima day, good fortune will be bestowed upon them.

• By this, we can say that there was no pressure for the payment of taxes. Public used to
pay taxes Voluntarily.
• This tax money was used for Agricultural developments and for construction of Canals
and to dug tanks.
Religion
• They followed Vedic, Shaiva, Vaishnava and Sakteya religions.
• Shakti Devata:
• Mudigonda Chalukyas treated themselves as “Harati Putras” & ruled with Sapta
matrikas.
• Betaraja’s wife Sri Mahadevi was known as “Abhinava Gowri”.
Vaishnavam:
• Their inscriptions contain Bhagwan Narayana, Varaha and Garuda Dhwaja, by this we
can tell that they were followers of Vaishnavism.
Kamadeva:
• Most Prominent God during those days. He is in the form of “Nirguna Deva”.
• Till today, tribes worship Kamadeva in North Telangana.
Festivals:
(1) Makar Sankranti: Good fortune will be bestowed if donations are done on this day.
(2) Peramani Poornima: it is believed that it is good to pay taxes / produce voluntarily to
the government.
(3) Gowri Festival : this is today’s “Bathukamma” festival.
Musunuri Nayaks
After the fall of Kakatiya’s in the year 1323, the Army chief of Pratapa Rudra – II, Malik
Maqbool (Gannama Nayaka) ruled over Warangal.
• Prolaya Nayaka was the leader for all the rulers in Andhra desha who fought against
Tughluq’s for the liberation.
• According to Vilasa Copper inscription, the name Musunuri is given due to their birth
place.
• Sources which mention the history of the Musunuri dynasty
• Prolaya Nayaka – Vilasa Copper inscription
• Kapaya Nayaka – Polavaram inscription
• Anithalli – Kaluva cheru inscription
• Chodabhakti Raju – Pentapadu inscription
Important Rulers of Musunuri dynasty:
1. Musunuri Prolaya Nayaka
2. Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka

Musunuri Prolaya Nayaka (A.D. 1325 – 1332):
• He was the founder of the Kingdom.
• Capital: Rekhapalli ( Bhadrachalam forests – Khammam district).
• Prolaya Nayaka issued Vilasa Copper inscriptions.
• Titles: Avakra Vikrama Yasha Shambavya Bhahargala.
• After the downfall of Kakatiya’s, Prolaya Nayaka fought for the liberation of Andhra
region from the hands of Muhammadian rulers by making Rekha Palli (on the banks of
Godavari) as his capital.
• The aim of this liberation movement:
• To liberate Andhra Region from Muslim rule.
• Revival of Hindu Dharma and its Protection.
• Supporters of Prolaya Nayaka in the liberation movement are:
• Prolaya Vema Reddy
• Recharla Singama Nayaka
• Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka
• Vengi Bhupala
• Manchikonda Ganapati Nayaka
• As Nayaka fought against Muslim rulers and annexed Coastal Andhra and Trilinga
Mandalas By eliminating Muslim rulers, And declared as independent ruler in the year
1325 A.D.
• He renovated Agraharas which were destroyed during the attack of Muslim rulers and
also revived Vedic religion, he also developed Trilinga Desam.
Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka ( A.D. 1332-68):

• He issued Polavaram inscriptions.
The titles of Kapaya Nayaka:
• Andhra Desadhiswara – Pillalamarri inscription
• Andhra Suratrana – Aryavati inscription Kapavaneeshwara – Kaluva cheru inscription
• In the year 1336 A.D, he conquered Warangal fort and threw away Malik Maqbool and
earned the titles Andhra Desh Adhiswara and Andhra Suratrana.
• He ruled Telangana and Coastal Andhra region by making Warangal as capital.
• According to Kaluva Cheru inscription issued by the Reddy Rani anithalli, 75 telugu
rulers accepted the Sovereignty of Kapaya Nayaka.
• Kingdoms established during the period of Kapaya Nayaka:
• Recharla Padma Nayakas – Singama Nayaka
• Vijayanagara Kingdom – Harihara, Bukka Raya
• Konda Veedu Reddy dynasty – Prolaya Vema Reddy
• Bahmani Kingdom – Hasan Gangu

• Kapaya Nayaka helped the Bahmani leader “Hasan Gangu” in establishing the Bahmani
Kingdom in 1347 A.D. But later Hasan Gangu tried to conquer Warangal , with a desire
to extend his kingdom.
• In 1350 A.D, Hasan Gangu sent an army led by Sikhander Khan to conquer Warangal.
Sikander khan defeated Kapaya Nayaka and occupied Koulas fort (Nizamabad district)
and took treasure from the kingdom and made a treaty.
• In 1356 A.D, Kapaya Nayaka was again attacked and defeated by the Bahmani ruler
and Kapaya Nayaka offered Bhuvangiri fort to make peace. After this Hasan Gangu
died and his son Mohammad shah – I came to the throne.
• In 1360- 61 A.D,Kapaya Nayaka’s son Vinayaka Deva attacked the Bahmani kingdom
and was killed by Mohammad Shah – I.
• In 1364–65 A.D., Mohammad Shah – I attacked Warangal and Golconda and defeated
Kapaya Nayaka. Kapaya Nayaka made a peace treaty by giving Golconda fort.
• Muslim historians called Kapaya nayaka as Kanya Nayak and Krishna nayak.
• Recharla Singama Nayaka declared independence and ruled over Rachakonda, by
disobeying the leadership of Kapaya Nayaka.
Bhimavaram Battle:
• In 1367-68 A.D, Recharla Padma Nayaka ruler 1st Anavota Nayaka fought with
Kapaya Nayaka and killed Kapaya in Bhimavaram Battle near Warangal.
• This Bhimavaram is today’s Bhimavaram in Hanamkonda.
• The Musunuri kingdom was destroyed due to the death of Kapaya Nayaka and the
Warangal fort & Bhuvanagiri fort came into the hands of Recharla Nayakas.
Padmanayakas (Velama Nayakas) Rachakonda, Devarakonda Velamas
• Velamas are also Known as Padmanayakas and Recharla Velamas. Their Gotra is
Recharla.
• Velugoti Vamshavali is the main source regarding the history of Padmanayakas.
• After the downfall of Kakatiya’s, Recharla Velamas ruled over present day Nalgonda
and Mahabubnagar districts.
• After the death of Kapaya Nayaka, they annexed Musunuri kingdom in Telangana and
became administrators for the entire Telangana region.
• They ruled for 150 years with Rachakonda and Devarakonda as their capitals.
• Recharla Velamas were the feudatories of Kakatiya’s.
• Birth place of Bethala Nayaka – Amanagallu near Miryalaguda in Nalgonda district.
• In 1225 – 1253 A.D, Ganapati deva made Bethala Nayaka as the regional head of
Amanagallu region.
• Sons of Bethala Nayaka are Recharla Rudra, Recharla Prasaditya and Dhama Nayaka.

• Recharla Rudra was the army chief of Ganapathi deva and Recharla Prasaditya was the
army chief during Rudrama devi.
Rachakonda Velama Rulers
Singama Nayaka – I (A.D.1325-61)
• He was the founder of independent Velama Kingdom.
• Singama Nayaka made Amanagallu in Nalgonda as his Capital.
• Pratapa Rudra has given 80 gifts to Singama Nayaka by this Singama Nayaka was
known as Ashiti Varala Singama Nayaka.
• He annexed the region between Krishna – Tungabhadra and extended his Kingdom to
Eleswaram.
Anapota Nayaka-I (A.D. 1361-84)
• Anapota Nayaka-I have changed the capital from Amanagallu to Rachakonda
(Nalgonda).
• He, along with his brother Madha Nayaka attacked the Jallipalli fort and killed
Somavamsha Kshatriya and Reddy leaders who were responsible for the death of
Anapota Nayaka’s father. For this, he received the title “Semakula Parashurama”.
• After this attack, to protect himself & his kingdom Anapota constructed a stone wall
around the Rachakonda fort and a water body known as “Anapota Samudram”.
• He is the founder of Rachakonda kingdom.
• During his period, conflicts started between Reddy’s and Velamas.
• He annexed Bhuvanagiri and Shanigaram forts and visited the holy shrine in Inole
(Ainole) and issued an inscription describing his victories.
• After annexing the above two fort’s he got the title Andhra Desh Adhiswara.
• Titles of Anapota Nayaka – I:
• Hindu Raya Suratrana
• Khadga Narayana
• Jaganobba Ganda,
• Tribhuvana Rama Raya.
• According to Rachakonda inscriptions, he constructed tanks Anapota Samudram and
Raya Samudram.
• He dug two wells such as Sankella and Kolukutam well.
• For the purpose of protecting the kingdom from the South-East side, he divided the
kingdom and appointed his brother Madha Nayaka as Devarakonda ruler.
• For then onwards they were known as Rachakonda and Devarakonda velamas and ruled
with Mutual cooperation.
Singama – II (Sarvagna Singana)

• He is the greatest ruler of Velamas. He is a great writer / poet.
• His other names are Kumara Singama Nayaka, Sarvagna Singama Bhupala.
• He Patronized Vaishnavism.
• His titles are:
• Sarvagna Chakravarthy
• Kalyana Bhupati
• Prati Ganda Bhairava
• Sarvagna Chudamani
• Laksha Lakshana veda
• Khadga Narayana
• Court poets of Singama Nayaka – II are Vishweswara, Bommakanti Appayya Matya.
• Vishweswara wrote a book “Chamatkara Chandrika” (Alankara Sastra / science of
figure of speech). In this book, he described Singama – II as “Sahitya Ship Avadhi”.
• Appayya matya has written commentary to “Amarakosham”.
• Vedanta Deshika writings:
• Tatva Sandesham
• Rahasya sandesham
• Subhasha nithi
• Shakalya Ayyalaryudu – Bhaskara Ramayanam
• Literary works of Singama nayaka -II are:
• Rasarnava Sudhakara
• (Alankara Sastra book)
• Sangeeta Sudhakaram (Musical book)
• Ratna Panchalika (Kumalayavali (Drama)).
• Ratna Panchalika is the drama in which Sri Krishna marries Kumalayavali.
• The Ratna Panchalika drama is played in the Prasanna Gopala temple during annual
celebrations (Vasanta Yatra).
• Shakalya Mallu Bhattu:
• He was the court poet of Velamas.
• His title: Chaturbasha Kavita Pithamaha.
• His literary works are
• Nirdoshya Ramayanam
• Udara Raghaviyam (Poetry)
• Avyaya Sangraham (Dictionary)
• Shakalya Mallu was defeated in a debate by Varada Charya son of Vedanta Deshika.
Anapota Nayaka – II
• He was a Powerful ruler and won many battles.
• His other names are Kumara Anapota Nayaka, Pinna Annama Nayaka and Immadi
Anapota Nayaka.
• During his period, there were conflicts with Bahmani on one side and Reddy Raju’s on
other side.
Rao Madha Nayaka:
• He is a great follower of Vaishnavism.
• He donated Thorrur / Tadur village as Sri Rangapura Agraharam to Sri Ranganatha
Swamy.
• His wife Nagambika has built a tank “Naga Samudram” near Rachakonda and issued
Naga Samudram inscriptions.
• According to Naga Samudram (Nagaram) inscription, Madha Nayaka wrote
“Raghavam” which is a commentary on Ramayanam and dedicated to Sri Rama.
Singama Nayaka – III (A.D. 1430 – 1475)

• He is the last ruler of Rachakonda.
Titles:
• Dhivishaludu
• Sarvagna Rao singama Nayaka
• Mummadi singama Nayaka
• His court poets are Bammera Pothana, Gourana and Bhourava Kavi.
•
• Inscriptions during his period are:
• Shayampet inscription (A.D.1464) – issued by his brother Dharma Naidu
• Tirupati inscription (A.D. 1475) – Singama Nayaka-III issued this inscription on
donating gifts to Lord Venkateshwara.
• Bellamkonda Inscription (A.D.1453) – Singama Nayaka – III
• Kanjeevara inscription (A.D. 1437) – Vasantha Nayaka
• Srinadha has described Singama Nayaka – III as Singama Bhupala in his books
Devarakonda Velama Rulers
Madha Nayaka
• Founder of the Devarakonda Velama kingdom.
• Capital: Devarakonda.
• He built “Madhavapuram” city near Devarakonda.
• He constructed Dwara Mandapa to the Pilgrimage “Umamaheshwaram” which is
present in Nallamala forest and it is well known as the Northern gateway to Srisailam.
Lingamanidu
• He is the last ruler of Devarakonda Kingdom.
• Their rule ended due to annexation by the Bahmani.
Administration of Velamas
• Hemadri wrote “Vratha Kannada Kalpataru” book for protecting Vedic religion and
Varna system. He also explained about the administration and this is followed by the
Velamas for administering the kingdom.
• The most important and smallest division is the Village. In this, there were “12”
Ayagars with the name Pannida Raya Gandru.
• The security guards of the villages are known as “Muthaka Raju”.
• Velmas incurred huge expenses on soldiers because they were continuously fighting in
wars.
• According to the book Sakala Neeti Sammatham written by Madiki Singana, the
Velamas had poisoned all the lakes and wells which are nearer to the roads through
which their enemies travel.
Economic Conditions - Trade

• The main occupation is Agriculture.
• According to the literary works of potana and srinatha, Brahmins also did Cultivation.
• There were 3 types of land. Metta (uplands), Tari (Moist land), Horticulture land
• Main crop during Velamas was Jowar. Because there were more Metta lands during
their Period.
• Rich people used to eat Rice.
• Varieties of Paddy were Shiramukhi, Kalama, Shali, Hayapa ethanga Hoyana etc.
• Another occupation was Cattle rearing.
• Every temple has an animal house known as “Kilaras”.
• Main source of income was Land tax (1/6th
• of crop produce).
• Every village had storage units known as “Rachagadelu” to store the grains which were
collected as tax.
Industries:
• The important industry during Velamas was Textile industry.
• Orugallu, Rachakonda and Devarakonda are well known for textile industries.
• The names of sarees during Velamas are;
• Rama Singaram
• Vasantha Singaram
• Sri Krishna Vilasam
• Rama Vilasam
• Vasantha Vilasam
• According to the book “Simhasana Dwatrimshika”, there were Pattu Sarees during
those days such as;
• Hema Pattu
• Pulli Goru Pattu
• Vela Pattu
• Vajra Pattu Udaya Pattu
• The Kalamkari industry was also famous.
• During Velama’s period the Normal iron swords were world famous.
• According to Rukhmangadha Charita there was also a trunk Industry. Trade:
• During that period, Balijas and Vaisyas did international trade.
• The main Port city was Vadapalli (on the banks of River Krishna).
• There were conflicts between Velamas and Reddy Raju for Sovereignty over the port
city Vadapalli.
Social Conditions
• There was a Caste system. Brahmins became strong and Kshatriyas lost their strength.
• Position of women in society was deteriorating. Because of the invasions of Muslim
rulers women never Step out of their houses.
• Social evils in Hinduism were introduced during this period such as practice of Sati and
Child marriages due to the invasion of Muslim rulers.
• The marriages of princesses were performed with Grandeur, Dowry and gifts were
given. Dowry was known as “Aranam”.
• Men wore dhoti and shirts and women used to wear colorful sarees.
• There was a mention regarding 49 types of silk sarees and 14 types of gold, silver and
bronze ornaments in the book Simhasana Dwatrimshika written by Koravi Goparaju.
• The women of higher castes used to wear Saree Pallu to their right side and the women
of lower castes to their left side.
• Dance forms were Perini, Bharatanatyam, Jakini, Goundilu.
• Foreign dance form was “Paarashika Mathali”.
Religious Conditions
• Initially Velama Nayakas Patronized Shaivism.
• Last rulers who Patronized Vaishnavism.
Shaivism:
• People followed Theravada Shaivism.
• They worshiped the Rudra forms of Lord Shiva such as Bhairava and Mailaru.
• Violent practices like Ranamu Kadupu and Chapudu Gudi were practiced.
• The Velama kingdom was established by defeating Muslim rulers, so they tried to
protect the culture of Hinduism.
• They renovated the Brahmin Agraharas which were attacked by Muslim rulers.
Vaishnavism:
• Two sects were formed in Vaishnavism, they are Thengal and Vadagal.

• Vadagal Vaishnavism was preached by “Vedanta Desika”.
Literature of Velamas
• Official language was Sanskrit.
• Court Poets of Singama Nayaka – III:
1. BammeraPotana:
• He was the court poet of velamas.
• He belongs to the “Bammera” village in Warangal district.
• His titles are:
• Sahaja Kavi / Sahaja Panditya, Bhaktha
• Potana and Maha Bhagavat Kartha.
• Literary works are:
• Veera Bhadra Vijayam
• Andhra Maha Bharatam
• Narayana Shatakam
• Bhogini Dandakam.
• Bhogini Dandakam is related to the love story of Sarvagna Singama Nayaka and his
lover Bhogini.
• Potana disliked the things which were taking place in the king’s palace and thereby left
the kingdom and led his life by doing agriculture.
• Bammera Potana is known as the relative of Srinatha.
2. Gourana:
• He lived in Ramagiri of Telangana.
• Title:Sarasa sahitya lakshana Chakravarti.
• Literary work: Lakshana Deepika, Navanadha Charita and Harishchandra Upakyanam.
3. BhairavaKavi:
• He was the first to use “Banda Kavitha” style in Telangana.
• His literary works are Sriranga Mahatmyam and Ratna Pariksha.
4. Koravi Goparaju:
• He is the court poet of Rana Mallu.
• He belongs to Veligallu (Bheemgal), Nizamabad.
• He has written a telugu poem “Simhasana Dwatrimshika”.
• He was the 1st person to analyze dreams before Sigmund Freud.
• He has written 32 stories regarding the king Vikramarka who ruled Ujjain.
• He has translated the Jain poem Tri Shashti Salakapuru Satcharitra initially which was
in Sanskrit into Telugu as Simhasana Dvatrimshika.
Temples, forts during Velama’s period

• Temples built by Rachakonda Velamas are Bhairava Temple, Rama temple and
Lakshmi Devi temple.
• Temples in Devarakonda are Shiva temple and Rama temple.
• Temples built by Velamas in Bhuvanagiri – Someshwara temple.
Forts:
• Velama’s have built many forts to defend themselves from enemies. The important are
Rachakonda, Devarakonda, Bhuvanagiri and Orugallu forts.
Rachakonda Fort:
• The walls of Rachakonda fort are in the form of 3 rings.
• Inside the 1st fort wall there is a Rama temple on the west side.
• Inside the fort, there is a mosque built by Bahmani Sultans.
• There is a statue of Bhairava.
• On the hills of the fort there are two Bhoga mandapas known as Bhogamdani Mancham
and Bhogamdani Gudulu.
• There is Vaishnava temple to the South-east direction of Rachakonda fort.
• Dr. Dyavanavalli Satyanarayana has discovered the Paintings of Putrakameshti Yagam
and Ashwamedha Yagam of Ramayanam in this temple.
• Ranamu Kudu:
• During the period of Recharla Velamas, there was one barbaric tradition known as
“Ranamu Kudu”.
• Ranamu kudu means cooking the rice with the blood of the enemies. Who were killed
in the War, This is presented to War Goddess and Ghosts.
KAKATIYAS
The Kakatiya Dynasty was a South Indian Telugu dynasty that ruled from the 12th to the 14th
centuries CE. It ruled a large portion of the eastern Deccan region in present-day Telangana
and Andhra Pradesh. Despite its relatively short reign, the dynasty left a lasting impact on the
culture, art, and architecture of the region.
• The Kakatiyas were the feudatories of the Chalukyas of Kalyani. Kakati Rudradeva
(Prataparudra I), the founder of the Kakatiya state, succeeded in overpowering the
Chalukya ruler, Tailapa III, during the second half of the 12th century (c. 1162).
• He also succeeded in capturing Kurnool district from the Velananti chiefs sometime
around 1185. Ganapati (1199-1262), Rudrambe (1262-95) and Prataparudra II (1295-
1326) were other important rulers of the dynasty.
• Their rule extended over most of the Andhra region up to Godavari, Kanchi, Kurnool
and Cuddapah districts.
• Ulugh Khan (later Muhammad Tughlaq) overran the whole of Telangana in 1322 and
thus sealed the fate of the Kakatiya rule.

• The Kakatiya dynasty's patronage of the arts and its unique style of architecture can be
seen in the impressive ruins of the Warangal Fort and the iconic Kakatiya Thoranam.
Kakatiya Dynasty
• The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian dynasty. It ruled parts of present-day
Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Southern Odisha from the 12th to the 14th
century CE.
They were known for their patronage of art, literature, and architecture, particularly in the
form of temple construction.
 Betaraju, who took the name Prola Raja in the early 12th century, was the founder of
the Kakatiya dynasty.
 His successor, Rudra Deva, expanded the dynasty's territory through military
conquests. Under Rudra Deva's rule, the Kakatiyas reached the height of their power
and influence.
 Warangal became a center of culture, trade, and religion.
 The dynasty's most famous ruler was Ganapati Deva.
 He was succeeded by his daughter, Rani Rudrama Devi, who is considered one of the
few women rulers of South India.
 The Kakatiya dynasty faced invasions from the Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century and
ultimately fell in 1323 CE.
 Their legacy continued through the influence of their art, architecture, and language on
subsequent dynasties and the people of the region.
Historical Sources
Magallu inscription (A.D. 956):
 This was issued by Vengi Chalukya ruler Danarnava.
 This is the 1st inscription which mentioned Kakatiyas.

 According to this inscription, the Progenitor of Kakatiya’s was Kakartya Gundana.
 This inscription mentions that Kakatiyas belong to Samanta Vitti Vamsa.
Bayyaram Tank inscription (A.D. 1219):
 It was issued by Mailamba (sister of Ganapati Deva). This explains about the lineage
of the Kakatiya dynasty.
 According to this inscription, the Progenitors Venna Bhupathi of Durjaya clan.
According to this inscription Kakatiya’s Durjaya’s Shudra Clan.
Kakatiya Rulers
Subordinate / Feudatory Kakatiya Kings (Early Kakatiyas):

Betaraju–I (A.D. 995-1050):
 He is the son of Kakartya Gundana.
 According to the Kazipet inscription, Betaraju– I was the feudatory king of western
(Kalyani) Chalukyas.
 Guduru inscription says that he occupied his kingdom with the help of Viriyala rulers.
 His titles: Kakati Puradhinatha and Chodakshmapala (after the victory on Cholas).
 He issued the Shanigaram inscription, which was written by Narayanayya.
 His minister Narayanayya renovated Yuddamalla Jina temple at Shanigaram.
Prolaraju – I ( A.D.1050 – 1075 ):
 He dug many tanks namely Kesa samudram (Kesari Tank) in Hanamkonda, Jagat
Kesari Samudram
 His titles were Kakati vallabha, Raja Kesari and Samadhigatha Pancha Maha Sabda.
 Prolaraju accompanied Kalyani Chalukya ruler Vikramaditya-VI in his invasions and
earned the title Samadhigatha Pancha Maha Sabda.
 His victories are explained in Kazipet, Pillalamarri and Palampeta inscriptions.
Betaraju – II (A.D. 1075–1108):
 He built “Sivapuram” city in Hanamkonda and constructed “Koteswara temple” in it.
 He donated Sivapuram to his spiritual guru “Rameshwara Pandit”.
 Betaraju-II took “Shiva diksha” from his guru.
 He issued the Kazipet inscription ( A.D. 1090), according to this inscription, his titles
are: Vikrama Chakriya , Tribhuvana malla.
 His minister Vaijandadeesha was a great Politician & wise strategist. He assisted
Vikramaditya–VI (of Kalyani Chalukyas) in his invasions and got thousand villages in
Sabbi mandalam as a gift.
Durgaraju :
 Eldest son of Betaraju – II. He issued the Kazipet Durga inscription.
 Titles: Tribhuvana Malla and Chalamartiganda. Prolaraja–II (A.D. 1115-1157):

 He was the last ruler among feudatory Kakatiyas. He was an important ruler among
early Kakatiyas.
 He issued Shanigaram inscriptions and Padmakshi temple inscriptions.
 He constructed following temples in Hanamkonda.
 Siddeshwara temple
 Swayambhu temple
 Padmakshi temple
 During his period only, construction of Orugallu fort was completed by Rudradeva.
 Prolaraju-II took various measures for development of agriculture and to alleviate the
poverty by this he earned the title “Daridraya Vidravana”.
 His titles: Mahamandaleswara, Maha Ahanka Lankeshwara, Nishank Pradhana
Prabhanda.
 His Minister Betanamatya was a Jain follower:
 Mailama wife of Betanamatya constructed
 Kadalalaya jain choultry in Hanamkonda.
 Rudradeva son of Prolaraja-II ascended the throne after him, according to the
draksharama inscription (A.D. 1158) issued by Inangala Brahmi Reddy, Minister of
Prolaraja-II
Independent Kakatiya’s
Rudradeva (PratapaRudra-I)
 He ruled between 1158 – 1195 A.D.
 He issued a thousand pillar temple inscription (A.D. 1163) in Hanamkonda.
 This Hanumakonda Prashasti (inscription) was written by poet Achitendra.
 According to this inscription Rudradeva was a feudatory king from 1158 – 1162 A.D
and he ruled independently from 1163 to 1195 A.D.
 He declared independence in 1163 and became the 1st independent ruler of Kakatiya.
 He issued another inscription namely “Ganapampa Ganapavaram inscription”.
 “Draksharama inscription” describes Rudradeva as “Vinaya Bhushana”, this inscription
was issued by Inangala Brahmi Reddy.
 According to Pillalamarri Narayana Reddy inscription (1196 A.D.), Rudradeva himself
was a poet and he adorned poets and was like “Kalpataru” ( a wish granting tree) for
poets and educationalists.
 Rudradeva wrote the “Neethisaram” book in Sanskrit Language.
His titles:
1. Vidyabhushana
2. Daaya Gaja Kesari
 Rudradeva completed the construction of Orugallu fort (Warangal fort) and shifted the
capital from Hanumakonda to Warangal.

 In the year 1163 A.D. Rudradeva constructed a thousand pillar temple in Hanamkonda.
For the maintenance of this temple, he donated “Maddi cheruvu '' village.
 His first invasion was on “Dhomma Rajyam”.
 According to Draksharamam inscriptions Rudradeva conquered Godavari region.
 According to Tripurantakam inscriptions Rudradeva extended his kingdom till
Tripurantakam.
 Rudradeva gave a title “Kota Gelpata” to his army Chief Malya katiya for conquering
Dharani fort.
 According to Jammaluru inscription (A.D.1202) issued by Bhollayya, ruler of Charuku
Dynasty, Rudradeva gave the forest area of Srisailam to Charuku Dynasty.
 Thousand pillar inscriptions explain about the military victories of Rudra deva.
 Rudra deva supported Nalagama Raju in the Palnadu battle.
 Rudra deva died in the battle with Yadava king Jaitugi in the year 1195 A.D. This is
mentioned in the book “Vrata Kanda” written by Hemadri.
 According to this book, Jaitugi (Jaitrapala) invaded Kakatiya kingdom, killed
Rudradeva and took his adopted son “Ganapatideva” as captive.
 Rudra deva’s important army chief was Vellanki Gangadhara.
 Gangadhara is the follower of Vaishnavism and constructed Prasanna Kesava temple
in Hanamkonda.
Mahadeva (A.D. 1195-99):

 He is the brother of Rudra deva. Inscriptions related to Mahadeva ‘s time period are
Sundella Grama inscription (A.D. 1197) in Peddapalli district, Broken inscription found
in Warangal fort.
 His guru was Dhruveshwara Pandit.
 He continuously fought with the ruler’s of Yadava dynasty and finally died in the hands
of Jaitrapala.
 At that time, Political disturbances started in the Kakatiya kingdom. This Political
unrest was solved by Army chief of Mahadeva namely “Recharla Rudra Reddy”
 By this Recharla Rudra Reddy was given a title “Kakatiya Rajyabharadhoureeya”.
 Recharla Rudra Reddy made efforts to release Ganapati Deva.
Ganapati Deva (A.D.1199-1262):
 Ganapati deva is a son of Mahadeva.
 Jaitugi, a ruler of Yadava kingdom killed Rudra deva and took Ganapati deva as
captive. Later Ganapati deva was released by “Singanna” of the yadava kingdom.
 By this Singanna got title: Andhra Raya Sathapanocharya, Telungaraya
Shirahkamatothpatana
 Ganapati deva united all the telugu speaking people to one place and ruled today’s
Telangana – Andhra region for a long period of 63 years (1199–1262 A.D).

 1st inscription related to the administration of Ganapati deva – Manthena inscription in
Karimnagar related to Dec 26, 1199 A.D.
 During Ganapati deva’s time period :
 Senani (Army Chief) – Recharla Rudra
 Chief of Elephantry – Jayappa Senani
 Chief of Chariot – Gangayya Sawhney
Victories of Ganapti Deva’s Army:
 Ganapati deva is the greatest ruler and indomitable king.
 Ganapati deva defeated “Pinna Chudai” of Ayya dynasty in Diviseema and made him
a feudatory king.
 Ganapati deva married Narama, Perama, daughter of Pinna Choda. Pinna Chouda’s son
Jayappa Senani appointed Gaja Shahini in the Kakatiya Army.
 Ganapati deva has presented his army chief “Malayala Choda” with the titles, those
were “Dweepiluntaka”, “Divichurakara” on winning the Diviseema war.
 Ganapati deva caused the death of Pridhveeshwara, ruler of Velanati and got the title
“Pridhvi Eshwara Shirah Kanduka Kridavinoda”.
 Defeated Nidadavole Chalukya ruler Veerabhadra and made him a feudatory king.
 He got the title “Choda Kataka Churakara” after winning over Katak.
 Defeated Gangaiah Sawhney of Kayastha dynasty in Kadapa region and made him a
feudatory king to Ganapati deva.
 Telugu Chodas of Nellore region became feudatories of Ganapati deva.
 He conquered the Natavadi region and married his sister “Mailamba” to Rudra, king of
Hatavadi.
 The wars fought by Ganapati deva and his victories are written on Iragavaram pillar
inscription.
 The inscriptions which tells about the Southern victories of Ganapati deva are
1. Chebrol inscription (1228 A.D.) – Recharla Rudra
2. Ganapeshwara inscription (1231 A.D.) – by Jayapa Senani
 Ganapati deva’s title is Raya Gajakesari.
 He issued Motupalli inscription (1244 A.D.) for the relief of foreign trades. This is
known as Motupalli Abhaya Shasana. For implementation of this, he appointed Siddaya
deva.
 Another name for Motupalli was Deshiya Kondapuram.
 Four stone structures were constructed on four sides of Orugallu fort by Ganapati deva.
He also built “Sahasralinga Layam” in Orugallu.
 During his period, the tax collected from beggars & Prostitutes was known as
“Ganachari tax”.
 During his period Panditaradhya, Palakurthi Somanatha had spread Veera Shaivam.
Ganapati deva’s spiritual Guru was Vishweswara Sambu.

 He maintained friendly relations with his neighboring Yadava ruler Singama and his
descendants.
 Ganapati deva issued Jamalapuram inscription in 1202 A.D.
Muthukur Battle (A.D. 1262 ):
 Madura (Pandya) emperor Jatavarma Sundara Pandya invaded Nellore.
 Ganapati deva supported Nellore Telugu Chounda king Manumasiddi – II and fought
against Jatavarma.
 Jatavarma Sundara Pandya defeated Ganapati Deva.
 The only battle which Ganapati deva lost was the Muthukur battle.
 After losing the Muthukur battle, Ganapati deva retired and gave the power to his
daughter Rudrama Devi.
Important Persons during Ganapati deva’s Period:

Gangaiah Sawhney:
 He was appointed by Ganapati deva as “Bahattar Niyogadipati”.
 His titles: Mandalika Brahmarakshas, Rakkasa Ganga and Gandapendera.
Prolabhima Nayaka :
 He was the great minister of Ganapati deva.
 His titles are Aruvela Dooshaka (Six thousand Dooshaka), Kanchi Choorakara.
Jayappa Senani:
 He worked as the head of elephantry.
 His title : Vyrigodhar Paruttu.
Rudrama Devi (A.D. 1262 – 89):
 Rudrama devi is the daughter of Ganapati deva and Somamba.

 She was the great Woman ruler in South India during the Medieval period.
 She is the first lady to rule Andhra Pradesh.
 Titles of Rudrama devi : Rayagajakesari, Rudradeva Maharaja and Platodruthi
(According to Durgi inscription).
 Rudrama devi inscriptions: Malkapuram inscriptions Bidar fort inscription
 Harihara deva, Murari deva step brother of Rudrama devi, waged a rebellion against
her. She suppressed them with the help of her Ministers.
 Rudrama devi’s Coronation Ceremony was explained in Durgi inscription. This
inscription was issued by Kayastha Jenniga deva.
 Yadava king Mahadeva conspired to conquer Kakatiya’s kingdom. During that time,
the responsibility of Protecting the kingdom was given to Recharla Prasaditya.
Titles of Recharla Prasaditya:
 Kakatiya Rajya Sthapana Acharya
 Raja Pithamahanka
 The neighboring kingdoms during Rudrama devi’s time were Eastern Gangas,
Yadava’s and Pandyas.
 When Yadava king “Mahadeva” invaded Kakatiyas, Rudramadevi defeated them and
shunted out the enemies upto Devagiri fort.
 In this battle the important role was played by Sinda bhairava, who was the Army chief
of Rudrama devi.
 The Bidar fort inscription of Rudramadevi describes this victory.
 According to Ekamranatha’s “Prataparudra Charita” and Malkapuram inscription,
Rudrama devi got the title “Rayagajakesari” (Lion for the enemies kings elephants)
after defeating Mahadeva of Yadavas.
 According to Chandupatla inscription (27th Nov, 1289 A.D.), Nalgonda district,
Rudrama devi and her chief Mallikarjuna lost their lives while suppressing the rebel •
Kayastha Ambadeva. Ambdeva was the feudatory king of Kakatiyas.
 Rudrama devi died in “Tripuranthakam battle”.
 Ambadeva issued “Tripuranthakam inscription” which explains his victories.
 Venice (Italy) traveler Marco Polo visited Kakatiya kingdom during Rudrama devi’s
time period.
 Rudrama devi introduced the “Nayankara system” during her period.
 Rudrama devi Army chief, Prime Minister was “Induluri Annadeva”.
PratapaRudra-II (A.D. 1289-1323):

 He was the last ruler of Kakatiyas.
 He is the grandson of Rudrama devi ( Son of Rudramadevi’s eldest daughter –
Mummadamma).
 His titles:
 Daya gajakesari
 Muru Rayara Ganda
 Kumara Rudra
 Veera Rudra
 He brought amendments in administration after his accession to the throne.
 “Chandupatla inscription” of Puvvalamummadi explains about the death of Rudrama
devi.
 He strengthened the Nayankara system.
 During the Pratapa Rudra – II period, “Singama Nayaka” established an independent
“Anegundi” kingdom on the banks of Tungabhadra river.
 Capital of Anegundi was “Kampili”.

 Pratapa Rudra – II invaded Anegundi and made Singama Nayaka as his feudatory king.
Pratapa Rudra made “Trimukha Plan '' to defeat Kayastha Ambadeva and his friends
Pandyas and Yadavas.
 In 1291 A.D, Pratapa Rudra with his army chief Induluri Annaya invaded Ambadeva
at Tripuranthakam and defeated Ambadeva.
 As a mark of this victory Induluri Annadeva issued an inscription in Tripuranthakam.
Pratapa Rudra – II inscriptions:

1. Salavedu Inscription(A.D.1317)
2. Kolanupaka Inscription(A.D.1321)– Mahabubnagar
Pratapa Rudra sanskrit court Poets:
 Vidyanadha – “Pratapa Rudra Yasho Bhushanam” book
 Mallinatha – wrote commentaries on Kalidasa books
 Vidhana charya – Prameeya Charchamrutam
 Agastya literary works – Balabharatam, Nalakeerthi Koumudhi Krishna Charitam
Natyashastra (Kavyam), Dhvanyaloka (Kavyam)
 Administration of Kakatiya’s
 Historian P.V. Parabrahma Sastri did research on the Administrative system and
Economic conditions of Kakatiya’s.The book written by Parabrahma Sastri – “The
Kakatiya’s”.The historian “Bartenstein” described the Administrative system of
Kakatiya’s as “Segmentary state” Administration.
 Romila Thaper described Kakatiya’s Administration as a Metropolitan system.
 Kakatiya's De-centralised monarchy system.
 Kakatiya implemented the system known as “Rajyam Saptanga Samanvita”.
 Apart from being Sudras, they implemented the policies established by the ancient
Politicians / Strategists.
 The Mandalika system is the important policy of Kakatiya’s in which the Kakatiya’s
encouraged stronger Mandalakas.
 Kakatiya is the only Kingdom to have women rulers in Hindu dynasty’s.
 The other important feature is that the adopted son becomes the King / Ruler (Pratapa
Rudra – II).
 The book “Sakalaneethi Sammatham” mentions about the “Ashtadasha Thirdha”
officers.
 According to the “Neethisaram” book, the king should leave his bad habits and give up
evil practices and should read Neethi Grandas.
Conflicts Between the Four Kingdoms

 During this period, all the four kingdoms were at war with one or the other. We will not go into
the details of these conflicts. Here we would mention in brief the nature of these struggles.

 The main conflict was between the Kakatiyas, Hoysalas and the Pandyas for supremacy over
the Chola territories.
 The Yadavas were constantly at war with the Kakatiyas. In these struggles none could
completely overwhelm the other.
 Similar was the case with the Yadavas and the Hoysalas, and also with the Kakatiyas and the
Pandyas.
 Apart from the conflicts between these kingdoms, there were other wars also. The most
prominent expeditions across the south were undertaken by the Yadavas and the Pandyas. The
founder of the Yadava dynasty, Bhillama V, led expeditions to Malwa and Gujarat.
 The Yadava king Simhana and Ram Chandra also waged wars against Malwa (1215), and
Gujarat without any decisive victories.
 The Pandya king Maravaraman Kulasekhara sent expeditions to Ceylon (1283-1302). King
Parakramabaha III (1302-1310) of Ceylon submitted to the Pandya king and the relations
between the two remained peaceful thereafter.
Following are the sources of Kakatiya administration:

 Shiv Devaiah – Purushardha Saram
 Madiki Singana – Sakalaneethi Sammatham
 Rudra deva – Neethisaram
Divisions of Kingdom:
 Kingdom - Naadu - Sthalam - Villages
 Last part in Administration is the Village.
 24 Villages together are known as Sthalam.
 “Ayagars” were appointed for Village administration.
Ayagar System:
 (Pan Iddaru Ayagandra)
 Land was given as Wages / Salary to Ayagars for the services rendered by them to
Villages and Kingdom.
 The Village officers were known as “Ayagars”.
 Ayagar system was formed before Kakatiya’s
 period.
 “Ayamu” means “field”.
 Every Village had 12 Ayagars, these posts are Hereditary.
12 Years were:
1. Karanam
2. Reddy
3. Talari
4. Purohita
5. Kammari (Blacksmith)
6. Potter (Kummari)
7. Gold smith (Kamsali)

8. Barber (Mangali)
9. Laundry (Chakali)
10. Carpenter (Vadrangi)
11. Tanners (Charmakara)
12. Vetti (bonded labor)
 Karanam: He looks after the revenue records and lands in the villages.
 Reddy : He collects the land tax and remits it to the government.
 Talari: Village security guard.
 Vetti: The person who does free service.
Niyoga System:
 During Kakatiya’s period, the administration was divided into 72 departments. These
are called Niyogas.
 The supervisor of Niyogas is known as “Bahattara Niyogadipathi”.
 The Prime Ministers (P.M) were:
Ganapati deva P.M – Malyala Hemadri Reddy
Rudrama devi P.M – Vellanki Gangadhara
Pratapa Rudra – II P.M – Mupidi Nayaka
Important Ministers during Kakatiya’s:
 Gaja Sahini – Chief of Elephantry,
 Sandhi Vigraha – Foreign affairs / Minister for Wars,
 Pragada – Incharge of King’s Castle,
 Prada Vivaha – Law Minister,
 Samudritha - Regional judicial head,
 Tirparulu – the one who decides the Percentage of crop produce to be given to the
government.
 Nagara Sri Kavali – security guard of Castle,
 Mandleshwar – State Governor.
Army System:
 The army during Pratapa Rudra–II was 9 lakhs.
 Kakatiya’s had a title “Navalakha Danurdara Dishes”.
 “Neeti Saram” book explains about the Military force of Kakatiya’s.
Nayankara System:
 The Nayankara system in military force was introduced by Rudrama Devi, Pratapa
Rudra strengthened this system.
 Bhattara Niyogadipathi during Ganapati • Deva’s period was Gangaiah Sawhney and
during Rudrama Devi’s period were Tripurari and Ponkamallaiah Pragada.
 Bhattara Niyog Adipati during Pratapa • Rudra-II was Ambadeva Maharaju.
 The Prime minister was a key figure in the • administration.
 In the Nayankara system, the army was maintained by Nayankara’s and King’s would
give lands to Nayankar in return for their services.
 The Nayankara system is similar to the Jagirdari System.
 According to Ekamranatha’s Pratapa Rudra Charita, during Pratapa rudra’s period there
were 77 Nayanmars for 77 towers.
 Pratapa Rudra – II had given control over 1⁄4th part of land to Nayankars.
 Nayankars used to collect the tax and Maintained law and order in this land.
 The places which were under the control of Nayankars were known as “amaram”.
Judiciary / Judicial System:
 According to Rajanithi Ratnakaram, there are 4 Nyaya Sabhas during Kakatiya’s.
1. Pratistita: Temporary judicial branch appointed in Capital city.
2. Apratistita: Temporary judicial branch in Villages.
3. Samudrika : A judicial branch in which Ministers or Pradvivahaka act as judges.
4. Sashita Apratistita : king is the Judge.
 According to Duggirala Inscription Ganapati deva solved the issues of Duggirala and
Morampudi Village borders.
 There were special judges known as Pradvikas in the Court of king.
 Kakatiya’s formed Dharmasasanas for special cases and the judgment given by them is
preserved in the form of “Jayapathras”.
 The “Mudra Vartha” officers used to get the official stamp on Jayapathras.
 Talari was responsible to see that no robbery takes place in Villages.
Economic Conditions
 Agriculture was the main occupation in the Kakatiyas period. It was done through
Lakes / tanks.
 Steps taken for Agriculture development are:
 Forests were cut down and the land was brought under Cultivation.
 The uncultivated land is brought under cultivation by giving tax exemptions to the
farmers.
 The lands which were away from villages were donated to officers and for religious
purposes and made useless land into useful.
 The king’s land is called “Racha doddi” (Racha pollam). This was given to farmers on
the condition that half of the farm produce is to be given to the king.
 Apart from the Government, the private persons also gave the land to lease (Koulu) to
the farmers. This is known as “Tambula Srava”.
 The agricultural land was divided into Magani (wet land) and Metta (dry land).
 The irrigated land was known as “Achukattu”.
 The main crops were Cotton, Paddy, Jowar, Sugar cane, coconut, Wheat, Onions, Oil
seeds and Indigo.
 Scented rice was grown in the Orugallu region during Kakatiya’s.

 The varieties of Paddy were “ Rajanna Shouli, Kalamu, Shiramukhi and Pathanga
Hoyana”.
 Land tax was the main source of income for the government.
 The land tax was known as “Ari” and those who were paying Ari were called
“Arigaapulu”.
 The tool for measuring the land was “Kesari Patigada”.
 Land tax was 1/6th of the total crop produce.
 The taxes “Koru” and “Putti Sahiti” were imposed on the agricultural land.
 The land tax was collected either in the form of money or crop produce.
 Tax in the form of money – Puttipahundi.
 Tax in the form of grains – Putti Koluchutta.
 Taxes were collected by an officer known as “Kolakandru”.
 The crop produced in fixed land was known as “Siddayam”.
 People should pay tax twice in a year i.e; in Kartika masam and Vishaka masam
(month). The traditional taxes during this period are
 Darishinam: Tax paid while visiting the king.
 Prakruti: Amount to be paid for the services of officers or for receiving benefits from
the king.
 Appanam: paying for no reason.
 The own land of king was known as Racha
 polam / Racha doddi.
 According to Mella cheruvu inscription (A.D.1311) kings had total powers on Racha
Pollam, Regadi or Veligandu and on Sandy soil.
 Racha pollam / Racha doddi was mentioned in Mella cheruvu inscription.
 The land under the control of Nayankars was “Veli Pollam”.
 People used to have individual lands. When there was any necessity, kings used to take
their lands and would pay compensation to them. By this we can say that “King does
 not have full control on the land”.
Water Resources / Irrigation :

 Construction of tanks / lakes is considered as one of the Saptadhanas. As mentioned in
the Ganapeshwara inscription.
 Kakatiya constructed many lakes for Agriculture.
 They constructed lakes in such a way that when one lake is filled with water, the extra
water will go into another lake. This is the chain system known as “Golusu Kattu
Cheruvulu”. The lakes (tanks) were;
1. Ramappa Cheruvu: Palampeta (Mulugu)
 Constructed by Recharla Rudra.
 Till to date 4,350 acres of land can be irrigated through this.
2. Pakala Cheruvu (Warangal):
 Constructed by Jagadalamummadi. It can irrigate upto 9,037 acres of land.
 The necessary conditions and steps to be followed during the construction of lakes
can be known through this Pakala Cheruvu.
3. Bayyaram Cheruvu (Khammam): Mailamba constructed it.
4. Kesari Samudram : Prola Raju – I.
5. Lakkavaram Cheruvu : Ganapati deva.
6. Ghanpur Cheruvu : during Ganapati deva’s Period.
7. Hanumakonda Cheruvu: Rudra deva.
8. Setti Kereya Cheruvu : Betaraju–II.
9. Kunda Samudram : Kundamamba.
10. KatukuruCheruvu(Karimnagar): Built by Mailamma (Ganapati deva’s wife).
 The army chief of Ganapati deva was Malayala Choda. He constructed the following
lakes.
1. Chouda Samudram
2. Ganapa Samudram
3. Bala Samudram
 Some part of land which was under lakes was given to the officers who did renovations
to the lakes. This is known as “Dashabanda Manyam”.
 Apart from lakes / tanks, canals are also constructed for agriculture.
 Example: Gosugu canal, Ravipati canal, Bommakanti and Aleti canal.
 King Prola Raju – II was the one who cut down forests and constructed tanks for
agriculture.
Art and Architecture
 The Kakatiya dynasty was known for its patronage of art and architecture. The dynasty's
rulers commissioned the construction of many temples and monuments. The temples
were often adorned with intricate carvings and sculptures.
UNESCO World Heritage Site (2021)
 The iconic Ramappa Temple showcases the outstanding craftsmanship of great Kakatiya
dynasty.
 Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple is a masterpiece of Kakatiyan-era architecture, employing
engineering innovation in the form of floating bricks, sand-box foundations, selection of
building material and masterful stone sculpting.
 The Ramalingeswara temple, also known as the Ramappa temple, was named after its chief
sculptor Ramappa. It is one of the very few temples in the world named after its sculptor.
 According to Telangana Tourism, “The mediaeval Deccan temple dates back to 1213 AD and
was built under the patronage of the Kakatiya ruler Kakati Ganapathi Deva under the authority
of his Chief Commander Rudra Samani at Ranakude in the Atukuru province.”
 Aside from its architecture and elaborate carvings on the temple’s walls, pillars, and ceilings,
the most notable feature of this temple is that it was constructed using bricks that are so light
that they can float on water.
 The temple is built on a 6-foot-high platform with a cruciform plan in a valley and took nearly
40 years to complete.
 The chamber of the temple is crowned by a ‘shikharam’ and surrounded by ‘pradakshinapatha’.
 One of the most famous examples of Kakatiya architecture is the Warangal Fort.
 It was built in the 13th century during the reign of Ganapati Deva.
 The fort is located in the heart of Warangal City.
 It is a massive structure that was built using granite blocks.
 It features the throne of Ganapati Deva, the Swayambhu temple, and several
gateways adorned with intricate carvings.
 The Thousand Pillar Temple is another famous example of Kakatiya architecture.
 This was built during the reign of Ganapati Deva.
 The temple is located in Hanamkonda.
 It is known for its impressive pillars, which are carved with intricate motifs and
sculptures.
 The construction of the famous Kakatiya Thoranam was carried out during the reign of
Ganapathi Deva.
 This intricate arch bears resemblances to the gateways of the Sanchi Stupa.
 It is recognized as the symbol of Telangana.
Literature
 Authors Famous Books
 Vidyanadha Prataparudra Bhushana
 Jayapasenani Nrityaratnauali, Gitaratnavali
 Mantri Bhaskara Bhaskara Ramayana
 Gona Budda Reddy Ranganatha Ramayanam
 Palkuriki Somanatha Basava Puranam, Panditaradhya Charitra
● It is believed that the Kakatiyas constructed the Golconda Fort during the 13th century
CE.
 The fort was later expanded and fortified by various rulers who came after the
Kakatiyas.
 This included the Bahmani Sultanate, the Qutb Shahi dynasty, and the Mughals.
● Recharla Rudra, who served as the commander in chief of Ganapati Deva, constructed
the Rudreshwar temple.
● Other notable examples of Kakatiya architecture include the following:
 the Ramappa Temple,
 the Bhadrakali Temple, and
 the Kolanupaka Temple.
● All of these temples feature elaborate carvings and sculptures.
Geographical location
● The Kakatiya dynasty was located in the Deccan plateau region of southern India. It
was primarily in the present-day state of Telangana.
● The region was bounded by the Godavari and Krishna rivers to the north and south,
respectively.
● The capital city of the dynasty was Warangal. It was strategically located at the center
of the kingdom.
● The region of the Kakatiya dynasty was known for its rich mineral resources. This
included diamonds, precious stones, and other valuable minerals.
● The region's fertile land also made it an important agricultural hub, with rice being the
primary crop.
● The geographical location of the Kakatiya dynasty played a significant role in its growth
and prosperity.
 The dynasty became a prosperous center of trade and commerce owing to its
location and resources.
 Its location in a resource-rich region facilitated economic growth.
Society
● The societal characterization of the Kakatiya dynasty was marked by its diverse social
hierarchy and the prominence of women in society. Here are some key aspects of the
societal characterization of the Kakatiya dynasty:
● The society of the Kakatiya dynasty was divided into different classes. This included
nobles, warriors, merchants, and commoners.
 The nobles were the highest class and held important positions in the
administration.
 The warriors were the backbone of the military and were highly respected in
society.
 Merchants played an important role in the economy.
 Commoners were the largest class and included farmers, laborers, and artisans.
● Women held a prominent position in the society of the Kakatiya dynasty.
 Some women even held positions of power, such as Rani Rudramadevi.
 Women were also educated and had access to literature and the arts.
 The dynasty was known for its progressive attitudes toward women's rights.
● The Kakatiya dynasty also had a caste system. It divided the society into different
groups based on birth.
 The four major castes were Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras.
 The caste system influenced social mobility and the occupations that people pursued.

● Hinduism was the dominant religion of the Kakatiya dynasty.
Major Religion of the Kakatiya Dynasty

● The major religion of the Kakatiya dynasty was Hinduism. The Kakatiyan society was
largely structured based on Hindu customs and beliefs.
● The rulers and the society were deeply rooted in Hindu traditions and culture. They
patronized the construction of numerous Hindu temples and religious institutions.
● The Kakatiya dynasty was known for its religious tolerance.
 Some of their rulers even patronized Jainism and Buddhism.
● However, Hinduism remained the dominant religion throughout the dynasty's reign.
The Decline of the Kakatiya Dynasty

● The decline of the Kakatiya dynasty began in the early 14th century. This was attributed
to the Delhi Sultanate under Alauddin Khilji expanding its territory southwards.
● The Kakatiya kingdom was already weakened by internal conflicts and a succession
dispute.
 The dynasty had a complex system of succession.
 The throne was often passed down through maternal rather than paternal lineage.
 This system of succession led to frequent power struggles among the royal family.
● As a result, it was unable to resist the Delhi Sultanate's military might.
● In 1303, the Delhi Sultanate launched a military campaign against the Kakatiya
kingdom. This resulted in the capture of the strategic fortress of Kaulas.
● The Kakatiya king at the time, Prataparudra, was forced to pay tribute to the Delhi
Sultanate. This further weakened his authority and undermined the kingdom's
sovereignty.
● In 1310, the Delhi Sultanate again launched a military campaign against the Kakatiya
kingdom. This resulted in the capture of the city of Warangal.
 The Kakatiya rulers were able to regain control of the city through a treaty with
the Delhi Sultanate. However, the kingdom's power had been severely weakened.
● In 1323, the Delhi Sultanate under Muhammad bin Tughlaq launched a massive
invasion of the kingdom.
 The Kakatiya army led by Prataparudra was defeated. He was imprisoned and
subsequently executed.
 With the fall of the Kakatiya dynasty, the region fell under the control of the Delhi
Sultanate
REVOLT OF SAMMAKKA AND SARAKKA

● Sammakka and Sarakka were members of the Koya tribe. Their ancestors established
small kingdoms in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Telangana, located
south of the Vindhya mountains. They worshipped the Mother Goddess and Lord Shiva.
The ancestors of Sammakka, known as Chandavaru, worshipped the deity Bandichikka.
● Sammakka's father, Rayibandani Raju, was a ruler of the Bhupalapatnam area in Warangal
district. Her brother-in-law, Samudra, ruled the Kottapalli area in the Bijapur taluk of Bastar
district, Chhattisgarh. He was a member of the Naga clan, and two inscriptions from Naga
rulers written in Telugu were found there.
● Rayibandani Raju married his daughter Sammakka to Pagididda Raju, the son of
Samudra. Pagididda Raju was the nephew of Medaraja II (A.D. 1116-1158), the ruler of the
Polavasa area in Karimnagar district. Pagididda Raju later became the king of the Medaram
area.
● The original name of Medaram was Mouje Medaram, The historic Medaram is located
in Dharmaram mandal of Karimnagar district, with another Medaram in Warangal
district. A village named Majjempalli is situated near Medaram in Dharmaram mandal.
● The dargahs, villages, and temples believed to have been constructed by the ancestors
of Medaraju are also located here, indicating that Sammakka's husband ruled in this
region. Anumakonda Kakatiya king Prola II fought against Medaraju, Pagididda Raju,
and other rulers in A.D. 1138. Later, in A.D. 1159, his son Pratapa Rudra I also defeated
them.
● Medaraju refused to give his daughter Sarakka in marriage to Pratapa Rudra. According
to an inscription found near the Hanamkonda Thousand Pillar temple, he relinquished
the Polavasa kingdom, and his treasury, and left for the Manchukonda forest, crossing
the Godavari River. The Koitur inhabitants of that tribal area still worship Chinnayya
deva (Bhima). Sarakka remained a maiden, leading to the naming of villages like
Kannepalli, Kannepeta, and Kannepuram in the surrounding areas.
● The families of Medaraju and Pagididda Raju migrated to the Medaram-Jaggayyapeta region
in Warangal district, where they founded a small kingdom. Pratapa Rudra's armies invaded their
kingdom, leading to a fierce battle at Dayyala Madugu that lasted for 10 days. Jampanna, the
son of Sammakka, bravely fought against the Kakatiya forces and died on the battlefield.
The stream was named Jampanna Vaagu in his honor, also known as Sampangi Vaagu.
● One by one, the Koya warriors fell, prompting the matriarch Dammakka to enter the
battle. Despite her efforts, she could not defeat the skilled Kakatiya soldiers and
retreated to the jungle with injuries. She cursed the Kakatiyas, predicting the end of
their reign. To commemorate Sammakka and Saralamma, who wielded swords long
before the Kakatiya queen Rudrama, the Koyas began organizing the jatara.
● There was a tradition of carving Veerargal statues to commemorate warriors who
sacrificed their lives for their people. Statues of Dommaraju warriors, along with their
names, can still be seen. Sammakka and Sarakka endeared themselves to the people
through their welfare activities, with Sammakka being particularly skilled in traditional
medicine.
 Folk literature recounts that on her wedding day, Sammakka saved a person bitten by a snake using
herbal juice. She also cured people suffering from chronic diseases. A daughter-in-law of the
Chanda clan built a pond named Burrikunta for the community. Similarly, Jalakam Bavi (well) was
constructed, with its remains visible at Bayyakkapeta. Additionally, a tank built by Sammakka's
descendants at Medaram in Dharmaram mandal saved many lives during severe droughts.
Medaram Jatara
● Sammakka Saralamma Jatara, also known as Medaram Jatara, is a tribal festival honoring the
goddesses, celebrated in the state of Telangana, India. The Jatara begins at Medaram in Tadvai
Mandal, Mulugu district.
● The festival commemorates the struggle of a mother and daughter, Sammakka and Saralamma,
against unjust laws imposed by the reigning rulers.
● It is believed that after Kumbh Mela, Medaram Jatara attracts the largest number of devotees
in the country, with an estimated 10 million people gathering in 2012. The festival is celebrated
in Medaram when the goddesses of the tribals are believed to visit them. Medaram is a remote
location in the Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary, part of Dandakaranya, the largest surviving
forest belt in Mulugu.
● The head of the tribe adopted her and raised her as a chieftain. She later became the savior of
the tribals in the region. Sammakka married Pagididda Raju, a feudatory tribal chief of the
Kakatiyas, who ruled the Andhra region from Warangal City between 1000 AD and 1380 AD.
They had two daughters, Sarakka and Nagulamma, and a son, Jampanna.
Jampanna vagu
 Jampanna Vagu is a tributary of the River Godavari. According to history, Jampanna was a
tribal warrior and the son of the Tribal Goddess Sammakka.
 The stream is named after Jampanna, who died in battle fighting against the Kakatiya Army in
that stream.
 The water of Jampanna Vagu is still red, which is marked with the blood of Jampanna
(scientifically, the red color of the water is attributed to the soil composition).
 Tribals believe that taking a holy dip in the red water of Jampanna Vagu reminds them of the
sacrifice of their gods who saved them and instills courage in their souls. There is a bridge
constructed over Jampanna Vagu, known as Jampanna Vagu Bridge.
SARVAI PAPANNA (1695- 1710 CE)
 After the end of the Qutb Shahi rule, Sarvai Papanna strove to liberate the people of Telangana
from the rule of the Mughal Viceroys between 1695 and 1710 CE.
 He chose Khalishpur, located northeast of Warangal and 500 km from Hyderabad in the
Golconda kingdom, as his main center of activities.
 His struggle was primarily against the dominant social groups and ruling classes.
 Sarvai Papanna's native village was Tarikonda, situated 25 km northwest of Warangal. Papanna
belonged to the 'Kallu gita' or Goud caste. From the beginning, he aimed to avoid his caste-
based
 Tying toddy pots to the palm trees, getting them down, and getting a share is not my taste. My
hand should fall on the walls of the Golconda fort." (*Richard M. Eaton, A Social History of

the Deccan, Cambridge, 2005, p. 160). This quote clearly indicates that Sarvai Papanna's main
ambition was to become a ruler.
 Similarly, a Telugu verse written in the first half of the 20th century (ibid. p. 160) mentions that
Papanna viewed toddy tappers as symbols of hard work, possessing good leadership qualities,
and knowing the proper utilization of resources. Such a person, according to Papanna, was
capable of occupying the Golconda fort and was eligible to rule and rise as a leader of various
castes.
 The various heroic acts of Sarvai Papanna, a rebel against Mughal rule following the fall of the
Golconda kingdom, are mentioned in historic literature, folklore, and oral traditions.
Aurangzeb's contemporary, Khafi Khan, also provides valuable information about Sarvai
Papanna in his work, Muntakhab-ul-Lubab.
 Papanna's activities began shortly after the Mughal army occupied the Golconda kingdom. He
constructed a small fort at Tarikonda and opposed the faujdars and zamindars who supported
the Mughal emperor. For some time, he and his followers worked in the army of Venkata Rao,
the zamindar of Kaulas.
 Later, the zamindar attacked and arrested Papanna along with his followers but subsequently
released them. By 1701 CE, Venkata Rao accepted Aurangzeb's authority and surrendered his
army. For this act, he was appointed as a 'Mansabdar' in the Mughal emperor's army, making
him the first Telugu zamindar to join the Mughal forces.
 Under these circumstances, Aurangzeb appointed Qasim Khan, the faujdar of Kolanupaka, to
suppress Sarvai Papanna.
 In the battle that ensued between the forces of Papanna and Mughal faujdar Qasim Khan at
Kolanupaka, Qasim Khan lost his life. This marked a significant rise of Papanna in Telangana,
becoming a critical issue for the Mughal empire.
 In 1702 CE, Rustumdil Khan, the deputy governor of Hyderabad suba, confronted Papanna
with a large army. Papanna and his key follower, Sarvadu, escaped, and although the fort
constructed by Papanna was partially destroyed, the Mughals failed to achieve complete
victory.
 After Rustumdil Khan returned to Hyderabad, Papanna reached Khilashapur with his followers
and built a new stone fort in place of the old one. In this endeavor, Papanna was assisted by
Sarvadu and Purdhil Khan. Shortly after that, both Sarvai Papanna and his former ally became
enemies and killed each other. Following this, Sarvai Papanna was recognized as the sole
opponent of Mughal authority in the Telangana region. In 1706 CE, Rustumdil Khan made
another futile attempt to suppress Sarvai Papanna.
 After the death of Aurangzeb in February 1707 CE, a war of succession broke out among his
sons. Seizing this opportune moment, Sarvai Papanna occupied the forts of Warangal in April
1708 CE and Bhuvanagiri in June 1708 CE. During this period, he also greatly encouraged
agriculture in the Khilashapur region, which increased his profits and replenished his treasury.
 By January 1707, Hyderabad had become a focal point for Mughal politics, with Kambaksh
and Bahadur Shah I vying for the Mughal throne. In the ensuing combat, Kambaksh was
defeated and killed, leading to Bahadur Shah I being crowned as the Mughal emperor. Shortly
after his coronation, the new emperor organized a public Darbar in 1707 CE and invited several
zamindars, including Sarvai Papanna.
 The emperor not only recognized Sarvai Papanna as a king but also honored him by gifting him
a 'Robe of Honor.' In return, Papanna offered the emperor vast wealth. However, the local high-
class Muslims (Shah-i-Nayath) were displeased with the honor bestowed upon Sarvai Papanna
by the Mughal emperor in Hyderabad.
Political and Cultural Significance of the Sammakka Saralamma Jatara:
 The festival sees regular participation from the Union Ministry of Tribal Affairs, as well as the
state government of Telangana, including the Chief Minister.
 The central government released Rs 6.25 crore for the yatras held in 2018, 2020, and 2022, with
additional funds sanctioned for establishing community shelters and other infrastructure.
 The Ministry of Tourism has sanctioned Rs. 75.88 crore for the integrated development of a
tribal circuit under the Swadesh Darshan Scheme.
 This tribal circuit includes Mulugu, Laknavaram, Medavaram, Tadvai, Damaravi, Mallur, and
Bogatha Waterfalls, where the temple of Sammakka-Sarakka is located.
 Mulugu, a reserved Scheduled Tribes (ST) assembly seat, has a population of around 2.6 lakhs
as per the 2011 Census, with a 75% ST population.
 The UNESCO World Heritage Site of Ramappa Temple is located about 15 km from Mulugu.

QUESTION & ANSWERS
1) Evaluate the administrative system of the Kakatiya dynasty, focusing on its impact
on socio-economic conditions in their kingdom.
Introduction The Kakatiya Dynasty, flourishing from the 12th to the 14th century,
was a beacon of governance in the Telugu region of India. Rising
from vassalage to establish a unified kingdom, they innovated
administrative, military, and social structures, deeply influencing
subsequent South Indian dynasties.
Body  Originating as vassals to the Rashtrakutas and Kalyani

Chalukyas, the Kakatiyas carved out an independent
kingdom, marking the first significant unification of Telugu
lands in a millennium.
 The Kakatiyas adopted a decentralized administration,
promoting a feudal system. This structure empowered local
feudatories, fostering loyalty.
Central Administration:
 At the heart of their governance was the Mandala system,
ensuring efficient management through a council of
ministers and key officials like the Maha Pradhani and
Sakala Senadhipathi.
 This system ensured a collaborative and efficient governance
model, balancing central authority with local autonomy.
Regional and Village Administration:
 The kingdom was systematically divided into manageable
units, from Dynasties to Gramams, each overseen by
appointed officials.
 The Ayyagar system at the village level exemplified local
governance with 12 officials supported by tax-free lands,
among them, Karanam and Reddy are government
officials.
 It contributed to greater food security and economic stability.
Military Administration and Nayankara System:
 There are two types of Military:
o Moolabalam (Mainforce)
o Sthirabalam (Standing Army)
 A robust military structure, where military officials were
granted lands for their service called Nayakas.

 There were 77 Nayankaras in Pratapa Rudra’s Rule.
 Special force introduced by Kakatiyas – Virabhadra
Dalam.
 The system of granting lands to military officials (Nayakas)
and village administrators created opportunities for social
mobility and the emergence of new social elites.
Social and Cultural Contributions:
 The Kakatiyas also excelled in cultural patronage, with
literature and inscriptions reflecting their governance
philosophies.
This cultural flourishing not only enhanced the dynasty's prestige
but also fostered a sense of unity and pride among the Telugu-
speaking population.
Conclusion The Kakatiya Dynasty's innovative governance, marked by

decentralization, efficient military strategies, and a blend of tradition
with pragmatism, laid foundational principles that resonated through
subsequent dynasties like the Vijayanagara Empire and Deccan
Sultanates.
2) Critically analyze the development of language and literature under the Kakatiya
dynasty, and its significance in the cultural and historical context of South India.
Introduction The Kakatiya dynasty, which ruled over parts of South India
between the 12th and 14th centuries, played a pivotal role in shaping
the region's language and literature. Their reign marked a significant
era in the cultural history of South India, where they promoted both
Sanskrit and the regional language, Telugu.
Body Development of Language

 Sanskrit and Telugu Patronage: The Kakatiyas used
Sanskrit as the royal language, illustrating their commitment
to traditional scholarly and religious discourses. However,
their era is particularly noted for the elevation of Telugu.
 Script Evolution: The period witnessed the use of a unique
script blend, combining elements from Kannada and Telugu,
which facilitated the transition of Telugu into a literary
language. Example: Inscriptions like the Malakapuram
inscription provide insights into educational and scholarly
activities, emphasizing language learning and literacy.
Literature and Cultural Development
 Sanskrit Literature: The court of the Kakatiyas, especially
under kings like Prataprudra II, became a thriving center for
Sanskrit literature.
 Example: The Most Important Sanskrit Poet was
Vidyanatha (under Pratapa Rudra Rule) composed seminal
works in Alankara Shastra, while inscriptions across their
domain recorded contributions in both religious and secular
texts, showcasing the intellectual vibrancy of the era.
 Telugu Literature: This era saw the beginning of Telugu
literature's journey with Important Poets like
o Nannayya, who translated epic Mahabharata parts into
Telugu, laying the foundational stone for Telugu's rich
literary tradition.
o Krishnamacharyulu, first Vaishnava Poet of Telangana
and popular as first master of vachana Vangmaya and
Sankeerthana.
o Tikkana, Second Poet among Kavitraya while
Viswanatha Satyanarayana described him as “Telugu
Shilpapu Thota”.
o Gona Buddha Reddy is the author of Ranganatha
Ramayana (First Ramayana in Telugu)
 All the famous Poets and their works in Telugu Language
shows the Kakatiya Dynasty enthusiasm in Telugu
Literature.
 Educational Institutions: The establishment of educational
centers like the one in Golaki, where a broad curriculum was
offered, underscores the Kakatiyas' commitment to fostering
a learned society. These institutions played a pivotal role in
preserving and advancing the linguistic and literary heritage.
 Diverse Literary Forms: The Kakatiya era witnessed a
diversification in literary forms, including the evolution of
Shataka and Purana in Telugu, reflecting a blend of religious
devotion and secular themes. Poets like Palkuriki
Somanatha and Mallikarjuna Panditha enriched the
Telugu literary canon with their innovative contributions.
Conclusion The Kakatiya dynasty's contributions to the development of

language and literature significantly impacted South India's cultural
and historical landscape. By fostering both Sanskrit and Telugu, they

not only enriched the literary world but also laid the groundwork for
future generations.
3) Analyze the socio-political and cultural significance of the Revolt of Sammakka

and Sarakka in the context of tribal resistance against feudal systems in medieval
India.
Introduction The Revolt of Sammakka and Sarakka, emerging from the dense
forests of the Deccan Plateau, represents a formidable chapter in the
history of tribal resistance against feudal oppression in medieval
India.
Body Socio-Political Context

 Tribal Autonomy and Feudal Pressure: The ancestors of
Sammakka, belonging to the Koya tribe, had established
minor kingdoms across regions that are now Maharashtra,
Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Telangana.
 This distribution underscores the tribe's significant presence
and autonomy before the encroachment of feudal powers.
The marriage alliances and the establishment of small
kingdoms by the Koya tribe indicate their integrated yet
independent socio-political structure, which was soon to
be challenged by the expanding Kakatiya dynasty.
 Conflict with the Kakatiya Dynasty: The confrontation
with the Kakatiya kings, particularly the battles against King
Prola II and his son Pratapa Rudra I, highlights the clash
between the feudal expansionist policies of the Kakatiyas
and the tribal autonomy of the Koya.
 The refusal of Medaraju to give his daughter Sarakka in
marriage to Pratapa Rudra, followed by his renunciation of
the Polavasa kingdom, symbolizes a pivotal moment of
defiance against feudal demands.
Cultural Significance
 Worship and Legacy: The Koya tribe's worship of mother
goddesses and Lord Shiva, including the deity Bandichikka,
reflects the deep-rooted cultural identity and spiritual
traditions that fuelled their resistance.
 The annual jatara commemorating Sammakka and Sarakka,
involving the carving of Veeragal statues, is a testament to
the enduring cultural impact of their revolt, highlighting the
community's reverence for their heroes and their resistance.
 Herbal Medicine and Community Welfare: Sammakka's
expertise in traditional medicine and the construction of
water bodies for the community underline the socio-cultural
dimensions of their leadership.
 These actions not only showcase their commitment to the
welfare of their people but also illustrate the holistic
approach of tribal societies towards leadership and
community care.
Conclusion The Revolt of Sammakka and Sarakka against the Kakatiya dynasty
is not just a historical episode of resistance but a profound reflection
of the tribal ethos against feudal domination in medieval India. The
legacy of Sammakka and Sarakka, celebrated through festivals and
folklore, continues to inspire and symbolize the unyielding spirit of
tribal resistance and the importance of cultural identity and
leadership in the historical narrative of India.
4) Analyse the distinctive features and historical significance of the architecture

developed under the Qutub Shahi dynasty.
Introduction The Qutub Shahi dynasty, known for its innovative architectural
style, represents a significant period in Indian history where
Persian, Pathan, and Indian elements were harmoniously blended.
Body Distinctive Features of Qutub Shahi Architecture

Fusion of Styles
 Qutub Shahi architecture is a composite blend that
incorporates the grandeur of Persian architecture, the
robustness of Pathan constructions, and the intricacy of
Indian aesthetics.
Decorative Motifs and Construction Techniques
 The architecture during this period was rich in decorative
motifs, featuring an extensive use of birds, animals, and
flowers, showcasing the dynasty's love for nature and art.
 The extensive use of mortar in construction and the influence
of Bahamani architectural principles are also noteworthy,
indicating a continuous evolution of style.
Historical Significance and Contributions
Foundational Contributions

 Mohammad Quli Qutub Shah: His most notable
contribution includes the founding of Hyderabad, inspired
by the grandeur of Isfahan. He also initiated the construction
of the Mecca Masjid, which was later completed by
Aurangzeb.
 Abdulla Qutub Shah: Known for his contribution to urban
development, he built Hayath Nagar and a palace within,
showcasing an affinity for French architectural elegance.
Architectural Marvels
 Golkonda Fort: Built by Sultan Quli Qutub Shah, the fort
symbolizes the military prowess and architectural
sophistication of the Qutub Shahi dynasty, with its granite
defenses and strategic design.
 Charminar and Mecca Masjid: These iconic structures not
only serve as symbols of Hyderabad's architectural beauty
but also as monuments reflecting the dynasty's religious and
cultural ethos.
Innovations in Public Utilities
 Dar-ul-Shifa: This ancient hospital, established by
Mohammad Quli Qutub Shah, marks a significant
advancement in healthcare, incorporating Unani and later
Ayurvedic practices.
 Qutub Shahi Tombs: This collection of mausoleums is a
testament to the dynasty's architectural brilliance, blending
various styles to create a unique resting place for the rulers
and their families.
Conclusion This period marked a golden era in Deccan architecture, where not
only were monumental structures erected but also significant
advancements in public utilities were realized. The distinctive
features of Qutub Shahi architecture reflect a deep appreciation for
both the practical and aesthetic aspects of construction, leaving a
lasting impact on the architectural heritage of the Indian
subcontinent.

5) Examine the economic conditions of the Velama community during the medieval
period in South India, considering their impact on the social and political
landscape of the region.
Introduction The Velama period in South India stands out as a time of economic
prosperity and development, primarily fuelled by an agrarian
economy. This era is marked by significant advancements in
agriculture, industry, trade, and commerce, which in turn had a
profound impact on the social and political fabric of the region.
Body Agriculture as the Backbone

 Main Profession: Agriculture was pivotal, serving as the
main source of income. The introduction of efficient
irrigation facilities by the kings underlined the emphasis on
agricultural development.
 Land Revenue: The economic structure was supported by
land revenue, with a taxation system that collected 1/6 of the
produce. This system was integral to the kingdom's
economy.
 Types of Lands: The differentiation of land into farmers'
land, village land, religious institutions' land, and royal lands
showcased a diverse agricultural landscape. Each category
played a specific role in societal development and economic
prosperity.
Irrigation and Taxation
 Irrigation Facilities: The prioritization of irrigation
facilities by the ruling class significantly boosted agricultural
output, demonstrating the kingdom's commitment to
enhancing food production and sustainability.
 Tax System: The innovative tax system, where farmers
using irrigation facilities paid 1/10 of the produce, known as
Dasa Bandha Manya, facilitated a fair contribution from
agricultural advancements to the kingdom's revenue.
Crops and Agriculture
 Variety of Crops: The cultivation of a wide range of crops,
including staples and cash crops, contributed to a diversified
economy. This variety also reflects the kingdom's
agricultural adaptability to different climatic conditions.
 Cattle Rearing: Besides crop cultivation, cattle rearing,
especially cows, emerged as a significant occupation and
providing additional income sources for the community.

Industries and Trade
 Textile Industry: The flourishing textile industry, with
centers in Rachakonda and Devarakonda, became a
hallmark of the Velama period. The prosperity of the
kalamkari and dyeing industries underscored the artistic and
economic achievements of the era.
 Trade and Commerce: The role of Vaishyas and Balijas in
leading foreign trade through key ports highlights the
kingdom's extensive trade networks. The export of textiles,
along with other commodities, and the import of luxury
goods played a crucial role in economic development.
Conclusion The economic conditions of the Velama community during the

medieval period were characterized by a robust agricultural base,
innovative irrigation techniques, and a vibrant trade and commerce
network. The era's emphasis on agricultural development, industry,
and trade facilitated social mobility, encouraged technological
innovation, and forged strong political alliances.
6) Discuss the administrative strategies, religious practices, and social conditions

under the Kakatiya dynasty's rule in medieval India.
Introduction The Kakatiya dynasty, ruling from the 12th to the 14th century in
the Deccan Plateau, is renowned for its innovative administrative
strategies, promotion of religious practices, and the shaping of social
conditions in medieval India.
Body Administrative Strategies

 Unified Governance and Decentralization: The Kakatiyas
were instrumental in unifying the Telugu regions,
implementing a governance model based on Hindu Dharma
Shastras. This era saw the introduction of the Mandal
system, enhancing local governance through alliances with
Mandalikas, thereby promoting a decentralized
administrative structure.
 Nayankara System: A distinctive feature of their
administration was the Nayankara system, where lands were
distributed to military officials (Nayakas) in exchange for
military service. This not only secured military support but
also facilitated a loyalty-based feudal network essential for
the dynasty’s sustenance and protection.

 Military Strategy and Fortification: The Kakatiya military
skill was emphasized by a comprehensive army composition
and the strategic deployment of forts across the realm. This
military organization, vital for defense and expansion,
reflected the Kakatiyas' emphasis on securing their kingdom
against internal and external threats.
Religious Practices
 Shifts in Religious Allegiance: Starting with a Jain
patronage, the Kakatiya dynasty witnessed a significant shift
towards Shaivism and Vaishnavism, emphasizing a period
of religious transformation. This shift was materialized in the
form of temple constructions and the establishment of
religious mathas, becoming centers of social and spiritual
life.
 Religious Tolerance Amidst Sectarian Conflicts: Despite
the evident religious tolerance, the Kakatiya era was not free
from sectarian conflicts. The transition from Jainism to
Shaivism and Vaishnavism, while promoting religious
diversity, also led to tensions among different religious
groups.
Social Conditions
 Complex Caste Dynamics: The Kakatiya period was
characterized by intricate caste dynamics, with evidence of
social mobility and inter-caste marriages alongside caste-
based unrest.
 This era, often regarded as a "Golden Age" for Shudras,
hinted at a gradual shift towards social equality.
 Role of Women and Judicial System: Women held
significant roles, with figures like Rudramadevi showcasing
female governance skill. The judicial system, rooted in
traditional Dharmashastras, emphasized localized dispute
resolution, indicating an adherence to ancient legal
frameworks.
 Cultural and Recreational Life: The Kakatiya era thrived
culturally, with societal norms and values reflected in
popular entertainment forms like animal fights and
gambling.
 However, educational and cultural practices were
predominantly confined to the elite, maintaining social
divisions.

Conclusion The Kakatiya dynasty's rule was a significant period in medieval
Indian history, marked by innovative administrative strategies, a
pluralistic approach to religion, and a dynamic social structure. Their
efforts in decentralizing governance, fostering religious diversity,
and shaping the social fabric have left a lasting impact on the Telugu
region.
7) Analyze the role of Sarvai Papanna in the resistance against the Mughal Empire,
focusing on his contributions to the socio-political landscape of Telangana.
Introduction Sarvai Papanna, a significant figure in the resistance against Mughal

authority in Telangana between 1695 and 1710 CE, emerged as a
beacon of hope for the people of the region post-Qutb Shahi rule.
His struggle, rooted in opposition to the dominant social groups and
ruling classes, was aimed at liberating Telangana from the clutches
of Mughal viceroys.
Body Military Resistance against the Mughals

 Establishment of a Fortified Center: Choosing
Khilashapur as his stronghold, Papanna constructed a fort
at Tarikonda, signaling the start of his military campaign
against Mughal viceroys and their local supporters.
 Strategic Victories and Expansion: Papanna's military
capability was evident in his initial victories against Mughal
forces, notably defeating Qasim Khan at Kolanpak.
 His occupation of the Warangal and Bhuvanagiri forts in
1708 CE marked significant advances in his resistance
movement.
 Final Battles and Heroic End: Despite initial successes,
Papanna faced defeat in a decisive battle against Dilwar
Khan's forces in 1709 CE. His relentless fight continued until
his valiant death in 1710 CE at Tarikonda, leaving behind a
legacy of resistance.
Contributions to the Socio-political Landscape
 Vision for an Egalitarian Society: Papanna's resistance was
not merely military; it was deeply intertwined with his vision
for a society that opposed the caste system and protected the
peasantry.

 His leadership was characterized by inclusivity, integrating
Hindus, Muslims, and forest tribes, alongside marginalized
and downtrodden classes, into his army.
 Promotion of Agriculture: During his brief rule, Papanna
significantly encouraged agriculture in the Khilashapur
region, enhancing the livelihoods of peasants and bolstering
his economic resources.
 This agricultural focus contributed to the replenishment of
his treasury, enabling sustained resistance against the
Mughals.
 Opposition to Social Hierarchies: Papanna's struggle was
as much a socio-political movement as it was a military
campaign.
 He actively opposed caste hierarchies, advocating for the
representation and participation of various societal sections
in his administration and military forces.
Recognition and Legacy
 Recognition by Bahadur Shah I: In a notable episode of
recognition, Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah I honored
Papanna with a 'Robe of Honor' in 1707 CE,
acknowledging his kingship. However, this honor was short-
lived due to subsequent opposition from high-class Muslim
officials, leading to renewed military campaigns against him.
 Enduring Legacy in Folklore and Oral Traditions: Sarvai
Papanna's heroic deeds and his vision for an egalitarian
society have been immortalized in historic literature,
folklore, and oral traditions, continuing to inspire subsequent
generations in Telangana.
Conclusion Sarvai Papanna's role in the resistance against the Mughal Empire
was monumental, extending beyond military confrontations to
encompass significant socio-political contributions. His efforts
towards establishing an egalitarian society, promoting agriculture,
and opposing social hierarchies have indelibly marked the socio-
political landscape of Telangana.

8) Assess the contributions of the Qutub Shahis to Telugu literature, art, and
architecture, highlighting their impact on the cultural heritage of the Deccan
region
Introduction The Qutub Shahi dynasty, ruling from their capital in Golkonda,
significantly impacted the cultural landscape of the Deccan region.
Their era is particularly noted for its contributions to Telugu
literature, art, and architecture, marked by a distinct synthesis of
Persian, Urdu, and Telugu influences.
Body Official Language and Literary Flourishment

 Persian as the Official Language: The Golkonda Sultans
declared Persian the official language, enriching
administrative and literary realms.
 Urdu and Telugu's Unique Place: Urdu found a unique
niche in Golkonda's history, while Telugu received
considerable patronage, evidenced by the issuance of
firmans in Telugu.
Patronage by Qutub Shahi Sultans
 Cultural Renaissance: The Qutub Shahi Sultans,
themselves poets and scholars, fostered a golden age in
Telugu literature. Their rule saw significant literary
advancements, with Telugu literature reaching new heights.
 Ibrahim Qutub Shah's Influence: His efforts to learn
Telugu and Sanskrit and organize Mushairas highlighted the
era's literary diversity.
Literary Figures and Contributions
 Notable Poets: Figures like Abdullah Qutub Shah and
poets such as Addanki Gangadhara Kavi under Ibrahim
Quli Qutub Shah contributed immensely to the rich literary
tapestry.
 Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah: His poetry in Urdu and
Persian paralleled Chaucer's contributions, significantly
patronizing Telugu literature.
Impact on Literary Forms and Styles
 Diverse Literary Forms: The period saw the creation of
ghazals in Urdu and the enrichment of Telugu literature with
epics and prabandhas, illustrating a cultural synthesis.
Conclusion The Qutub Shahi era marked a defining period in the Deccan's
cultural history, characterized by a remarkable fusion of Persian,

Urdu, and Telugu elements. Their contributions not only celebrated
the diversity of their subjects but also ensured the preservation and
flourishing of Telugu literature and arts for future generations.
9) Ramappa temple, also known as Rudreshwaralayam, is a UNESCO World

heritage site. Discuss the Temple architecture of the Kakatiyas with special
reference to Ramappa Temple.
Introduction The Kakatiyas were the most powerful Kings of Telangana during
the 12th and 13th Centuries. The 200 or so years of their rule
mark the highpoint in the prosperity, culture and art traditions
of this part of the Deccan. Nowhere is this better seen than in the
thousand-pillared Temple of Hanamkonda and The Ramappa
Temple of Palampet, both of which preserve a profusion of
elaborate carvings.
Body  Though the great Svayambu Shiva temple in Warangal that

served as a dynastic shrine for the Kakatiyas was later
demolished, its four ceremonial entrance portals, or toranas,
still stand, giving a glimpse in to the imposing architecture of
the era.
Architectural style of Kakatiyas:
 The kakatiyas had served as feudatories to the late Chalukyas
of Kalyani. Therefore there is an influence of Chalukyan
traditions on the art & architecture and sculpture of the
Kakatiya period.
Main features of the style:
1. Kakatiyas followed trikuta model in their temple
constructions.
2. In this model, temples are contructed for Shiva
,Vishnu and Surya in a triangular way.
3. Floating bricks and welcoming archways were
silent features in Kakatiya structures
4. The iconic Kakatiya Thoranam was built by
Ganapati Deva in the 12th Century. This ornate arch
is said to have many similarities with the gateways
at the Sanchi Stupa and is also the emblem of
Telangana.

Notable temples of Kakatiya’s style of Architecture are:
1. Thousand pillar temple:
 Rudreswara Temple locally known as “Veyi
sthambala Gudi” (Thousand pillars temple) is one of
the fine and earliest available examples of of Kakatiya
art, architecture and sculpture.
 It was built by Rudra Deva, in 1163 AD in the style of
later Chalukyan and early Kakatiyan Architecture,
star shaped and triple shrined (Trikutalaya).
 The temple is a fine specimen of architecture and
sculpture with One thousand pillars implying that the
temple has many pillars.
 There are richly carved pillars, perforated screens,
exquisite icons; rock cut elephants and the monolithic
dolerite Nandi as components of the temple.
 Strengthening of foundations like sand box technique,
the skill of Kakatiya sculptors is manifest in adroit
craftsmanship and flawless ivory carving technique
in their art.
 The ingenuity of Kakatiya sculptors is visible shiny
polish in dolerite and granite stone sculpture and craft
work of Nava rangamandapa.
2. Kota Gullu (Ganpur group of temples):
 Ghanpur group of temples called as Ganpesvara
temple complex at Ghanpur in Warangal district
were built during the 13th century A.D.
 These temples represent the Kakatiya style of
Architecture.
 Built of red sandstone, the main temple is decorated
with bracket figures.
 A beautifully built Kalyana mandapa and other
subsidiary shrines are worth seeing, are much more
attractive and blithe in their appearance, compared
to the famous Palampet (Ramappa Temple)
bracket figures
3. Ramappa Temple:
 Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple is a
masterpiece of Kakatiyan-era architecture,
employing engineering innovation in the form of
floating bricks, sand-box foundations, selection
of building material and masterful stone
sculpting.
 The Ramalingeswara temple, also known as the
Ramappa temple, was named after its chief sculptor
Ramappa. It is one of the very few temples in the
world named after its sculptor.
 Aside from its architecture and elaborate carvings
on the temple’s walls, pillars, and ceilings, the most
notable feature of this temple is that it was
constructed using bricks that are so light that
they can float on water.
 The temple is built on a 6-foot-high platform with a
cruciform plan in a valley and took nearly 40 years
to complete.
 The chamber of the temple is crowned by a
‘shikharam’ and surrounded by
‘pradakshinapatha’.
Conclusion During their three centuries rule, the Kakatiyas focused on

developing the three T’s: Town, Temple, and Tank. Ushering
in art and architectural growth, and literary development,
which was unique and unheard of previously. The cultural roots
sown by the Kakatiyas can still be seen and felt in the
innumerable tanks and temples built by them that still dot the
area.
10) Examine the contributions of Qutub Shahi to telugu literature.
Introduction QutubShahis were the first non-telugu kings who spoke, wrote and
patronized Telugu language. Telugu literature received
encouragement and Telugu was patronized as liberally as Arabic and
Persian during the Qutubshahi rule.
Body Rulers who patronized telugu poets

1. Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah:
 He was revered as Malkibharama in Telugu ballads
and legends for his contribution to Telugu during his
rule.
 Ibrahim QuliQutub Shah developed affection towards
Telugu literature during his stay in
Vijayanagarakingdom .

Telugu poets in the court of Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah
were:
a. KandukuriRudrakavi:
He compared Ibrahim QuliQutub Shah with Lord Shiva.
The Sultan donated "Chintalapalem/Rentachintala"
agraharam for his prowess in Telugu literature
His famous works are:
 Niramkushopakhyanam
 JanadhanaAshtakam
 SugreevaVijayam
Sugreeva Vijayam was the 1st yakshaganam in Telugu.
b. AddankiGangandhara :
He wrote "Tapathi Samharano Pakhyanam" and his
dedication to the Sultan made him the first ruler to be
dedicated with a Telugu kavya.
c. Ponnekanti Telaganacharyudu:
He wrote the first "acha Telugu" kavya -
"yayathicharithra" and compared the Sultan with
Manmathudu (lover boy). Ponnekanti was patronized by
Amin Khan , feudatory of Ibrahim.
2. Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah:
 During his rule many Telugu scholars and poets received
liberal patronization.
 Famous poet in his rule was Sarangi Thammaya who
wrote Vijayanthi Vilasam,a very popular work in
Telugu.
3. Abdullah Qutub Shah:
 The longest ruled sultan of the QutubShahis was the first
Sultan to issue farmans in Telugu.
 Kshetrayya praised as "padhakavipitamaha" wrote
"movvagopalapadalu" and dedicated 1500
padalu/poems to Abdulla Qutub Shah.
4. Abul Hasan Tanisha
 The last ruler of the QutubShahis also continued his
ancestor’s patronage of Telugu literature.
 Kancharla gopanna famously known as
BhaktaRamadas wrote DasaradhiSatakam.

 When he was jailed for constructing Ram temple with
government money, AbulHasanTanisha released
Gopanna and donated Badhrachalam, Shankaragiri and
Palvancha to Badhrachalam temple.
Other famous poets during the Qutubshahi rule were:
 Mariganti Singanacharya who wrote Dasharatha Raja
NandanaCharithra ,1stNiroshta book
 Potuluri Veerabrahmendra swamy who popularised
"Achala doctrine"
 Vemana, famously called Prajakavi wrote more than
1000 poets in the meter "Aataveladhi".
Conclusion Thus, Telugu literature under QutubShahis received huge royal

patronage and people's support. Undeniably, Qutubshahis did great
service to Telugu language.

Asaf Jahis
In October, 1724 A.D, the battle of Shakkar Khed took place between Nizam-Ul-Mulk (Mir
Qamruddin Siddiqi) and Mubariz Khan (Subedar of Deccan). In this battle, Nizam- Ul-Mulk
defeated Mubariz Khan and founded an independent kingdom.
 Asaf Jahis ruled the Deccan plateau present between the rivers Krishna and Godavari
from 1724 to 1948 A.D.
 At that time Hyderabad kingdom had Telangana, Karnataka and Marathwada regions.
 The great grandfather of Nizam-Ul-Mulk was Alam Sheikh.
 He is the descendant of Abu Bakr, the first Caliph.
ASAF JAHS
 Originally, the subedars or governors of the Mughal empire looking after the
princely Hyderabad state, they established their identity as the Mughal rulers
became weak.
 The Asaf Jahs trace their lineage to the first Caliph of Islam, Hazrat Abu Bakr.
 ASAF JAH MEAN
 Asaf Jah is a title bestowed upon Mir Qamaruddin Khan (1671-1748) after
he was made the governor of Deccan.
 Asaf Jah means the modern day Asaph the wise, who was associated with the
kingdoms of David (Hazrat Dawood) and Solomon (Hazrat Sulaiman).
 NIZAM MEAN
 Nizam is the short for the title Nizam-ul-Mulk or the administrator of the
dominion. Hyderabad had in fact 10 Nizams – the first being Mir Qamaruddin
Khan (1724-1748) and the last Mir Osman Ali Khan, Nizam.
 The ancestors of Asaf Jahis belong to the Turani tribe from Samarkand region of Bukhara
kingdom (in present day Uzbekistan).
 They came from there and settled as officers in the Mughal empire. Khwaja Abid,
grandfather of Nizam-Ul-Mulk was appointed as Mansabdar in Aurangzeb court.
 Aurangzeb gave the “Kilich Khan” title to Khwaja Abid.
Ruling years of Asaf Jahis
1. 1st Nizam - Nizam-Ul-Mulk (1724-48)
 Nazar Jung (1748-50)
 Muzaffar Jung (1750-51)
 Salabath Jung (1751-61)

2. 2nd Nizam - Nizam Ali Khan (1761-1803)
3. 3rd Nizam – Sikander Jha (1803-29)
4. 4th Nizam – Nasiruddaula (1829-57)
5. 5th Nizam – Afzal-ud-daula (1857-69)
6. 6th Nizam – Mir Mahboob Ali Khan (1869-1911)
7. 7th Nizam – Mir Osaman Ali Khan (1911-1948)
Name Reign
Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan 31 July 1724 to 1 June 1748
Mir Nizam Ali Khan 8 July 1762 to 8 August 1803
Mir Akbar Ali Khan 8 August 1803 to 21 May 1829
Mir Farqunda Ali Khan 21 May 1829 to 16 May 1857
Mir Tahniyath Ali Khan 16 May 1857 to 26 February 1869
Mir Mahboob Ali Khan 26 February 1869 to 29 August 1911
Mir Osman Ali Khan 29 August 1911 to 17 September 1948
Nizam-Ul-Mulk (1st Nizam) (1724-48)

 Founder of the Asaf Jahi kingdom
 He was born in 1671 at Agra
 His parents were Mir Shihabuddin siddiqi and Safia Khanum
 His original name is Mir Qamruddin Siddiqi
 His Titles:
1. Chin Qilich Khan (by emperor Aurangazeb)
2. Nizam-Ul-Mulk (by emperor Farrukhsiyar)
3. Fateh Jung (by emperor Farrukhsiyar)
4. Asaf Jah (by emperor Muhammed Shah Rangeela)
5. Khan-i-Dauran (by emperor Bahadur Shah-1)
 Mir Qamruddin worked with four Mughal Emperors
 Aurangzeb appointed him as Mansabdar to 4000 army
 Aurangzeb also appointed Mir Qamruddin as “Karnataka Subedar”
 Bahadur shah – I appointed him as “Ayodhya Subedar”
 During Farrukhsiyar period, he was appointed as “Deccan Governor” (Subedar)
 During Muhammed Shah period, he worked as “Prime minister” to Mughals
 In 1724, Mir Qamruddin established Nizam kingdom, “Aurangabad” as capital
 Nizam-Ul-Mulk was a great poet. He wrote poems in Persian language
 He composed Persian poems with pen name “Shakir”

 His chief secretary Lala Mansuram wrote 94 stories based on the things said by Nizam-
Ul-Mulk on different occasions.
 Nizam-Ul-Mulk prime minister or First Diwan for Asaf Jahi dynasty was Diyanath Khan.
 Nizam had good relations with French and British people.
 Nizam-Ul-Mulk entered into treaties with Bajirao-I, Peshwa of Maratha after he was
defeated in three battles.
1. Battle of Palkhed – 1728 – Mungi Shevgaon Treaty
2. Battle of Surat – 1731 – Warna Agreement
3. Battle of Bhopal – 1738 – Durai Sarai Treaty
 According to Mungi Shevgaon Treaty, Nizam-Ul-Mulk gave permission to Marathas to
collect Chout (1/4th) and Sardeshmukh (1/10th) from his kingdom
 As per Durai Sarai agreement, Nizam agreed to give Malwa state and the land between
Chambal and Narmada rivers to Marathas and he paid one lakh rupees as compensation.
 In 1739, Persian king Nadir Shah defeated Mughals in Karnal battle and started marching
to attack on Delhi. Nizam-Ul-Milk after receiving this information tried to make treaty
between Nader Shah and Mughal Emperor Muhammed Shah Rangeela
 According to this treaty, Kohinoor diamond and Peacock throne were given to Nader
Shah
 At that time, Nader shah offered Delhi’s throne to Nizam-Ul-Mulk but he refused
 In 1748, Afghan king Ahmed Shah Abdali attacked Delhi. Then Nizam-Ul-Mulk left for
Delhi to help Mughal Emperor Rangeela. But he died on his way to Delhi at “Burhanpur”
in Maharashtra
 Nizam-Ul-Mulk died in the year 1748. After his death conflict arose between his two
sons for the succession of throne
 He was buried at Khuldabad in Aurangabad Nasir Jung/Nazar Jung (1748-50)
 After the death of Nizam-Ul-Mulk, Nazar ruled Hyderabad from 1748 to 1750
 During his period, battle of Ambur took place in 1749
 During his period, Muzaffar Jung, grandson of Nizam-Ul-Mulk, started a civil war for
succession. British and French were also involved in this war
 French Governor Dupleix supported Muzaffar Jung and they conspired to kill Nazar Jung
 Finally, Nazar Jung was killed by Kurnool Nawab Himmat Khan
 Later, French appointed Muzaffar Jung as Deccan Subedar
 During Nazar Jung period, 1st Carnatic war took place (1746-48)
Muzaffar Jung (1750-1751)
 He was the son of Khair-Un-Nisa Begum, who was the daughter of the 1st Nizam.
 He has given Machilipatnam, Diviseema and Yanam to the French for helping him to
ascend the throne.

 Muzaffar Jung gave title “Zaffar Jung” to Dupleix and appointed him as the Governor to
Southern region of Krishna river
 Nawab of Kadapa and Kurnool conspired and killed Muzaffar Jung at Lakkireddipalli
near Rayachoti.
Salabath Jung (1751-61)
 After the assassination of Muzaffar Jung, Salabath Jung ascended the throne with the
help of the French.
 French army chief De Bussy was with him
 Salabath Jung Diwan – Syed Lashkar Khan
 In 1753, Salabath Jung gifted 4 Northern circars to the French.
4 Northern Circars were:
1. MustafaNagar(Kondapalli)(in1752)
2. Eluru
3. Rajahmundry
4. Srikakulam(Chicacol)
 Later in 1759, Salabath took away northern circars from the French.
 Important Zamindars in Northern circars:
1. Vizianagaram Zamindar – Vijaya Rama Raju
2. Bobbili Zamindar – Ranga Rao
3. Peddapuram Zamindar – Jagapati Raju
 The following battles took place during the period of Salabath Jung:
 Bobbili War – 1757
 Chandurthi War – 1758
 Machilipatnam War – 1759
 Vandavasi War – 1760 (battle of Wandi Wash)
 3rd Carnatic battle – 1756-63
 Chandurthi War (1758) was responsible for the destruction of French in Andhra Pradesh
 During the reign of Salabat Jung Machilipatnam treaty (1759) was the 1st treaty between
the British and Hyderabad kings
 Nazar Jung, Muzaffar Jung and Salabath Jung are not part of Asaf Jahi dynasty and they
don’t have Nizam titles.
Nizam Ali Khan (2nd Nizam) (1761-1803)
 He is the son of the 1st Nizam. He arrested salabath Jung in Bidar fort and declared
himself as Hyderabad Nizam
 From his period, Asaf Jahi were known as Nizams
 He was the first to rule the kingdom with the name of Nizam
 In 1770, he changed the capital from Aurangabad to Hyderabad

 Nizam Ali Khan was contemporary to Mysore rulers Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan
 In 1790-92, 3rd Mysore war took place between Mysore king Tipu sultan and tripartite
group (British, Nizam and Marathas)
 In this battle, Tipu sultan was defeated and treaty of Srirangapatnam was signed
 According to this treaty, Nizam was given to Kadapa, Bellary and Gurramkonda
regions.
 In 1795, Nizam Ali Khan was defeated by Maratha Peshwa Madhav Rao -II in the battle
of Kharda.
 The British did not help Nizam in this battle, so Nizam removed the British army from
his kingdom and placed the French battalion under the leadership of Commander
Raymond.
 In 1795, Nizam Ali Khan’s son Ali Jah revolted against his father with the help of
Medak Zamindar Sada Shiva Reddy. However, this was spoiled by French army under
the leadership of Raymond
 In 1798, with the fear of Marathas, Nizam Ali Khan entered into the “Doctrine of
Subsidiary alliance” with the British east india company
 Subsidiary alliance was introduced by British Governor general Lord Wellesley in 1798
 According to the terms of a subsidiary alliance, princely rulers were not allowed to have
an independent armed force. British army was kept in the princely states and one British
resident will be appointed for every state which have signed the doctrine of Subsidiary
alliance
 First independent ruler to sign the doctrine of Subsidiary alliance was Nizam Ali Khan
(1798). In this agreement the important role was played by Nizam Diwan – Aaj-Ul-
Umra
 After this agreement, British resident James Kirk Patrick stayed at Hyderabad
 Sikandar Jha gave title “Hasmath Jung” to James Kirk Patrick
 During Nizam Ali Khan period, Padmanabha Battle took place at North coastal Andhra
in the year 1794
 VenkatachalamwasthepainterinnizamAli Khan’s court
 Nizam Ali Khan handed over the following regions to British east india company
Northern Circars:
 According to the agreement in 1766 Nizam had given Northern Circars (except Guntur)
to east India Company
 Kandregula Jogi Panthulu, plays a key role as Dubasi(mediator) between Nizam Ali
Khan and British regarding Northern Circars. This agreement took place between
Nizam Ali Khan and Kailad
 During this agreement the Bengal Governor General was Robert Clive (1766)
 Nizam’s brother Basalath Jung ruled over Guntur

 There was an agreement between British and Nizam ali Khan that Guntur will be
handed over to British only after the death of Basalath jung
 In 1788, Guntur was handed over to British Datta Mandalas (Rayalaseema districts)
 In 1800, Nizam Ali Khan handed over Datta Mandalas to the British East India
company
Datta Mandalas are
1. Kadapa
2. Kurnool
3. Anantapur
4. Bellary
 Gadicherla Harisarvottama Rao named datta Mandalas as “Rayalaseema” on the name
of Srikrishna Devaraya
 Raymond- French army:
 French commander during Nizam Ali Khan was Raymond (Michael Jiachim
Raymond)
 The army under the control of Raymond was known as“RaymondPaltan”
 Nizam Ali Khan has given Medak Jagir to Raymond for the maintenance of his army
 Raymond established Gunfoundry at Hyderabad in 1795, for manufacturing canons
 The people of Hyderabad called Raymond as Moosa Ram. On his name
Moosarambagh was formed. His tomb is at Asmangadh (malakpet)
 Before this Raymond also worked with Tipu sultan and Bussey
 Women regiment formed by Nizam Ali khan was “Jafar paltan”
 Women soldiers of Jafar Paltan were known as “Gardinis”
Constructions of Nizam Ali Khan :
 Moti Mahal
 Gulshan Mahal
 Roshan Mahal
 Purani Haveli
Purani Haveli:
 Purani Haveli (palace) is also known as Msarrat Mahal
 Nizam Ali Khan constructed Purani Haveli for his son Sikander Jha
 It is ‘U’ shaped and followed European style of Architecture
 The unique feature of this palace is the presence of world’s largest wooden wardrobe
 Later, this has become the official residence of Mir Mahabub ali Khan
Sikander Jha (3rd Nizam)(1803-1829)

 His original name is Mir Akbar Ali Khan
 He built “Secunderabad” on his name in the year 1806
 Army types which were present during his period are:
1. Nizam’s own army
2. Army under the control of Diwan was Rohilla Army
3. Linewala Army – kings related army
 But discipline and integrity were lost in this army
 At that time, British resident Henry Russel formed special army known as “Russel
Brigade” in 1816
 Later, Russel Brigade came to be known as Hyderabad contingent/army
 Russel Brigade has suppressed the attacks of Pindari and regional revolters
 To meet the expenses incurred for the maintenance of Russel Brigade, Sikander Jha
made agreement with Palmer & Co company
 Sikander Jha took loan from Palmer & Co for the rate of interest at 25% on the advice
of Russel
 Palmer & company was started by William Palmer at Hyderabad in the year 1811
 The Indian partner of Palmer & co was Banketi Das (Gujrat trader)
 This company was given permission for performing banking activities by Nizam
Peshkar Chandu Lal
 Sikander Jha was financially robbed by Palmer & Co. this led to the financial crisis of
the nizam kingdom. This situation was settled by Charles Metcalf
 Metcalf was appointed in place of Henry Russel as Hyderabad Resident
 Metcalf approved Nizam to the loan from British at 6% interest rate and Nizam re-paid
the loans of Palmer & Co
Reforms by Metcalf
 He decided the tax based on the productivity of the crop and the income on Khalsa,
Jagir and Dastidar lands
 European officials were appointed by Metcalf to receive the complaints from farmers
 By these reforms, the Hyderabad kingdom regained its position financially.
 The Diwan of Sikander Jha Mir Alam engraved Mir Alam Tank on his name in 1804-
1806
 Peshkar during Sikander jha – Maharaja Chandu Lal
 During Sikander Jha’s period, Raja Bhavani Pershad constructed Rama temple in
Attapur near Hyderabad
Construction of British Residency:
 In between 1804-1808, James Kirk Patrick constructed British Residency at Koti in
Hyderabad
 Architect of British Residency – Samuel Russell

 The buildings of British Residence are today’s koti women’s college and Osmania
Medical college
 The bathroom used by kirk Patrick is now used by students as seminar hall
 Kirk Patrick constructed Rang Mahal beside a British residence for his lover Khair- Un-
Nissa.
 Char Bagh is built by Kirk Patrick around Rang Mahal. It resembles a Mughal garden
in Kashmir.
 Present Rang Mahal is changed into physics laboratory
Nasir Ud Daula (4th Nizam) (1829-57)
 The incidents which took place after Nasiruddaula became Nizam in 1829
Wahabi Movement:
 In 1838, Mubariz-ud-daula led the Wahhabi movement in Hyderabad
 Wahabi movement was against to the British
 Initially it started as a revolt against British and Sikhs, then eventually it changed as the
National Movement
 Mubariz-ud-daula is the step brother of Nasir-ud-daula
 In Hyderabad, Mubariz-ud-daula was the 1st to revolt against British
 The important disciples of Mubariz-ud-daula were: Lalkhan, Fakhar Muhammed,
Pokharmal, Gulam Rasul Khan
 Pokharmal supported Mubariz-ud-daula financially
 The then Kurnool Nawab “Gulam Rasul Khan” participated in wahabi movement and
supported Mubariz
 Wahabi movement in Hyderabad was suppressed by British Resident – General Fraser
 The Hyderabad Diwan during Wahabi movement was Chandu Lal
 On the instructions of British, Nasir-ud-daula arrested Mubariz-ud-daula and kept him
in Golconda fort
 Mubariz died in Golkonda fort in the year 1854
 Mubariz was recognized as the 1st freedom fighter of Telangana
 This movement can be treated as the inspiration for 1857 revolt
Berar Treaty/Pact (1853)
 During the Nasir-ud-daula’s period, the debt to British East India company had reached
to 64 lakhs
 In 1853, governor general Lord Dalhousie pressurized Nizam to repay the loan, then
Nizam paid half of the debt and Nizam entered into Berar treaty with Dalhousie for the
remaining amount
 Berar treaty took place on 21st May, 1853 • At the time of Berar treaty
 Nizam – Nasir-ud-daula
 Diwan – Siraj-ul-mulk
 Governor – Lord Dalhousie
 British Resident – Col.Johnlo
 According to this treaty, Nizam has given following regions to British
1. Berar
2. Raichur
3. Osmanabad(Darshiv)
 Berar treaty was signed by Siraj-ul-mulk and Dalhousie
 As per this agreement, Russel Brigade was changed as Hyderabad contingent and made
subsidiary to British Indian army
 Siraj-ul-mulk was feels humiliated with this treaty and died due to illness on 26th May,
1853
 With the death of Siraj-ul-mulk, his nephew Turab Ali Khan (Title-Salarjung) was
appointed as Hyderabad Diwan
 Bruce Norton in his book “The Rebellion in India” has commented regarding Berar
treaty that British took over the Berar region from Nasir-ud-daula by making goddess
of justice deaf and by closing her eyes
 The reason for taking over the Berar region by British is the presence of high-quality
cotton in berar region which can be used for manufacturing textiles in England

Zamindar’s Revolt:
 During Nasir-ud-daula’s period, law & order problem arose in the princely state
 Some of the Zamindars revolted against the Nizam. They were
1. Venkat Narsimha Rao – Ammapalem Zamindar
2. Kapa Narsimha Rao – Chintagani Zamindar
3. Jaganatha Rao – Munagala Zamindar
 The revolt of these Zamindars was suppressed by Hyderabad contingent
 Important events during Nasir-ud-daula’s period
 In 1829, Shamshul Umra established “Fakaria Madrasa”
 In 1834, Hyderabad’s first school “St.George Grammar school” was established by
church of England
 In 1834, the Translation Bureau of press was started. Here engineering and medical
books are printed
 In 1839, Chaderghat bridge was constructed on Musi River
 In 1846, Hyderabad medical school was established by Dr.Maechalin. later it was
changed as Osmania medical college
 In 1848, Sati was abolished in Hyderabad state
 In 1851, Warangal’s carpets and blankets are exhibited in England

 In 1854, King Edward memorial hospital was constructed at Secunderabad. Later, this
was changed as Gandhi Hospital
 In 1856, Dr.Smith started First industrial exhibition at Hyderabad
 Nasir-ud-daula’s Diwan Chandulal have revived the Ahobilam Temple in Kurnool
district
 Chandulal was a great poet in Persian and Urdu languages. Chnadulal’s pen name was
– SADAN. His family was known as Malwa’s family
 Nasir-ud-daula was the Hyderabad Nizam when sepoy mutiny started on 10th May,
1857. After the revolt started within week days nasir-ud-daula died and Afzal-ud-daula
became the Nizam of Hyderabad
Afzal-ud-daula(5th Nizam) (1857-69)
 The important events during his period were 1857 revolt and revolt by Ramji Gond
Ramji Gond Revolt :
 In 1860, Gonds, Rohillas revolted against British under the leadership of Ramji Gond
at Nirmal, Adilabad district
 Later, Ramji Gond and his 1000 associates were caught and hanged to death on a
Banyan tree in Nirmal. That tree came to be known as Veyyi Urila marri or Veyyi
purrela chettu
Peshwa Rao Saheb Conspiracy:
 In 1862, Peshwa Rao Saheb and his associates were residing secretly at Lal Kishan
Lal’s house in Begum Bazar
 Later, he conspired against the British in Hyderabad. This is popularly known as
“Begum Bazar Conspiracy”
 Finally, Rao Saheb was caught and hanged in August 1862
Important incidents during Afzal-ud- daula period
 In 1858, special coins were minted known as “Hali Sikka”
 In 1859, Afzal gunj (Nayapul) bridge was constructed
 In 1862, mahbubia school was started by Syed Ali Bilgrami
 In 1862, post offices were established
 In 1864, the 1st English newspaper Deccan times was started in Secunderabad
 In 1868, Grand Trunk road was laid between Hyderabad and Sholapur
 In 1868, first time Bank of Bengal was established in Hyderabad
 In 1869, first postal stamp was issued in Hyderabad
Chowmahalla palace
 The construction of Chowmahalla palace was started in 1750 during Salabath Jung’s
period and was completed during Nizam Afzal-ud- daula period (1857-69)
 Chowmahalla means four palaces. The four palaces in this are:

1. Afzal Mahal
2. Mahtab Mahal
3. Aftab Mahal
4. Tahniyat Mahal
 Chowmahalla palace is similar to “Shah Palace” in Tehran, Iran
 The clock above the main gate of Chowmahalla palace is known as Khilwat Clock
which has been working for 250 years
Important developments under 6th and 7th Nizams

Mir Mahboob Ali Khan (6th Nizam) (1869-1911)
 He was born in the year 1866. He ascended the throne at the age of 3 years under the
regency of Diwan Salar Jung–I
 Other co-regents were: Shams-ul-umra (Amir-e-kabir) Narendra Bahadur
 In 1874, Mir Mahboob Ali Khan visited British residency. At that time, Times of India
described him as “Little Fellow”
 On 5th February, 1884 he was crowned in
Chowmahalla palace. Officially he took the
responsibilities of the kingdom
 The then British India viceroy Lord Rippon attended
this ceremony
 The 1st Viceroy to visit Hyderabad was Lord Rippon
 In 1885, British presented Mir Mahboob Ali Khan
with the title “Star of India”
 After the death of Diwan Salar Jung, his son Layak Ali Khan (Salar Jung-2) was
appointed as Hyderabad Diwan
 On the instruction of Mir Mahboob Ali Khan, the official language was changed from
Persia to Urdu by Salar Jung - II in 1884.
 Mahboob Ali Khan was the disciple devote of Sufi saint Baba Sarfuddin
 The graveyard of Baba Sarfuddin is at Pahadi Sharif
 Mahboob Ali Khan introduced new dressing style in Hyderabad ( Sherwani,
Pagidi/Turban)
 He was expert in Polo and Tent pegging sports
 He constructed “Mahboob Mansion” for his wife Sardar Begum
 During his period, Koya tribes revolted in the surroundings of Khammam
 Titles of Mir Mahboob Ali Khan
 Rang Rangeela Raja
 Little fellow

 Mahbub Ali shah
Qanuncha-i-Mubarak:
 Mir Mahbub Ali Khan in 1892 brought reforms to the constitution through a Farman
known as Qanuncha-i-Mubarak
 The administration in the kingdom took place through this Farman
 As per this Farman, there will be cabinet council for running Executive business and a
Legislative council for framing law
 Cabinet Council: It consists of the Prime Minister, other ministers and advisors. Cabinet
council will discuss and take decisions regarding administration and will send the same
to Nizam for approval
 After the approval, Prime minister will execute the decisions taken by cabinet council
 Members of the legislative council are
1. Chief justice of High Court
2. Vice justice
3. Director of Revenue department
4. Director of Education department
5. District Police officer
6. Secretary of Finance department
 In Legislative council, all the members are government officials
 Previously, king used to take advice from prime minister regarding Farman’s but now
the Farman’s are issued based on the advice given by the legislative council
Rural Local Bodies:
 In 1884, Lord Rippon introduced local self- governments in British India
 For this, Nizam Mahboob Ali Khan had issued the “Dastar-ul-Amal” act in 1888.
 The Dastar-ul-Amal act was known as the “Local fund rules act”. This act came into
force in 1889
Kishan Pershad:
 He was Diwan of Hyderabad from 1900-1912 during Mahboob Ali Khan period
 Kishan Pershad wrote poems with the pen name “Shad” (meaning; Happy creature)
 In 1905, Silver Jubilee celebrations (during 6th Nizam), Kishan Pershad organized and
conducted Mushaira (means poetic symposium)
 He started a newspaper by name Mahbub- Al-Kalam and published poems of 6th Nizam
 He fought for the rights of mulkis Important events during 6th Nizam period
1. ChandaRailwayschemeagitation(1883)
2. Mulki Agitation(1888)
3. Berar Permanent Treaty(1902)
4. Greatmusifloods(1908)

 Chanda Railway Scheme agitation (1883):
 It was the first public agitation against the Nizam in Hyderabad province
 In 1870, the construction of railway line was started between Hyderabad and Wadi
 In 1871, coal mines were discovered in Singareni and Chanda
 The agreement was made between British and Nizam to extend the Hyderabad- Wadi
railway line till Chanda, to transport the coal from Chanda of Maharashtra.
 This company came forward to invest 3 lakh pounds on this project, for this Nizam
government agreed to give 6% interest on it
 Chanda railway agitation took place under the leadership of
1. Aghore Nath Chattopadhyay – Nizam college principal
2. Mulla Abdul Qayyum – Employee of survey settlement
3. Houshagi Hoshung – Revenue employee
 Nizam expelled the above three persons from Hyderabad for 2 years
 On 22nd May, 1883 – Hoshung, Qayyum On 23rd May, 1883 – Aghoranath were
expelled
 Agitated by the decision of the Nizam, people organized meeting and took out
processions against it
 Hence, Chanda Railway agitation was the 1st incident that brought political awareness
among the people of Telangana
 The Chanda Railway agitation was published in the following newspapers
1. Times of India
2. Bengal Gazette
Aghornath Chattopadhyaya:
 He belongs to Brahmin community of Bengal State
 He was the first Indian to get doctorate degree in chemistry from Edinburgh University
(Degree of Science)
 In 1878, he came to Hyderabad and joined as government servant as a part of reforms
of Salar Jung-I
 In 1879, he founded “Young mens improvement society”. He demanded for the
freedom and equality, rights to people of Hyderabad
 In 1883, he led the Chanda Railway agitation
 In 1885, he joined Indian National Congress
 He was an important member in Arya Samaj. He participated in Swadeshi Movement
 He became the 1st principal of Nizam college which was established in 1887
 With the help of Mulla Abdul Qayyum, he founded Brotherhood society
Mulla Abdul Qayyum
 He was the employee in survey settlement department of Nizam government

 He participated in Chanda Railway scheme agitation and was expelled from the state
 He was the 1st muslim from Hyderabad to join Indian National Congress
 In 1894, he had written the book “A flee for compulsory education” in Urdu. This
helped for the development of educational department in Hyderabad
 He founded, Equinus Suftha Society for educational and social reforms
Mulki Agitation/Movement:
 In 1888, people for the 1st time demanded Mulki rights in Hyderabad state
 The Diwan during this agitation : Sir Asman Jah
 Mulki means locals and Non-mulki means Non-locals
 During the period of Salar Jung – I, the persons from north india were recruited by
saying there were no eligible candidates in Hyderabad
 In 1888, Mulki agitation started demanding that only mulki’s should be appointed for
the vacancies of governments Jobs
 Mulki agitation was started by Lawyer Kishan Rao
 Then, Mir Mahboob Ali Khan issued a Farman (gazette) stating that only mulkis should
be appointed for the vacancies
 This Farman was not implemented properly. Eventually, once again Mulki agitation
started during Mir Osman Ali Khan period in 1919
 In 1919, 7th Nizam defined the word “Mulki”
 Floods in Musi River (1908)
 Musi floods occurred on 28th September, 1908 during Mahboob Ali Khan period
 Many people lost their lives during these floods.
 These floods are named as “Great Musi Floods”
 Because of these floods, the total area of Afzal gunj was inundated
 Almost 20,000 people died and many people lost their homes
 Afzalgunj hospital was totally destroyed. During that time, a 200 year old Tamarind
tree inside Afzalgunj hospital saved over 150 people who climbed on it. Till to-date this
plant is alive
 Mir Mahboob Ali provided shelter for thousands of people, who lost their homes in
floods
 Mir Mahboob Ali appointed a committee under the chairmanship of Sri
Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya to give recommendations for preventing such type of
floods in future
Berar Permanent Treaty/ Agreement:
 During 6th Nizam in 1902, Berar Permanent treaty was signed
 The then Viceroy Lord Curzon came to Hyderabad and signed the agreement
 Lord Curzon appointed British officials under the leadership of Sir George Cason
Walker for the improvement of administration in Hyderabad state
 Cason Walker was appointed as finance minister and Hakkins appointed as Inspector
General of Police
 Industries during 6th Nizam
 Hyderabad Deccan Spinning, weaving mills limited- 1877
 Mahbubani Gulbarga mills – 1884
 Aurangabad Mills – 1888
 In 1899, the Godavari valley Railway line was established. The Railway line was
connected from Hyderabad to Manmad of Godavari Valley. Because of this spinning
and Ginning mills of cotton were established there
Constructions during Mahboob Ali Khan

Falaknuma Palace:
 It was built by Sir Viqar-ul-umra
 It was built in the shape of a scorpion
 It is in the Andrea palladian style of architecture
 The construction was started in 1884 and was completed in 1893
 Falaknuma means “Mirror of the Sky” in Urdu
 The architect was William Ward Maret
 In this palace construction Italian marble and England wood was used
Town Hall:
 In 1905, 6th Nizam laid stone for town hall in public gardens on the occasion of his
40th birthday
 It was completed by 7th Nizam in 1913
 At present it is used as the state assembly building
 It was built in Saracenic-Rajasthani style
 It is known as the White gem of Hyderabad
Bella Vista Palace:
 It was constructed by the then chief justice of High court Muslehuddin Mohammed in
1905
 Bella Vista meaning “Beautiful Sight” (in Italy)
 At present, Administrative staff college of India is located in Bella Vista
Victoria Memorial Orphanage (1905):
 Queen Victoria has awarded Mir Mahboob Ali Khan with a title “Grand commander
star of India”
 In memory of her, Mahboob Ali constructed Victoria memorial orphanage at
Saroornagar in 1905

 In 1953, Nehru visited this place and changed the name as Victoria memorial home for
children
Victoria Zanana Hospital:
 Hyderabad Nizam constructed this hospital when prince of Wales visited Hyderabad
Nampally Railway Station:
 In 1907, Nampally Railway station was built by Nizam Mir Mahboob Ali
 This is also known as “Hyderabad Deccan Railway Station”
 It is known as Nampally station because it is built in wet place
 In 1921, the first passenger train started from this station
Kachiguda Railway Station:
 It is constructed in Gothic style architecture during 7th Nizam period in 1916
 Till 1950, it was headquarters for Nizam's Guaranteed State Railways
Nizamia Observatory:
 It was established in 1908 during 6th Nizams period
 It is the 3rd Observatory in the country
 It was established by Nawab Zafar Jung
 Initially it was established at Shalibanda in 1901
 By this establishment, astronomical research started in Hyderabad
Important incidents during 6th Nizam:
 In 1884, Mir Laiq Ali changed the official language from Persian to Urdu
 During Mahboob Ali Khan period, schools which were established for the girls
1. Darmawan High school at old city near Charminar
2. KeysHighschool,Secunderabad
 In 1884, Syed Hussain Bilgrami (Nawab Imad-ul-mulk) was appointed as the director
of public instructions (in education department) by 6th Nizam
 1st women to get Medical degree in Hyderabad was Edith Boardman
 In 1888, 6th Nizam appointed 1st Hyderabad Chloroform Commission under the
 chairmanship of Edward Lawrve
 In 1889, 2nd Hyderabad Chloroform Commission was appointed. The women member
in this commission was Rupabai Furdoonji
 In 1890, Warangal industrial school was started
 In 1891, Syed Hussain Bilgrami established Asafia library (Afzalgunj)
 Daagh Dehlvi was appointed as the 1st court poet of Hyderabad state in 1901. 2nd court
poet of Hyderabad : Jaleel Manikpuri
Sir Ronald Ross:
 He was born in 1857 in Almora (Uttar Pradesh)

 In 1897, during the period of 6th Nizam he did research on Malaria at Begumpet,
Secunderabad
Mir Osman Ali Khan (7th Nizam) (1911-48)

 He is known as the architect of Modern Hyderabad
 He made the Hyderabad state to stand at 1st place by undertaking many developmental
activities
 He born on 6th April, 1886 to Mir Mahboob Ali Khan and Zahrunnisa Begum
 Because of his love towards his mother Zahrunnisa Begum, he made an agreement with
the government while handing over the road transport organization to Andhra Pradesh
that every bus registration number of the R.T.C should include the letter “Z” (first letter
of his mother name)
 At present also, every bus number contains the letter “Z”
 Mir Osman Ali Khan had 7 wives. Dulhan Pasha Begum was the 1st wife
 Children born to 7th Nizam and Dulhan Pasha Begum are

1. Mir Himayat Ali Khan (Azam Jah)
2. Mir Shujath Ali Khan (Moazzam Jah)
 Himayath Sagar is constructed in the name of Azam Jah.
 Azam Jah married princess Durru shehvar of the Ottoman empire of Turkey
 The sons of Azam Jah and Durru Shehvar are Mukarram Jah and Muffakham Jah
 In 1967, after the death of 7th Nizam Osman Ali Khan’s grandson Mukarram Jah was
coronated as 8th Nizam
 Moazzam Jahi market was constructed on the name of second son of 7th Nizam i.e;
Moazzam Jah
 Moazzam Jah also married princess Niloufer of Ottoman empire
 Mir Osman Ali Khan became Nizam administrator on 29th August 1911 after his
 father’s death. He took oath on 18 September, 1911

 Titles of Mir Osman Ali Khan
1. His exalted Highness
2. Star of India
3. Sultanul Ulum
4. Rustam-i-Dauram
5. Muzaffar-ul-Malikh
6. Mohiyuddin-al-millat
 The title “His Exalted Highness” was conferred by the British Government because of
his support to British during the 1st world war (1914-18)
 In 1912, British gave the title “Star of India”
1. Afzal-ud-daula(1861)
2. Mir Mahboob Ali Khan(1885)
3. Mir Osman AliKhan (1912)
 The title “Sultan Ul Ulum” was conferred by Osmania University Richest Person in the
world
 On 22nd February, 1937 in Times Magazine world’s richest person’s list he stood 1st.
So, Times Magazine has named Mir Osman Ali Khan as the world’s Richest person
 He used most valuable Jacob diamond as his paper weight
 In 1947, the Nizam gifted a diamond necklace known as “Tiara” to Queen Elizabeth-II
on the occasion of her wedding
 In 2008, a list of worlds all time richest persons were released and Mir Osman Ali Khan
stood at 5th position in the list
Important reforms of Mir Osman Ali Khan:
 During 1914-1919, Nizam Osman Ali Khan ruled directly without Diwan
 In 1919, Nizam ended his direct rule and formed an executive council which was
presided by Diwan Sir Sayyid Ali Imam
 Nizam appointed a committee under the chairmanship of High court Judge Balmukund
for the recommendations on Legislative reforms
 In 1922, when Sir Ali Imam was Diwan, the legislation was separated from judiciary
 In 1919, Osman Ali Khan issued a Farman for the protection of mulkis
 Death sentence was abolished
 In 1921, Slaughter of cows was stopped
 Devadasi and Bonded labor was abolished
 In 1921, smoking is prevented in court halls
 In 1937, Bahadur Arvamudam Iyengar committee was appointed for Constitutional and
Political reforms
Protection of Historical Monuments:

 Osman Ali Khan paid special attention for the development of historical places like
Ajanta, Ellora caves and thousand pillar temple, Ramappa temple
 He appointed special researchers Professor Secconi & Verseni from Italy for the
protection of Ajanta caves and allotted Rs.30 lakh for research
 7th Nizam had religious tolerance
 Osman Ali Khan have allotted annual funds for Bhadrachalam and Tirupati temples
 He appointed a special committee for safeguarding Sitaram Bagh temple (Hyderabad)
 7th Nizam has given funds to following temples in Hyderabad – Madannapet, Shankar
Bagh and Golnaka temples
City Improvement Board:
 In 1912, 7th Nizam appointed city improvement board under the chairmanship of
Moazzam Jah for the development of Hyderabad
Irrigation Facilities:
 Osman Ali Khan have constructed many projects for irrigation and drinking water
1. Osman Sagar (Gandipet Tank)- 1920:
 In 1920, Osman sagar dam was constructed on Musi river in Gandipet to provide an
additional source of drinking water for Hyderabad and to protect for city from floods,
after the great musi floods of 1908
 This is named after 7th Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan
 The construction started in 1912 and was completed by 1920
2. Himayath Sagar-1927:
 Mir Osman Ali Khan constructed this reservoir on the “Esi”, a tributary to the Musi
River between 1923-27
 It was named after 7th Nizam son Himayat Khan
 Osman sagar & Himayat sagar run parallel to each other and they are known as “Twin
Lakes” (janta jalashaya)
3. Pocharam Reservoir- 1922:
 In 1922, it was constructed on a tributary named Aleru in pocharam village of
Nizamabad district

4. Nizam Sagar (1923-31):
 This project was constructed on Manjira River in present Kamareddy district
(previously Nizamabad)
 The project plan was given by Ali Nawaz Jung
5. Wyra Reservoir (1923-30):
 It was constructed across the Wyra river, a tributary of Krishna in Khammam district
6. Paleru Project (1924-29):

 This reservoir was constructed on Paleru river, tributary of Krishna in Kusumanchi
village of Khammam district
7. Belal Project (1924-29):
 Constructed in Bodhan taluq of Nizamabad district for drinking water facilities
8. Rajampalli Project (1924):
 It is built in Rajampalli of Medak district with 3 lakhs expenditure
9. Singabhupalem Reservoir (1919-40):
 It was constructed in Yellandu Taluq of Khammam district
 It was initially constructed for preventing drought in the area
10. Ali sagar Dam (1931):
 In 1931, it was constructed in Nizamabad district
 It was named after Telangana Engineer Nawab Ali Nawaz Jung
11. Dindi Project (1943):
 It was constructed on Dindi River, tributary of Krishna in Devarakonda taluq of
Nalgonda district
Projects before 7th Nizam’s Period:

 Ghanpur Anicut (1905):
 It is a medium project constructed across Manjira river near Ghanpur in Medak district
 Asif Nagar project (1905):
 It is constructed in Nemalikallu village of Yadadri district on Musi river
 Ali Nawaz Jung:
 In 2014, Telangana government declared July 11th, the birth anniversary of Nawab Ali
Nawaz Jung Bahadur as Telangana Engineers day.
 Ali Nawaz Jung was famous engineer during 6th, 7th Nizam’s period
 Ali Nawaz Jung went to England on state scholarship to royal Indian engineering
college in cooper’s hill and completed civil engineering
 Later, he was appointed as Hyderabad State Chief Engineer in Nizam state
 After Great Musi Floods in 1908, he assisted the chief engineer Mokshagundam
Visvesvaraya
 He is known as Father of Telangana irrigation and Telangana’s Arthur Cotton
 He designed the following projects : Nizam sagar, Ali sagar, Wyra, Paleru and Fateh
nagar
Industries
 Many industries were established during the period of Mir Osman Ali Khan because of
the support from government

 Industrial laboratory was established by the government in 1917 for conducting
researches
 In 1918, a special department was formed known as Commerce & Industries
department
 In 1929, 7th Nizam Osman Ali Khan formed “Industrial Trust Fund” with one crore
rupees to give financial support to the industries
Osmania University Graduates Association:
 In Hyderabad state for the 1st time exhibition of industrial products was conducted at
Chaderghat (Hyderabad) in the year 1856
 In 1930, Osmania University Graduates Association have conducted permanent
exhibition of industrial products in Hyderabad
 This exhibition is named “Numaish”. Till to date it is conducted at Nampally exhibition
grounds every year
 Osmania University Graduates Association have published a newspaper named “Mulki
industries” to encourage small scale industries
 They also established “Cottage industrial institute” to promote small scale industries
D.B.R Mills (1920):
 Diwan Bahadur Ramgopal Mill
 In 1920, it was established in Hyderabad at lower Tank bund, it is a private company
 Important industries established during the period of 7th Nizam:
 Soda factory – 1910
 Bone factory – 1913
 Deccan button factory – 1916
 Karkhana Zinda Tilismath – 1920
 Singareni collieries – 23rd Dec, 1920
 Charminar cigarette factory – 1925
 Shahabad cement factory – 1925
 Deccan glass factory – 1927
 Vazir sultan tobacco factory (VST) – 1930
 Kagaznagar paper mill – 1933
 Azam Jahi Mills (Warangal) – 1934
 Bodhan Nizam sugar factory – 1937
 Golconda cigarette factory – 1941
 Alwin metal works – 1942
 Praga Tools – 1943
 Sirsilk paper mill (Kagaznagar) – 1946
 Hyderabad Asbestos – 1946

Karkhana Zinda Tilismath (1920):
 It was founded by Dr. Muhammed Moizuddin Farooqui in Hyderabad
 This company manufactures farooky Tooth powder and Zinda balm, Zinda Tilismath
Singareni Collieries Company Limited (1920):
 In the year 1871, Dr. William King of the Geological survey of india discovered coal
mines in singareni region of Khammam district
 Later, the England company “Hyderabad Deccan Mining Company” started digging
coal mining
 In 1920, it formed as Singareni Collieries Company limited (SCCL)
Vazir Sultan Tobacco (VST):
 In 1916, it was started by Vazir Sultan at Vithalwadi, Hyderabad
 Later in 1930, on the advice of Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya it was changed to present
VST region
Nizam State Road Transport Department:
 It was established in 1932 with 27 buses and 166 employees
 In 1940, Osman Ali Khan started 1st double decker buses in India
Deccan Airways Limited (1945):
 University was established with “urdu” as the medium of instruction
 It was the 1st university in India to teach in regional language (Urdu)
 It was commercial airline started at Begumpet, Hyderabad with the collaboration of
Nizam and Tata airlines
 The share of Nizam was 52% and that of Tata Airlines was 48%
 Important constructions during 7th Nizam’s period
Osmania University:
 Mir Osman Ali Khan have allotted 11% of total budget for the development of
education
 Issued scholarships to encourage students
 Mir Osman Ali Khan’s education officer M.T.A. Myeyo suggested to establish special
university and the ways to strengthen the education system
 In 1913, the students of Darul-ul-uloom formed as Old Boy’s Union and explained the
important of establishing a university to the Nizam
 In between 1915-19, 4 educational councils were conducted in Hyderabad
 In 1915, the chairman for the 1st educational council was Sir Akbar Hydari. Because
of his efforts, Osmania university was established
 On 26th April, 1917, Osman Ali Khan issued a Farman for the establishment of
Osmania university
 The year 1917, in which Farman is issued, is treated as Osmania university’s
establishment year
 In 1919, classes related to university started in the rented building in Abids
 University was established with “urdu” as the medium of instruction
 It was the 1st university in India to teach in regional language (Urdu)
 English professor Sir Patrick Gedes did survey and selected the present 1400 acres
(Adikment region) of land for the university construction
 On 5th July, 1923 Mir Osman Ali Khan have laid a foundation stones for the 1st
structure of Osmania University i.e; arts college
 The design (detailed plan) of arts college was given by the Belgium architect Monsieur
Jasper
 When Jasper returned from Hyderabad, the execution of the plan was done by Nawab
Zain Yar Jung
 Pinkish granite stone was used for the construction of arts college
 Different styles of architecture are seen in this. It has the style of Hindu as well as
Muslim, Arab, Eurish and Gotik styles
 Later 7th Nizam on 4th December, 1939 inaugurated arts college buildings and shifted
the classes from Abids to here
 Arts college 1st principal- Raj Masud
 First vice-chancellor of Osmania university- Habibur Rehman Khan
 In 1949, the medium of instruction was changed from Urdu to English.
 Osmania University is identified as the 7th oldest university in India and 3rd oldest in
south-India
 In 1943, during university convocation celebration national leader Raj Gopal Chary
participated and have praised this university as the national university, and real seat of
education
Other facts:
 In 1921, Nizam issued Farman for free primary education
 During 1916-17, Nizam government have established special Dalit schools and
provided all facilities for free of cost
 In 1931, during the round table conference held in London Dr.B.R.Ambedkar praised
Nizam for establishing Dalit schools
 Mir Osman Ali Khan have established special schools for physically handicapped and
orphan children and did alot for the development of educational system and established
vocational schools
 Koti Women’s college was established in 1924
 Warangal college- 1930
 In 1928, Scouts and Guides revolution started in Hyderabad
 King Koti Palace:
 It was built by Muhammed Kamal Khan
 7th Nizam have purchased this palace and made it as his official residence
 In 1951, 7th Nizam took Oath as Raj Pramukh in drawing room of this palace
Hill Fort Palace:
 It was constructed in 1923 by Nizamath Jung
 Later, Nizam purchased this palace
 This was the official residence of Nizam 2nd son Moazzam Jah
 The architecture is in the style of trinity college, Cambridge
High Court:
 The plan was drawn by Shankar Lal and Mehar Ali Fazil
 Construction started on 15th April, 1915
 On 20 April, 1920 the high court building was inaugurated by the 7th nizam
 Red and white marbles were used for construction and the words “Ram Rahim”are
inscribed on the walls which shows religious tolerance
 Architecture style- Indo-Serasenic Osmania General Hospital:
 In 1866, during the period of Afzal-ud-daula (4th Nizam) Afzalgunj hospital was started
on the banks of Musi river
 This was completely destroyed by the great Musi floods of 1908
 Later, Osman Ali Khan constructed Osmania general hospital in the place of Afzalgunj
hospital in 1925.
Osmania Medical College:
 In 1848, during Nasir-ud-daula’s period Hyderabad Medical school (HMS) was started
 1st principal of HMS: Dr.William Michalin
 The then secretary of medical department James Lancaster saved many lives in 1919
when influenza virus was spread across Hyderabad
 In 1920, HMS was changed as Osmania medical college
Moazzam Jahi Market:
 In 1935, Nizam Osman Ali Khan constructed on the name of his son Moazzam Jah
 This construction was built by Granite Stone and has a “Clock Tower”.
State Museum (Hyderabad museum):
 It is constructed with granite and it has a clock tower
 In 1864, Nizam Afzal-ud-daula constructed a building named “Dolls house” in public
gardens
 In 1930, dolls house was changed as state museum
NIZAM’S MUSEUM
 In the heart of Hyderabad’s old city, Telangana, India, a fascinating collection of
articles presented to the seventh Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Khan are put on

public display in the Nizam’s Museum or also popularly known as the Silver Jubilee
Museum or the Purani Haveli Museum.
 This museum was created according to the wish of the seventh and the last Nizam of
the erstwhile Hyderabad State, which tells about the times and achievements of the
people of the State of Hyderabad. It also tells us a lot about the Nizam himself.
 His Exalted Highness, The Nizam’s Museum is located in the stately Purani Haveli in
the city of Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
 Though not as opulent as the Falaknuma Palace nor as sprawling as Chowmahalla
Palace, the Purani Haveli palace holds a special place for the Asaf Jahs, the dynasty of
the Nizams of Hyderabad. Several Nizams were born and spent most of their lives at
Purani Haveli palace.
 The origin of the Purani Haveli goes back to Mohammad Quli Qutub Shah, the founder
of the city of Hyderabad.
 He belonged to the Qutub Shahi dynasty that ruled the Deccan before the Asaf Jahs.
When planning the new city of Hyderabad, Mohammad Quli Qutub Shah allotted the
site where Purani Haveli palace now stands for the mansion of his Peshwa (Prime
Minister), Mir Momin.
 In 1777, Nawab Mir Nizam Ali Khan (1761-1803), the second Nizam acquired the land
from the descendants of Mir Momin to build a palace for his son Nawab Sikander Jah.
 When Nawab Sikander Jah became the third Nizam in 1803 he moved out of Purani
Haveli palace to Chowmahalla palace located at Moti Gali near Charminar Hyderabad.
 Purani Haveli remained unoccupied for some time, lost its position of pre-eminence,
and came to be known as the Old Palace or Haveli Kadeem.
 The palace regained importance during the time of Nawab Afzal-Ud-Dowla, the fifth
Nizam, who was born in the palace and resided there. But, it was during the reign of
Nawab Mir Mahboob Ali Khan, the sixth Nizam, who was born and lived there most
of his life that the Purani Haveli palace reverberated with activity and stories that have
become legends.
 There are at present more than ten buildings in the Purani Haveli palace. The main
building which accommodated the Nizam family is flanked by two long wings running
parallel to each other. The Wardrobe, Manual lift, and the Museum are located in one
of these wings of the Purani Haveli Palace.
Salar Jung - I Reforms

 Salar Jung- I was born in 1829 in Bijapur
 His original name : Mir Turab Ali Khan
 On 31st May, 1853 at the age of 24 years Salarjung- I was appointed as Hyderabad state
Prime Minister (Diwan)

 He worked with three Nizams from 1853 to 1883 for 30 years
 1853-57 : Nasir-ud-daula
 1857-69 : Afzal-ud-daula
 1869-83 : Mir Mahboob Ali Khan
 Grand father of Salar Jung- I : Munirul Mulk
 Uncle of Salar Jung : Siraj-ul-mulk
 The political advisor of Salar Jung was Nawab Sarwar-ul-mulk
 Salar Jung is the descendant of Sheik omar karman of Medina
 Salar Jung held following positions before becoming Diwan Medak Talukdar Higher
authority in revenue department
 Nasir-ud-daula named Salar Jung – I as a “Firangi bacha” (foreign boy)
 In 1876, Salar Jung-I visited London with the motive of obtaining Berar back from the
British. (British took Berar in 1853)
 In London Salarjung-I received the honorary degree of D.C.L (Degree in Civil Law)
from the University of Oxford
 He learned administrative tactics from officer Daiton in London
 While returning to India, Salar Jung visited Rome city and there he purchased the
famous marble statue titled “Veiled Rebecca”
 At present, this statue is present at Salar Jung museum in Hyderabad
 He introduced modern administrative principles in Hyderabad
 When Salar Jung was appointed as the Diwan of Nizam, the situation of Hyderabad
state was bad. So, he introduced following reforms
Administrative reforms:
 During Salar Jung- I, the extent of the Nizam Kingdom was 82,698 miles.
 Hyderabad state population in 1881 was 98,45,594
 Salar Jung divided the kingdom into 5 subas and 17 districts
 In villages Patel, Patwari, Talari and Dhed played important roles
 Patwari : Responsible for land tax and an accountant
 Talari : Security of village and other services
 Dhed : Who works for the officers and at community/ village hall
 Neri : Who looked after irrigation works Sedisindi : Security for 50 houses in village
 In 1868, Salar Jung -I appointed a council of Ministers by name “Sadar-ul-Mihams”
 The important 4 persons in this are
 Revenue Minister : Mukarram-ud-daula Bahadur
 Law Minister : Bashir-ud-daula Bahadur
 Incharge of Police department : Shamshir Jung Bahadur
 Head of Public works & other departments : Shaheb Jung

 The personal secretary of Salar Jung was Syed Hussain Bilgrami
 The departments which were under the direct control of Prime Minister were known as
“Madar-ul-Mihams”
 The departments under the Prime Minister were
 DepartmentofFinance
 PostalDepartment
 Military
 The administration was totally carried by the Prime Minister. He was also known as
Diwan or Rigent
 For the convenience of administration, it was divided into 14 departments
Revenue reforms
 In 1864, Revenue board was established
 In 1865, as part of Revenue reforms, Salar Jung introduced Zilabandi system
 The Diwani territory was divided into districts for the purpose of revenue and judicial
 administration called Zilabandi
 When the time of introduction of Zilabandi system Nizam of Hyderabad was Afzal-ud-
daula and British Resident : George Yule
 Salar Jung has divided the districts into 3 categories based on their annual income
 Primary category: Income > 12,00,000/-
 Secondary Category : upto 10,00,000/-
 Tertiary Category : upto 8,00,000/-
Land tax was of two types:
1. Battai System:
 The land tax was collected in the form of crop produce
 The officers who collects the land tax were known as Bilmuktadars
 These officers will be given this authority through auction
 Salar Jung abolished this Battai system and started to collect the tax in the form of
money
2. Ryotwari System:
 Land tax is paid in currency form
 Salar Jung introduced this system during Afzal-ud-daula’s period. In this, farmers will
directly pay the tax to the Government
 In 1867, Revenue board was abolished, in that place central revenue board was created
known as sadar Mahake-i-Malgujari
 The officers of this department are known as Muhtamim and Ruknu.
 As part of revenue reforms, police department is separated from revenue department in
1867
 In 1875, Central Inam institute was established
 In 1875, land revenue survey and settlement department was established for
demarcation of boundaries and for surveying of lands
 During that period, the land is measured using 10 yards of chain.
 This was standard, it is known as Bigha or 6/6 chain.
 Bigha is important for land measurement. Even today it is used in Telangana
Economic Reforms:
 Salar Jung have decreased the salaries of officials and himself also because of the poor
financial condition of Hyderabad province
 Armed force & additional military force was abolished
 In 1858, Salar Jung introduced coins known as “Hali Sikka”. Hali Sikka was a silver
coin (its value is 15% less than the British Rupee)
 Till 1857, Mughal coins were used in Hyderabad
 In 1861, he started Stamp paper office
 Central Mint Office is at Hyderabad and Regional mint offices are at Narayanpet (1870)
and Gadwal (1875)
Educational Reforms:
 In 1855, Salar Jung established western educational institution known as Darul Uloom
school (oriental college) at Hyderabad
 The medium of instruction were Persian, Arabic, Urdu and English languages
 In 1870, City high school & Engineering colleges were started
 In 1872, Chaderghat school was started
 In 1873, Madrasa-e Aliya was established
 for the children of Nobles
 In 1878, Madarsa-e-Aizza was established for the children of Royal family
 In 1880, Chaderghat English high school and school of engineering were together called
as Hyderabad college
 In 1881, Salar Jung established Gloria Girls High school in Hyderabad. It was the First
Girls school in Hyderabad
 In 1882, Islamia school was established by Syed Hussain Bilgrami
 It was the First Muslim girls school in the country
 In 1884, Mahabubia college was established in Secunderabad
 Salar Jung-I financially supported Sir Syed Ahmed Khan for the establishment of
Aligarh educational institutions
 Educational department was supervised by officers known as Muhtamims Talimat,
appointed by Salar Jung

 In 1869, W.H.Wilkinson was appointed as educational department secretary. He
introduced new educational methods
 The private schools during the Nizam period were known as Khangi’s.
Transport and communication Reforms

 In 1868, Grand trunk road was laid from Hyderabad to Sholapur
 In 1869, Nizam state railway was established
 In Hyderabad province the construction of First railway line was started in 1870 from
Wadi to Secunderabad and was finished in 1874
 In 1874, Secunderabad railway station was established. This railway system was known
as Nizam's Guaranteed state railway.
 In 1877, British engraved Buckingham canal
 In 1864, hyderabad’s 1st English newspaper Deccan times was started
 In 1867, Government printing press was started
 In 1885, 1st telephone facility was introduced in Hyderabad
Police Reforms
 As part of this reforms, one SP was appointed to each district and one inspector for
every two taluks
 Large number of police constables and Sowers were appointed
 The head of police department – Mahkama-e-Kotwal
 Police station – Chowki
 Chowkidar – S.I
 Taluq police officer – Amin (inspector)
 District police officer – Muhtamim (SP)
 Head of Muhtamim – Nayab Sadar Muhtamim (DIG)
 Jamedar/ Daftadar – Head constable
Judicial Reforms
 In 1862, Law department was established
 In 1869, Salar Jung abolished the punishment which involved mutilation of arms
 In 1872, Salar Jung created a court of appeal known as Mahkama-e-murafa-e-Azla
 This was created to accept all the civil and criminal appeals from districts & cities.
 Salarjung established the Supreme Court Known as “Majlis–e–Murafa”, The chief
justice of the Supreme Court was Nazim.
 For the Surveillance on District officials he established a High Court known as
“Mahkama–i–Sadar”.
 A high court known as Majlis Aliyah Adalat was established for civil administration in
Hyderabad

Public Works
 During the late 19th century the Nizams government began medium and major
irrigation projects under the supervision of the public works department.
 The government evolved a definite policy of preserving and maintaining the tanks,
wells, channels and other minor irrigation works.
 During the reign of Mir Osman Ali Khan, especially in the 1920’s, a number of medium
and major irrigation projects were built.
 The Ghanpur Anicut was the first scheme constructed across Manjira river in 1904.
Nizamsagar was the largest irrigation project in the erstwhile Hyderabad state.
 The construction of Nizamsagar dam began in 1923 and completed by the year. The
Wyara and Palair projects in the Warangal district were completed in 1927.
 These irrigation projects not only afforded protection against famine but also yielded a
handsome income and profits to the farmers.
Railways:
 The beginning of modern railway system in the Hyderabad State can be traced back to
the year 1862, when the Government of India ordered the construction of a railroad
from Sholapur to Hyderabad.
 The Nizam’s Government were prepared to construct the line as a ‘State affair’ or in
financial partnership with the Government of India.
 In 1869 a line was surveyed from Gulbarga to Hyderabad by the Great Indian Peninsula
(GIP) Railway Company and a year later Salar Jung, sanctioned the construction of a
railway line from Gulbarga to Hyderabad.
 The Nizam’s Government agreed to give the land free, grant jurisdiction over the line
to officers appointed by the British Government.
 The Railway was regarded as the property of the Nizam Government, which provided
funds for construction and received profits derived from its working.
 The first section of the line from Wadi to Secuderabad, 115.75 miles, was opened on
9th October 1874. The GIP Railway Company managed the line from 1874-1878 with
its own rolling stock.
Communication:
 Hyderabad was connected through the electric telegraph system for the first time with
Bombay and Kurnool in 1856-57 and Salar Jung made use of the device for official
purpose.
 Telegraphic lines were opened by the Government of India according to the Agreement
of 1870. A regular postal communication between the capital city of Hyderabad and the
districts was established.
 In1869, the Postal Department was reorganized and the office of Post Master General
was established in the metropolis to supervise, direct and control the postal arrangement
in the entire Diwani territory.

Other Reforms
 In 1867 – Forest department was established
 In 1876 – Firani factory was formed
 In 1864 – Military department was established
 In 1875 – Daftar-e-najma Jamiyath (office for military management) was started by
government
 In 1864 – political department
 In 1867 – income tax department was established
 In 1886 – Medical department
 In 1874, Salar Jung abolished practice of Sati in Hyderabad state
 Salar Jung died on 8th February, 1883 due to cholera disease
 Wahid Khan praised Salar Jung as the great administrator
 Dighton commented that Salar Jung was an analytic but not an administrator
 William Digby said that Salar Jung has reconstructed the Nizam kingdom political
system.

Women In Nizam Period

WOMEN IN NIZAM PERIOD
 Women in the Nizam period of Hyderabad State played a central role in the city's
freedom struggle. The seventh Nizam, Osman Ali Khan, led the way in liberating
women from tradition by starting girls' schools and colleges, and bringing women from
his court out of purdah.
 If one wished to know the condition of women, it could be gauged by the three phases,
Viz, Social, economic and political conditions. The condition of the women can be
known in three phases.
They are:
1. The first phase was women in the period of the first Nizam upto the 19h century.
2. The second phase through changes occurring from middle ages to modern age, women
in Nizam's rule in the intermittent period.
3. The third phase could be gauged through the condition of women in 20 Century.
 The kingdom was founded by Nizam-ul-mulk. From the stage till Salaar Jung I was
appointed as the Prime Minister, the condition of women was worse.
 In this period the women were confined to the four walls. Her role was to look after the
house and bring up children.
 Some women used to work in agricultural fields, labor related work and helping
husbands in their traditional works.

 Some isolated ladies crossed such boundaries and came out. Society never recognized
them as honorable women. They were 'Ayahs', Dayaas (servants in the harem)', dancers
'Tawaifs' and harlots.
Tawaifs
 For living and to meet financial needs, they left solitude and worked among common
people. In Deccan "Tawaifs' used to sing and dance. But they were not prostitutes. After
learning dance and music they used to entertain people through that art.
 During marriages and ceremonies connected with the birth of a child in the houses of
kings, rulers and Zamindars, they used to dance and sing and provide entertainment.
Among them, the most rich and educated people used to be trained in music and dance.
 Unlike prostitutes these were respectable women in the society. Participating in the
entertainment programs of these people and organizing programs in their houses was
being treated as a status symbol by the higher echelons of society.
 Nizam used to maintain 'Tawaifs' and he started an office of them. That was the 'Daftar-
e- Arab Nishat'. An amount of Eleven thousand rupees was being spent towards salaries
of the "Tawaifs'.
 They were being looked upon as artistes. 'Tawaifs' of Hyderabad were well known for
giving respect, loyalty, obedience, and culture. They were having personal respect and
individuality.
 Many people of higher standing used to send their children, particularly sons, to their
houses to learn civility and culture. Harlots were practicing prostitution.
 This profession was not respectable in the society. Pedigreed persons, Government
officers and rich people used to visit them.
 Going to them was never considered as a dignified act. For financial requirements, some
women took to such acts. Such people were not having an iota of respect in society.
Purdah
 Purdha was an ancient system. This tradition was not born in our times. This spread to
our Society from North India by Muslims.
 Muslim and Rajput ladies were observing purdah so that they were not seen by outside
people. This Purdah system spread in Telangana during the period of Qutubshahis. That
continued in the time ofAsafjahis.
 Hindu ladies also learnt the practice of observing Purdah from Muslim ladies. Mainly
the women of the Hindu kings and ladies of the elite observed purdah.
 Though this practice disappeared among Hindu families, Muslim families still observe
this.
Prominent women and their role
Khairunnisa Begum
 Mohammad Ali Khan was a relative of the then Prime Minister Mir Alam.
 The daughter of Mohammad Ali Khan was- Khairunnisa Begum

 Achilles Kirk Patrick, the British Resident saw Khairunnisa at her sister's marriage and
liked her. Khairunnisa also liked Kirk Patrick. But the society didn't accept their love.
 The Nizam treated Kirk Patrick as his son and gave him the title Hashmat Jung
Bahadur'. Kirk Patrick built a great Palace for Khairunnisa.
 The palace (Residency building) was built in an area of 60 acres in Koti under the
supervision of a famous Engineer named Raja Kandasami. He built Rangmahal and
Charbagh around it for Khairunnisa.
 The Charbagh is a replica of the Mughal garden in Kashmir.
 Now the palace is being used as Koti Women's College. Maternal grandfather of
Qairunnisa was Bakar Ali Khan, who was a close relative of Prime Minister Mir Alam.
Bakar Ali Khan was 'Bakshi' in the court of Niza.
 Secundar Jah succeeded the Nizam conspired with Mir Alam and opposed their
marriage, and due to a revengeful attitude for having suppressed a mutiny against his
father, wrote a letter to Governor Lord Dalhousie against Kirk Patrick.
 While on way to Bengal to give a reply Kirk Patrick died. The two sons born to the
couple were taken away to London by the brother Kirk Patrick Qairunnisa and lived in
grief.
Mah Laq Bai Chanda
 Mah Laqa Bai Chanda was a woman of both external and internal beauty. She was not
only a great dancer of Nizam's court but also was appointed as Omarah (the highest
nobility). She was a Tawaif who got fame in Deccan with the pen name "Takhallus'.
 She was the first Urdu poetess in the country.
 Her poetry was published in the form of a compilation of Ghazals named 'Gulzar-e-
Mahlagha After her death.
 A manuscript containing 125 Ghazals written by her is preserved at the British
Museum, London.
 She built an Ashur khana, Chowdi, Nakkar Khana and Dalan with a sum of one lakh
rupees at the time of death of her mother.
 The other structures built by her were:
1. Mah Laqa Masjid, Baitul Aleef
2. Matakari is the institution where the helpless are kept during their final days
3. Baradari for Sufi saint Tara Shah.
 She built Dalan at the holy Maula Ali for pilgrimage.
 She studied in Madur-ul-Maham Primary School and Asafia from Nawab
Ruknuddoula.
 Together with fine arts, she learnt horse-riding, archery, and warfare techniques. At the
age of 15 years she took part in the battles/wars along with Asaf]ha-II.
 Due to her devotion to Dhrupad, Khayyal, Tassa forms of music she became
famous.She lived in 'khaasaa-mahal'!.

 There hundreds of Khadims' wrote books working under her. Mahalakha's estate spread
to areas like Samadpalli, Chandarguda, Alibag, Moula Ali, Adikmet and other areas.
 Mahalakha had a charitable disposition. She used to spend liberally for 'Khat Darshan
Mela Gyaravi Sharif.
 She used to organize Muharram, Jafna- e-Haidari for a duration of six months, She used
to throw big feasts for visiting poets, seers and artistes.
 Sheprepared a group of people to write the history of Deccan. She not only provided
financial assistance to writers and poets but also shelter. She was not merely an artist
but a highly educated person.
 Audience Used to stand up as a mark of respect whenever she entered a 'Mehafil' or
'Mushaira' along with 'Saajindaas (instrumentalists).
 Due to the famine of 1824 in Hyderabad, she was afflicted with contagious disease and
she died in 1824.
 The social and financial position of women during this period was very low. There was
no respect or dignity for women. In the village most women worked as agricultural
labor.
 Working in the landlord's fields was a herculean task. There were no wages. Workers
were not treated even as fellow human beings. Nobody had the courage to confront the
landlords, Deshmukhs and Deshpandes.
 In towns, women worked mostly in the houses of rulers, Nawabs and Government
officers. Working hours were not fixed for them. There were no fixed wages. Their fate
was hanging on the kindness of their masters such as the family head, rulers and
Nawabs.
 For that reason these servants were living in a state of perpetual fear and devotion to
masters. There was slavery in the Harijan families. Landlords used to be carried in
palanquins by the Boyas, Bestas, etc. There were no wages for work done and hence
these people were living in terrible poverty.
Begum Sugra Humayun Mirza
 She was born in December 1884 at Hyderabad. Her father Dr Safdar Ali Mirza, a
Turkish national, served as a Captain- Surgeon in Nizam's army. (He migrated to
Hyderabad during the rule of Nizam Ali Khan)
 She was married to a barrister named Syed Humayun Mirza. She founded Anjuman-e-
khawateen-e-Deccan in 1912 along with Begum Khedive Jung and served as its General
Secretary for 3 years. Sugra Humayun Begum also established two high schools for
girls.
 In 1912, some Hindu educated women established a society and honored her. She was
elected as an honorary member of the Textbooks Committee in 1920. In 1923, she was
also elected as an honorary member of the Indian branch of International Congress
Moral Education (London).

 She donated her land at Masab tank for the establishment of Safdaria Girls high school.
Now the school has been providing education to1000 students.
Tyaba Begum Sahiba Bilgrami
 She was the daughter of Syed Hussain. She obtained B.A. Degree from Madras
University in 1910.
 She was the first Muslim woman graduate.
 She was married to Dr. Mirza Karim Khan, who was popular as Nawab Khedive Jung
Bahadur in 1896.
Sarojini Naidu
 She was born on 13 February 1879 (Bengalee)
 Father- Aghoranath Chattopadhyaya
 Husband- Dr. Mutyala Govindaiah (Marriage in 1898)
 Sarojini Naidu was the Empress of Indian English Literature. She was famous As Bul-
Bul- Hindu (Nightingale of India),. Sarojini Naidu wrote a Persian alay "Meher
Muneer'. (The 6h Nizam Mir Mahbub Ali Khan was impressed by So, the Nizam
granted her scholarship in 1895 to travel in first class and pursue higher education in
foreign countries.
 She had been taken under the wing of Miss Manning, who helped Indian students in
London. She studied at Girton College, Cambridge. Later, she studied in Italy and
Switzerland also.
 The Bird of Time is the most famous writing of Sarojini Naidu. The collection of poems
written by her in 1905- The Golden Threshold
 She endeavored for Hindu Muslim Unity. Sarojini Naidu participated in the National
movement. She was actively involved in the movement against the partition of Bengal
in 1905.
 She described in the poem "Tears of Asaf the sadness felt by Mir Mahbub Ali Khan
after watching the suffering of his people due to Musi floods in 1908. She relentlessly
fought against the practices of Purdah and Child marriages.
 Sarojini Naidu delivered a speech at the 1913 Bombay Congress addressing the Muslim
community. She went to London as a representative of All- India Home Rule League
for the political advancement of women.
 She attended the second session of Round table conference held at London along with
Gandhiji In 1917, Sarojini Naidu took part in the foundation of the Women Indian
Association.
 She was the President of the INC session held at Kanpur in 1925. In 1929, she presided
over the East African Indian Congress meeting held in South Africa. She actively took
part in Salt Satyagraha in 1930 and attended the second session of Round table
conference held in 193lat London along with Gandhiji and Madan Mohan Malavya.

 The British government conferred the title 'Kaiser- e-Hind' for the services rendered by
her during the outbreak of Plague disease. After Independence, Sarojini Naidu became
the Governor of West Bengal as the First Woman Governor in India.
 The residence of Sarojini Naidu at Hyderabad is famous by the name 'The Golden
Threshold', Her residence stands as a symbol of Hindu- Muslim unity.
Women Of The 20th Century

 The British had no direct authority over Hyderabad. In these circumstances, some
literate women of the Nizam kingdom, due to the sermonizing by educated men tried
to remove some restrictions on women's education. As a result there was improvement
on the women's education front. Progress achieved by Salar Jang continued during the
times of the Sixth and Seventh Nizam resulting in financial stability. In 1907 during the
rule of Sixth Nizam a Janana School was started for Muslim giris.This started working
from 1909 wards 79 schools were established by the year 1930.
 Due to the spread of education, social reform in Muslim society gained momentum.
Men also did their bit to make their women educated. They started many journals for
women's development. Syed Mumtaz Ali and his wife Mohammadi Begum started a
paper "Tahajib-un-Nisan' (civilized woman) in 1898, Sheik Abdullah Hadis and his
wife Jahana Begum started a paper Khatoon (Lady) in Aligarh in 1904. In Deccan
Soughra Humayun Mirza did a lot for women education, She edited many magazines.
These magazines tried to spread good thoughts among ladies.
 Elite ladies with support from their husbands could start several organizations
particularly among muslims, Magazines worked like backbones and tongues to these
organizations. Anjuman-E-Khavaatin- E-Islam (Group of Muslim women) got
recognition because of the magazines. Talim-E-Nissan (Women Education) paper
published writer Noorani Begum Sahiba's article on bringing up children.
 Safdaria school was started in 1934 by Sowghra Humayamn Mirza in Urdu medium at
Masab Tank. Another prominent lady was Mehmooda Begum Sahiba. Her husband
Khadil Nawaz was a higher official in Nizam's army. He had the title 'Jung Bahadur'.
Due to the efforts of all these there was development in women education. Dr. Alma
Latifsaw to it that women education run smoothly by creating the post of an Inspecting
officer for the girl's schools. The Sixth Nizam Mahaboob Ali Khan tried to change the
position of women's education in the 19th century.
 Mir Osman Ali Khan during his 25 years of rule took a great deal of interest in women's
education. As a result 677 primary, 28 middle, and 4 special training Schools were
established. In 1938 the Board of Secondary Education introduced for women a new
syllabus. These were: Cleanliness, nutritious food, cooking, stitching, first-aid, nursing,
child welfare, laundry etc. - and named it as Domestic Science. People belonging to
Maratha region like Vaman Rao, Vinayak Rao Koratkar etc. worked for women's
education. As a result Vivek Vardhini Girls School, Savitri Girls School, Arya Kanya

School were started and provided education to Marathis and Hyderabadis. Rajabahadur
Venkat Rama Reddy started a Hostel for girls and many girls could be found there.
 Madapati Hanumantha Rao struggled alone for women education and started a Girls
School in Narayanaguda. Sangem Laxmibai went to Guntur and studied in the School
run by the Unnava couple. Leadership qualities among women sprouted due to the
program of Andhra Mahila Sabha. Padmaja Naidu started the Swadeshi League to
protest against arbitrary British rule. During this time the woman to start the first
Satyagraha in the town was Jnana Kumari Heda. She was the lone Satyagrahi from
Hyderabad State. Arutla Kamala Devi participated in the independence movement.
Prominent social worker was T. She was president of the Second Andhra Mahila Sabha.
She was a specialist in women's health. She started Women Health Education Parishad.
She pointed out that the Purdah system had to be abolished and the marriage system
should be introduced among prostitutes (Joginis).
 Chatrati Narasamma was another lady participating in the Andhra Movement. She
donated her texts along with the bookshelf to Madapati Hanumantha Rao. Though her
own place was in Godavari district, Nadimaplli Sundaramma settled in Hyderabad and
fought against the evil practices in society. Under encouragement from Margaret
Ikajıms, an organization with the name. 'The Women Association for Education and
Social Advancement' started in 1922. "Hyderabad Streela Sabha' was formed with 300
members.
Roop Khanpet Ratnamma
 She is the first poetess of the modern period. Satakam written by her are-
Venkataramana Shatakam, Srinivasa Shatakamu.
 Ratnamma propagated the Gandhian principles through her writings and established a
hostel for widows.
 Books - Balabodha, Shivakumara Vijayam, Dashavatara Varnana
Yellapragada Sitakumari
 She was a poetess, social reformer and a founder of Andhra Yuvathi Mandali. She
presided over the following Andhra Mahila Sabha meetings: 3rd Andhra Mahila Sabha
held at Khammam in 1934;10th Andhra Mahila Sabha held at Hyderabad in 1943. She
was elected as a member of Legislative Assembly ofAndhra Pradesh in 1957.
 Writings - Ujjwala Naari, Kodi Kumpati, Telivaina Ghattam
 Plays - Manchukondallo Mahila, Nenu Maa Baapu, Kulamaa Premaa
Illandula Sarawathi Devi
 Saraswathi Devi was one of the founders of Andhra Yuvathi Mandali (1935)
 Writings: Tejomurtula, Swarna Kamalaalu, Jathi Ratnalu, Naaree Jagatthu
Nandagiri Indira Devi
 She presided over the Nizamabad meeting of Andhra Mahila Sabha in 1937. Indira Devi
was a poetess from Hanamkonda.
 Writings - Ghoshanapatra, Adrushta Sikharam, Premamayi, Perulu- Daarulu (Essays)

Somaraju Indira Devi (Hanamkonda)
 Writings: Shakuntala and Ramayana poems
 The literary work of Parsa Janaki - Nilinda Street
Princess Durru Shehvar
 Princess Durru Shehvar was the daughter of Abdulmejid II of the Ottoman dynasty, the
last heir apparent to the Ottoman Imperial throne. He was the last Caliph of the Ottoman
Caliphate. She was married to Prince Azam Jah Bahadur, the elder son of the 7h Nizam,
Mir Osman Ali Khan. So she became the queen of Berar.
 In 1904, she started the first Airport in Hyderabad and Osmania hospital. She founded
Durru Shehvar Children and General Hospital and Princess Durru Shehvar Girls
School. She started Aligarh Muslim University. She founded Nizam Silver Jubilee
Museum in 2004.
Niloufer
 Princess Niloufer Farhat Begum Sahiba was the second daughter in law of 7h Nizam
Mir Osman Ali Khan.
 The marriage of Prince Moazzam and Niloufer took place in Nice, in France on 12
November 1931.
 She was very generous. She was deeply moved by the death of her servant at the time
of delivery.
 So, she founded a hospital in Red hills for Women and children after consulting with
the Nizam.
Tehmina Bai Dhage
 She was born in a middle class Parsi family as Tehmina Ferozeshah Mehta on 18 June
1910. Tehmínabai secured B.A Degree from Aligarh University. She learned Urdu from
Venkat Krishnaji Dhage.
 She fell in love with his tutor. Her father opposed their marriage. She married Krishnají
Dhage after he became a Chartered Accountant.
 The couple founded Hyderabad Children's Aid Society in 1950. In 1955, they founded
an orphanage named Radha Kishan Homes with their own money.
 Later, Tehminabai established Radha Kishan Girls Home for orphan girls. She took
care of these organizations until she passed away in 1990.
Masuma Begum (1901- 1990)
 Masuma Begum was born to the couple Bilgrami and Dr Khadil Jung on 7 October
1901 in Hyderabad She was the first woman graduate in the Nizam period, when
women usually didn't come out of their houses. The All India Women's Conference was
established in 1927.
 She served as the President of All India Women's Conference from 1962 to 1964. She
was recognized as the first Woman minister of India (In Hyderabad state also, she was
the first woman to serve as a Minister).

 Masuma Begum visited Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Geneva as the head of a group from
Indía. She established Anjuman-e- Khawateen for poor children. The Government of
India honored her with the PadmaShri award for her social service.
Premalatha Gupta
 Premalatha Gupta started the Training Social Welfare Workers' Scheme in Hyderabad.
She served as the President of the Family Planning department of Andhra Pradesh.
 Later, she also served as the Vice President of the Family Planning department of India.
Sangem Lakshmi Bai
 She was born in 1911 at Ghatkesar in Rangareddy district.
 Parents- Donthala Ramaiah, Seethamma, Sangam Lakshmi Bai was the only woman
born in Telangana rural society who was imprisoned for participating in the National
movement. She was one of the first generation graduates of Telangana.
 She obtained Diploma and B.A Degree from Madras Arts School. She participated in
Salt Satyagraha during 1930-32 along with Durgabai Deshmukh, and was imprisoned
by the British at Rayavellore prison until 1933.
 The book written by her was- Naa Jailu Gnaapakaalu- Anubhavaalu. She also took part
in the movement against the Simon commission in 1928.
 She founded an orphanage named Indira Seva Sadan at Santosh Nagar in Hyderabad
along with Indira, the daughter of Burgula Ramkrishna Rao.
 She actively participated in Telangana Armed Struggle and 1969 Separate Telangana
agitation.
Constant Gibbs (1900-1984)
 Gibbs who joined the Hyderabad education service endeavored for women's education.

She ran Karuna Garden School for the women.
 She served as Secretary and Treasurer of Lady Hydari Club for more than 40 Years.
Gibbs was one of the members of Osmania University College for Women.
ASSOCIATIONS
 First Women association in Hyderabad- Bharatiya Mahila Samajam (1917) (Founder-
Sitabai)
 In 1922, an organization named The Women's Association for Educational & Social
Advancement was founded with the support of Margaret lIkgyms. It worked in
association with All India Women's Association'.
 Andhra Sodari Samaj in Hyderabad in 1925 was founded by 'Nadimpalli Sundaramma'.
Yamini Purnathilakam established Yuvathi Saranyalayam in 1922.
 Andhra Mahila Sabha was established by Durgabai Deshmukh and others in 1930.
Bharata Mahila Samajam

 This was established in 1907.
 The first women society ofHyderabad was Bharata Mahila Samajam.
 It started in the house of famous Social reformer Ravichettu Lakshmi Narasamma. It
worked for the development of women for one year.
Hyderabad Women's Social Development Associations
 Margaret's sisters came to Hyderabad in 1916. Amina Begum Hyderi, Rustumji,
Phardum, and Sarojini Naidu founded 'Hyderabad women's Social Development
Associations'.
 The Association founded in Hyderabad was a subsidiary of Akhila Bharata Mahila
Samakhya'.
Andhra Sodari Samajam
 Founder- Nadimpalli Sundaramma
 In 1925 'Andhra Sodari Samajam' by Nadimpalli Sundaramma, Pandita Veera
Raghavamma, and Chatrati Lakshmi Narsamma in Hyderabad.
 A Magazine 'Savitri' was being published by this organization.
Yuvathi Saranalayam
 Yuvati Saranyalayam was started by Yamini Purna Tilakam in 1922.
 This worked mainly for the uplift of women victims of society and prostitutes by
providing asylum to them.
Andhra Mahila Sabha
 Andhra Mahila Sabha formed in 1930 as a part of Andhra Maha Sabha organized nearly
13 meetings. In every meeting they discussed women issues and made decisions.
Andhra Yuvathi Mandali
 Andhra Yuvati Mandali was established in Hyderabad in 1935. By Yellapragada
Seetakumari and Illandala Saraswati Devi.
 Afterwards this was improved by Burgula Anantalakshmi, and Obulreddy Rangamma.
 These societies and organizations exerted to remove the bad practices, to change the
social condition of women, , and financial condition of women, and for development
of education and general development of women.
SOCIAL SYSTEMS AND CONDITIONS

DURING NIZAMS
Social system and conditions during Nizam period
 The Princely state of Hyderabad was unique among the Princely states of Indía. The
rulers were Muslims and majority of the subjects were Hindus, But the people of all
castes and communities harmoniously lived together and were a perfect example of

Ganga Jamuni Tehzeeb'. People of various castes migrated from North India, Marathis,
Kannadigas and Christians along with Hindus and Muslims lived in the state of
Hyderabad.
 According to Census 1881,the total population consisted of 90.32% Hindus, 9.40%
Muslims, 0.09% Christians, 0.08% Jains, 0,006% Parsis, 0.0031% Sikhs and 47 Jews.
According to the census, Hlindus spread in Hyderabad State in North and South
Regions. The 1911 census revealed reduction in Hindu population and growth of
Muslim population. Majority of population in villages were Hindus,
 There were caste differences in Hindus and sect differences in Muslims. It was said that
the people were measured with wealth in Europe and with caste in Deccan society.
People had social status based on their castes. Initially, Hindu society was classified
into four divisions namely Brahmins, Kshyatriyas, Vyshyas and Shudras. Later they
were divided into hundreds of castes.
Brahmins
 They were the highest class in the society, They were divided into Dravída and Gowda.
Based on their religious traditions, they were divided into Vaishnavas and Smarthas.
Vaishnavas worship Lord Vishnu and Smarthas worship Lord Shiva.
 Based on their occupation, they were further classified into Vaidika and Niyogi
Brahmins. Viadika Brahmins perform religious prayers and rituals. They are treated as
next to God.
 They mainly serve as Priests in temples. Niyogi Brahmins gave up caste occupation
and joined the army, took up farming and business. Some of them served as Karanams
when the East India Company introduced a new political system in India and became
powerful.
Kshatriyas
 They occupied the second highest position in the Hindu society.
 They wear sacred thread (Jandhyam) like the Brahmins and their women follow the
Purdah system.
 They kept themselves away from dining with other castes. There are three sections in
them.
1. Surya Vamsam
2. Chandra Vamsam
3. Matsya Vamsam.
 Gradually they gave up fighting skills and started agriculture.
Vysyas
 They formed the third section of the Hindu society. Trade and business is their main
occupation.
 The Komatlu in Andhra were called as Vyshyas. Some sudras who do business also
claimed themselves as Vyshyas. They made many donations to keep their name forever.

 There were many castes in Hindus Along with the fourfold division of the society, many
castes and sub castes were formed. Primarily their occupations became their castes.
There were many castes related to various occupations.
Balothadarlu
 Balothadarlu resided in every village.
 They were village servants. Grama sevaka- Jyoshi or Purohit Hudu, Mulla, Vadrangi,
Kammari, Kamsali, Kummari, Chakali, Mangali, Madiga, Mala. Karanam and Patel
were also village servants. All of them had Inam lands.
 They depended on these lands and provided services to the people according to their
profession.
 Based on the production from these lands, Landlords gave Balotha Dhanyam to all
Balothadars. Some big Balothadars like Vadla, Kammari and Magida should get more
grain than the others.
 Harijans were considered as honest persons. Harijans, Mangali and Chakali were
appointed as Balothadarlu. Harijans took Sarkari money from the village and deposited
it in the Tahsildar's treasury.
Muslims
 They came in the 14th century. There are two sects in Muslims namely the Sunnis and
Shias.
 They migrated from other countries to join the service of Nizam. They included
Iranians, Turranians, Turkish, Persians and Arabs. Some of them were Muslims,
Rohillas and Pathans from North India. All of them mingled with the local society.
 They mainly served in the army. Persians were considered superior.Indo- Persian
branch was called Deccan branch. They were involved in administration and trade.
 They ate non-vegetarian food and drank wine. Some of them were money lenders. The
migrated Muslims from foreign countries were called Afaquis and the local Muslims
were called Dakhanis. Dudekula:They were converted from Hinduism to Islam. They
spoke Telugu.
 They came to India from England (British), Netherland (Dutch), France (French) and
Portugal (Portuguese), Denmark (Danes) countries as traders. They started trading
centers at Machilipatnam, Yanam, Ganjam, Narsapuram, Kakinada and other locations.
Europeans
 Luso Indians :They were a mixed I breed of Portuguese and Dakhanis.
 The Princely state of Hyderabad was larger than other Princely states in India and had
a unique place among them.
 As the majority of the people were poor, they lost their rights and were exploited.
Note : Most of the Castes mentioned above are in existence in society today.

SOCIAL EVILS IN TELANGANA
 The oppressed classes are the most affected sections in the society due to social evils.
The social evils prevalent in Telan gana like Vetti, Bagela, Illiteracy, Child marriages,
Polygamy, bowy
 Kanyashulkam ,Aadapapa, Purdah, Jogini and Prostitution damaged the society from
inside like termites.
Vetti
 Vetti is a form of forced labor system without any remuneration. It was present in the
entire Telangana during the Nizam period. One person from every Harijan family had
to be allotted for Vetti.
1. Working in the houses of Patel, Patwari, Mali Patel, Karanam and Deshamukh.
2. Carrying reports to Police stations and Taluk offices and serving the officials when
they visit the village.
 Collecting wood from nearby forest and delivering post.
 The Harijan cobblers were not paid by the landlords when they prepared footwear for
them. They were only paid by the peasants.
 The people of backward classes like Boyas, Bestas and Rajakas had to carry the
palanquins of the landlord's family members without any remuneration. Toddytappers
had to supply toddy to the families of landlords free of charge by allotting them five to
ten palm trees exclusively for them.
 The people of backward classes were exploited and tortured by the landlords in many
ways.
 The most inhuman thing which existed in Telangana as in the form of Vetti was keeping
the slave girls and sending them with their bride daughters. The duty of these slave girls
was to act as concubines of the landlords. They had to meet the sexual desires of the
guests of the landlords.
 Vetti had another perspective. The Nizam's government recognized some classes ak
Balothadars,. t provided inam lands in lieu of their services to the villagers.
 The landlords gradually occupied their lands and the services of Balothadars were
transformed into vetti. These people were very unfortunate in Telangana society,
Washermen, barbers, potters, carpenters, blacksmiths and Dalit sections were forced to
do vetti.
 They had to serve the officials of Police, Revenue, Forest and excise departments
without any remuneration. Whenever these officials arranged camps in the villages,
they also had to send the women from their families to serve them physically also.
 In this manner, the system of Vetti downgraded the life of backward classes in
Telangana and pushed them into slavery.
 The exploitation by the Jagirdars, Paigahs and rulers of estates is evident by the forcible
collection of more than ten crore rupees in the form of land revenue from the peasants.

 The Jagirdars, Deshmukhs and landlords continued their looting with the support of
corrupt officials. Visunuri Rafnachandra Reddy, the Deshmukh of Janągafna in
Nalgonda district forcibly occupied the lands of tenants and farmers. He also forced the
people of 40 villages to do Vetti.
 Telangana armed struggle started in 1946 against his atrocities.
First Andhra Mahasabha
 (Jogipeta meeting- 1930) demanded the abolition ofVetti by passing its 16th resolution.
Sixth Andhra Mahasabha
 Nizamabad (1937) In this meeting, the 6h resolution proposed by K.V. Ranga Reddy
demanded the abolition of the Vetti system.
Ninth Andhra Mahasabha
 (Dharmavaram - Warangal 1942) President: Madiraju Ramakotewara Rao
 M.S.Rajalingam described the Vetti system and the pathetic conditions in his
autobiography. The miseries caused by Vetti were described in Pajala Manishi and
Gangu written by Vattikota Alwar Swami, Chillara Devullu written by Dasarathi
Rangacharya and Mrutyu Needalu authored by Bollimuntha Sivaramakrishna.
 Vetti was practiced even in factories, shops and the houses of the rich. The system of
Vetti isa remnant of the Zamindari system. It can be compared with the Jajmani system
of olden days.
 In the system of Vetti, people of 12 castes provided services to the landlords. They were
paid Tegam once in a year for their service, The Nizam who strived for the eradication
of Vetti was- Mir Osman Ali Khan. MirOsman Ali Khan issued a farman on 20 March
1923 abolishing the Vetti system. But it was not implemented. The Vetti system was
stopped due to Naxalite movement. It is called as Bhagela system in Telangana.
Measures taken by the Government :
 Article 23- Prohibition of bonded labor like Vetti
 Article 24- Prohibition of employment of children below 14 years
 Article 21- Right to life
 Bonded Labour System (Abolition) act, 1976
Bhagela
 The farmers were unable to pay heavy taxes imposed by the Jagirdars and Zamindars
and became slaves (Bhagela) of them. Bagels were generally farming slaves.
 This Bhagela system was in practice in Nalgonda, Warangal districts ofTelangana.
 The Bhagelas became the slaves of the landlord for not repaying the debt. They worked
in the house or agricultural lands or cattle sheds of the landlords.
 Their debt was not repaid even though they work day and night. Instead, it was
increased with compound interest. If the unpaid Bhagela got married, his wife also
became a Bhagela.

 Their children also became the slaves of the landlord. To check this system, Nizam's
government introduced the Hyderabad Bhagela Agreements Regulation in 1935.
Begar
 This system was also similar to the Bhagela. It was prevalent in villages, towns and
cities in those days. Beggars were subjected to exploitation without any payment.
 They were also not paid the sum fixed by the Government. A government officer named
Nawab ntiyaz Jung described the conditions of the Beggar labor in his report and
mentioned that they worked without a rest of even two seconds.
 Mir Osman Ali Khan issued farmans in 1911 abolishing the system of Begar. They
failed to bring change. So the Nizam again issued a firman in 1922 stating that,
 Beggars should be paid wages, women should not be forced to do vetti and the men
should be paid.
 12 seers of grain, women should be paid 8 seers of grain and children should be paid6
seers of grain for their services.
 And children less than 10 years of age should not be forced to Begar.
 When the Hyderabad state was annexed to India in 1948, the government of India
abolished the system of Begar.
Polygyny
 Women were discriminated not only in the Nizam's rule but also in entire India.
 Mainly in a feudal society like Hyderabad, the rulers, nobility, nawabs, zamindars and
many others had many wives as a symbol of their status. Muslim Sahriyat allows four
wives.
 Influenced by it, higher sections in Hindus also resorted to polygyny,.
 But it was reduced in the 20th century by the efforts of social reformers, organizations
and the government of India.
Dowry and Kanyashulkam (Bride price)
 Hindu laws didn't provide property rights to women. Kanyashulkam and Varakatnam
were practiced. During the mariage.
 Kanyasulkam means paying of price to the parents of the bride. Dowry involves giving
of money and property to the bridegroom's family. Dowry was widely practiced in
Telangana region more than Kanyashulkam.
 Dowry was given in the form of cash and property The practice of dowry was very high
in Reddy and Velama castes in Telangana.
 This evil practice is still prevalent in the society even after the efforts of reformers and
enactment of laws and modified its name as Social status.
Aadapapa
 It was a system of keeping the slave girls and sending them with their bride daughters
by Jagirdars and Zamindars.
 The girls of lower castes were made aadpapa.
 They served as bonded labor in the homes of Reddy, Velama. Đeshmukhs and
Deshpandes.
 The duty of these slave girls was to act as concubines of the landlords and was sent
along with their bride daughters.
 They had to meet the sexual desires of the landlord's in- laws.
 The aadapapas remained unmarried throughout their lives and their daughters were also
made as aadapapas.
Courtesans (Concubines)
 This evil practice was prevalent during the reign of Nizam. The wealthy and upper
classes like nawabs and nobility maintained women artists for their entertainment.
 They were called asTawaif. They entertained men with their songs and dance. The
wealthy and the nobility felt visiting Tawaifs as a status symbol. Asaf jahis established
offiçes named Daftar-e-nishan kanchen ka cheri for the Tawaifs. These offices were
supervised by Mamaşharifa.
 They were paid monthly salaries from Nizam. Their number was dependent on the
Nawab. These dancers later became concubines and prostitutes. Tawaif was not present
in Andhra region. It was confined only to Telangana.
Purdah System
 The Purdah is a very old custom. It did not originate in our country. It entered North
India along with the Muslims and came to Telangana Cey.
 Muslim women and Rajput women wear Purdah to avoid being Seen by men who are
not related to them. The custom of Purdah entered Telangana society during the Qutb
Shahi period.
 It continued in the Asaf jahi period also. Hindu women also wore Purdah with the
influence of Muslim women.
 Mainly the women of noble Hindu families wore Purdah. They disappeared gradually
in Hindu families and women in traditional Muslim families are still wearing it
JOGINI SYSTEM
 From ancient times, women have been dedicated to the Gods. According to Herodotus,
women were dedicated to Mylitta temple in the ancient Babylonian civilization.
 In India, the system of Jogini gradually settled in the kingdoms which had the influence
of the Veerashaiva sect.
 Historians believe that the system of Jogini in the name ofYogini prevailed in Jain
tradition during the Rashtrakuta and Chalukya dynasties which ruled Telangana and
Karnataka regions between A.D 7 to 9tu centuries.

 Historical evidence reveals that the system of Jogini settled in the society when
Virashaivism was strongly established during the period of Kakatiyas and Hoyasalas
who ruled Karnataka and Telangana regions between A.D 9h to 13th centuries.
 During the Mauryan period, women proficient in 64 arts competed to win the title of
Nagara Vadhu and the women who got selected as Nagara Vadhu lived a very luxurious
life.
 They served as the royal courtesans. The famous dancer Amrapali was selected as
Nagara Vadhu during that period.
 Jogimara inscription of 3rd century AD found in Jogimara cave in Chattisgarh
mentioned about the Devadasi system. The book Hindu Manners, Customs and
Ceremonies written by a French missionary describes that the system of Jogini was
present during the reign of Kakatiyas and Reddyrajus.
 This system belongs to the Veerashaiva sect. It mainly involves the dedication of a girl
to a male God. It is an evil practice. It is a Dravidian and low class customary.
 It is an issue of Dalits, women and humanity. The term Jogini has the meanings of
Gudisetudi, Jaarangi and Prostitute. It is a sexual activity in the guise of religion.
 It is a brutal custom that leaves a girl in the name of God. It is a remnant of the feudal
system. After the decline of the Kakatiya kingdom, the Jogini system creptin united
Andhra Pradesh state from the Basavirandra system in Karnataka. Joginis are called
a"Parvathi' in Karimnagar district.
Note:
1. The district in Telangana that never had the system of Jogini in- Khammam
(According to older districts)
2. Hemalatha Layánam did research on the Jogini system in Telangana.
Devadasi System
 The custom of Devadasis came into existence in Telangana with the strengthening of
Vaishnavism during the Qutbshahi rule.
 Historical evidence reveals that it existed in Tamilnadu in the beginning of middle ages.
This system belongs to Vaishnavism.
 It is a social evil. It is a problem of women and humanity. It is a culture of upper castes
and Aryan culture. The Devadasi is a Sanskrit term which means a woman servant of
God.
 According to this edition, a woman in every generation of a family is married to God.
The practice of dedication of women to God is called Theogamy. Devadasis were
experts in art and literature.
 They sing and dance for God. The dance performed by them is called Nattuva Melam,
Darbar aata, Kacheri aata. Sadar and Chinna melam. The system ofDevadasi is spread
throughout India.

 Matriarchy is followed in this tradition Daughter is the successor of mother. The
Muslimwomen in the Devadasi system are called Achyutis. Jf they are married to
Quran, they are called as(bibi.,
 Devadasis were classified into four divisions. They were:
 Those who perform prostitution
 Royal dancers in the courts of Kings
 Dedicated to the service of God
 Those who became female artists after the enactment of Prohibition of Devadasi act.
 Narayana Swami, Kalakrishna and Gadiyaram Ramakrishna Sharma did research on
the Devadasi system in Telangana.
 Bhagya Reddy varma established Manya Sangham to eradicate the practice of Devadasi
and Joginis. Measures taken by the Government against the Devadasi system:
 Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act1991) Prevention of dedication of Women act
/930.
 Justice Raghunath Rao Commission:
1. It was appointed by Kiran Kumar Reddy government.
2. According to the report of this commission, the number of Devadasis was highest in
the districts of Karimnagar and Nizamabad.
LANDLORDS, ARISTOCRATS
Estates (Samsthanas)
 The regions that were ruled by small Hịdu rulers subordinate to the Nizam government
were called as estates. The rulers of the estates (Sansthanadheeras) collected land
revenue every year from the lands in the estate and paid to the Nizam in the form of
Peshkash.
Important estates among the 14 estates in Nizam state were:
 Jataprolu
 Wanaparthy
 Gadwala
 Amarachinta
 Palwancha
Gadis Deshmukhs
 This word is limited to Telangana only. Gadi in Marathi means a fort built with lime
mortar. Dora and his family would set court in the Gadi Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao
wrote about the lifestyle of the Doras. Dora's daily routine was very systematic.
 Every Dora was having a grand horse, riding that horse was an indication of the position
of the Dora. Most of the Doras behaved very cruelly and harassed people and plundered
them in many ways. For eg: Visunuru Dora Ramachandra Reddy, Kanthatmakoor Dora

Pingali Venkatarama Reddy and such put the people of their Jagir to uter brutality.
These were very good Doras too.
 Good Doras according to Mandumula Narasinea Rao: 1. Nawab Salar Jung 2. Maharaja
Kishen Pershad 3. Nawab Qamil Jung
 Main reason for the bad behavior of Doras in Telangana – Illiteracy of Telangana
people then. Because of illiteracy, there was tardiness in social change.
 Because of illiteracy only immense power was concentrated in Patels and Patwaris.
With the help of these Patels and Patwaris the Doras looted the lands and properties.
95% among Deshmukh were Reddys. 95% among Deshpande's were Brahams.
 Illiterate people would consider whatever is said by the Karanam as the Vedam. That
way Karanam, Patel, Patwari, Deshmukh and Deshpandes looted the emaciated
Telangana farmer class.
Visunnuru Gadi
 Vishnuru god is there in Telangana Taluk, Visunuru Deshmukh - Rapaka Ramachandra
Reddy construction of Visunuru gadi - Between 1935-36.
Repaka Venkata Ramachandra Reddy
 Father - Kona Reddy Mother - Janakamma janakamma used to live in kadavendi, she
became notorious indulging in many bad deeds. One born totally after her - Rapaka
Venkata Ramachandra Reddy He was having a single wife. Never had habits like
smoking or drinking. Everyday would perform Shakti worship. Though having good
qualities personally, used to behave very cruelly when exploiting basavaraju. Right
hand of Ramachandra Reddy (Trusted lieutenant) - Babu Dora (His son).
Struggle of Chakali Ilamma:
 Chakali Ailamma used to provide shelter to the members of the Sangham (Union). Not
happy with that., Visunuru Dora tried to capture the crop in her land. ChakaliA
Ailamma accosted Dora and fought many sangaham members who helped Ailamma in
the fight.
Doddi Komurayya:
 Dora's mother janakamma lived in kadavendi village. Goondas of Dora indulged in
firing.
 Komurayya was attending to it and was shot through his stomach. All the incidents that
lead to the procession were taken protesting the hegemony of Dora. A bullet pierced
Doddi Mallayya's thigh.
 Telangana Armed Struggle of the Farmers mainly occurred in only Visunuru
Deshmukh's taluk.
Kanthatmakoor gadi
 Zamindar of kanthatmakoor - Pingali Pratapa Reddy. Built a spacious building in
kantathmakur on 12 acres of land. The construction was to a large extent by bonded
labor. He collected extra taxes by auctioning Toddy trees of all the villages in Parkal

and Huzurabad talukas. He took control of all the p0or farmers through extra interest
(Nagu). Punishments to those who do not pay tax and Nagu interest
 Bending and placing stones on the back
 Tying hair in pairs and punishing
 His officer who takes fingerprints on blank papers and creates false documents -Vadla
Peddanna For those carrying Butter milk pots to the servants of Dora in other villages,
there would be concussions on the head because of the burden. Subjecting those who
defy, to many hard punishments, he would implicate them in false litigations, and
isolate them. Person accused of theft in Vadla Paddanna and punished - Danamallu.
They pierced Danamallu's hands with glass pieces, Dora made Jawans jump on her
hands and enjoyed the scene in a demonic fashion. Situations of Adapapas in Dora's
gadi was more than pathetic
Kalleda Gadi
 Kalleda Gadi is situated in Parvathagiri mandal (Warangal Zilla) founder of the clan -
Errabelli Veera Raghava Rao, There were three sons to Veera Raghava Rao. After him,
son Errabelli Venkateswra Rao took the position of Dora. Gadi was built by Errabelli
Venkateswra Rao in 1936. It was built in an area of 7 acres. There were 76 rooms in it.
 Though Doras were synonymous with the feudal system, the Gadi Doras never showed
any discrimination between castes and religions. A Venkateswara Temple and Ellamma
Temple were built in Kalleda for all classes of people. After the Samsthanam was
amalgamated there was a water purifying plant installed to supply free purified drinking
water.
 Similarly special modern lavatories were built for women and men separately. Ram
Mohan Rao, brother s So of last ruler of the Samsthanam, handed over the Gadi to Rural
development foundation ona lease of Rs.1 annually in 1996. Presently 600 students
from 1" to 10h are studying in Telugu medium. Kaleua is quoted as a center for archery
in Telugu states.
Sanjeevaraopeta Gadi
 Dajeevaraopeta Gadi is there in Narayankhed Mandal of Medak Dist. Rulers of this
Gadi belong to the social class of Brahmans. Zamindar is - Sanjeeva Rao Deshmukh.
 With sanjeevaraopeta as center they continued to rule in 50 villages. In 1910 Gadi was
built in 5 acres of land.
 Police and Tehsil administration was run from this Gadi.
 The infamy that was associated with the two syllables of Dora did not touch the Gadi,
Villagers never heard the word anarchy and they know only development.
 These Doras did a lot of good service to the people by digging tanks in their area. Since
the Gadi developed under the leadership of Sanjeeva Rao, the village was known as
Sanjeevaraopeta.
 Sanjeeva Rao Deshmukh built Highway from Hyderabad main road via Nizampet and
Nrayankhed to the village. With a view that all classes and levels of people must stay

in the village he built and gave free houses to all. Bringing people of castes absent in
the village made him settle there.
 When he came to know that Nizam was to visit the village as a part of his tour of his
state, he built a special building exclusively for him in just one month.
 Nizam's Prime Minister Maharaja Kishen Pershad used to visit this village frequently.
Razakars in the wee end of Nizam rule attacked such Gadi Doras who were propeople.
Sanjeeva Rao Deshmukh passed away in 1946. His wife Padmavathi continued
administration after his demise.
 After the Nizam ruled area was joined with the Indian Union, Doddappa, premier of
this Samsthanam was elected the first Sarpanch of the village.
Hyderabad Sepoy Revolt (1857): First war of Independence

 After the Nizam signed the Treaty of Subsidiary Alliance with the East India Company
in 1800, there were bouts of anti-British rebellions till 1857, led notably by Raja
Mahipat Ram, Mubarez-ud-Dowlah, Maulvi Alauddin, and Turrebaz Khan. Among the
noteworthy places of such uprising were Aurangabad, Udgir, Nizamabad, Raichur and
Karimnagar. Within the Nizam’s army and the Subsidiary Troops of East India
Company, men revolted against the European officers. Behind some of these rebellions
were communities such as Bhils, Holkers and Marathas.
 In 1812, the Indian sepoys in the British Residency at Hyderabad broke into an open
mutiny They tied their Commander Major Edward Gordon to the muzzle of the gun and
threatened to blow him up unless their pay and pardon were guaranteed The sepoys
stationed at Nizamabad, Nanded, Parbha- m, Berar, Sirivancha and Mahadevpura also
rose m revolt against the British Major Gordon was eventually released and the
ringleaders of the mutiny were caught and executed
 The year 1857 was a momentous year in the history of British rule in India. In the month
of June of that year the whole of Northern India was ablaze with the mutiny of sepoys.
It spread like wildfire from one military to another. Gradually the mutiny was spreading
towards the south. A rebellion or mutiny of sepoys in Hyderabad which occupies a
central position in the Deccan, would have offered a serious threat to the English in
Decaan. The rebellion of a very serious kind did not break out in Hyderabad as The
Nizam and all great nobles of his court were staunch supporters of the English. The
majority of Hindus and Muslims expected their ruler to fight the British shoulder to
shoulder along with other princes of the native states.
 The Indian Sepoys in Nizam’s army and the Subsidiary troops of East India Company
revolted against the European officers when Hyderabad Contingent’s 3rd Cavalry was
ordered to march to Delhi at Buldhana.
 Among them was Jamedar Cheeda Khan fled with 15 others to Hyderabad to bring the
fire of mutiny to the Nizam’s turf. The moment Cheeda Khan reached Hyderabad, he

was arrested by Nizam’s minister Salar Jung I who handed him over to the Resident as
he was a British soldier. He was jailed as well as tried inside the Residency building.
 On the 13th June two inflammatory placards were posted on the walls of a mosque in
the city of Hyderabad exhorting the people to rise against the British and fixing a day
for general uprising. The posters urged the Nizam to lead the revolt in the name of the
almighty Allah. if he was a coward, he may wear bangles and hide himself in his house.
A faqeer had been apprehended during the night addressing the populace and calling
on them to unite in an insurrection and that they would be joined by the ‘Bowenpally
Fauj’. The regiment referred to by faquir was suspected to be the 7th light cavalry
stationed at Secunderabad.
 In the morning of 17th July, the Resident got the information through his assistant
Thronhill that a jehad would be proclaimed against the British Government and he
communicated it to the Minister who refused to give credence to it. At noon a meeting
took place in the great Mecca Mosque where a green flag was hoisted. The crowd which
assembled there, was dispersed by the Arab soldier who had been sent by the minister
at 1 PM. At about 2 PM Muhammad Ghaus, the eldest son of Jagirdar of Toorkappally,
who was one of the staunch supporters of the British in this crisis, gave the first
information to the Resident of the outbreak of rebellion in the city.
 After a meeting at Mecca Masjid, Pathan Turrebaz led the 1857 uprising in Hyderabad
along with Maulvi Allaudin (who preached revolt in his Friday sermon), attacked the
Hyderabad Residency, the home of British rulers, with around 5,000 rebels on 17 July
1857 at 5.45 pm. About 500 Rohillas marched to the British Resident Col. Cuthbert
Davidson’s castle and took up positions in two houses belonging to money lenders
Abban Saheb and Jaigopal Das and opened fire at the Residency. Then they brought
down the walls of Azim Ali Khan’s house and tore off the hinges of the entrance near
Putli Bowli as their comrades gave covering fire from the two double-storied houses.
In spite of their spirited fight, the Rohillas failed to free Cheeda Khan. The British
troops who were led by Major S. C. Briggs opened up their artillery, kept ready by the
Resident, who was alerted by Salar Jung. The lightly armed men led by Turrebaz were
no match for the trained soldiers of Madras Horse Artillery who fired from stationary
positions from the fort. The firing went all night long and by morning, there were a few
bodies and pockmarked buildings and scared residents of Putli Bowli and Sultan Bazar.
Turrebaz Khan, who escaped then, was discovered and shot dead near Toopran; his
body was dragged back and hanged naked near the Residency building.
 Moulvi Allaudin was caught near Mangalampalli and was sentenced to deportation to
Andaman where he died in 1884. The houses of Abban Saheb and Jaigopal Das were
blown away after the mutiny. The Nizam Afzal-ud-Daula and his minister Salar Jung
received laurels from East India Company for their “unflinching support during the
troubled times and for letting down the rebels. The British Government will not forget
that it has owed to his highness the Nizam and his most able minister,” wrote Col
Davidson.

 He lost several comrades in the attack and was captured by the British-Nizam forces on
22 July 1857 to be imprisoned for life in Kala-Pani. He was sentenced to exile on the
charges of sedition, and the British rulers confiscated his property. During the execution
of the sentence imposed by the British rulers, the brave Pathan Turrebaz escaped from
prison on 18 January 1859 before being deported to Kala-Pani. By the time he ran, the
British rulers had suppressed the revolt of 1857. The Nizam government announced a
reward of five thousand rupees on him, dead or alive, on 19 January 1859. Alarmed by
this announcement, Turrebaz Khan went around secretly and attempted to attack the
British forces again. British troops and Nizam forces intensified his surveillance, who
had escaped prison.
 Finally, Turrebaz Khan was captured with help from Kurban Ali, who informed
Nizam's soldiers about the former’s whereabouts. On 24 January 1859, the British
forces received information that Turrebaz was at Tufran village in the surrounding areas
of Medak district.
 British armies and Nizam forces surrounded the area where Turrebaz Khan was staying,
and he was shot dead by the enemy soldiers on 24 January. The body of Turrebaz Khan
was moved from Tufran to Hyderabad and was chained and hanged naked in public at
the current location of Sultan Bazar Police Station in Hyderabad city. Englishmen
treated the body of Pathan Turrebaz Khan in a cruel and humiliating way.
Ramji Gond
 Ramji Gond, who hailed from the Adilabad district of Telangana, was among the most
prominent leaders of the First War of Independence in the erstwhile Hyderabad Princely
State.
 Many regions in Nizam’s domains were aflame with anti-British sentiments when the
mass insurrections broke out in 1857.
 Among these was the Adilabad district, where the resident Gond tribal community who
were unhappy with the state’s oppression and exploitation of the peasantry, and its
support of the activities of the British colonial state.
 The Gonds were joined in their endeavour by the Rohillas, who proclaimed Nana Saheb
as their leader and pledged to plunder the territory of the Nizam for allying with the
British.
 Under the leadership of Ramji Gond, the Gonds and the Rohillas kept up the joint
insurrection for almost two years.
 The British assigned a massive armed force to suppress this uprising but to no avail.
 It was only in 1860 that the rebellion was quelled after several armed clashes, in which
several people, from both sides, died. However, Ramji Gond managed to escape the
colonial pursuit and remained free.
 Though the British archival documents do not speak of Ramji’s arrest, according to the
legends preserved by the Gonds, he was arrested later, tried, and hanged.
 The tree from which he was hung is venerated even today as “Gondumarri”.

 Ramji Gond’s legendary contributions to the anti-imperialist struggle in 1857 remain
inspirational for us even to this day.
Revolt of Raja Venkatappa
 A memorable episode of the War of 1857 was the rebellion of the ruler of Shorapur,
Raja Venkatappa Naik, a vassal of the Nizam A staunch nationalist and made of heroic
mold, the Raja cherished an ambition of gaining political independence He recruited
Arabs, Rohillas and others for his army and sent emissaries to Nana Saheb Peshwa in a
bid for a co-ordinated action against the British
 The British came to know of the Raja’s activities and sent a strong contingent to
Shorapur to subdue him
 The stiff resistance put up by the Raja’s army forced the British to seek reinforcement
In the end the British succeeded m capturing Shorapur but in the fight two commanders
of the British army were killed Raja Venkatappa Naik fled to Hyderabad from where
he was arrested by Salar Jung and handed over to the British
 He was tried and sentenced to death which was commuted to transportation for life
Unable to bear the indignities of his capture, the Raja shot himself
 The trial of Raja Venkatappa Naik revealed the existence of a general plan of
insurrection in the southern Maratha country and northern Karnataka, the centers of
which were Miraj, Kolhapur, Nargund, Koppal, Raichur and Shorapur
 In the month of April, 1859, one Ranga Rao, who was carrying with him some seditious
letters and one proclamation, was apprehended by a British military officer. The
proclamation invited all the princes, chiefs and people of Deccan to rise and join the
army of Nana and exterminate Englishmen.
The Attack on the British Residency (Hyderabad, 1857)
 The British Residency building in Hyderabad, Telangana stood witness to the heroic
and violent battle of 1857.
 The British Residency was built in 1806 by J A Kirk Patrick in Hyderabad. It served as
the seat of the East India Company Resident in the Nizam’s Court. The place
symbolized the power of the British authority in Hyderabad. Today, this 200-year-old
building houses a women's college. As the flames of the uprising in Meerut reached
Hyderabad, Turrebaz Khan and Maulvi Allaudin, the revolutionary freedom fighter
from Hyderabad, rose in revolt against the government. They planned an attack on the

Residency. It was an attempt to free Jamedar Chedah Khan, the freedom fighter, who
was imprisoned in the Residence for revolting against the British.
 On 17 July 1857, Turrebaz Khan and Maulavi Allaudin mobilized thousands of men
and marched to the Residency building in Koti to Begum Bazar. An intense battle took
place at the site. The freedom fighters demolished the wall, broke into the Residency
and gave a tough challenge to Major Cuthbert Davidson, the then-British Resident. The
battle continued all night. However, ultimately the revolt was crushed by the British
soldiers. Turrebaz Khan and Maulvi Allaudin managed to escape. Turrebaz was later
caught and shot dead.
Pathan Turrebaz Khan
 Flames of the First War of Indian Independence were ignited majorly in North India,
but this did not remain confined there and spread to many parts of the country. Kings,
nawabs and Britishers could not stop the rebellion that got sparked across the country.
 It was obvious that facing British rulers - equipped with modern weapons and huge
military force - was not an easy task. Pathan Turrebaz Khan was a Rohilla military
leader. Turrebaz Khan led the famous army of the Arabs and Rohillas. He was the son
of Rustum Khan, a Pathan resident of Hyderabad. He joined the British Army and
served as Jamedar in the British Cantonment of Aurangabad. Very little is known about
him, but he was responsible for putting Hyderabad on the map of the country's first war
of independence.
 Pathan Turrebaz led the 1857 uprising in Hyderabad along with Maulvi Allaudin.
Pathan Turrebaz Khan, with the help of Maulvi Alauddin, attacked the Hyderabad
Residency, the home of British rulers, with around 5,000 rebels on 17 July 1857. He
lost several comrades in the attack and was captured by the British-Nizam forces on 22
July 1857 to be imprisoned for life in Kala-Pani. He was sentenced to exile on the
charges of sedition, and the British rulers confiscated his property.
 During the execution of the sentence imposed by the British rulers, the brave Pathan
Turrebaz escaped from prison on 18 January 1859 before being deported to Kala-Pani.
By the time he ran, the British rulers had suppressed the revolt of 1857. The Nizam
government announced a reward of five thousand rupees on him, dead or alive, on 19

January 1859. Alarmed by this announcement, Turrebaz Khan went around secretly and
attempted to attack the British forces again. British troops and Nizam forces intensified
his surveillance, who had escaped prison.
 Finally, Turrebaz Khan was captured with help from Kurban Ali, who informed
Nizam's soldiers about the former’s whereabouts. On 24 January 1859, the British
forces received information that Turrebaz was at Tufran village in the surrounding areas
of Medak district.
 British armies and Nizam forces surrounded the area where Turrebaz Khan was staying,
and he was shot dead by the enemy soldiers on 24 January. The body of Turrebaz Khan
was moved from Tufran to Hyderabad and was chained and hanged naked in public at
the current location of Sultan Bazar Police Station in Hyderabad city. Englishmen
treated the body of Pathan Turrebaz Khan in a cruel and humiliating way.
 A granite pillar with four statues of elephants guarding from four directions has been
installed in the memory of Pathan Turrebaz Khan. In 1957, the government of
independent India built a stupa at the city bus stand in Koti in his memory.

QUESTION & ANSWERS
1) Discuss the historical significance of the Asaf Jahi Dynasty in shaping the socio-
Introduction The Asaf Jahi Dynasty, founded by Mir Qamruddin Khan (Nizam-
ul-Mulk/Asaf Jah) in 1724, significantly shaped Telangana's socio-
political and cultural landscapes until 1948. This era marked
Hyderabad State's emergence, transitioning from Mughal decline to
integrating into the Indian Union, profoundly influencing the
region's trajectory.
Body Foundation and Expansion (1724-1748):

Q.1) Nizam-ul-Mulk established Hyderabad State, introducing a
unique cultural and governance blend.
Q.2) His reign saw conflicts with the Marathas and diplomatic
engagements with external powers like Nadir Shah, showcasing
his political acumen.
Succession and Foreign Interference (1748-1762):
Q.3) Post-Nizam-ul-Mulk's death, succession disputes weakened
the state, inviting English and French involvement, significantly
affecting Hyderabad's sovereignty.
Nizam Ali Khan and British Alliances (1762-1803):
Q.4) Nizam Ali Khan's alliances with the British, notably through
the Treaty of Subsidiary Alliance, curtailed Hyderabad's
autonomy but countered Maratha power, embedding British
influence in the state's governance.
British Dominance and Administrative Reforms (1803-1911):
Q.5) This period saw enhanced British control over Hyderabad,
driving governance and military reforms. Despite foreign
dominance, significant socio-political reforms and
infrastructural developments marked this era, uplifting
Telangana's socio-economic status.
Mir Osman Ali Khan and Modernization Efforts (1911-1948):
Q.6) The last Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan, focused on
modernization and public welfare, notably in education and
infrastructure, balancing tradition with modernity and
significantly impacting Telangana's socio-cultural development.

Conclusion The Asaf Jahi Dynasty's leadership over two centuries profoundly
influenced Telangana's development, navigating through internal
conflicts, foreign interference, and modernization.
2) Evaluate the contributions of the Salar Jung reforms under the Asaf Jahi Dynasty
towards the administrative and economic transformation of Telangana.
Introduction Spearheaded by Mir Turab Ali Khan, known as Salar Jung I, the
reforms introduced were instrumental in transitioning Hyderabad
from a traditional governance model to a more structured and
efficient administrative and economic system, setting a foundation
for the region's future growth.
Body Financial Reforms:

1. The abolition of the tax farming system and the introduction of
a direct revenue collection system from peasants significantly
improved the financial stability of the state.
2. The introduction of a standardized currency system, the
Halisikka and establishing a central mint. Salar Jung, I
addressed the issue of counterfeit coins, enhancing the economic
base of Telangana.
Administrative Reforms:
1. “Zama Bandi System” was introduced, where State of
Hyderabad was divided into 14 districts. Each District was
placed under control of Awal Talukdar(collector), assisted by
Doyum (Sub-collector) and Soyum(Tahsildar)
2. The restructuring of the administrative divisions and the
appointment of paid talukdars marked a departure from the
bribery and corruption that characterized the previous system.
3. This reorganization, alongside the establishment of specialized
departments, led to an increase in state revenue from Rs. 6.8
million in 1853 to Rs. 29.6 million by 1865, reflecting enhanced
administrative efficiency.
Judicial Reforms:
1. The establishment of a reformed judicial system, including the
separation of civil and criminal courts
2. The Supreme Court, Majilis-i-Murafa, was located in
Hyderabad.

3. The High Court, Mahkama-i-sadar, also resided in Hyderabad,
overseeing judicial officers known as munisiffs and mir-adils in
districts.
4. Two civil courts, Buzung Diwani Adalat (senior civil court)
and Khurd Diwani Adalat (junior civil court), were set up in
Hyderabad.
5. Fauzdari Adalat served as the criminal court.
6. Dar-ul-Kazi represented separate courts established for specific
jurisdictions.
7. Mahkama-i-Sadarat, a distinct court, was introduced for cases
tied to religious matters.
8. This reform ensured that justice was accessible and impartial,
fostering respect for the law among the populace.
Police Administration:
1. The creation of a structured police department was a significant
step towards maintaining law and order.
2. This move not only professionalized the police force but also
played a crucial role in reducing crime and ensuring public safety
throughout the state.
Transport and Communication:
 By investing in railway lines and improving road connectivity,
Salar Jung I revolutionized the transport and communication
networks, which were critical for economic integration and
development within the region and beyond.
Education and Public Services:
 The emphasis on education through the establishment of schools
and colleges aimed at improving literacy and technical skills,
essential for the state's modernization.
 Additionally, the creation of various administrative departments
streamlined public services, enhancing the efficiency and quality
of governance.
Conclusion By systematically addressing the inefficiencies in the financial,

judicial, administrative, and public service sectors, Salar Jung I laid
the groundwork for the region's progressive development. These
reforms not only modernized Telangana but also positioned it for
future growth, marking a significant chapter in the history of the
Asaf Jahi Dynasty's governance.

3) "Discuss the impact of irrigation, transport and communications, and modern
education development under Nizam rule on the socio-economic structure of their
region."
Introduction The Nizams of Hyderabad made big changes in the 20th century.
They built a lot of water projects, improved ways to travel and made
education better. These changes helped the area's economy and
society grow a lot.
Body Irrigation Facilities Development in Hyderabad State (20th

Century)
 During the Nizams' rule, Hyderabad State saw the
development of significant irrigation projects aimed at
enhancing agriculture, preventing floods, and providing
potable water.
 Initiatives like the construction of the Mir Alam Tank in
1810 by Prime Minister Mir Alam for Nizam Sikandar
Jah, and the Ghanpur Tank in 1905 which irrigates over
21,000 acres in Warangal District, showcase the emphasis on
water resource management.
 The Asaf Nahar Project on River Musi and the
establishment of Osman Sagar/Gandipet and Himayat
Sagar reservoirs were specifically designed to mitigate flood
risks and supply drinking water to the region.
 The Seventh Nizam's era also saw the inception of the Nizam
Sagar Project on the Manjira River, the largest of its kind,
supporting agriculture on a vast scale and energizing a sugar
factory.
 Additional projects like the Pocharam Dam, Rayampally
Reservoir, Palair Project, Wyra Project, Singa Bhupalam
Reservoir, Manair Reservoir, and The Dindee Project
further underscored the commitment to leveraging water
resources for the state's socio-economic development.
 The ambitious Nandikonda-Nagarjuna Sagar initiative
aimed at extensive water distribution, highlighting the
strategic importance of irrigation in the region's prosperity.
Transport and Communication Developments
 The Nizams significantly enhanced Hyderabad State's
connectivity and communication with the establishment of
key railway lines, such as Wadi to Secunderabad in 1874,

and the founding of the Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway
(NGSR) for further rail expansion.
 Nampally and Kacheguda stations became crucial transport
hubs, with Kacheguda serving as NGSR's headquarters until
1950.
 Road infrastructure also saw substantial development, with
the expansion of major roads improving connectivity within
and beyond Hyderabad.
 In terms of air travel, the Nizam inaugurated Deccan
Airways in 1938, making Begumpet its headquarters.
 Communications infrastructure was modernized with the
state taking over postal and telegraph services in 1869,
introducing adhesive stamps, and expanding telegraphy.
 Telephone services commenced in 1885, with significant
growth in exchanges and the installation of trunk lines to
facilitate broader communication.
Education Reforms and Developments
o Early Initiatives: Introduction of modern
education by Salar Jung I, establishment of Dar-
ul-Uloom and other schools, promotion of English
education.
o University Education: Establishment of Osmania
University in 1918, unique for using Urdu as the
medium of instruction. Significant contributions to
higher education and architecture.
o Primary Education: Expansion and improvement,
introduction of compulsory education in selected
areas.
o Women's Education: Slow progress initially, with
significant developments in girls’ education over
time.
Conclusion The legacy of the Nizams' far-sighted policies continues to influence

the region, testament to their enduring commitment to the welfare
and advancement of Hyderabad State. Through strategic planning
and implementation, the Nizams transformed the socio-economic
landscape, ensuring Hyderabad's prominence in the annals of history
as a center of prosperity, culture, and education.

4) "Assess the significance of the Revolt of 1857 in Hyderabad with a special focus on
the contributions of Turre Baz Khan. Examine his role and impact on the
rebellion's dynamics in the region."
Introduction In the historical mosaic of Hyderabad, the merger with the Indian
Union on September 17, 1948, is a defining moment, symbolizing
the end of the Nizam's reign. Yet, the city's history harbors untold
stories of resistance, notably that of Turrebaz Khan, a forgotten hero
of the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny. His role in Hyderabad's first stand against
British rule highlights a neglected chapter of bravery and patriotism,
despite his life and deeds remaining largely obscured.
Body Hyderabad's Role in the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny

 Leaders: Turrebaz Khan and Maulvi Allauddin aimed to
free Jamedar Cheeda Khan from the British Residency.
 Impact: Despite being omitted from high-school history
books, the revolt had a significant impact on Hyderabad.
 Public Mobilization: Posters urging rebellion against the
British appeared on walls across mosques, churches, and
public squares.
 Nizam's Stance: Nizam Afzal Ud-daula and his minister,
Salar Jung, along with local nobles, took a pro-British stance,
affecting the potential outcome of the revolt in Hyderabad.
Turrebaz Khan: A Forgotten Hero
 A Rohilla military leader from Hyderabad.
 Son of Rustum Khan, a Pathan resident of Hyderabad.
 Formerly served as Jamedar in the British Army in
Aurangabad.
Role in the Uprising:
 Led the 1857 uprising in Hyderabad with Maulvi Allaudin.
 Attacked the Hyderabad Residency with about 5,000 rebels
on July 17, 1857.
 Captured by British-Nizam forces and sentenced to life
imprisonment to Kaala-Paani for sedition.
Escape and Capture:
 Escaped from prison on January 18, 1859, before
deportation.
 The Nizam government placed a reward of five thousand
rupees for his capture, dead or alive.

 Captured and killed on January 24, 1859, after being
betrayed by Kurban Ali.
Death and Memorial:
 Killed in an encounter with British and Nizam forces at
Tufran village, Medak district.
 Body displayed in a humiliating manner at the current
location of Sultan Bazaar Police Station in Hyderabad.
 Memorialized with a granite pillar and elephant statues in
Hyderabad and a stupa built in 1957 at the city bus stand
in Koti.
Integration into the Indian Union (September 17, 1948)
 Hyderabad integrated into the Indian Union following the
overthrow of the Nizam by the Indian Armed Forces.
 Current Politics: Ongoing demands to rename the day as
'Hyderabad Liberation Day'.
Conclusion The legacy of Turrebaz Khan underscores the depth of Hyderabad's

contribution to India's freedom struggle, far beyond its 1948
integration. His story, emblematic of numerous unrecognized
fighters, enriches the narrative of India's fight against colonialism,
reminding us of the valor and sacrifices woven into the city's
historical fabric.
5) "Analyse the socio-economic transformations in Hyderabad under the sixth and

seventh Nizams, focusing on infrastructure, industry, education, and Asaf Jahi
monuments' legacy."
Introduction The reigns of the sixth and seventh Nizams of Hyderabad marked a
period of transformative socio-economic changes, reflecting in the
realms of infrastructure, industry, education, and the legacy of Asaf
Jahi monuments. These changes were instrumental in shaping
modern Hyderabad.
Body Educational Advancements

 The foundation of modern and Western education in the
Nizam State was laid by initiatives from the government,
philanthropists, and Christian missionaries, beginning with
the establishment of St. George's Grammar School in 1834.
 Salar Jung I's establishment of Dar-ul-Uloom Oriental High
School in 1854 and the subsequent notification in 1859 for

the establishment of schools at taluk and district levels
underscored the government's commitment to education.
 The establishment of a separate Education Department
facilitated the founding of several significant educational
institutions, including the City High School, School of
Engineering, Chadarghat English High School, and the
prestigious Nizam College in 1887.
 Osmania University, established in 1918 with Urdu as the
medium of instruction, marked a pinnacle in university
education, further enhancing the educational landscape of
Hyderabad.
Infrastructure Development
 The Nizam era saw remarkable infrastructure developments,
including the construction of iconic landmarks like the High
Court, City College, Osmania Medical College, and
Osmania General Hospital.
 The establishment of the Nizamia Observatory and the
Hyderabad State Bank played a pivotal role in economic and
scientific advancements.
 Furthermore, the creation of the Urban Development
Authority in 1912 facilitated systematic urban planning and
development.
Socio-economic Reforms
 Significant reforms under Mir Osman Ali Khan included the
abolition of the Devadasi system and bonded labor,
prohibition of cow slaughter, and the implementation of a
separation of powers between the judiciary and executive.
 These reforms played a crucial role in shaping the socio-
economic landscape of Hyderabad, promoting social justice
and governance.
Cultural and Architectural Legacy
 The Asaf Jahi period is renowned for its cultural and
architectural contributions, prominently the encouragement
of the Indo-Arabic architectural style.
 The development of buildings with significant architectural
designs, such as the Arts College and various educational
institutions, under Osmania University's purview, has left an
indelible mark on Hyderabad's cultural heritage.

Conclusion The socio-economic transformations in Hyderabad under the sixth
and seventh Nizams were profound, with lasting impacts on
infrastructure, industry, education, and the legacy of Asaf Jahi
monuments. These changes not only propelled Hyderabad into a
modern era but also preserved its rich cultural heritage, making it a
unique blend of tradition and modernity.
6) Evaluate the significance of Salar Jung's judicial reforms in transforming the

administrative landscape of Hyderabad State.
Introduction The judicial reforms introduced by Salar Jung in the Hyderabad

State marked a significant transformation in its administrative
landscape. By instituting the principle of Equality before Law and
restructuring the judicial system, Salar Jung not only modernized the
legal framework but also laid the foundation for a more just and
equitable administration.
Body Establishment of Judicial Institutions

 Foundational Reforms: The establishment of the
Department of Judicature in 1862 under Nawab Bahee
Ruddaulah's leadership was a pioneering step towards
creating a structured judicial system. The creation of civil
and criminal divisions with separate jurisdictions further
streamlined legal proceedings.
 Judicial Institutions: The formation of three key judicial
institutions,
 The Adalat-e-padushahi in 1853, reflecting Salar Jung's
focus on specific legal disputes, marked an early move
towards specialization within the judiciary.
 The creation of the Mahakama-e-Murafa-e-Ajla Court
of Appeal, established as the ultimate judicial authority
following the Diwan's decisions.
 The Majlis-Aliya Adalat (High Court) served as the
primary judicial entity in the Hyderabad State, with
jurisdiction over civil disputes, major penalties, and
capital punishment, supported by various judicial
divisions and authorities.
Further Developments by Salarjung
 Sadar-ul-Miham Adalat: Introduced in 1869, this court
underscored the extension of judicial reforms into the

Diwani region, emphasizing the separation of powers and
specialization in judicial matters.
 Law Minister: The appointment of Nawab Basheer-ud-
Daula Bahadur as the first Law Minister of the Nizam
kingdom signified the institutionalization of legal reforms
within the governance structure.
Expansion of Judicial Network
 Broadening Judicial Accessibility: Salar Jung's reforms
expanded the judicial network, including the establishment
of divisional courts, district courts, and Taluka courts. This
expansion not only brought justice closer to the public but
also facilitated the efficiency of legal processes.
 Financial Aspects and Reforms: Setting salaries for
judicial officers and introducing the Revenue Ministry and
survey settlement department by Salar Jung were critical in
ensuring the financial sustainability and integrity of the
judicial system.
Judicial Accessibility and Efficiency
 Public Appeals: Allowing public appeals from district
courts to Adalath-E-Padushahee in Hyderabad enhanced
judicial accessibility and provided a mechanism for review
and oversight, ensuring fairness in legal proceedings.
 Special Courts and Law Secretariat: The establishment of
special courts and a law secretariat in 1862, headed by the
Prime Minister, underscored the importance of legal
coordination and specialization in addressing the unique
needs of Hyderabad city.
Implementation of Punishments
 Reform in Punishments: Salar Jung's reforms drastically
changed the implementation of punishments, focusing on
social concern and abolishing severe corporal
punishments. This approach not only humanized the legal
system but also reflected a progressive attitude towards
justice and rehabilitation.
Conclusion By establishing a structured judicial system, expanding the judicial

network, and focusing on social concerns in the implementation of
punishments, Salar Jung laid down the foundations for a modern,
accessible, and equitable legal framework, marking a significant
milestone in the history of Hyderabad State's governance.

7) Analyze the impact of modern education initiatives introduced during the reigns
of Meer Mahboob Ali Khan and Meer Osman Ali Khan on the socio-economic
development of Hyderabad.
Introduction The reigns of Meer Mahboob Ali Khan (Nizam VI) and Meer Osman
Ali Khan (Nizam VII) in Hyderabad marked a transformative era for
modern education in the region. The initiation and expansion of
modern and Western education, underpinned by the efforts of Diwan
Salar Jung I and subsequent leaders, significantly impacted the
socio-economic development of Hyderabad.
Body Foundations of Modern Education

 Early Initiatives: The establishment of St. George's
Grammar School in 1834 and the Dar-ul-Uloom oriental
High school in 1854 laid the groundwork for modern
education in Hyderabad, introducing English as a
compulsory subject and signaling a shift towards public
instruction.
 Expansion and Structuring: Under Salar Jung I, significant
steps were taken to spread education with the creation of
separate education departments, establishment of schools at
various levels, and the introduction of the Directorate of
Public Instruction. These measures institutionalized
education and began bridging the gap between traditional
and modern learning.
Educational Infrastructure and Institutions
 Nizam College: The transformation of the school of
engineering and Chandarghat English High School into
Nizam College in 1887, under the principalship of
Aghoranath Chattopadhyay, father of Sarojini Naidu,
represented a milestone in higher education, offering
affiliations to Madras University and fostering a higher
learning culture.
 Osmania University: The establishment of Osmania
University in 1918 by Nizam VII, with Urdu as the
medium of instruction, was a landmark initiative,
integrating Indian languages into higher education and
creating a unique identity for Hyderabad in the educational
map of India.
Expansion of Primary and Secondary Education
 Primary Education: The implementation of a
comprehensive scheme for the expansion and reorganization

of primary education in 1917-1918 and the introduction of
free primary education in 1921 under Nizam VII
substantially increased accessibility and enrollment, laying a
foundation for universal education.
 Secondary and Professional Education: The establishment
of professional colleges, including medical and engineering
colleges, and the expansion of secondary education with
English high schools and girls' schools, addressed the
burgeoning need for skilled professionals and empowered
women through education.
Socio-Economic Impact
 Educational Accessibility: The increased focus on primary,
secondary, and higher education, particularly with the
introduction of compulsory education in selected areas in
1947, significantly improved literacy rates and educational
accessibility, contributing to the socio-economic upliftment
of the populace.
 Professional and Technical Skills Development: The
emphasis on professional education and the establishment of
specialized institutions fostered a skilled workforce, driving
economic development, and modernization in various
sectors, including public works, healthcare, and engineering.
 Social Reform and Empowerment: The educational
reforms, especially in girls' education, gradually eroded
traditional barriers, promoting gender equality and social
mobility. Education became a tool for social reform,
challenging age-old practices and paving the way for a more
egalitarian society.
Conclusion The initiatives introduced during the reigns of Meer Mahboob Ali
Khan and Meer Osman Ali Khan were pivotal in steering Hyderabad
towards modernity through the development of a comprehensive
education system. The establishment of foundational institutions
like Nizam College and Osmania University, alongside the
expansion of primary and secondary education, catalyzed socio-
economic development, transforming Hyderabad into a center of
learning and progress.

8) Assess the social caste system and its implications on societal conditions in
Telangana during the Nizam period.
Introduction During the Nizam period, the social fabric of Telangana was
intricately woven around the caste system, which played a pivotal
role in shaping societal conditions. The demographic shifts, as
evidenced by the census data from 1881 and 1911, along with the
dynamics of caste and sect, significantly influenced social
hierarchies and practices.
Body Population Demographics (Census 1881 and 1911):

Predominantly Hindu (90.32% in 1881), with Muslims making up
9.40% and smaller percentages of Christians, Jains, Parsis, Sikhs,
and Jews. Over time, a slight decrease in Hindu population and an
increase in Muslim population were observed.
Caste and Community Dynamics:
o Brahmins: Highest caste, divided into Dravida and
Gowda, Vaishnavas (worship Lord Vishnu),
Smarthas (worship Lord Shiva), and further into
Vaidika and Niyogi based on occupation.
o Kshatriyas: Second-highest caste, divided into
Surya Vamsam, Chandra Vamsam, and Matsya
Vamsam, traditionally warriors but later turned to
agriculture.
o Vyshyas: Engaged in trade and business, considered
the third section of society.
o Sudras and Other Castes: Included agricultural,
livestock farming, handicrafts, trading, service,
priestly, dependent, entertaining, and untouchable
castes, each with specific occupations and societal
roles.
Social Evils and Reforms:
o Vetti: A form of forced labor without remuneration,
prevalent across Telangana.
o Bhagela: A system where farmers became slaves to
landlords due to unpaid debts.
o Begar: Similar to Bhagela, involving exploitation of
labor without payment.
 Child Marriages and Widow Remarriage: High
prevalence of child marriages, particularly among Hindus;
efforts by various organizations led to legislative actions to

curb this practice. Widow remarriages were rare in higher
castes.
 Polygyny, Dowry, and Kanyashulkam: Practices of
polygyny were influenced by Muslim traditions; dowry and
bride price were prevalent, with legislative efforts made to
address these issues.
 Aadapapa and Courtesans: Practices involving
exploitation of women, including the system of aadapapa
(bonded female labor) and the existence of courtesans
(Tawaifs) for entertainment of the nobility.
 Purdah System: Custom of women covering themselves to
avoid being seen by unrelated men, adopted from Muslim
influences, and practiced by certain Hindu communities as
well.
Conclusion The Nizam period in Telangana was marked by a complex interplay

of caste dynamics that significantly influenced societal conditions.
The legacy of these reforms continues to influence the socio-
political landscape of Telangana, underscoring the enduring impact
of the Nizam period on the region's quest for social equality.
9) Analyze the role of Hyderabad under Nizam's rule in the context of the Revolt of
1857.
Introduction The Revolt of 1857 marked a significant chapter in the history of

British India, symbolizing the first collective uprising against
colonial rule. Hyderabad, under the rule of the Nizams, played a
distinctive role during this period. The leadership transition from
Nasir ud Daulah to Afzal ud Daulah at the outset of the revolt
illustrates the complex dynamics and impact of the revolt in
Hyderabad.
Body Leadership and Succession

 Transition of Power: The outbreak of the 1857 Revolt
coincided with the leadership transition in Hyderabad, from
Nasir ud Daulah to Afzal ud Daulah. This period of
internal change influenced Hyderabad's response to the
uprising.
Pre-Revolt Discontent and Hyderabad's Response
 Roots of Discontent: Prior grievances, including the
suppression of local leaders and the implications of the Berar

treaty, set the stage for discontent against the British in
Hyderabad.
 Official Stance and Public Sentiment: On Salar Jung’s
advice, Nizam Afzal ud Daulah’s support for the British
sparked local opposition. Moulvi Alauddin, through his
speeches, played a pivotal role in stirring public sentiment
against the British presence.
Notable Rebellions and Conspiracies
 Localized Rebellions: The period witnessed several
rebellions, such as those led by Raja Venkatappa Naik of
Shorapur and the zamindars of Malked Koppal and
Nargund, reflecting the widespread nature of resistance
against British control.
 Conspiracy Cases: The conspiracy in 1858, aiming to
initiate a rebellion in Nana Sahib Peshwa’s name, and other
mutinies underscored the organized attempts to challenge the
British authority.
Reasons for Failure and Consequences for Hyderabad
 Factors Leading to Failure: The revolt in Hyderabad,
mirroring the wider uprising's fate, suffered due to lack of
unity, organizational strength, and the Nizam's strategic
alliance with the British.
 Impact on Hyderabad: In gratitude for the Nizam's loyalty,
the British returned territories and granted economic
concessions, including the introduction of the Nizam’s
currency, signaling an end to nominal Mughal sovereignty.
However, this also led to increased British interference,
rendering Hyderabad's independence nominal.
 Increased British Control: The loyalty of princely states,
including Hyderabad, was recognized by the British through
honors and titles, cementing a complex legacy of
collaboration and resistance.
Despite the nominal sovereignty retained by Hyderabad, the Revolt
of 1857 facilitated an era of increased British influence over the
region.
Conclusion Hyderabad under the Nizams during the Revolt of 1857 presents a
case of strategic alignment and complex socio-political dynamics.
The localized rebellions and the widespread dissent against colonial
rule within Hyderabad underscore the nuanced role of the region in

the broader canvas of the 1857 Revolt, balancing between pragmatic
allegiance to the British and underlying currents of resistance.
10) Give an account of educational reforms taken up during AsafJahi rule.
Introduction After the accession of Mir Osman Ali Khan in 1911, MTA Mayhew,
the educational advisor conducted an exhaustive survey of the state
education and suggested reforms.
Body  Expansion of primary education

 After realising the need for internal organisation, Dr Alma
Latif was appointed as the director of public instruction.
 They created posts of Inspectress of girl’s schools.
 New set of rules for middle and primary examination and
vernacular tests of the department.
 Primary schools were provided with adequate resources.
 243 experimental schools were opened and seventy-seven
new schools were given grant in aid raising the total primary
schools to 4203 and pupils to 2,08,332 by 1921.
 A five-year programme for the expansion of primary
education was launched in the following decade. With a
grant of 12.5 lacs the local fund schools were converted to
government schools
 Up to1948, the medium of instruction was in Urdu and
English though the instruction was believed to be in mother
tongue no such arrangements were made.
 Secondary education:
 Though English was made a compulsory language, high
schools were classified as English high schools and Osmania
high schools.
 The former affiliated to Madras University and the later to
Osmania university, this dual control created problems and
by 1939 all secondary schools were brought under the
control of board of secondary education
 University education:
 Though an Urdu medium University was suggested by 1837
during the rule of 6th Nizam, it was made a reality during 7th
Nizam, and it was named Osmania University by Sir Akbar
Hydari.
 Though the instruction was in Urdu, English was made a
compulsory subject both in arts and science.

 The establishment of translation and compilation bureau in
1918, many European science books were translated into
Urdu language.
 The construction of Arts college was started in 1934 and
completed by 1939.
 Except Nizam college and Mahboob college at
Secunderabad which had English as medium of instruction,
others along with Osmania university had Urdu.
 By 1930, city college, zenana intermediate College for girls,
medical College, an engineering college, two teacher
training colleges and Warangal intermediate College took
birth.
 The colleges of English instruction were affiliated to Madras
University were as that of Urdu were affiliated to Osmania
university. By 1948 all the colleges were affiliated to
Osmania university
 Women education:
1. Until 1890, when the 6th Nizam established government
zenana school , no appreciable progress was seen in woman
education.
2. Noorunnisa begum daughter of Salar Jung 1 opened schools
for daughters of novels.
3. The much encouragement in this sphere was received from
7th Nizam.
4. In many schools established by the Nizam, cooking, first aid
, gardening apart from regular education was given, giving
the parents a sense for ease for sending their girl child.
5. By the end of 1936, the primary schools increased from 80
to 67728, secondary schools from 10 to 28 and 4 training and
4 special schools were established compared to 1910.
 Special schools:
 There were 211 special schools for the backward classes and
the lower castes in 1940 with a total number of 8530 pupils.
 There were training institutions, school for depressed
classes/nomadic tribes, adult schools, the school for deaf,
dumb and blind, industrial and vocational schools, religious
schools and other schools and classes imparting special
instructions.
 Education for Gonds took shape in 1943

 As the nomadic tribes had no education to teach the tribes,
Gonds teacher training school in utnoor and asifabad was
established.
 Schools for adult education were established to teach the
rudiments of health and hygiene, civic rights and duties
besides reading, writing and arithmetic.
 Education for physically handicapped was given without any
fees. Hostels and library was also attached to the institution.
Sports and extracurricular activities were encouraged.
 Vocational schools were also established in dornakal and
karimnagar which trained in tailoring, canework and
basketry.
 There was a total of 31 religious schools and 1873 scholars.
 Hyderabad athletic association was an important step
towards the development of physical education in 1919-
1930.
 Scholarships:
 A huge number of scholarships in the form of general
scholarship, special scholarship, foreign scholarships,
Riyayathi scholarship (to poor by deserving committee) and
meritorious scholarships were given.
 Considerable progress and expansion that took place in the
field of education throughout the state was the result of
skilful implementation of the suggestions made by Mayhew
Conclusion As MN Srinivas, a social scientist, stated, education acts as an agent

for social change, this education went forward and resulted in the
development of Telangana region and many important changes.

Library Movement in Telangana
The people of Hyderabad state had to fight not only against the British imperial power, but also against
the Nizam’s feudal and communal rule for achievement of independence and responsible government.
The libraries played a vital role in bringing Political and national awareness among the people in the
freedom movement of Hyderabad.
 Being a faithful ally of the British, the Nizam was against allowing any kind of criticism or
agitation, which might displease the British rulers. He tries his best to insult his citizens from
what was happening in the rest of India. Despite its best efforts, the Nizam government could
not prevent its people being influenced by nationalist ideas blowing across the subcontinent.
When the Indian National Congress was formed in 1885, the enlightened middle-class
intelligentsia in Hyderabad welcomed it. Persons like Mulla Abdul Quyum, Ramachandra Pillai
and Aghornath Chotopadhaya played a prominent part in building up public opinion in favor
of the Indian National Congress (INC). The news Papers like ‘Hyderabad Record’ played a
creditable role in spreading the nationalist feelings. These developments witnessed a Socio-
cultural awakening in the beginning of the 20th century.
 Suravaram Pratapareddy said that the Grandalayodyamam was the first movement in
Telangana.
 With the partition of Bengal by lord curizon in 1905, there were moments in various states of
the country against the partition of Bengal at the sametime, in the kingdom of Hyderabad, there
was no freedom for people and no responsible administration. Reforms brought by Salar. Jung
in the 19th century resulted in not only modernizing Telangana but also led to the emergence
of modern ideologies in the Telangana region. This not only led to the rise of cultural, social
and political movements, but also brought about awareness among different social groups.
These movements got transformed into political movements, movements against British, anti-
Nizam and anti-Landlords movements.
Definition of Library
Library is a system designed to preserve the graphic records. This system also shouldered
the dissemination of knowledge and a network for the healthy growth of society and culture.
In the other words Library is communication of Knowledge, ideas, thought books and other
graphic records. A library is a collection of sources of information and similar resources,
made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing.
The public library is an Anglo-Saxon idea. Public libraries developed in democratic set up
which are developed and maintained by the public.
The concept of the modern public library is new to India.
 In an attempt to know about the greatness of the ancient and medieval past of the Telugu people
and to make available to them books on the history of Telangana the Library Movement has
started. This movement played an important role in the process of bringing social, cultural and
political awareness in the society. As a part of cultural development, many clubs, literary
organizations and societies were formed. This movement started as a part of Andhra Movement
in Telangana.
 This educated the people of Telangana and prepared the stage for them to root out the fascIst
rule of the Nizam. In the words of the Nizam government the term 'Library’ means
revolutionary organizations. The government thought that, One qualitative book is equivalent

to many movements than many voluminous books. The government took very stringent steps
to prevent the sale of such books. Even to open one library, they have to take permission from
the government. Wherever there was a new Library, the government was petrified and became
restless till it was closed down and imposed many restrictions on them.
 Despite severe oppressions and constant vigilance, the Library Movement continued to spread
like a cool breeze showering its fragrance. The practice of distributing books secretly has begun.
The people who started these Libraries came from high communities with philanthropic and
democratic ideologies.
 The stalwarts like Suravaram Prathapa Reddy, Oddiraju Brothers, Shabnavis Venkata Rama
Narasimha Rao, Vattikota Alwar Swamy, Nagulapalli Kodanda Rama Rao, Nampally Gowri
Shankar Varma, Devulapally Ramanuja Rao, Madapati Hanumantha Rao, Bhagya Reddy
Varma, Chidirematham Virabhadra Sharma, Kodati Narayana Rao, Gadiyaram Ramakrishna
Sharma, Boyinepalli Venkata Rama Rao and host of others at one point of time or other worked
as Journalists, and edited journals. All these luminaries were in the forefront of the library
movement in Telangana, in erstwhile Hyderabad State, which include Nalgonda,
Mahabubnagar, Medak, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Karimnagar, Warangal and Hyderabad.
Warangal bifurcated and Khammam district was created on October 1, 1953.
Libraries in the state of Hyderabad
 The library of Nagai Village is located near wadi Railway Station and is said to have been
established by the Chalukya King Prathama Shekar in the year 1058 A.D.
Secunderabad Library (1872)
 In Telangana, Somasundar Mudaliar started a library in Secunderabad in the year 1872.
 This can be considered as the first library not only in Hyderabad, but also in the Telugu speaking
areas.
 This was merged into Mahboobia College in 1884.
Shankarananda Library (1872) - Secunderabad
 In 1872, Mudigonda sankara dyulu started 'Shankarananda' library.
 The first notable person in the Telugu library movement - -Mudigonda Sankaracharyulu
(Warangal). He founded Secunderabad Sarvajanika Library in 1872 Secunderabad. In 1920, he
founded Sri Saiva Maha Sabha and acted as its head.
Note:
1. In 1879, Agho ranatha Chatopadhyaya founded a library under "Young men Improvement
Society' and bought books and magazines of different languages.
2. Aghoranatha Chatopadhyaya established the Brotherhood Society with the assistance of Mulla
Abdul Khayyum.
Asafia state Library - 1892

 The library was established as a civic library in 1880. Founder - Moulvi Abdul Qayoom, Imad-
ul- mulk. Syed Huaasin Bilgrami played an important role in its establishment. The Nizam
captured it and renamed it Asafia State Library. In 1892 'Asafia State Library' was established.
 Initially, in this library only Arabic, Persion, Urdu, English and Sanskrit books were available.
But. due to the efforts of Andhra Maha Sabha, it also kept books in other regional languages,
such as Telugu, Kannada, Marathi and Hindi since 1940.
 This library is today's state central library. It is locally known as Afzal Gunj library.
Bharat Gunavardhan Association Library - 1895 (Shalibanda)

 In 1895 Bharat Gunavardhak Association Library was started at Shalibanda. Rich people from
the Marathi community started this library for the improvement of their own language and
culture in this region. Sri Gopal Rao was one among prominent persons to develop this library.
 In 1896, the Albert Reading Room was set up at Bollaram.
Library Movement - Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao
 Komarraju Lakshmana Rao is considered as the Pioneer of the library movement. He was born
on 18 May 1877 in Penuganchiprolu village, Nandigama taluk, Krishna district. Parents-
Venkatappaiah and Gangamma. He was an eminent researcher and historian. Komarraju got
his education in Marathi language up to B.A Nagpur.
 Later in 1902, he obtained a private M.A degree from University of Calcutta. He served as the
Diwan of Munagala zamindar Nayini Venkata Ranga rao. He was adept in Telugu, English,
Kannada, Marathi languages.
 He worked as assistant editor of a Marathi journal named 'Vividh Gnan vistar' for some period.
Books:
1.Shivaji Charitra
2. Mahammadeya Yugam
3. Haindava Maha Yuga
4. Andhra Vignana Sarvasvam (First encyclopedia in Telugu)
5. Sivatatva Sara of Mallikarjuna Panditha
6. Lakshminarayana Vyasavali
 Komarraju laid the foundation of cultural renaissance in Telangana and established cultural
relations between Andhra and Telangana regions, Along with N.C.Ketkar, Komarraju released
the Karna Parva of Mahabharata in Marathi by famous Marathi writer Moropant.
LIBRARY FOUNDED BY KOMARRAJU LAKSHMANA RAO

1. Krishnadevarayandhra Bhasha Nilayam- 1 September 1901 (Koti)
 It was the first library established in Telangana as a part of the Library movement. It was started
at the residence of Ravichettu Ranga Rao. The first secretary of this library - Ravichettu Ranga
Rao.
 Srikrishna devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam' gave further impetus to the
 Telangana cultural renaissance and library movement in Telangana. After this, a number of
libraries and organizations were started in the Telangana region. The main aim for setting up
this library was to improve Telugu language in Telangana region. The main aim for setting up
this library was to improve Telugu language in Telangana region. The prominent people like
Adiraju Veerabhadrarao worked as volunteers in this library. 'Srikrishnadevearaya Andhra
Bhasha Nilayam' gave further impetus to the Telangana cultural renaissance and library

movement in Telangana. After this, a number of libraries and organizations were started in the
Telangana region.
Contributors to the establishment and development of the library

1. Sri Munagala Srinayani Venkataranaga Rao (Financial Aid)
2. Ravichettu Ranga Rao
3. Adipudi Somanatha Rao
4. Kodati Narayana Rao
5. Ayyadevara Kaleswara Rao
6. Raghupati Venkatarathnam Naidu
7. Parthasarthi Appa Rao ( Ruler of Paloncha estate)
8. Valipe Lakshmana Rao (Munsab of Hyderabad)
 Literacy festivals and conferences organized by Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha
Nilayam.
 Reddy Yuga Sarvaswata Sapthaham - 1941
 Ramayana Kalpavruksham Sapthaham- 1950
 Potana Vardhanti Sapthaham - 1940
 Bhuvana Vijaya Sapthaham - 1942
2. Sri Rajaraja Narendra Andhrabhasha Nilayam - 1904 Hanamkonda
 It was founded on 29th January 1904 at the residence of Pingali Venkata RamaReddy under the
chairmanship of Subedar Raya Muralidhar. It continued from 1904 to 1934 at the residence of
Pingali Venkata Rama Reddy.
Key role in the establishment of this basha Nilayam :
1. Kommaraju Lakshmana Rao
2. Srinayani Venkataranga Rao
3. Ravichettu Ranga Rao
4. Tungaturthi Narasimha Rao
Role of press in Library movement
 First independent Telugu monthly launched in 1913 from Mahabubnagar in the name of
Hithabodhini, the monthly was edited by Badaru Srinivasa Rao, who is also interested in drama
and ayurvedic medicine. Srinivasa Rao used to publish articles and news on women education,
agriculture, and industrial issues.
 Sundari Bai, Roopkhanpeta Ratnamamba Desai, these two women writers published their
essays, and poetry respectively in the monthly. The journal gave importance to women's
education, this inspired first generation library organizers.
 After that in 1917 Andhramata, a journal published from Hyderabad gave priority to the
Christian literature.
 However, with the launching of Nizam Rashtra Andhra Jana Sangham, a number of journals
started, and stood solidly on the side of the library movement and its organizers.
 Jana Sangham launched in November 1921, but a full-fledged body formed in 1922 and
activities of the Sangham gained momentum with establishment of Nilagiri, and Tenugu Patrika
at the advice of Andhra Pitamaha Madapati Hanumantha Rao.
 Shabnavis Venkata Rama Narasimha Rao, who established a library named “Andhra Saraswati
Nilayam‟ at Nalgonda on 18th March 1918. Before launching this library there was another
library in existence under the name of VI Nizam “Mahabubia Reading Room‟.
 Shabnavis was a Muqtedar of a village called Mamillagudem nearby Nalgonda town. At an
early age he came into public life by establishing a printing press called “Osmania printing

press”. He also started a book publishing house “Vireshalinga Kanthabharana Granthamala'',
he later started another granthamala named Samskarini Granthamala.
 Under Vireshalinga granthamala he published Dhupati Venkata Ramana Charyulu‟s
Udayalaxmi, a biographical poetic book on Shabnavis‟s first wife Udayalaxmi. Balika vilapam
(girl child‟s lamentation) was a short story written by Shabnavis, also published under this
banner. Udayalaxmi generally called as Janaki Bai was the sister of Pulijala Venkata Ranga
Rao, who chaired Devarakonda Andhra Maha Sabha conference.
 Print media used to publish in detail the anniversary celebrations in the press, so that the
activities get the publicity. Library organizers, generally used to work as stringers and
correspondents to the Golconda patrika, hence they wrote detailed reports on the celebration,
which get published as it is.
 Shabnavis started a weekly Nilagiri at the advice of Madapati on 4th august, 1922. This Nilagiri
used to publish anniversaries of libraries; special articles on library movement were also given
prominence in the journal.
 On the study of these issues we can come to a conclusion that the weekly proudly stood by the
side of library organizers.
 Kodati Rama Krishna Rao of Repala in Suryapet district was very much active in the library
movement; he was instrumental in organizing library conferences at the Andhra Jana Sangham
meetings at Suryapet. Yama Aravaiah of Suryapet established the Andhra Vignana Prakashini
library.
OTHER LIBRARIES SET UP UNDER LIBRARY MOVEMENT

 Andhra Bhasha Nilayam- 1910(Khammam)
 Prataparudra Andhra Bhasha Nilayam- 1913 (Madikonda- Warangal)
 Samskrutha Kalavardhini Grandhalayam- (1913- Secunderabad)
 Secretary- Peddi Sivarajaiah
Andhra Vignana Prakashini Grandhalayam- 1918 Suryapet
 Founder- Puvvada Venkatappayya (Teacher).
 In 1918, a teacher named Sri Puvvada Venkatappaiah started a library with the help of local
people and named it as "Andhra Vijnana Prakasini" at Suryapet in Nalgonda District.
 He also established "Krishi Pracharini Organization'" and published Telugu books. Because of
this, the Nizam government suspended him from services.
Reddy Hostel Library- 1918 Hyderabad
 Reddy Hostel Library was established in 1918 at Reddy Hostel in Hyderabad with the initiation
of Kotwal Raja Bahadur Vekatrama Reddy.
 In this Library, Palm Leaf Records available in Telangana were preserved. From 1924 to 1932,
Suravaram Pratapa Reddy served as a secretary of this Library.
 It contained the book “The Indian War of Independence” written by Veer Savarkar which was
banned by the Nizam government. So Suravaram Pratapa Reddy was removed from the post of
Secretary. Suravaram Pratapa Reddy wrote a famous book called Telangana -Andhrula
Kartavyam for the purpose of Reddy Hostel, Hyderabad for maintaining libraries and for the
activists of Library Movement.
Andhra Saraswathi Grandhalayam- 1918 Nalgonda
 Founder- Shabnavis Venkata Ramanarasimha Rao
Vignana Pracharini Mudralaya- 1919 (Inugurthy- Warangal)
 It was founded by the Oddiraju brothers.
Bhasha Kalpavalli Grandhalayam Secunderabad - 1920

 Founder - Madhuri Raghavulu
 Deshoddharakamala - Vattikola Alvarswamy
 Abhirami Grandhalayam- 1921 (Kolanupaka)
 Sri Bal Bharati Grandhalayam- 1921 (Nalgonda) Umamaheswara Andhra Bhasha Nilayam-
1922 (Siddipet) Balasaraswati Grandhalayam- Afzalgunj (1923)
 Balasaraswati Andhra Bhasha Nilayam - Kodati Narayana Rao
Vignana Pracharini Grandhalayam- 1923 Manthani
 Founder-Avadhani krishnaiah
 Another name of this library- Osmania Andhra Bhasha Nilayam
Vemana Andhra Bhasha Nilayam- 1923 Hyderabad
 Founder- Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy
Prataparudra Bhasha Nilayam- 1924 Madikonda
 It was assisted by- Palla Durgaiah, Mothkur MadhuSudhan Rao, Pingali Venkateswara Rao
 It was established at the residence of Peddi S Sivarajaiah.
 Andhra Sodari Samajam Grandhalayam- 1925, Hyderabad
 Adi Hindu Library- 1926 (B.S. Venkata Rao)
 Deccan Vysya Sangha Grandhalayam- 1926
 Jogipet Grandhalayam- 1930 (Medak- Jogipet)
 Sri Seetha Ramanjaneya Hindu Varthaga Grandhalayam- 1930 (Singareni)
 Desoddharakamala- Vattikota Alwar Swamy
 Andhra Bhasthodharaka Grandhalayam - 1939 (Pida Gopavaram)
Sri Venugopala Grandhalayam- 1934, Vemsuru
 Chairman of this library - V.Srinivasa Rao
 Secretary- Bellamkonda Chandramoulees wara Shastri
Vignana Niketa Granthalayam- 1936, Kambamettu
 It was founded with Akula Purnananda Gupta as the Chairman, Suggula Akshaya lingam Gupta
as the Vice chairman and Kodati Narayana Rao as the Secretary.
Vidyabhivardhini Grandhalayam-1939 (Thotapalli)
 Boyinapalli Venkata Rama Rao founded this library in 1939 at Thotapalli in Karimnagar
district.
 He also founded a mobile library, a western book library, an adult school and a Harijan school
in association with this library.
Bapuji Library - Founder - B.S. Gupta, Choudavarapu Purushottam, Nalla Pichaiah.
Gandhi Granthalaya- 1940 (Hanamkonda- Bandaru Nagabhushana Rao)
Rythu Grandhalayam- 1941 (Chilkur- Ravi Narayana Reddy)
Sri Hanumad Andhra Grandhalayam- 1943 (Khammam- Malakapalli)
 It was established by Andhra Saraswatha Parishad.
Viveka Vikasini Grandhalayam- 1943 (Pillalamarri-Suryapet)
 Founder- Ummethala Ramanuja Rao
Annah Granthalayam
 It was founded by Veldurthi Manikya Rao. He was assisted by K.C.Gupta (Kalwakuntla
Chandra Sen Gupta). Veldurthi Manikya Rao translated the Urdu firmans issued by Nizam into
Telugu.
First Mobile Library in Telangana :
 The first mobile library in Telangana was started by T.K.Balaiah, a Taluk officer in Nizamabad
district carried books on a bullock cart and distributed them in the Armoor Taluk.

NIZAM STATE LIBRARY CONFERENCES
Nizam state Library first Mahasabha - Madhira (1925)
 The first Mahasabha of the state library was presided over by Pingalivenkata Ramareddy on
February 22, 1925 at Madhira.
 This library meeting was held during the Andhra Jana Kendra Tertiary meeting of the President
of the Reception committee: Madapati Tirumala Rao. A total of 30,000 delegates from each
library attend the library meeting.
They are :
Librarianship is another important initiative
 In 1923, Madapati Hanmantha Rao was the secretary and barrister Rajagopalar Reddy was the
president and the Andhra Jana Central Association was established.
 The objectives of this association are to establish libraries and schools, collect palmistry texts
and carry out historical research to bring the glory of Telangana to light, popularize Telugu,
publish pamphlets and books and make people aware.
 The Andhra Research Council was established under the leadership of Adiraj Veerabhadra Rao
as an affiliate of the Andhra Jana Central Sangha. After the death of Komarraju Lakshmana
Rao it became the Lakshmana Raya Research Council. It has unearthed many inscriptions and
palatal texts to shed light on the history and culture of Telangana.
 Telangana inscriptions published by Adiraja Veerabhadra Rao in 1935 under Nayani
Venkatarangarao and Social History of Andhras published by Suravaram Prathapara Reddy
played a prominent role in sensitizing the people of Telangana.
 Similarly, the Kakatiya edition published in 1935 increased the self-confidence of the people
of Telangana.
 Rajarajanarendra Bhashanilayam (Hanmakonda)

 Shabdanushasandhra Bhashanilayam (Mattewada) - Thumuvarada Rajulu
 Nilgiri Library- Shabnavisu Venkata Ramanarsimha Rao.
Nizam State Library Second Mahasabha - Suryapet (1928)
 It was held on 25th May 1928, Presidential address by - Vaman Naik.
 The Mahasabha was held at the 4th meeting of the Andhra Janakendra Mahasabha.
TELANGANA LITERARY ORGANIZATIONS

 Many social changes occurred due to the autocratic rule of Nizam, bonded labor, illiteracy,
taxes and tenancy systems and others, Due to social changes, library movement and Peasants
armed struggle, a 'Special literature' originated in Telangana region.
 The Golkonda Kavula Sanchika released by Suravaram Pratapa Reddy stood as a symbol of
Telangana self respect. It is the First Telugu Prose Collection released in the modern age.
 Chandala Keshava Dasu wrote a drama Kanakadhara (1911) and laid the foundation for modern
drama writing. Ratnamamba Desai had authored many beautiful verses to prepare the society
to encourage the upliftment of women in education and poetry. Kodati Nargana Rao managed
magazines namely Pragathi and Bala Saraswati. Pasam Narayayá Reddy (inspired by Arya
Samaj) wrote the Biography of Dayananda Saraswati (Burra Katha) and Thangamuthu', and a
verse poem Sada Siva Reddy.
 Note: Writing of a poem about Sada Siva Reddy. The ruler of Papannapet estate who revolted
against the British for the sake of friendship was a part of Telangana national movement.

 Many literary organizations were established as a part of Telangana literary movement.
LITERARY ORGANIZATIONS
Sahithi Mekhala (1936)
 It was the first literary organization. Sahithi Mekhala was founded in 1936 in Nalgonda by
Ambatipudi Venkataratna Shastri. Suravaram Pratapa Reddy, Dhavalaa Srinivasa Rao and
Pulijala Hanumantha Rao provided assistance for its establishment.
Books published by Sahithi Mekhala:
1. Dasaradhi - Agnidhara
2. Punna Anjaiah - Neelagiri Kavula Sanchika
3. Pulijala Gopala Rao -Khadga Tikkana
4. Ambatipudi Venkataratnam -Tarkabhasha
Sadhana Samithi (1939)
 The founders of Sadhana Samithi were Burgula Ranganatha Rao, Bhaskarabhajla Krishna Ran
and Veldurthi Manikya Rao.
Objectives of Sadhana Samithi:
 Building a coordinated world of language with both old and modern literatures
 Encouraging young writers.
 Encouraging all literary forms like verses, Poems and songs.
Books published by Sadhana Samithi:
 Burgula Ranganatha Rao Vyahyali (Stories)
 Devulapalli Ramanuja Rao Navya Kavitha Neerajanam (Essays)
 Bogi Narayana Murthy Pareeksha Chaduvu (Drama)
 Gadiraju Venkata Ramanaiah Bhojaraju (Verse poem)
Vignana Yardhini Parishad (1941)
 Founder- Suravaram Pratapa Reddy
Books published by this organization:
 Suravaram Pratapa Reddy- Rarpáyana Viseshaalu, Mrutyu Siɖdhantham, Andhra Prataparudra
Yasuo Bhushanam.
Andhra Saraswatha Parishad - 1943
 After the conversion of Nizam Andhra Jana Sangham into Andhra Mahasabha in 1930, it
became a political organization.
 As the Andhra Mahasabha was far from the development of Telugu language and literature, the
supporters of Telugu wanted to establish an organization for the development of Telugu
language.
 The foundation of Andhra Saraswatha Parishad was discussed at a meeting held in 1943,at
Hyderabad.
 Andhra Saraswatha Parishad was founded on 26 May 1943 at the oflige of Golconda Patrika in
Hyderabad. It was established as a non-political organization exclusively for the development
of Telugu language.
 Founder- Devulapali Ramanuja Rao (Father of Andhra Saraswatha Parishad), Devulapalli,
Lokanandi, Rangamma and Obul Reddy played an important role in its foundation.
 First President- Lokanandi Shankar Narayana Rao.
 First secretary- Venkatereddy Seshaiah
 Second President- Suravaram Pratapa Reddy
 Current President- Yendluri Shiva Reddy
 Initially, Andhra Saraswatha Parishad was run from the office of Golconda Patrika. The
magaziņe published by Andhra Saraswatha Parishad- Andhra Sri (1944)

 First annual meeting of Andhra Saraswatha Parishad was held at Warangal.
Important books published by Andhra Saraswatha Parishad:
1. Andhra Vangmaya Charitra- Diwakarla Venkata Avadhani
2. Saraswatha Muktavali- Burgula Ramakrishna Rao
3. Salivahana Gatha Sapthasathi Saaram- Rallapali Anantha Krishna Sharma
4. Andhrula Charitra- Nelakuri Venkata Ramanaiah
Important Speeches organized by Andhra Saraswatha Parishad
1. Andhra Mahabharata Upanyasam
2. Maha Bhagavatam Upanyasam
3. Andhra Sapthaham
Important functions of Andhra Saraswatha Parishad:
 Promotion of Libraries
 Conducting essay competitions and presenting prizes
 Promotion of Telugu medium schools
 Conducting elocution competitions in Telugu
 Felicitating Telugu poets and writers
 The books namely Pandit Sarasaswatam, Praja Sarasaswatam and Bala Sarasaswatam were
published by Andhra Saraswatha Parishad.
 The books published under Pandit Saraswati were:
 Suryanarayana Reddy Shastri- Kavyalankara Sangraham
 Rallapalli Anantha Krishna Shastri- Salivahana Gatha Saptasathi Saaramu
 Burgula Ramakrishna Rao- Saraswatha Vyasa Muktavali
 Diwakarla Venkata Avadhani- Sahitya Sopaanaalu
Telangana Sahitya Academy

 After the formation of Telangana state, Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Academy has been renamed as
First Chairman- Nandini Siddha Reddy
 Present Chairman- Juluri Gowri Shankar
 The logo of Telangana Sahitya Academy was designed by noted painter Ravishankar Rao from
Cherial- according to the directions given by the Chief Minister K.C.R.
 On Sahitya Academy logo, a swan is drawn in filigree style in the middle of the logo. In the
place of the swan's beak, a pen's nib is drawn. The swan is shown to be floating on pages of a
book. On the upper side, the backdrop of the Telangana map is drawn and a full-grown tree is
drawn on it depicting that literature is trading like a full grown tree in Telangana.
Andhra JanaSangham
ANDHRA JANA SANGHAM
 The feudal character of Hyderabad naturally led to a communication gap between the
administrative setup and the people. This gap gradually widened and was responsible for the
political upheaval that manifested in the struggle for freedom.
 The political problem in Hyderabad related mainly to the justification of the minority rule over
the majority.

 The Nizam's government wanted to grow strong through religious means. Proselytizing the
members of the majority community was one of the easy means to add to their own members.
 Thus, the numerical strength of the majority was reduced and the strength of the minority was
increasing. The people had practically no right to speak of freedom.
 It was under these circumstances that enlightened leaders like Vaman Naik, K.S.Vaidya,
M.Hanumantha Rao, Keshava Raoand other began to give the expression to the genuine
grievances and reasonable aspirations of the people.
 The Andhra Maha Sabha, the Arya Samaj, the Civil Liberties Union and the Hyderabad State
Congress played an important role in bringing awakening among the people of Hyderabad.
 While the Telugus of Madras Presidency became politically active during the years following
Vande Mataram movement, their brethren in Hyderabad state became politically conscious only
during the 1920's.
 The eyes of the leaders were opened when they realized on many occasions that they could not
hold even a social gathering in Telugu.
 About 80 % of the total population of Nizam's dominion was Telugu speaking people. But they
had no cognition of Telugu language and culture. So they were discriminated against in all
sectors.
 Mandumnula Narsing Rao stated that the people of Nizam State were lagging behind 50 years
when compared to the people ofAndhra State.
 Therefore, the need was felt for forming an organization and the Andhra Jana Sangam.
 Hyderabad Social Conference meeting was held on 1|" and 12h November 1921 at Viveka
vardhini Auditorium in Hyderabad. It was presided over by Maharshi Karve. (The founder of
SNDT WOmen's College- Maharshi Karve). Many participants delivered their speech in
English, Urdu and Marathi. Karve also addressed the meeting in Marathi and English.
 Madapati Hanumantha Rao addressed the meeting in Telugu on the first day. But he was not
disturbed by any one because he was a great orator and top leader.
 On 12h November 1921, Allampali Venkata Rao an advocate of Hyderabad started his speech
in Telugu. But he was interrupted and ridiculed by Kannada and Marathi participants.
 The Telugu speaking people felt it as an insult. They met at the residence of Tekmal Ranga Rao
at 8 PM on 12th November 1921. They formed an association named Andhra Rashtra,Jana
Sangham to preserve and promote Telugu culture and literature: •
 First Secretary- Madapati Hanumnatha Rao
 It was started at the residence of Tekmal Ranga Rao
 The key founders of the association were- Burgula Ramakris hna Rao, Madapati Hanumnatha
Ra0, Mandumula Narsing Rao, Adiraju Virabhadra Rao, Palakurthi Satyanarayana, Papireddy,
Nadimpalli Janakiramayya, E. Seshacharyulu, Alluri Lakshmi Narayana, Kaila Balavantha
Reddy, Mushty ala Sambayya, Panditi Ramaswami and others. The number of founder
members of Andhra Jana Sangham- 12.
 The first meeting of Andhra Jana Sangham was held on 14 February 1922 at Reddy Hostel. It
was presided over by Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy (more than 100 persons attended the
meeting). At this meeting, the association was renamed as Nizam Rashtydana Sangham.
Madapati Hanumantha Rao acted as the Secretary of the meeting. A draft of regulations was
adopted at this meeting. Andhra Jana Sangham had played an important role in organizing
social and cultural and political movements in Telangana.
Main objectives:
 Popularizing Telugu language, history and culture. Establishing libraries, study halls, schools
to help the students. Honoring and encouraging scholars.
 Collection and publication of palm leaf manuscripts and inscriptions.

 Publishing pamphlets, booklets, articles and speeches to spread knowledge and mobilize
people. Organizing programs for propagation of Andhra language.
 Promoting exercise and arts.
 Providing emergency relief to orphans.
 Many organizations were established with its inspiration.
Nizam Rastra Jana Kendra Sangham (1923)
 On 2 April 1923, the second meeting was held at Mattewada Sri Ramalingeswara Swamy
Temple in Hanamkonda by uniting many organizations that sprang up with the inspiration of
Nizam Rashtra Jana Samgham. At this meeting, the Andhra Jana Sangham became Nizam
Rashtra Jana Kendra Sangham.
 First President- Barrister R. Rajagopal Reddy
 First Secretary- Madapati Hanumantha Rao (Andhra Pitamaha)
 It was decided at the meeting to establish Telugu libraries, to promote Telugu publications: and
magazines to study the history of Telugu, to felicitate Telugu writers and Poets, to promote
Telugu arts and literature named Andhra Parisodhana Sangham. Adiraju Veerabhadra Rao
founded Andhra Parisodhaka Mandali as and to award scholarships to Telugu students.
 This association established a historical research council as an associate of Jana Kendra Sangha
and endeavored for historical, cultural and scientific development in Telangana. After the death
ofKomaraju Lakshmana Rao, its name was changed to Lakshmana Rao Parisodhaka Mandali.
Adiraju Veerabhadra Rao acted as its first Secretary.
 Due to the efforts of the Mandali, many historical and cultural details of Telugu people were
brought to Light. Many poets, writers collected inscriptions and palm leaf manuscripts and
discussed a lot of information among them.
 Tetangana Sasanalu and Andhrula Charitra written by Adiraju Veerabhadra Rao, Andhrua
regarding the history and culture of Telugu people. The works of Sheshadri Ramana Kavulu
were unique Sanghika Charitra written by Suravaram Pratapa Reddy and Sweeya Charitra
(Premchand I stories) written by Madapati Hanumantha Rao were the most important.
 Golkonda Sanchika released in 1934 is considered as a greatest milestone in the literature of
Telangana. Andhrula Sanghika Charitra written by Suravaram Pratapa Reddy was conferred
Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award in 1955.
Third meeting of Andhra Jana Sangham
 It was held at Madhira in 1926. First Library Conference was also held along with it.This
meeting was presided by Pingali Rami Reddy.
Fourth meeting of Andhra Jana Sangham
 The second Library meeting was planned at Suryapet in 1926. But due to the delay in obtaining
permission from the Nizam's government, it was held at Suryapet in 1928. This meeting was
presided over by Vamanrao Nayak.
 Nizam Rashtra Jana Kendra Sangham published the following books:
1. Nizam Andhra Rashtra Prasamsa
2. Nizam Rashtra Andhrulu
3. Nizam Rashtra Abhivruddhi Margamulu
 Andhra Jana Sangham became popular with publication of the following books and pamphlets:
1. Varthakulaku Swechcha Varthaka Swatantram- It protected from corrupt officials
(Sar barahikı) Sarbarahiki meant the supply of commodities to officers free of cost.
2. Vetti Chakiri- It persuaded the government to take measures against bonded labor
and prohibition of the practice of bonded labor system.
3. Mothurpha Maggam Pannu- It persuaded the government to abolish tax on handlooms.

 From 1928, Andhra Jana Sangham made efforts for the development of Women education. It
founded Andhra Balikonnatha Pathashala in 1928(Andhra Girls High School) (Madapati
Hanumantha Rao Girls High School-1928). When Osmania University which imparts
education in Urdu I medium refused grant recognition, , conducted metrication examinations
under the affiliation of Karve University Maharashtra
 Note: The Nizam government didn't give permission to the school. So it conducted
Matriculation exams in affiliation with Karve University, Maharashtra.
Andhra Maha Sabha
 The aim of the Maha Sabha during this period was also to eradicate the Purdah system that was
prevailing in Hyderabad and other areas of the state which had no basis in the Dharmasastras.
Emphasis on the need for female education and banning of child marriage were equally
important.
 In all, 13 conferences were held in different parts of the state under the patronage of local
landlords, merchants and other elite. In the initial stages, it faced great difficulties even to secure
permission for conducting routine meetings.
 From 1930 onwards demon rule prevailed in Nizam's Telangana region, anarchy of feudal
landlords, illegal collection of taxes, slavery, bonded labor, illegally occupying poor people's
land (Bhedakhal), illegal ationing, high interest rates, atrocities on women etc were the
problems ced by the people in Nizam state. Several restrictions were imposed on the
newspapers, which publish news on above issues. In continuation
 of this suppression in the year 1929 Nizam state issued GO. 53, it is also known as 'Gasthinishan
Thirpan'. After the G.O. No. 53, conducting meetings in Nizam state became difficult. There
was no justice done in case of revolt against injustices or anarchies of feudal lords; they were
killed by the Nizam state. Political parties were not allowed in Nizam (like British India).
 In spite of suppressive conditions in Nizam state, because of continuous canvassing of Sri
Unnava Venkata Ramaiah, the conditions in Telangana were changed in favor of the Nizam
Andhra movement. Jogipet business association came forward to conduct Mahasabha at
Jogipet. During that period a library called 'Sri Joginatha Swamy' was efficiently functioning
in Jogipet.
 On 24th December 1929, organizers requested the Nizam government for permission to
conduct meetings according to the guidelines mentioned in Gasti Nishan GO. 53. Nizam state
examined the application and accorded permission on 22 February 1930 with following
conditions. Those are:
1. Non-Mulki shall not preside over the meeting
2. Shall not insult, humiliate other religions
3. Shall be a non-political meeting.
 In 1930, Andhra Jana Sangham met at Jogipet in Medak district. The meeting was presided
over by Suravaram Pratapa Reddy. At this meeting, the Nizam Andhra Jana Kedra Sangham
transformed into a political organization named Andhra Maha Sabha.
Andhra Maha Sabha (1930)
 Andhra Maha Sabha is the first Political organization in Telangana. The first generation leaders
of Andhra Maha Sabha were moderates such as Madapati Hanumantha Rao, Suravaram Pratapa
Reddy. Mandumula Narsing Rao, Burgula, Jamalapuram Kesava Rao, Pulijala Venkata Ranga
Rao.
 The second generation leaders of Andhra Maha Sabha were extremists. Eg- Ravi i Narayana
Reddy, Baddam Yella Reddy, Makhdoom Mohiuddin, Devulapalli Venkates wara Rao. The
meetings of Andhra Maha Sabha were held at various places from 1930 to 1946. With the

efforts of Durgabai Deshmukh, Women Andhra Maha Sabha meetings were also held at
different places.
 It is also significant to note that along with the Andhra Maha Sabha conferences, Andhra Mahila
conferences were also held in 1930. The first lady who presided over the Andhra Mahila
conference at Jogipet was Nadimpalli Sundaramma. The second Andhra Mahila conference at
Devarkonda was presided over by Smt.T.Varalakshmamma in 1901. She has the distinction of
being the first remarried lady. She hailed from Karimnagar but studied medicine and set up
practice in Hyderabad city.
 Chief among the people who led the Andhra Mahasabha were: Madapati Hanumantha Rao,
Ravi Narayana Reddy, Suravaram Prathapareddy, Baddam Ella Reddy, Burgula Ramakrishna
Rao, Dasarathi Krishnamacharya, Pulijala Venkatarangarao, Allampalli Venkatarama Rao,
Kaloji Narayana Rao, Konda Venkata Rangareddy, Vattikota Alvaraswami, Potlapalli. Rama
Rao, Arutla Ramachandra Reddy, and many more.
First Nizam Andhra Maha Sabha (Meeting) 1930
 The First Nizam Andhra Andhra Sabha was held at Jogipet, Medak district on March 3, 4 and
5- 1930, under the presidentship of Sri Suravaram Pratap Reddy. He was the editor of Golconda
newspaper, he wrote several books and was also called as king of the board of Telangana
(Telangana Vaitalikudu).
 All the Telugu movements of the state came and met in that Mahasabha. Every person who has
paid a fee of 1 Rupee.
 Sri Vaman Nayak belongs to Maharashtra and played a prominent role in the first Nizam
Andhra Maharashtra meeting. The meeting was confined to non-political aspects, opposed
child marriages and passed a resolution on widow remarriages.
Women Nizam Andhra Mahasabha (1930-1946)
 Women Nizam Andhra Mahasabha meetings were conducted simultaneously along with all of
Nizam Andhra Mahasabha.
 Nadimpalli Sundaramma, T. Varalakshmamma, Yalla pragadaseeta Kumari, Madapati
Manikvamma Burgula Anantha Laxmi Devi, Nandagiri Indira Devi, Yogya Shila Devi, and
Rangamma obul Reddy etc presided over women Andhra Mahasabha meetings.
 These meetings tried for women development, women education, training women to face
atrocities of local landlords, Razakars and Nizam military.
 Atrocities like forced (naked) Bathukamma dance by women were faced bravely with the help
of women armed forces.
 Arutla Kamala Devi, Mallu Swarajyam, and Chakali Iylamma played key roles in the women
Armed Struggle. The resolutions which were not passed in Nizam Andhra Mahasabha, were
passed in women Nizam Andhra Mahasabha and were implemented.
 In this way, Women Andhra Mahasabha played a significant role and have a unique place in
the history of Telangana movement.
Second Andhra Mahasabha 1931
 Second Nizamandhra Mahasabha was conducted at Devarakonda, Nalgonda district on 3, 4 and
5th March 1931, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was its president. As in the first meeting, in this
meeting also social issues were discussed and resolutions were passed in a requesting manner
to the Nizam Government. The deliberations of this meeting were conducted in Telugu.
Keshava Rao and Maharashtra leader Vaman Nayak participated in this meeting.
 Note: Nizam refused to give permission to Andhra Maha Sabha meetings in 1932. 1933. He
was angered by the discussion of politics in the second Andhra Maha sabha meeting and refused
permission.
Third Nizam Andhra Mahasabha (Meeting) 1934

 The organizers decided to conduct the Third Nizam Andhra Mahasabha meeting at Jataprolu,
which was in Kollapur Samsthanam. Prominent High Court advocate Chakrahari Narasaraju
wrote a letter to samastam officials for permission. The officials replied that they do not have
the power to give such permission, further they said that they can allow the meeting if the
organizers obtain permission from the Nizam Government.
 The organizers requested Mahabubnagar district collector for permission. On 24 Dec 1931,
Collector replied that he could not interfere in the affairs of Princely States. Then organizers
approached the home secretary, and finally the issue reached Prime Minister Kishan Pershad.
He replied that, government will not give permission to conduct meetings either in Princely
State or in other places.
 On 2nd March 1932, again organizers started efforts for the meeting, after six months Minister
concerned to police Mr. Karnal Trunch asked the organizers to meet him on 19h July, but met
them on 20 July. He put a condition to pay Rs. 2000 as deposit for permission to conduct the
said meeting. Treating this condition as deposit for permission to conduct the said meeting.
 Treating this condition as an insult to them, the organizers refused to pay the deposit. Finally
the government accorded permission to conduct the meeting with some conditions.
 It took three years for the organizers to obtain permission to conduct a third meeting.
 On 13, 14 and 15th Dec 1934, the third Nizam Andhra Sabha was held at Khammam under the
presidentship of Sir Pulijala Venkata Ranga Rao, Government imposed restrictions even to
discuss social issues besides political issues.
 Hence this meeting discussed farmer's partnership in Nizamandhra Maha MahaSabha and in
next meetings. Hereafter the farmer's problems also became part of Nizam Andhra Mahasabha
meetings.
Fourth Nizamandhra Mahasabha 1935
 The Fourth Nizam Andhra Mahasabha was held at Sircilla, Karimnagar district on 30, and 31
December 1935 and 1s Jan 1936.
 This meeting was presided over by Madapati Hanumantha Rao.
 Third Nizamandhra Mahasabha constituted a subcommittee to decide rules of Mahasabha.
Committee submitted its report.
 The rule 31 in the report provided that all the affairs, resolutions and speeches of the Sabha
should be in Telugu language. This was recommended to stop insults and injustices to the
Telugu language and culture.
Fifth Nizam Andhra Mahasabha 1936
 This meeting was held at Shadnagar, Mahabubnagar district on 15, 16 and 17th Dec 1936.
 The meeting was presided over by Sri Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy, who was an elected
representative of High Court Advocates for two years.
 Though Kannada, Maratwada representatives of Nizam state participated in the meeting, they
eot not speak in Telugu (condition Imposed in fourth meeting). This meeting demanded for the
prohibition of liquor in Nizam state.
Sixth Nizamandhra Mahasabha 1937
 The sixth Nizam Andhra Mahasabha meeting was held at Nizamabad on 6, 7 and gth Dec 1937,
Mandumala Narasimha rao was its president. Maharashtra leaders Kashinath Rao Muchpalkar,
maulvi Ghulam Bashani attended this meeting and failed to speak in Telugu.
 Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy, Valuri Baswaraju and Nandagiri Venkata Rao ete demanded to
follow condition 31 i.e. speaking in Telugu is mandatory.
 But Ravi Narayan Reddy clarified that this condition shall be waived to the National Leaders
During this period, Nizam state appointed Ayyangar Committee for political reforms. Sixth

Nizam Andhra Mahasabha requested Ayyangar Committee to recommend for the formation of
representative government in Nizam State.
 Nizamandhra Mahasabha again for the first time in the history of Nizam State passed a noliti
resolution and also passed two other resolutions.
 Those are:
 To allow speakers to speak in other languages besides Telugu. It was declared that Nizam
Andhra Mahasabha shall work not only for Telugu speaking people but also the development
of all people living in Nizam state.
 Nizam Andhra Mahasabha shall work for the formation of responsible government Nizam state.
The Nizam Andhra Mahasabha which was started as a scientific movement, by the sixth
meeting it converted and became a political movement.
Seventh Nizam Andhra Mahasabha 1940
 In the year 1940. Seventh Nizamandhra Mahasabha was held at Malkapuram, Hyderabad
district. The meeting was presided over by Mandumula Narasinga Rao.
 After the Sixth Nizam Andhra Mahasabha meeting, following changes took place in Nizam
State- those are formation of State Congress committee, Satyagraha movement, and formation
of communist party. Volunteers of Nizam Andhra Mahasabha participated in all those activities.
On 19th July 1939 Ayyangar Committee submitted its recommendations on Constitutional
reforms. The Mahasabha decided to boycott the committee recommendations declaring them
as anti development and useless.
 Seventh Nizam Andhra Sabha was divided into two groups (1) Extremists(Youth leaders) (2)
Moderates (Old leaders) on Ayyangar Committee recommendations after voting took place.
Land taxes were very high in Telangana, Rs. 15-22 was collected as tax from wetlands. whereas
in British India the government collected Rs.5-10.
 After Prakasham Panthulu became the Revenue minister of Madras state. he reduced 25% of
ths tax. Mahasabha demanded the reduction of taxes on the line of Madras state.
 During the Silver Jubilee year of Nizam rule, Nizam abrogated Rs 40 lakhs to entire Diwani,
Sa time Nizam repealed Rs 42 lacs to Surf-e-Khas region.
 Special permission was required to enquire into the criminal case on Surfe-e-Khase employees.
Mahasabha demanded to repeal this type of differences between Diwani and Surf-e-Khas
regions.
Eighth Nizam Andhra Mahasabha 1941
 This meeting was held in Chilkur village, Huzurnagar taluq of Nalgonda district, on 3,4 and 5th
June 1941, under the presidentship of youth leader Ravi Narayana Reddy.
 This meeting discussed new issues like ill-effects of capitalist economic system, freedom of
women, women economic independence, Second World War, policies of Princely State toward
British India etc. Mahasabha membership fee was reduced from Rs one to 25 paise (four anas)
to give an opportunity to the common man to become its member. Condition 31 of Mahasabha
(deliberations in Telugu only) was removed.
 This meeting demanded to take up a year long movement programme to struggle on Nizam
state people's problems, started programmes like political prisoners day, education week,
against bonded labor etc. By conducting these programmes Nizam Andhra Mahasabha wanted
to unite and educate the people of Nizam state.
Ninth Nizamandhra Mahasabha 1942
 This meeting was held in Dharmavaram village, of Warangal district on 22, 23 and 24th May
1942, under the presidentship of most moderate leader Madiraju Rama Koteswara Rao.
 This was the last simultaneous meeting of Nizam Andhra Mahasabha and women Nizam
Andhra Mahasabha and declared it as one of the prominent associations in Nizam state.

 But along with the growth of Mahasabha, the differences between members also increased
which divided the Mahasabha into three groups
 (1) Congress (2) Communists (3) Moderates.
 Moderates were the supporters of landlords, Communists fought in favor of farmers, naturally
communists became enemies to moderates, others formed a third group.
Tenth Nizamandhra Mahasabha 1943
 This meeting was held in Hyderabad on 23, 24 and 25th May 1943. In the history of Mahasabha
for the first time an election was conducted to decide the presiding officer of 10h Mahasabha.
Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy won the election with a narrow majority over Baddam Yella
Reddy, a leader belonging to the extremist group. In this meeting extremist groups introduced
a resolution demanding an interim people's government with full powers.
 But extremists(communists) group, proposed an amendment to the interim people's government
that 50% seats of interim government be given to Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen, remaining
50% seats should be distributed to Telangana, Martwada and Kannada regions representatives
of Mahasabha. The Extremist's resolution was defeated after much discussion.
 Dr. Jaya Surya Nayudu son of Smt Sarojini Devi attended these meetings as Chairman
Invitation committee of Mahasabha.
 Smt. Sarojini Naidu, Rajabahadur Venkata Ram Reddy, Major. M. J. Naidu, some heads of
Princely States also participated in the meeting.
Eleventh Nizam Andhra Mahasabha 1944
 During this period struggle for ownership on land struggles began, which was led by the
Communist group of Nizam Andhra Mahasabha led the movement, Nizam Andhra Mahasabha
president Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy (Congress group) prohibited the communist group from
Mahasabha on the allegation that, they are transferring Mahasabha activities into violence.
 To counter this, the Communist group decided to capture the Eleventh Mahasabha presidency.
Finally after realizing the fact that they do not have the majority in Mahasabha, Nationalists
and Moderates gave up the Mahasabha leadership.
 As a result, the Eleventh Mahasabha identified as communist Mahasabha.
 Under these conditions mentioned above, the Eleventh Mahasabha meeting was held at
Bhongir, Nalgonda district on 27ih and 28th May 1944, Ravi Narayan Reddy was unanimously
elected as its president.
 This meeting under the leadership of Communists was called as the common man Janasangham
people and volunteers attended this meeting unprecedentedly, From this date onwards all
activities of the Communists were conducted in the name of Mahasabha.
 To reach the common man further the Mahasabha membership fee was further reduced from
four anas to one ana. Kaloji, Raja Bahadur Goud and Polkampally Venkata Rama Rao had
important roles in the meeting. Chandra Rajeshwar Rao from Andhra Region played key roles
in organizing Mahasabha and successful deliberation of the meeting.
 Impact of the first world war, the existing conditions, food problem, price control, rationing,
licenses, thakthas, tax burden on farmers, food production and interest rates were the other
issues discussed by the Mahasabha.
 Because of the communist domination of the Mahasabha, the influence of Andhra communist
leaders increased. The Eleventh Mahasabha played a key role in driving the people towards
armed struggle.
 As discussed earlier, Mahasabha was divided into three groups Congress (also called
Nationalists), Communists and Moderates.
 After the capture of Mahasabha by Communists, Moderates and Congress lost their place in
Mahasabha; Mandumula Ramachander Rao released a press statement and criticized eleventh

Mahasabha meeting and stated that this meeting (Rebel or Nationalist (12th) Nizamandhra
Mahasabha) was against the main arms of Nizam Andhra movement.
 After three weeks Madapati Hanumantha Rao, Konda Venkata Ranga Rao released a joint
statement for the necessity of the revival of Nizam Andhra Mahasabha, 'which should have the
representation and work for the collective benefits of 80 lacs Telangana people, who are
professing different occupations. Hence, except Ravi Narayana Reddy all ex presidents of
Nizam Andhra Mahasabha had supported for the revival of Nizam Andhra Mahasabha.
 Suravaram Pratap Reddy played a neutral role, but one can see news supporting Nationalists
group in his paper Golconda, Former presidents of Mahasabha, many distriet Mahasabha
leaders, volunteers (other than communist followers) formed a standing committee with full
powers.
 Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, Madiraju Rama koteswara Rao,
Parsa Srinivas Rao, Mandumala Narsinga Rao are the members of the committee,
 On 15, 16 and 17 March 1945 Nizamandhra Mahasabha was held at MadiKonda village,
Warangal district, under the presidentship of Mandumula Narsinga Rao.
 This Mahasabha was also called as Nationalist group of Mahasabha, revivalist Mahasabha,
Congress Mahasabha and rebel Mahasabha etc,
The Mahasabha passed following resolutions :
1. Taking action against illegal activities of the Nizam state officers
2. Eradication of corruption
3. Stopping forceful procurement of food grains
4. Independence to India
5. Standing council members should always wear Khadi
6. Lifting the ban on Congress (Nizam imposed ban).
Twelfth (Communist) Nizam Andhra Mahasabha 1945
 This meeting was held on 26, 27, April 1945 at Khammam, under the presidency of Ravi
Naryana Reddy. This meeting was also called communist Nizam Andhra Sabha. During thís
period National freedom movement and Telangana Armed Struggle were in peak stage.
 12th Mahasabha decided to support Telangana Armed Struggle and worked hard to spread
Armed Struggle to the entire Telangana. Fighting against Razakars and removal of feudal state
were the other issues taken up by the Mahasabha. Nizam state also started army camps in
Telangana, increased watch on people and banned communist parties.
 It was because of all these developments that the communist leaders went underground and the
next meeting i.e. the 13th Mahasabha meeting could not be held.
 Standing council meeting was held at a later period, the council appointed Baddam Yella Reddy
as its president and Ravi Narayana Reddy as secretary.
Thirteenth Nizamandhra Mahasabha 1946
 This meeting was held on 10, 11, 12th May 1946 at Kandhi village, Medak district under the
presidentship of Jamulapuram Keshava Rao.
 This meeting discussed in detail on International conditions, Indian National politics, Princely
States, Constitution of Hyderabad State legislature, Nizam State Government, people, their
citizenship. education, farmers, animal husbandry, health, formation of responsible
government. This was the last Nizam Andhra Mahasabha meeting.
 In 1946 Nizam lifted a ban on state Congress after the Nizam Andhra Mahasabha merged into
the State Congress party. Hereafter all activities of Nizamandhra Mahasabha were conducted
on the ame of Congress party.

 Telangana district were increased from 8 to9, Nizam Andhra Mahasabha meetings were held
in'7 district because of Marathi domination in Adilabad, self rule of Nizam in atraf balda, the
Nizam Andhra Mahasabha meetings were not conducted in these two district.
 First to Ninth meetings both Nizam Andhra Mahasabha and women Mahasabha meetings were
conducted simultaneously at the same time. After the Ninth meeting women started conducting
their meeting independently. Tenth women Mahasabha Meeting was held under the
presidentship of Palvancha Princely State queen Smt. Alivelu Manga Tayaramma. Other
women Mahasabha was also conducted in Hyderabad under the presidentship of Gurugunta
princely state queen Lalita Devi.
 The following associations like Farmer's Associations, Jeeva Dayagnana Prachara mandali
Padmashali Sangam, Business Associations, Aryasamj and Hari Janadharana Sangam etc, also
co-operated with Nizam Andhra movement. Particularly through Nizamandhra Mahasabha,
Bhagya Reddy Varma, Malleshwara Rao. B. Chittaraiha and Arige Rama Swamy worked
deeply for the propagation of the Harijan movement. Note: Only 1l meetings of Women Andhra
Maha Sabha were organized.


Arya Samaj in the State of Hyderabad

ARYA SAMAJ IN THE STATE OF HYDERABAD
 Among the major socio-religions movements of India, the Arya Samaj played a pivotal role in
spreading the socio-political renaissance in Nizam’s dominion, It took a political colour in
Hyderabad State.
 The foundation of Arya Samaj can be considered as the first step of Vedic reformist movement.
According to the definition given by Arya Samaj, the word Hindu is wrong. There are no
Hindus. All of them are Aryans. Arya Samajists claim that the meaning of Hindu is slave and
the word Hindu was propagated widely by the foreigners to present them as the slaves or
servants. Aray Samaj was founded to defend Vedic religion from the attack of Islam in North
India.
Swami Dayananda Saraswathi
 Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Dayananda Saraswathi in 1885 at Bombay. He explained
the significance of Vedas with the slogan Go back to Vedas. His aim was to re-establish the
supremacy of Vedas, the earliest Hindu scriptures, as revealed truth. The Book written by him
was Satyartha Prakashika in Hindi.
 It is the holy text of Arya Samaj. He propagated the principles of Arya Samaj through a journal
named Vedic Adarsha (1934). It was banned by the Nizam's government in 1935. He criticized
Christian, Islam and Sikh religions in Satyarth Prakashika.
 Satyartha Prakashika was translated into Telugu by Adịpadi SomanathaSwami Dayananda
Saraswati Rao. Swami Dayananda criticized all religions and emphasized that Vedic religion is
the paramount among al. He asks all Arya Samajis to perform Sandhya Vandan.
Principles of Arya Samaj
 The Shodasa Samskaras (16 rites) of Manu dharma must be accepted and practiced. No one is
born with a certain caste. People become Brahaman, Kshatriya, Vyshya or Shudra (4 Varnas)
based on their profession. Vedas are eternal and supreme. Idol worship, religious rites and

priesthood are condemned. Polytheism, unnecessary sacrifices and rituals, untouchability are
prohibited. Aryyśamaj- Hyderabad Branch (1892)
 In 1890, the first branch of Tharoor Arya Samaj was founded in Hyderabad state. The
Hyderabad branch ofArya Samaj was founded by Swami Nityananda and Girijananda
Saraswathí in 1892. President - Kamla Pershad, Secretary- Lakshman Deshji. Renowned
personalities of Hyderabad like Kesavarao Koratkar, Vaman Nayak, Damodar Palekar and
Aghoranath Chattopadhyaya joined the members of Arya Samaj and promoted its activities by
explaining the importance of Vedas to the common public.
 Kesavarao Koratkar (Former Chief justice of Hyderabad) served as the President of Arya Samaj
until 1932. He translated Satyarth Prakasika by Dayananda Saraswati into Telugu. He along
with Vamanrao Nayak and Ganapatirao Hardhikar founded Viveka Vardhini School in 1907.
 Note: It is the earliest Telugu school founded in Hyderabad.
 Some businessmen annoyed by the pressure of Muslims extended their support to Arya Samaj.
MIM and Anjuman Tabliq Islam with the support of Nizam's government started the Tabligh
movement to convert Hindus Dalits) into Islam. Bahadur Yar ung the President of MIM sent a
secret circular ordering to convert Dalits to Islam.
 It was informed to Arya Samaj by a postal employee named Venkata Swamy.The Arya Samaj
initiated the Shuddhi movement against Tabligh and to reconvert to Hinduism.
Shuddhi movement
 The Arya Samaj leader who was killed by a Muslim leader Khaza Hasan Nizam for was
organized by organizing Shuddhi movement- Shraddhananda.
 The Arya Samaj leaders who were expelled by the Nizam government in 1894 for organizing
Shuddhi movement- Balakrishna Sharma, Nityananda.
 The Nizam government imposed many restrictions on the activities ofArya Samaj.
 The leaders of Ama Samaj who were detained by the Nizam government- Viswananda
Saraswathi, Vidyananda Brahmachari. In 1929, a Muslim named Siddique Deendar insulted
Hindu deities by claiming himself as Channa Basaveshwara. The members of Arya Samaj held
many meetings to counter his propaganda.
 The Arya Samaj organized many programmes such as preaching the Satyartha Prakash and
performing Havanakunda (holy fires) in 1930 to attack the allegations against Hindu society.
TheNizam prohibited the Haves and the activities of Arya Samaj without prior approval of the
government in 1934. The government magazine ofArya Samaj Vaidik Adarsh was banned in
Nizam State in 1934.
 In December 1938, Shyamlal, an Arya Samaj leader was poisoned to death at Bidar.
Satyagraha of Arya Samaj
 Communal riots occurred at Dhoolpet in 1939. The representative of Arya Sabha appealed to
the Nizam to enquire into the incident. It was refused by the Nizam. The Police detained only
Hindus whenever such incidents happened.
 To protest against the partiality, Sarvadeshik Arya Samaj took up Satyagraha under the
leadership of Mahatma Narayan Swami. On 24 October 1938, Hindu Civil Liberty Union
started Satyagraha against the Nizam government and to secure civil rights for Hindus. It took
full form by February 1939. About 1200 Satyagrahis were detained by July.
 So, the government was forced to climb down. Lala Desh Bandhu Gupta on behalf of Arya
Samaj Sabha participated in negotiations with the government and withdrew the Satyagraha on
7 August 1939.
Note:
1. Vavilala Ramachandra Rao sang Vande mataram at this moment and became famous as Vande
mataram Ramachandra Rao.

2. Hyderabad Day was observed all over India on 24 October 1939
 Arya Samaj extensively propagated the Swadeshi movement. The ideology of Swadeshi
movement was spread from the residences of famous people. The government expelled many
of them from the state. Some leaders left the State and continued their campaign. The
government imposed strict restrictions on temples and Bhajan mandals.
 The members of Arya Samaj were untouchables in the view of the government from 1942 to
1948. Their houses, shops and of their friends were often attacked or torched. In March 1942,
some Muslims fired on their procession and four Arya Samajists were dead. The Arya Samajists
were punished when a similar incident occurred at Nagarkurnool. Riots occurred in Nizamabad
during the Dussehra festival. The members of Arya Samaj founded hundreds of schools without
the aid of the government.
 On 2 September 1947, the flag was hoisted at Parakala. The police opened fire and 15 people
died and more than 250 persons were injured. Arya Samaj tried to protect Hindus before police
action by founding shelters at the border areas.
 Pandit Narendarji described that 'Hyderabad state was a vast prison. The government
imprisoned Narendraji under sedition for giving such slogans. The members of Arya Samaj
organized Hyderabad Day in 1039. The activities of Arya Samaj at Warangal fort were started
in 1942. Bolusugodu Achari, a member of Arva Sabha founded Sadhanagandi, a gym at
Warangal.
 A social activist Bathini Mogilaiah developed this gym by showing special attention.He hoisted
National Aag on Warangal fort. The Razakars murdered Mogilayya on 11th August 1946 for
hoisting the flag.It is the first political murder in Telangana.
 Note: Bhupati Krishnamurthy participated along with him in hoisting the flag. Mogilayya was
murdered by Lakhadi Master Pahilwan. Wife of Mogilaiah- Lachchamma.
 Pandit Narendarji was a prominent leader of Arya Sabha in Nizam dominion. He extended the
activities ofArya Samaj throughout Nizam state.Onthe invitationof Kaloji, he attended the
meeting held at Warangal to intensify the movement against the Nizam. Kaloji Narayana Rao
had written a poem Dharyam leni Daddammalaku Dhairyam Cheppaka eenadu on Narendraji.
All India Arya Samaj Conference (December 1938- Sholapur)
 It was presided over by Loknayak Sri Madhava Rao.
 Chief guest -Vír Savarkar
 Savarkar extended his full support to the Hyderabad movement. He warned the Nizam that he
had to face an intense movement if he did not agree the demands ofHindus.
Activities of Arya Samaj in Telangana
 The centre of Arya Samaj came into existence in the city of Hyderabad in the year 1892. Sultan
Bazar became active centre of the Arya Samaj.
 By 1938 Arya Samaj had 250 branches in the State, twenty of which were located in the twin
cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad.
 The Arya Samaj used to give fitting reply to the Nizam’s operations during 1930’s.
 Nizam Administration issued Circular No. 53, which forbidden all annual meetings of Arya
Samaj in 1937. But the Arya Samajists protested against it by making celebrations without any
prior sanction.
 Some local dignitaries of Suryapet decided to buy a building for Arya Samaj to help the
activities of Arya Samaj against the tyrannical rule of Nizam. In achieving this task, many
renowned persons like Yama Kannayya, Nakirekanti Ramalingam, Uppala Venkanna, Gavva
Amrutha Reddy and Kodati Venkateswara Rao extended their support to Bommagani
Dharmabhiksham. The building became a center for enthusiastic youth, students, social

reformers and freedom fighters. Everyday at 4 am, the members of Arya Samaj uttered the
words Jai Bolo so Abhay vai devarki Jai'.
 The tradition of sacrificing animals before their Ghadis by Doras, Deshmukhs and landlords on
the occasion of Dussehra was practiced for ages. The members of Arya Samaj wanted to stop
that tradition.
 Under the leadership of Bommagani Dharmabhiksham, they gave a representation to Suryapet
deshmukh Kunduru Lakshmí Kantha Rao to stop animal sacrifice. Deshmukh tore the paper
before them.
 The protestors strongly condemned his action. The Deshmukhs of Sirikonda, Vatti Khammam
Pahad and Eapuru accepted their appeal and celebrated the festival by breaking pumpkins. The
Yadavas of Durajpally in the vicinity of Suryapet celebrate Lingamanthula Swamy Jathara
every two years.
 They sacrifice a sheep at this event. The Arya Samajis wanted to appeal to them to stop animal
sacrifice. They at least wanted to propagate the message if stopping was not possible.
 Dharamabhiksham invented the Anti animal sacrifice Bhajana group headed by Lalji Meghji
from Hyderabad. The Bhajana group started singing after setting up camps on the hillock. They
raised slogans and showed cardboard placards.
 On the second day of the Jathara, a rumor spread that the gamblers cheated the public and
attacked Muslims if they appeared. The people pursued Muslims. The Muslims in the town
started to the hillock with swords and weapons.
 The Hindus on the other side stood along the road to attack Muslims and a terrible situation
was created. So, the police-imposed section 144. The President of Arya Samaj who participated
in Anti Nizam protests in 1947- M.R.Shyam Rao.
 Narayana Rao, a member of Krantidal of Arya Samaj made an attempt on the life of Nizam on
4h December 1947. The Nizam escaped unhurt.
 The Arya Samaj took up constructive activities also. After the death of Keshav Rao Koratkar,
his son Vinayak rao Vidyalankar became the President of Arya Samaj and Pandit Narendraji
became its secretary. In memory of Keshav Rao, they founded Keshav Memorial Educational
Institution on 29 July 1940 at Narayanguda in Hyderabad. It started training centers named
Upadeshak Vidyalaya at Nalgonda.
 Arya Samaj in its 6 Annual meeting passed a resolution demanding the Hyderabad dominion
to join the Union of India and to establish a responsible government. When the Hindus migrated
to other places due to the atrocities of Razakars, Arya Samaj established shelters for them. In
this manner, the Arya Samaj provided immense services in social, cultural and political sectors
of Telangana.
 In order to mobilise public opinion against the despotism of the Nizam government, the Arya
Samaj conducted annual meetings inviting people from various parts of Country.
 When Nizam Government did not permit non-Hyderabadis to enter the State, Arya Samajists
defied the orders and entered the State to support the movement against Nizam through
Sholapur, Vijayawada, Barsi, Ahmadnagar, Manmad, Poona and Chand. They were arrested
and imprisoned in various jails of the State and some of them died out of starvation to uphold
the cause of patriotism.
 The spirit of martyrdom of Arya Samajists continued to be exhibited in 1942 “Do or Die”
movement, “Join Union” movement of 1946-47 and “Border” movement of 1947-48. This saga
of sacrifice provoked the sentiments of the people and inspired them to develop the political
consciousness.
 About seventy per cent of the nationalists of Hyderabad Karnataka belonged to the Arya Samaj.
Arya Samaj served as a training ground for the nationalists of this region.

BRAHMO SAMAJ
 Brahmo Samaj, theistic movement within Hinduism, founded in Calcutta [now Kolkata] in
1828 by Ram Mohan Roy.
 In 1869, the Brahma Samaj branch was established in Hyderabad.
 In Hyderabad, 1st Brahma Samaj meeting was held at Sultan Bazar in 1914 under the
presidency of Narayana Govinda Vellinkar.
 The important member of Brahma Samaj in Andhra during those days was Raghupati
Venkataratnam Naidu.
 The Brahmo Samaj does not accept the authority of the Vedas, has no faith in avatars
(incarnations), and does not insist on belief in karma (causal effects of past deeds) or samsara
(the process of death and rebirth).
 It discards Hindu rituals and adopts some Christian practices in its worship.
 Influenced by Islam and Christianity, it denounces polytheism, image worship, and the caste
system.
 The Brahmo Samaj believed in the unity of all religions.
 Prominent Leaders of Brahmo Samaj were Debendranath Tagore (father of Rabindra Nath
Tagore), Keshub Chandra Sen, Pt. Sivnath Shastri, and Rabindranath Tagore.
 Later in 1866, Brahma Sabha was split into two, namely Brahmo Samaj of India led by Keshub
Chandra Sen and Adi Brahmo Samaj led by Debendranath Tagore.
 It was the forerunner of all social, religious and political movements of modern India.
About Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772 – 1833)
 He was born into a traditional Bengali Hindu family in Radhanagar, in the Hooghly District of
Bengal Presidency in May 1772.
 Ram Mohan's education included studying Persian and Arabic in Patna for his higher studies.
He studied the Quran, the Arabic translations of Plato and Aristotle's works, and the writings
of Sufi mystic poets.
 At the age of fifteen, Raja Rammohun Roy had acquired knowledge of Bangla, Persian, Arabic,
and Sanskrit. He was also proficient in Hindi and English.
 He traveled to Varanasi and delved deeply into the study of the Vedas, the Upanishads, and
Hindu philosophy.
 He also researched Christianity and Islam.
 He penned a logical criticism of Hindu idol worship when he was sixteen years old.
 Between 1809 and 1814, he held a position in the Revenue Department of the East India
Company and also acted as a private Diwan to Woodforde and Digby.
 Starting in 1814, he focused his life on advocating for religious, social, and political changes.
 During his speech titled 'Pioneer of the Modern Era in India,' Tagore called Ram Mohan 'a
shining star in the Indian historical sky.'
 He died of an illness while visiting England as a representative of the Mughal king Akbar Shah
II, who was the father of Bahadur Shah. He passed away in Bristol, England in September 1833.
 The Mughal Emperor of Delhi, Akbar II granted him the title 'Raja' and he conveyed Akbar II's
complaints to the British monarch.
Comparing the ideologies and objectives of the Brahmo Samaj and Arya Samaj
Different Aspect Arya Samaj Brahmo Samaj
Founder Swami Dayananda Saraswati (1875) Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1828)

Approach Advocated worship of one formless Emphasized monotheism and
God. formless divinity.
Use of Scriptures Strictly adhered to the Vedas as the Valued various religious texts,
ultimate source of knowledge and including Upanishads, Vedas, and
truth. Quran.
Rituals and Idol Rejected idol worship but promoted Advocated against idol worship
Worship Vedic rituals. and rituals.
Various Reforms Focused on social reform, strongly Promoted social reform,
opposed caste hierarchy and women’s education, and social
untouchability. equality.
Focus on Vedic Promoted Vedic education and the Emphasized rationality and
Knowledge study of ancient scriptures. scientific inquiry.
Conversion Actively sought to bring back those Did not emphasise reconversion.
who had converted to other religions.


Adhi Hindu Dalit Movement

ADHI HINDU DALIT MOVEMENTS
 As this emerging, partly-educated Dalit middle class began to enter social life, the radicalization
among Dalits throughout south India brought with it identification with the ‘adi’ ideology. It
was Bhagyareddy Varma himself who presided over the momentous conference at Vijayawada
in 1913 when the ‘Panchama’ identity was rejected and over a number of conferences after that.
 Nevertheless, in Hyderabad they took up an ‘Adi-Hindu’ theme: four Adi-Hindu conferences
were organized between 1912 and 1924, and gradually the main organizers began to use this
terminology. In 1924 Arigay Ramaswamy formed the Adi-Hindu Jatiyonnati Sabha; not to be
outdone; Bhagyareddy transformed his Manya Sangam into the Adi-Hindu Social Service
League.
 Adi-Hindu movement is the first identity and Self-respect movement in Hyderabad state.
 Hyderabad was one of the largest princely states in India. Hyderabad state was under the rule
of Nizams. In Nizam's state Jagirdars, Jamindars, Deshmukhs and Deshpandes enjoyed
enormous powers under the approval of the king.
 They dominated over the weaker sections. Vetti (free labor), Untouchability, Devadasi system
and child marriages prevailed in this feudal society.
 People belonging to downtrodden castes used to perform veti to Zamindars. Along with Mala,
Madigas (Who are Dalits), the Potters, Weavers, Dhobis (Washerman), Toddy tappers also used
to perform Vetti.
 Dalits were also used to perform free labor as Begaris, Neeradis, Bhagela by cutting wood and
carrying carts. The vetti along with Bhagela subjected Dalits to much oppression.

 The condition of Dalit women was worse. The Jogini system forced minor Dalit girls into sacred
prostitution in the name of dedication of the local goddess.
 This is the height of cruelty towards women. Superstitions were rampant in villages. Dalit
women were tortured in the pretext of performing black magic Such as Banamati and Chillagi
and Chetabadi. Sexual violence against Dalit women, agricultural labour was a common part
of feudal system.
 In Hyderabad several organizations as Arya Samaj and Andhra Maha Sabha strived hard against
the discrimination against Dalits. Aray Samaj reformers like Roy Balmukund, Keshavarao,
Koratkar, Lalji Meghjee took up Harijanodhyamam as a part of the social reforms.
 This became the main organization of the Dalits of Hyderabad, a feat attributed to his energetic
organizing and ability to gain support from liberal Hindu sympathizers.
 Along with the traditional aims of internal reform (‘removing social evils, establishing schools,
societies, reading rooms, bhajan mandalis’), the aims of the organization included ‘removing
ignoble appellations and spreading the identity of ‘Adi-Hindu’’.
 Andhra Maha Sabha which started in 1930s took several resolutions against untouchability,
vetti ete. Andhra Maha Sabha in one of its meetings published a small booklet on Vetti Chakiri.
Subsequently the seventh Nizam Mir Osmal Ali Khan brought out a Farman against Vetti.
 R.P. Venkata Swamy documented the Dalit movement in Telangana in the form of a book titled
Our Struggle for Emancipation'.
 Bhagyareddy Varma, Arige Ramaswamy and B.S. Venkatrao can be considered as the
Triumvirate of Dalit movement in Telangana.
Adi Hindu Dalit Movement- role of Bhagya Reddy Varma
 Adi Hindu movement was started in 196 in Hyderabad state against the atrocities on Dalits and
questioning caste discrimination.
 Bhagyareddy Varma was born to Rangamamba and Madari Venkaiah on 22 May 1888 at
hyderabad.
 His parents named him Bhagayya and their family master renamed him Bhagyareddy.
 His original name - Madari Bhagayya
 In 1912 he joined the Electrical Department. In 1906 itself he founded Jagan Mitra mandali.
The important aim of Mandali was to impart education to Dalits.
 Bhagya Reddy Varnma became a pioneer of Dalit self-respect movement in Andhra Desa
Panchama conference at Vijaywada in 1917.
 On the first day itself he condemned the word Panchama and stated that thís word was not there
in Vedas and Puranas and it is a creation of dominant castes to exercise their selfish motto of
dominance.
 The main aim of Adi Hindu Dalit Movement was to encourage and awaken the social
consciousness among Dalit.
 He invoked Hindu Puranic tradition to eradicate caste.
 He set up schools and also persuaded the Nizam to allocate special funds for the education of
dalits.
 He also made it clear that Dalits were original inhabitants and hence replaced Panchama with
Adi Andhra.
 He founded Devadasi Nirmoqlgha Sangham for the eradication of social evils. He also
established a publishing house namely Vaidika Dharma Pracharana Sabha in 1910 associated
with Jagan Mitra Mandali.
 It published small books and pamphlets to bring awareness to Hindus and other castes.

 The Humanitarian League was founded by Bhagyareddy Varma and Roy Balmukund in 1913.
Later, it became Jeeva Raksha Gnana Praçhara Mandali.
 In 1914, Bhagyareddy Varma founded Brahmạ Samaj at Hanuman Tekdi at Residency Bazar
in Hyderabad. He established Vishwa Gruha Paricharika Sammelanam in 1915. This institution
worked for the welfare of house maids.
Note:
1. In 1913, a member of Arya Samaj Balaji Krishna Rao conferred the title Varma to Bhagyareddy
and gave the membership of Arya Samaj.
2. In 1915, Bhagyareddy Varma established Sangha Samskara Nataka Mandali and made Harijans
perform dramas.
3. In1912, he established the Swastik Dal & Voluntary Health service Force.
Budda Jayanti- Bhagya Reddy Varma

 In the year 1913 he organized Buddha Jayanthi for the first time. Padmaja Naidu, Adipudi
Somanatha Rao, Chandravarak etc participated in these celebrations. He continued this activity
every year till his death.
 The last Budha Jayanthi he celebrated was on 25th May 1937 under the chairmanship of Raja
Bahadur Rai Bisweswaranath, member Nizam Government Judicial committee.
 In this speech, Varma stressed to follow the panchsheel which is the basis of Buddhist Morality,
rationality and non-violence.
 Bhagyareddy Varma: The term panchama should be deleted.
 Bhagya Reddy strongly believed that Dalits were not part of Hinduism.
 Due to the consistent efforts of Bhagaya Reddy, The Madras Government issued a Government
Order (GO) 817 on January 24th 1922.
 The Madras Legislative Council adopted a resolution stating that the council recommends to
the Government that 'the term Panchama or Paraya which used to designate the ancient
Dravidian community in the Southern India should be deleted from the Government records
and the term Adi Dravida in the Tamil Nadu and Adi Andhra in the Telugu districts to be
substituted instead'
 In Hyderabad state also due to his efforts the term Adi Hindu was accepted by the Nizam
Government and referred to all the Dalits (Mala, Madiga, Dekkali, Dhed, Chamar etc) as Adi
Hindu in 1931 census report. Adi Hindu Samajika Seva Samkhya.
 The year 1922 is very crucial in the history of Hyderabad state. The Manya Sangam started by
Bhagaya Reddy in 1911 was renamed as Adi Hindu Social Service League. The first conference
was convened under the presidency of OTAJ. Papanna, at Hyderabad.
 Dalit representatives from Bombay, Pune, Karachi, Akola, Amaravathi, Nagpur, Madras and
coastal regions participated in this conference. The Spirit of Social Service League attracted
several caste Hindus of the state and they were actively associated with the League.
 Prominent among them were justice C. Bal Mukund, Pandit Keshav Rao Koratker, Set Lalji
Meghji, Professor Wellinker and R.E. Repouku. The discussions took place in Hindi andTelugu
languages.
 On the second day 900 people of different castes participated in the 'Shapankatí Bhojanam'
Program. Kusuma Dharmanna sang the song 'Makdee Nallaratnam'. In order to solve the
internal feuds among Dalits Bhagya Reddy took several resolutions.
 Bhagya Reddy Varma was conferred with a title 'Siva Sresti' in a meeting organized by Dharam
Veer Naik. He was conferred with 'Sangha Manya' in an Adi Andhra conference held in March
1921.

 Bhagya Reddy Varma made an attempt to bring solidarity among Dalits and Bahujans. He
founded Yadava Sangam under Singam Sitaram; Sabari Sangam, with Durgaiah, and Pardhi
Sangam with Hanuman Singh.
 In 1925 he organized Adi Hindu Sabha under the leadership of Arundhati leader Subedar
Sayanna. In 1925 itself he organized Matanga Janasabha under the leadership of Guntimalla
Ramappa. Bhagya Reddy founded the Matangi Sabha in 1927 at Mallepalli.
 The Sabha passed resolutions against liquor and toddy consumption. Along with Mala's, a
movement under the leadership of N.R. Babaiah took place demanding rights of the Madigas.
 He made Secunderabad the center and toured extensively to Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam
and Nizamabad demanding rights to the Madigas.
 Mudigonda Laxmaiah, an industrialist, extensively supported this movement and offered
monetary help in giving scholarships to poor Madiga Scholars.
 In the year 1937, Jambavarna Seva Samithi made efforts to create awareness among Arundhati
Yas. Matanga Mahasabha leader Guntimalla Ramappa strived hard to bring unity among Dalits
during 1932.
 The Adi Hindu and other Dalit movements not only brought awareness among urban Dalits but
also Dalits in the rural areas, for example is one of the villages called Jogilepadu in Madhira
taluk, a Dalit family Bulusupati Luci and Devasahayam refused to perform vetti. This was
reported in Golkonda Patrika on 28h February 1931.
 In this context, the role of Peesari Veeramani who revolted against the Vetti system is worth
mentioning. He organized Dalits not to perform vetti and also questioned Gandhi by opposing
the word Harijan.
 Bhagya Reddy Varma requested the social reformer Dhanrajgir to lay the foundation of the
office building of Adi Hindu Social Service League.
 On July 10h 1931 in the Adi Hindu Dharmik Sabha, Bhagya Reddy gave a call to bring unity
among different sub castes of Dalits.
National Conferences attended by Bhagyareddy Varma
 He attended the AIl India Depressed Classes Conference held at Allahabad as a representative
of South India. He presided over the Adi Hindu Conference held at Lucknow in 1931.
 In this meeting, some representatives raised objections against the word Varma. So
Bhagyareddy Varma immediately relinquished it.Dr Ambedkar was elected as the sole
representative of Dalits to the Round table conference. They demanded separate electorates for
Dalits.
 Bhagyareddy attended the Adi Hindu Conference held at Nagpur in 1933. It was his last
meeting. Andhra Maha Sabha - Bhagya Reddy Varma
 Bhagya Reddy participated in the meetings of Andhra Maha Sabha and made them adopt
several resolutions to bring reforms in the society. In its first meeting held at Jogipet on 3d, 4th
and 5th March 1930.
 Suravaram Pratap Reddy presided over and proposed resolutions on Educational facilities to
Adi-Hindus. whereas Bhagya Reddy gave a call to remove untouchability. Varma also spoke
in the second meeting at Hyderabad.
 In 1934 Khammam conference, Varma in his message mentioned that 'Those upper castes who
love the pet animals, ants and also snakes but ask their fellow human beings to step out their
way, what kind of Justice is it?
 'He cited several instances of Dalit sages in Epics and Puranas.
 Bhagya Reddy also conducted Adi Hindu gymnastic competitions under the presidentship of
Kodi Ramamurthy. In 1925, to encourage youth, he conducted painting, drawing and craft
exhibitions at Prem theater, Hyderabad.

 The idea behind organizing the exhibition was to expose the skills and fine arts of Dalits. They
also staged a drama on the theme Aryan and Non Aryan conflict to create awareness among
Dalit Youth. This program was inaugurated by Goswami, and Dhanrajgirji Narasimha.
Adi Hindu Mahasabha
 After returning from Lucknow on 7th November, 1931, a conference was organized at
Bollaram presided over by Bhagya Reddy. Bandela Chittarayya as Chairman and Vemula
Kurmaiah as the president of Indepen- dent Adijana Conference of Andhra inaugurated the
sessions.
 It was held at Bollaram, part of British ruled Secunderabad, as Nizam did not give permission
to hold the conference in Hyderabad. The conference unanimously took resolutions accepting
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, as their leader, demanded for abolition of Vetti, reservations for Adi Hindu,
in police and other military posts.
 Bhagya Reddy in his speech directly targeted the upper castes. He stated that You cannot make
us slaves for long. How many years will you oppress us? The dawn of freedom arises, our
strength in number in 7 crores. We are more powerful now. I am very sure that we will reach
our goal. We don't want to eat along with you. We want you to do away with the evil of
untouchability'.
 On 6" April, 1935 Bhagya Reddy during Ugadi celebrations thanked the Government for
choosing Ariga Ramaswamy as representative of Hyderabad Municipal Corporation and also
demanded for two Adi Hindu representations in the labor department. Bhagya Reddy also
participated in the Adi Hindu conference and several other meetings in 1936 at Vijayanagaram
and in 1938 February at Kakinada.
 On 22nd September 1937, the Nizam government constituted a committee for reforms. In the
same year, Bhagya Reddy conducted a meeting and requested the government to allocate ten
seats to Adi Hindus.
 Bhagya Reddy's relentless activities and frequent travels affected his health. Krishna Swamy
Mudiraj mentioned in one of his books that Bhagya Reddy, gave 3348 public speeches. Bhagya
Reddy's life is synonymous with the Adi Hindu movement. He strived hard to create awareness
among Railway employees, Military soldiers, cloth merchants, contractors, workers and
laborers.
 He breathed his last on 18th February, 1939. His death was a major setback to the Adi Hindu
Movement and also to the Dalits of Hyderabad. From 1921 to 1924 it was Hindu mahasabha
under Bhagyareddy varma.
 They are:
Gandhi - Bhagyareddy Varma
 Bhagya Reddy attended several meetings and conferences in other parts of Indía. One such
meeting he participated was in the Divyagnana Samajam meeting held on 15th December 1917
at Calcutta and spoke how Brahmanism caused the degradation of Dalits.Mahatma Gandhi was
present in the conference and praised him for his interest in the up-liftment of the downtrodden.
Later Gandhi visited Adi Hindu Social Service League and Adi Hindu School in the year 1929.
 In 1920 several identity movements took place in Northern India. All India Adi Hindu
(Depressed classes) conferences were organized in places like Delhi, Alahabad, Lucknow and
Nagpur. Varma attended all these conferences as a delegate from Hyderabad state and Andhra.
He also attended the Adi Hindu special conference held at Delhi on 24th February 1928.
 In the year 1930, on 16h November Varma participated in the 8th session of All India Adi
Hindu (De- pressed Class) conference held in Mayo Hall at Allahabad. The conference
demanded for a representative from Adi Hindu background in the Central as well as State
provincial Legislatures.

 He also demanded separate electorates to ameliorate their social and political status. Further the
conference also asked for free and compulsory education to Dalits. The conference also
expressed gratitude to the viceroy for nominating Dr. B.R.Ambedkar and R. Srinivasan as
representatives of depressed classes to the Round Table Conference.
Peesari Veeranna
 In this conference, Bhagya Reddy deleted 'Varma', from his name as one of the participants
suggested that the term 'Varma' denotes upper caste.
 The word Harijan was first used by Gandhiji in his magazine Navjivan.
 Peesari Veeranna organized movements against bonded labor in Karimnagar and Warangal
districts and preached that Malas and Madigas should not engage in bonded labor. He
propagated that the Dalits should embrace Islam. He adopted Islam and became P.V.Sardar Ali.
Arige Ramaswamy
 He is the contemporary of Bhagya Reddy Varma. He worked for Dalits and fought against caste
discrimination. He was born in Ramanakola, of present day Ranga Reddy district. After his
primary education did various jobs such as office boy, carpenter and later as ticket collector at
Bollaram Rail Road.
 He founded Suneeta Bala Samajam at Secunderabad and Matangi Mahasabha at Nampally. He
struggled for the abolition of the Jogini system. He fought against Superstitions, animal
sacrifice and child marriages. He propounded Achala Philosophy, believed in Brahma Samaj
principles. He too felt that Dalits are separated and not part of Hindu fold.
Adi Hindu Jateeya Sabha
 In the year 1922 he started Adi Hindu Jateeya Sabha, along with J.Papayya as vice president
and Konda Venkataswamy as president.
 This organization worked to bring reforms among Adi Hindus. It also worked for Devadasi
Abolition. Arige Ramaswamy rescued a mala girl from dedication as Jogini and married her
with a Madiga boy, with a hope that it will create cordial relations among these two sub castes
in later years.
 He founded Arundhatiya Maha Sabha and created awareness among Media castes. Arige
Ramaswamy is not only a reformer but also a poet.
 The main purpose of the organization
 Rejecting the doctrine of menial castes.
 Propagation of universal equality.
 At this meeting, Bhagyareddy Varma stated that the Dalit were the original descendents of India
and they should be called as Adi Andhras or Adi Hindus.
Sanghabhivruddhi Samajam
 It was founded by Arige Ramaswami and Madari Adeyya. They made efforts for the upliftment
and unity of Dalits.
Adeyya Memorial High School
 It was started by Adeyya in 1906 at Secunderabad for the advancement of dalits in Nizam's
dominion. Original name of the School-William Barton School (Land was donated by William
Barton). When B.S.Venkata Rao was the education minister, it was renamed as M.L.Adeyya
Memorial High School. Adeyya tried to stop the habit of drinking toddy at caste panchayats.
 The All India Adi Hindu Social Conference in 1922 was organized by Bhagyareddy and
Adeyya. The President of Secunderabad brach at this conference-Adeyyo.
 Adeyya was also known as Dalit Bhishma.
Arundhati Maha Sabha (1931)
 It was founded by Arige Ramaswami.
 He was assisted by Girakala Mallesh Rao, Venkata Rao

 The meeting of Arudhatiyas in Nizam State was held on 1 June 1931 at Reddy Hostel.
 Arige Ramaswami along with Magundi Mallayya and Subedar Sayanna demanded equal rights
to Madigas with Malas.
B. S. Venkat Rao (1898 - 1953)
 B.S. Venkat Rao is another Dalit Leader who led the Dalit Movement in the Nizam state. He is
greatly inspired by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar's movement. He got several benefits for Dalits in the
fields of education, employment and politics. Popularly known as, HyderabaAmbedkar; B.S.
Venat Rao was born on December 1 19, 1898 at Hyderabad.
 In 1922 he joined Nizam Government Engineering College and also worked as recruitment
officer at Nizam Sagar Project. Soon he resigned from his job and started his career as 'A' class
contractor. He founded several Dalit organizations.
Adi Dravida Sangham (1922)
 In the year 1922, healing with his friends Madari Govindarajulu, Madari Venkatswamy founded
Adi Dravida Sangham.
 In the same year he started Adi Hindu Mahasabha along with C.S.Yatiraj, K. Ramaswamy. He
has also worked for removal of social evils and bringing unity among Dalits.
Adi Hindu Maha Sabha (1926)
 Through these organizations he started a library and night school as an affiliation to Adi Hindu
Maha o Sabha in 1926 at Secunderabad.
Ambedkar Youth League, (1936)
 In the year 1936, he started the Ambedkar Youth League for the development of Dalit Youth.
The name of Ambedkar Youth League was changed to Hyderabad State Depressed Classes
Association in 1938. First president- B.S.Venkat Rao, Secretary- PR. Venkata Swamy. He was
elected as Secunderabad Cantonment Board member in 1938., Municipal elections.
 In 1946 elected as Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA)on behalf of local bodies and finally
became Education Minister in 1947.
 He presided over the Mahar Conference in May 1936 at puna. He started City Depressed
Classes Association at Hyderabad in 1938.
 He met the Prime Minister of Nizam State, Sri Akbar Hydar in the year 1934 and demanded
for adequate representation of Dalits in legislature and separate electorates based on population.
When he was the Education Minister, he changed the Burton High School as Adaiah Memorial
school and upgraded it to High School.
 He provided an opportunity to Dalit Students who passed HSC to join in colleges, He prepared
the list of eligible Dlait children and sent them to Nizam government and British India officers
and provided opportunities for pursuing their studies in foreign countries. He was conferred the
title Khusrou-i-Ali by the 7th Nizam.
 For the first time in history he convinced Nizam government to allocate one crore to a scheduled
caste trust fund for the welfare of Dalits.
 B.S.Venkat Rao condemned the practice of Devadasi and made efforts for the unity of Dalits.
B.S.Venkat Rao- Political Career
 B.S.Venkat Rao, who strived for the upliftment of Dalits and lead the Dalit movement for 30
years got a reputation in civil, political and administrative sectors. The Nizam nominated him
to the Nizam's Defence Council.
 He was nominated as a member of Hyderabad Municipal Corporation in 1937.
 He was elected as member of Secunderabad Cantonment board in 1938 and as a Councillor in
1939.
 He was appointed a member of Nizam Defence Council in 1943.

 He led Hyderabad Depressed Classes Association by merging several small Dalit organizations.
After Hyderabad accession into Indian Union, he was kept under house arrest and died in the
year 1953.
Battula Shyamsunder
 B. Shyamsunder was born on 18th December 1908. He was the son ofB. Manikyam who was
a railway employee ofAurangabad district of Hyderabad state. He did his primary and middle
school at Aurangabad and B.A. and L.L.B. from Osmania University in 1925. He emerged as
a student leader and later trade union leader. He presided over Depressed Classes Maha
Sabha(Anjuman-e-Fastukhamum) on 30th May, 1942.
 P.R. Venkataswamy in his book 'our struggle for Emancipation' wrote that B. Syamsunder's
entry into Dalit Movement as a 'Red Letter Day. He worked as secretary to the Scheduled Castes
Federation along with B.S. Venkata rao. He attended the All India Scheduled Castes Federation
meeting held at Nagpur in the year 1944.
 He worked as president of Osmania University Graduates Association. He was member of
Reconstruction committee of Osmania University in 1944, Standing Committee member and
senate member. He played a crucial role in taking Dalit issues to the Nizam government. He
demanded for proportionate representation of Dalits in Nizam's Executive Council. He believed
in Dalit Muslim unity.
 He opined that Dalits are separate entities in Hinduism. He believed that Dalits should be
together to get political and social freedom.B.Shyamsunder was instrumental in influencing
Nizam to grant 5 Lakhs Rupees to Peoples Education Trust started by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
 This institution helped for the advancement of Dalits and deprived sections. He spoke on the
status of Dalits in International forums when sent along with Moin Nawaj Jung and Jaheer
Ahmad by Nizam government representatives demanding separate statehood to Hyderabad.
 He started the movement to install Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's statues at various places as symbols of
self- respect. He became president of AIl India Depressed Classes Association in 1954. He is
also one of the Bhimsena founding members in 1968. When AP Government approached the
court to recover Rs. 12 Lakhs given by Nizam government to Peoples Education Trust, he
argued on behalf of Nizam government and won the case. In the year 1968 he demanded that
the Marathwada University be named as Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University.
Hyderabad State Scheduled Castes Federation - 1942
 On l8" July 1942, When the All India Depressed Political MahaSabha was convened
representatives from Hyderabad namely J.H. Subbaiah. B.S.Venkata Rao, B. Shyam Sunder,
P.R.Venkataswamy, Ethirajan, P.V.Manohar, Arige Ramaswamy decided to form Scheduled
Castes Federation. Ambedkar visited Hyderabad in 1944 to inspire the Scheduled Caste
Federation.
 The Scheduled Caste Federation contested the general election in 1952 and won two seats: M.R.
Krishna from Karimnagar and P.S.Rajbhoj from Sholapur.
 It also won five assembly seats among 24 contested. Arige Ramaswamy and Subbaiah Joined
congress. Republican Party of India was started after Scheduled Castes Federation. In late years
J. Eshwariba's entry into politics as member of Republican Party of India further influenced
Dalit politics.
Early Dalit Journal
 M.B. Goutham in his Biography on Bhagya Reddy 'Bhagyodayam' mentions that Panchama
was the first ever Dalit journal published from Telangana.
 This is an English monthly journal J.S.Muttaiah who was the secretary of Manya Sangam
started by Bhagya Reddy Varma as its editor.

 This journal was published between the years 1918-19; Dalit's situations, Sub caste issues
among Dalits were some of its themes. Another journal was Adhishaki which was started from
Chaderghat during 1926.
 Based on the sub title Adi Hindu Society Sahitya Pracharaka Grandha Mala, it may be
considered as Dalit Journal. Bhagya Reddy Varma started a journal Bhagyanagar Patrika in the
year 1913 for the upliftment of Dalits in Nizam State. This journal worked as a channel for
social reform movements started by Bhagya Reddy.
 Various features covered are the Harijan movement of Gandhi, Depressed castes struggles led
by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Round Table conference and Poona Pact etc. , reports of Various
incidents of atrocities On Dalits were published and brought them to the notice of Government.
 Several serial stories, essays were published against untouchability. From the year 1937 its
name was changed as Adi Hindu Patrika.
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Vandemataram Movement & Hyderabad

State Congress
Vandemataram Movement and Hyderabad State Congress
 Vande Mataram Movement was the most significant movement in the history of Hyderabad
freedom struggle. The Nizam Government has forbidden the singing of Vande Matram all over
the state including the educational Institutions and Hostels, and it became a symbol of
nationalist agitation. It was used for rousing the nationalistic sprit among the People.
 The Nationalists of Hyderabad state belonging to Araya Samaj, Hindu Maha Sabha, Praja
Mandal, Nijam Karnataka Parishath, Andhra Maha Sabha, and Marati Maha Mandala the civil
liberties and student union forget their socio-political labels to launch a united struggle called
Vande Mataram in 1938 to fight for the basic civil and political rights of the people.
 The origin of this movement in Hyderabad state may be traced in the decision of Nizam
Government to conduct special (Religious Discourse) classes viz, Dinayat in all Educational
Institutions exclusively for Muslim students. The non-Muslim students were not permitted to
sit in the class room during Dinyat.
 The Muslim Pandits and Kazis were appointed to teach the gospel of the Quran to Muslims.
Muslim students were offering prayers (Namaz) in educational institutions and in University
Hostels.
 Besides at the commencement of the classes the students including Hindus and Muslims of
Tahatania (Primary School) Phokaniya (High School) were to sing “Do Al Men Riya Sabe” which
meant “Let Nizam Live Long”, the prayer was in Persian mixed with Urdu language.
 Although technically outside British India, Hyderabad State was closely allied with the British
government, with its Nizam having the title of the "Most Faithful Ally of the British
Government." The Nizam gave patronage to the Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen, a party
dedicated to preserving Islamic rule in the state, and allowed its militant wing, the Razakars,
to operate freely. Its leaders Bahadur Yar Jung and Qasim Razvi became close advisers to the
Nizam.
 In February 1938, the Indian National Congress passed the Haripura resolution declaring that
the princely states are "an integral part of India," and that it stood for "the same political,
social and economic freedom in the States as in the rest of India."

 Encouraged by this, the standing committee of the People's Convention proposed to form a
Hyderabad State Congress and an enthusiastic drive to enrol members was begun. By July
1938, the committee claimed to have enrolled 1200 primary members and declared that
elections would soon be held for the office-bearers.
VANDEMATARAM MOVEMENT OSMANIA UNIVERSITY- 1938

 In 1915,Hyderabad Education Conference, the first education related conference in Hyderabad
State was organized with the initiation of Mir Akbar Ali, the editor of Urdu journal Sahipah.
They were later held at Aurangabad in 1916, at Hyderabad in 1917, 1918 and at Latur in 1919).
The first conference was organized by Moharmmad Murthujah. According to the resolutions
oade at the conference, Mir Akbar Ali gave a memorandum to the Nizam government regarding
the establishment of a University.
 Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan issued a firman in 1918 for the foundation of a University on his
name, From 28 August 1918, classes were started in Abids on behalf of the present Osmania
University.
 The system followed in the University was the Abliyakat system. According to this system, the
Hindu students had to study the writings of other religions. But the Muslim students need not
follow the system. The students should wear the Uniform with blue sherwani and pajama
according to Islamic culture.
Vandemataram Movement 1938

 The Nizam state imposed several restrictions on conducting meetings and conferences,
particularly on political meetings. Hence Madapati Hanumantha Rao (Andhra Pitamaha) father
of Andhra, Vaman Raghavandhra Sarma used to conduct political meetings outside the Nizam
state. Those are, in 1923 meeting at Kakinada, in 1926 Bombay, in 1929 Pune, in 1939
Lucknow. In those meetings they demanded for the formation of a responsible government in
Nizam state. During this period Nizam passed GO. 53 i.e. Gasthinishan Thirpan. Which took
away freedom of speech and independence of individuals.
 Students of Nizam state used to sing Morning Prayer praising Nizam. Prayer was like this: Tha
Abdh Malik Aalam Aeriasath Rakkhe. Thujuko osman basdh Ijlal salamath rakkhe. Which
means, god bless Nizam state, Nizam shall always have the blessings of God. Students were
rusticated if they denied singing Morning Prayer praising Nizam. It was because of the
influence of the Nationalist movement, Satyagraha movement of state Congress, Arya Samaj
activities, and Ayyangar Committee etc.
 The students started singing Vandemnthram songs. In the year 1938 Osmania Univerşity 8
hostel students, when they assembled to celebrate Dussehra festival sang Vandemanthram song,
they continued to sing Vandemathram and other devotional songs everyday when they met in
the reading room, majority of them were Hindu students. Students did not honor the circular

and in 1938 started a movement against the circular, which is called Vande Mataram movement.
On 28, November 1938 Nizam banned singing Vandemantharam songs. Students gradually
expanded the Vandemataram Movement. University officials rusticated the students and
ordered them to vacate hostels immediately.
 Against the unseemly action of University authorities, students started strike and picketing in
front of University gate, this news spread to all districts of Nizam state and other educational
institutions in Hyderabad. Students of Aurangabad, Warangal and Gulbarga, Parbhani, Nanded
and Mahabubnagar had also joined in strike and boycotted classes. Students gave up wearing
pajamas and sherwani and started wearing a shirt and dhoti. Students also demanded to teach
Post Graduate classes in Telugu, Marathi and Kannada languages.
 Students participated in strike from 29h November to 10h December. Within a short period.,
students will be allowed to attend classes, only if they give an apology letter. Students refused
to let the Vandemataram Movement spread to the entire Nizam state. Nizam State issued a
circular stating that, apology letter. Resulted 350 Osmania University students, 200 students
form Gulbarga colleges and high schools, nearly 500 students from Aurangabad colleges and
high schools were removed from educational institutions, Nizam government wrote a letter to
Inter University Board not to give admissions to these removed students in other educational
institutions. Andhra University and Banara University accepted Nizam's request as they were
receiving 2 lacs grant from Nizam every yéar.
 The Vice Chancelļor of Nagpur University was Justice Kedarnath Patri. The science students
got admission in Nagpur campus and the Arts students got admission ín Jabalpur. Andhra and
Benares Universities refused to admit the rusticated students. The Vice Chancellor of Andhra
University was Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy and the Vice Chancellor of Benares University
was Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. Nehru, Bose, V.D.Savarkar and Vallabh bhai Patel had written
letters to the students congratulating them. Gandhiji declared that every Indian has the right to
sing Vandemataram. Some students like Devualpalli Venkateswara Rao brought Jabalpur
Marxist literature along with them.
NIZAM'S SUBJECT'S LEAGUE (1935)

 All jobs in Nizam state whether small or big were grabbed by the non-locals (non-Mukis),
getting jobs by a local (Mulki) became difficult. To overcome this situation and to achieve the
following aims-like protection of the rights of Mulkis, to acquire citizenship rights, to bring
political reforms in Nizam state and the achievement of a responsible govt etc in the Nizam
State intellectuals through the need for the formation of an association. In 1953 they formed
Nizam's Subject's League (which was called Namiyath Rimayaye Nizam in Urdu).
About Vande Mataram
Vande Mataram the word which inspired the whole part of India during Independence spreads unity
among the people and creates awareness of oneness among India though it has variety of religion
caste and beliefs. The Present paper focused on Vande Mataram Movement of Hyderabad state in
general and Hyderabad Karnataka in Particular during National Movement.
Vande Mataram movement was an effective and most popular chanting synonym in the freedom
struggle of the Nizam state Hyderabad. The words “Vande” and “Mataram” irritated and disturbed
both British and the Nizam to whom it seemed horrible to hear and tolerate.
It sounded so patriotic the Government soon issued ban on singing Vande Mataram in Public places.
But the patriots not caring the ban sung a song to intensify the movement with a view to paralyze
the administration and derecognize the despotic rule of the British and the fanatic views of the
Nizam.

The freedom fighters sacrificed their pleasure and even their soul by singing the song to get
freedom. To secure a democratic set up of government but also preserves the Unity, Solidarity and
Integrity of India.
 Nawab Sir Nizamath Jung elected as its President, he also held the posts of Judge of High Court
and that of Political Affairs Minister in the Nizam cabinet. Dr. Lathif Sayeed, Ramachdnra
Nayak were its více presidents. Syed Abig Hassam, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, Srinivas Sarma
were its secretaries. Barrister Neshir Chinoy was elected as its treasurer. Former police
commissioner (Kothwal) Raj Bahadur Venkata Ram Reddy, Nawab Shamshirjung, Vaman
Nayak, Akbar Ali Khan, Kashinath Rao vaidhya, Madapati Hanumantha Rao, Abul Hasan Syed
Ali, Gopala Rao vakil, P.V. Joshi, Shankar Rao Borgankar, Janardhan Rao Desai, Ahmed
Mohiuddin (editor Rahebare Decan), Mandumula Narasinga Rao (editor Nanor Ravwath),
kalilujama (former High Court Judge), Mir Hasanuddin (editor paper Mamlakath), Sripathi Rao
Palnitkar (Fornar High Court Judge), Nawab Moin Yar Jung, Nawab Bahadur Yar Jung etc.
were the members of the working committee of the League. Hindus, Muslims, Parsis, Majlis,
people organizations and Congress joined in the League.
 Tag of Mulki League: Hyderabad for Hyderabad
Ideology and aims of the League
1. Development of fraternity and co-operation among the different casts, sects of Nizam
state.
2. Searching the possibilities, opportunities for the achievement of League's aims.
3. Protection of Mulki rights and explaining their duties.
4. To make efforts to form Asaf Jahi Family Rule, which shall be responsible to the
legislature.
5. Protection of Hyderabad state Monarchy rights.
 For the first time an association formed above and free from the caste, religion and political
color lactors; but because of Nizams' conspiracy differences arose among the members of the
League, some members left the League and joined MIM. Shortly this League disappeared.
People Convention (1937)
 In 1937 a split occurred in the Mulki League and its Hindu members formed the People's
Convention.
 Hyderabad State Congress was founded in 1938.
Foundation of Hyderabad Congress Committee - 1918
 The effect of the INC Movement developing in British India was also felt in Nizamabad State.
 The first Congress committee was formed in 1918 headed by Vaman Nayak(Karnataka).
ESTABLISHMENT OF HYDERABAD STATE CONGRESS (1938) - ITS

IMPACT
 The Hyderabad political conferences directly inspired the formation of Hyderabad State
Congress. The All India National Congress conference of Haripura in 1938 under the leadership
of Subhash Chandra Bose passed a resolution that the Indian National Congress would not be
responsible for the movements taken up in the Princely states or provinces and the local people
of these states should lead their own movements.
 The name of Congress should not be used in the Princely states or provinces and the national
leaders would not participate in the movements directly. The people of Hyderabad state were

annoyed by the resolution. At the same time, Marahi Parishad and Kannada Parishad were
launched for the development of Marathi and Kannada people respectively in 1937. So, the top
leaders of Telangana area decided to form an organization for the development of Telugu
people.
 Madapati Hanumantha Rao organized a meeting in January 1938 for the development of Telugu
people (On the advice of Ramananda Tirtha). Leaders like Burgula, Vaman Nayak, Swami
Ramananda and G Ramachari attended this meeting.
 The representatives of Andhra Maha sabha and Maharashtra Parishad and Karnataka Parishad
attended this meeting and jointly passed a resolution to form a Political organization to protect
the rights of people living in Nizam State. At this meeting, Ramananda Tirtha announced the
launching of Hyderabad State Congféss on 29 January 1938. Swamy Ramanayda Thirtha
founded the Hyderabad State Congress, a political body, on July 29, 1938.
SWAMI RAMANANDA TIRTHA
 His original name- Venkatrao Khedgikar; Birth place- Gulbarga. Founder of Hyderabad State
Congress- Swami Ramananda Tirtha He belonged to Aurangabad area. He took the pledge of
renunciation and became an ascetic.
 He started his political career on 9 June 1938.
 After independence, he became a member of Lok Sabha in 1952 from Aurangabad
constituency.
 The announcement of launching of HSC was issued but no one was appointed as members or
in key posts. The 2nd Maratha conference was held in June 1938 at Latur. Ramananda attended
this He reached Hyderabad on 9 June 1938 and met local leaders. He established an ad hoc
committee in July and selected 1200 members to HSC. So Ramananda is considered as the
founder of Hyderabad State Congress. Hyderabad State Congress was founded on 29th July
1938 with the sole objective of conference. On the same day, Govindarao Nanal was elected as
the President and H. Ramakrishna Dhooth was appointed as the Convener of the Provisional
Committee. The Provisional Committee made an appeal to the people of Hyderabad Princely
State to join Hyderabad I State Congress regardless of race, religion or caste and support the
objective of establishing a responsible government.
 The Committee decided to organize a general body meeting on 9th September 1938 to elect the
Executive Committee (President, Vice President, Secretary) and to adopt the rules and
regulations of the Committee.
Ban on Hyderabad State Congress (8h September 1938)
 On 8h September, a day before the general body meeting, the then Prime Minister of Hyderabad
Akbar Hydari invited GRamachary, a prominent leader of Hyderabad State Congress and
discussed the HSC. He insisted on the removal of the word Congress from Hyderabad State
Congress.

 He also demanded HSC to keep itself away from other organizations in the State and the
members of Indian National Congress should not be given the membership of HSC.
 But Ramachary rejected these proposals. So, a ban was imposed on HSC on 8h September 1938
declaring it as an unlawful religious organization. The leaders of HSC started negotiations to
lift the ban on HSC.
Efforts of Mandumula Narsing Rao/ Unity Negotiations
 In 1938, communal riots between Hindus and Muslirs took place in Dhoolpet for the first time
in the history of Hyderabad. It was known as Dhoolpet Case. The negotiations between
Mandumula Narsing Rag and Bahadur Yar Jung to decrease tensions between the two
communities are known as Sing-Jung negotiations.
 Based on these negotiations, Mandumula Narsing Rao appealed to Akbar Hydari to lift the ban
on Hyderabad State Congress. But Hydari still insisted on removal of the word Congress from
HSC and then only the negotiations would become fruitful. So the efforts of Narsing Rao failed.
Satyagraha of HSC (24th October - 24th December 1938)
 The leaders of Hyderabad State Congress planned a Satyagraha demanding the lift of ban. They
decided to form a Committee of HSC and initiate Satyagraha against the Nizam on 24 October
1938. A Satvagraba Committee was formed with Govindrao Nanal as the President and
Ramakrishna Dhooth as the Convener. Satyagraha stir was started at Sultan Bazar at 10am on
24th October 1938. Govindrao Nanal was elected as the first President of the Hyderabad State
Congress.
 The government immediately declared HSC as an unlawful organization. 18 dictators were
appointed to continue the Satyagraha after the arrest of Govindrao Nanal. First dictator was
Swami Ramananda Tirtha and the 18th dictator was Kasinathrao Vaidya (at Abids).
 Note : Kasinathrao Vaidya had written the book Hyderabad State Congress.
 All India Satyagraha Day was observed on 23rd October 1938. The Nizam government tried to
project the Satyagraha as a religious movement. Gandhi appealed to stop the Satyagraha
immediately against the propaganda. In response to Gandhi's call, Kasinathrao Vaidya had
withdrawn the Satyagraha on 24th December 1938.
Efforts of Kasinathrao Vaidya for lift of ban
 Many efforts were made during 1939-40 to lift the ban on HSC. After the suspension of
Satyagraha, Kasinathrao Vaidya negotiated with Akbar Hydari. Viadya proposed to change the
name of HSC to Hyderabad National Conference. Hydari rejected the proposal stating that HSC
had no support of all religions and the word National was quite misleading.
 Hyderabad Day was observed for the first time on 21" January 1939.
Individual Satyagraha for lift of ban (11th September 1940)
 Due to the failure of negotiatíons of Kasinathrao Vaidya, it was decided by Swami Ramananda
Tirtha to perform Satyagraha again. He initiated individual Satyagraha on 1|h September 1940
demanding the lift of ban on HSC. He was arrested immediately. Rahbare-i- Deccan, a Pro-
Nizam news paper described the following:
 There will be no use of removing a word from Hyderabad State Congress. What should be
completely modified is its mindset.
 The government prepared to lift the ban on HSC at the time of Individual Satyagraha. But the
MIM party passed a resolution on 1 December 1940 threatening a direct action against the
leaders of Congress if the ban was lifted. During this time, Quit India movement began and the
leaders of Hyderabad State Congress actively participated in it. Many political issues at
National and international level eclipsed the demand for the lift of ban on Hyderabad State
Congress.
Role of Quit India Movement in Hyderabad (1942)

 This movement was widely promoted by a letter written by Swami Ramananda Tirtha. A
significant role in the spreading of the movement was played by Dr. Melkote.
 Gandhiji launched the Quit India movement at Bombay in August 1942 considering it as the
right time to attain freedom due to the weakening of the British Empire in the Second World
War. Ramanada Tirtha met Gandhiji at Bombay and discussed the course of movement at
Hyderabad.
 He expected his arrest by the British during his return journey to Hyderabad and had written a
letter to Dr. Melkote on the spread of the movement. He asked Dr Melkote to send the letter to
the Nizam government. Points mentioned in the letter:
1. Lift of ban on Hyderabad State Congress
2. Release of political prisoners
3. Immediate grant of citizenship and freedoms
 The Quit India movement launched at Bombay had its effects on Hyderabad state also.
Ramananda Tirtha was arrested by the government immediately after his arrival at Nampally
Railway Station.
 Leaders of Hyderabad State Congress Padmaja Naidu, Burgula Ramakrishna Rag; Kaloji
Narayana Rao and others were arrested. In 1942, Abid Hasań Saprani and Prof. Suresh Chandra
of Hyderabad joined Azad Hind Fauz founded by Subhash Chandra Bose outside India.
 Konda Lakshman Bapuji was arrested on the charge of attacking the government officials.
William Rushbrook, a BBC Journalist was called to Hyderabad to write articles in favor of
Nizam to remove the dissatisfaction against him in the people.
 Note:
1. Afuna Asaf Ali secretly toured Hyderabad to propagate the Quit India Movement.
2. Padmaja Naidu hoisted the Congress flag on Hyderabad Residency building.
Lift of ban on Hyderabad State Congress (3rd July 1946)
 In 1940, Ravi Narayana Reddy and Baddam Yella Reddy founded Communist Party in
Hyderabad. Communists consolidated their position in Hyderabad state during 1940-46 and ran
parallel governments in rural areas.
 Chattari Nawab, the Political advisor of Nizam suggested him to remove ban on Hyderabad
State Congress to counter the domination of Communists. So the ban on HSC was lifted on 3rd
July 1946.
 The first meeting of HSC after the lift of ban was held at Musheerabad on 16h June 1947. It
was presided over by Swami Ramananda Tirtha. Two important decisions were taken at this
meeting.
 They were:
1. Voluntary arrest by refusing to pay taxes.
2. Setting up of a Working Committee against the attacks of the Police and razakars.
 A working Committee was founded with Jamalapuram Kesava Rao as leader. The first
officially appointed President of Hyderabad State Congress- Swami Ramananda Tirtha.
 They were:
1. Padmaja Naidu
2. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao
3. Swami Ramanda Tirtha
4. Kaloji Narayana Rao
 Abid Hasan Saprani, Prof. Shri Suresh Chandra joined Azad Hind Fauz revived by Subhash
Chandra Bose in Southeast Asia during the Quit India movement in 1942.
 Konda Lakshman Bapuji was arrested on the charge of attacking the Police.

 William Rushbook, a B.B.C journalist was brought to Hyderabad to write articles in favor of
the Nizam to relieve anti- Nizam sentiment in the people.
Union with India
 The Hyderabad State Congress began actively campaigning for the state of Hyderabad to join
the Union of India upon independence, which the Nizam was resisting. The State Congress
called for 7 August 1947 to be observed as "Join Indian Union" Day.
 Protests, strikes and flag-hoisting broke out across the state, and the Nizam's government
banned the Congress again and conducted mass arrests. The Razakars in turn threatened to mass
pogroms against Hindu civilians in Hyderabad and provoke violence across India.
 The crisis continued until September, 1948 when the Indian government authorized the Indian
Army to annex Hyderabad that led to massacre of many civilians.
Padmaja Naidu
 Padmaja Naidu was born on 17 November 1900 in Hyderabad.

 Parents- Sarojini Naidu, Muthyala Govindarajulu Naidu
 She participated in active politics from 1930.
 She served as the leader of Swadeshi League which was founded by some youth having
progressive ideology in Nizam State.
 When Mahatma Gandhi visited Hyderabad for a second time on 9 March 1934, Padmaja Naidu
welcomed him and organized his visit.
 Padmaja Naidu participated in the Quit India movement (1942) and unfurled the Congress flag
on the British Residency in Hyderabad. So the Nizam government arrested her.
 In 1950, she was elected to the Indian Parliament for a term of two years.
 She was appointed as the Governor of West Bengal in 1956 and held that office for 10 years.
She provided rehabilitation for Bangladesh migrants to India during the Bangladesh war.
Padmaja Naidu donated her jewelry to the National Defence Fund during the war with China
She edited a journal named One World.
 She published her collection of poetry with the name The feather of Dawn.
 She was also associated with the Red Cross and was the chair of the Indian Red Cross from
1071 to 1972.
 Padmaja Naidu passed away on 29 August 1979 at Teen Murti Bhavan, New Delhi.
Abid Hasan Safrani

 Abid Hasan Safrani was the creator of the slogan Jai Hind. He was born in 1912 in an
aristocratic family in Hyderabad. His mother Fakrunzísa Begum was the first woman of
Hyderabad who burned foreign made clothes. She was called as Ammazan by renowned
national leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru and others. In 1925, Abid Hasan's
brother Badhirul Hasan worked in the Young India journal started by Gandhiji.
 After graduating from Cambridge University, he reached Sabarmati Ashram in 1931 and
participated in Dandi Salt Satyagraha and spent 1 year in prison. When Abid Hasan was living
in Sabarmati Ashram, he convinced Gandhiji to add the words Eswar Allah Tere naam in
Raghupathi Raghava prayer. After being released from prison, he went to Germany to study
engineering.
 The establishment, name, flag, script and salutation of an independent government in India
were discussed when Subhash Chandra Bose was in Germany. Bose wanted the soldiers to
stand together and fight for an integrated India, and for starters, he wanted a common greeting
which would unify them. Abid initially came up with a simple 'hello'. When that was rejected,
he coined Jai Hindustan ki', which ultimately became the shorter Jai Hind. Safrani served as the
second Commandant when the Indian National Army crossed Rangoon border and entered
India.
 When Sardar Fanillal was the Indian Ambassador in China, Safrani worked as first secretary in
his office. He served as Indian Ambassador in Denmark during 1967-69 and retired. He passed
away on 11 April at an age of 73.

QUESTION & ANSWERS
1) Discuss the role of the Library Movement in Telangana's cultural and political
awakening against the Nizam's regime. Illustrate your answer with examples of
early libraries, influential figures, and significant contributions to the movement.
Introduction The Library Movement in Telangana stands as a beacon of resistance and

cultural revival against the oppressive Nizam's regime. It not only
enlightened the masses through education but also served as a nucleus for
political awakening and communal solidarity.
Body Early Libraries in Hyderabad

 Nagai Village Library (1058 A.D.): A testament to the region's
long-standing tradition of knowledge dissemination, established
by Chalukya King Prathamashekar near Wadi Railway Station.
 Secunderabad Library (1872): Founded by Somasundar
Mudaliar, this library became a part of Mahboobia College in
1884, serving as a crucial educational resource.
Influential Figures in the Telugu Library Movement
 Mudigonda Sankaradyulu: A key figure who founded the
Shankarananda Library (1872) and played a significant role in
promoting Telugu literature and education.
 Aghoranatha Chatopadhyaya (1879): His efforts under the
"Young Men's Improvement Society" showcased the
movement's alignment with broader social reforms.
 Aphterimata Chatopadhyaya: Worked alongside Milla Abd
Khayyum to establish the Brotherhood Society, emphasizing
communal harmony and collective learning.
Significant Libraries
 Asafia State Library (1892): Transitioned from a civic library to
the state central library, highlighting the evolving role of libraries
in societal development.
 Bharat Gunavardhak Association Library (1895): Initiated by
the Marathi community in Shalibanda, emphasized the inclusive
nature of the library movement.
 Albert Reading Room (1896): Founded at Bollaram, offering a
space for intellectual engagement and reflection.
 Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao: An emblematic figure,
Rao's contributions were pivotal in fostering a cultural
renaissance. His efforts in establishing libraries and promoting

Telugu literature laid the groundwork for a regional identity
rooted in education and literary excellence.
Libraries Founded by Komarraju Lakshmana Rao
 Krishnadevarayandhra Bhasha Nilayam (1991) and Sri
Rajaraja Narendra Andhrabhasha Nilayam (1904) were
instrumental in the library movement, serving as hubs for literary
and cultural activities.
Conclusion The Library Movement in Telangana was more than a campaign for
literacy; it was a revolution that nurtured a collective consciousness
against oppression. It not only preserved and promoted Telugu language
and literature but also forged a path for future generations to seek
knowledge and empowerment.
2) Examine the role of Andhra Jana Sangham in promoting Telugu language and
culture amidst linguistic discrimination in the Nizam's dominion, and its
contributions to education and social reforms.
Introduction The Andhra Jana Sangham emerged as a vital force in the cultural and
linguistic resurgence of Telugu-speaking people against discriminatory
practices in the Nizam's dominion. Formed in response to the glaring
neglect and suppression of Telugu language and culture, it aimed to
rejuvenate and promote the Telugu heritage, making significant strides in
education and social reforms.
Body Formation and Objectives

 Historical Context: Discrimination against Telugu speakers, who
constituted 80% of the Nizam's population, triggered the need for
a unified response to safeguard their cultural and linguistic rights.
 Foundation: The Hyderabad Social Conference in 1921
highlighted the linguistic discrimination, leading to the Andhra
Jana Sangham's establishment at Tekmal Ranga Rao's
residence on November 12, 1921.
 Key Founders and Leadership: With 12 founding members
including Burgula Ramakrishna Rao and Madapati Hanumantha
Rao as the first secretary, the organization set forth with objectives
to promote Telugu language, culture, and education through
various means including the establishment of libraries and
schools.
Activities and Evolution

 Educational Initiatives: Establishing libraries, study halls, and
schools was a primary focus, alongside honoring scholars and
collecting as well as publishing significant manuscripts and
inscriptions.
 Renaming and Expansion: Renamed as Nizam Rashtra Jana
Sangham in 1922, it soon expanded, forming the Nizam Rastra
Jana Kendra Sangham in 1923, by uniting various Telugu-
centric organizations, thus broadening its impact and reach.
Contributions to Telugu Heritage
 Research and Publications: The Sangham's efforts in historical
and cultural research unearthed critical insights into Telugu
heritage, producing vital literature that enriched Telugu history
and culture.
 Awards and Recognition: The Kendra Sahitya Akademi
Award in 1955 to Suravaram Pratapa Reddy for his
contributions is a testament to the organization's impact on Telugu
literature and cultural preservation.
Addressing Social Injustices
 Social Reforms: The Sangham actively campaigned against
social injustices like bonded labour and handloom tax, besides
promoting women's education, reflecting its broader commitment
to societal upliftment.
 Andhra Balikonnatha Pathashala (1928): This initiative
marked a significant stride towards girls' education, overcoming
challenges with recognition and examinations by aligning with
Karve University.
Conclusion The Andhra Jana Sangham played a pivotal role in the cultural and
linguistic awakening of Telugu-speaking communities within the Nizam's
dominion.Its legacy, marked by significant contributions to research,
literature, and social justice, continues to inspire future generations in the
pursuit of cultural identity and linguistic pride.
3) Analyse the influence of Arya Samaj on the socio-cultural and political landscape
of Hyderabad, emphasizing its foundation, key philosophies, and major
movements including Shuddhi and Satyagraha.
Introduction Arya Samaj, established by Swami Dayananda Saraswathi in 1885,

profoundly impacted the socio-cultural and political realms of Hyderabad
through its Vedic-centric reforms and movements. Its foundational aim to

re-establish the supremacy of Vedas and the principle of "Go back to
Vedas" significantly shaped its activities and influence.
Body Foundation and Philosophy

 Establishment: Founded in Bombay, its extension to Hyderabad
in 1892 under leaders like Swami Nityananda and Girijananda
Saraswathi marked the beginning of its influential presence.
 Core Principles: Advocating for the supremacy of Vedas,
rejection of caste by birth, idol worship, and untouchability, it
aimed at societal reform based on Vedic principles, as outlined in
"Satyartha Prakashika".
Educational Initiatives and Social Movements
 Viveka Vardhini School: Founded in 1907, this initiative
represented Arya Samaj's commitment to education reform,
complementing its social and religious objectives.
 Shuddhi Movement: organised by Pandit Chandrapal, aimed at
reconverting Dalits to Hinduism in response to conversion efforts
by other communities, highlighting its role in religious
consolidation and social integration.
Political Activism and Satyagraha
 Satyagraha (1938): This movement for Hindu civil rights, led by
Mahatma Narayana Swamy, underscored Arya Samaj's
activism against communal discrimination and for social justice,
culminating in significant negotiations in 1939.
 Swadeshi Movement: By promoting indigenous products and
education, Arya Samaj not only fostered economic independence
but also faced governmental and communal opposition,
underscoring its resilience and impact on nationalistic sentiments.
Notable Incidents and Contributions
 Flag Hoisting Incident (1947): Resulting in police action and
casualties, this incident highlighted the tensions between Arya
Samaj activists and the then government, reflecting the
movement's broader challenges.
 Keshav Memorial Education Institution: Established in
memory of Kesavarao Koratkar, this institution symbolizes Arya
Samaj's commitment to education and its legacy in Hyderabad.
Conclusion Arya Samaj's contributions to Hyderabad's socio-cultural and political

fabric were multifaceted, spanning educational reform, religious
consolidation, and political activism. Its adherence to Vedic principles

and relentless pursuit of social justice and national integration
significantly shaped the region's landscape, leaving an indelible mark on
its history and society.
4) Briefly introduce Bhagya Reddy Varma, highlighting his significance as a social

reformer and his role in championing the cause of Dalits in Hyderabad State.
Introduction Bhagya Reddy Varma stands as a monumental figure in the history of

Dalit upliftment in Hyderabad State. His multifaceted approach towards
advocating for the rights of the Adi Hindu community through extensive
public speaking, strategic political involvement, and relentless demands
for social reforms is commendable.
Body Public Advocacy and Contributions

 Public Speaking: Varma's profound impact on the Adi Hindu
Movement is exemplified by his delivery of 3348 public
speeches, through which he educated, mobilized, and inspired the
Dalit community towards self-respect and equality.
 Health and Dedication: Despite the toll on his health due to his
extensive travels and activism, Varma's life exemplified sacrifice.
His passing on 18th February 1939 was a significant loss,
demonstrating the extent of his commitment to the cause.
Political Involvement
 In Reform Committee (1937), Varma's strategic political
involvement is significant by his request for ten seats for Adi
Hindus in the Nizam Government Committee for Reforms,
showcasing his efforts to ensure political representation for
Dalits.
 Hindu Mahasabha Involvement: His active participation in
the Hindu Mahasabha from 1921 to 1924, advocating for Dalit
rights at national conferences, positioned him as a critical bridge
between local Dalit concerns and broader national political
movements.
Interactions with National Leaders
 Engagement with Mahatma Gandhi: Varma's interaction with
Gandhi at the Divyagnana Sarmajam meeting in 1917 in
Calcutta and Gandhi's subsequent acknowledgment of Varma's
efforts in 1929 highlight the national recognition of his advocacy
work.
Advocacy and Demands

 Political Representation: Varma's advocacy for Adi Hindu
representation in legislatures was not just a call for seats but a
demand for the voice and dignity of Dalits in the political arena.
 Separate Electorates: His demand for separate electorates, aimed
at securing direct political representation for Dalits, was a
strategic move to empower the community from within the
political system.
 Education Reform: The call for free and compulsory education
for Dalits at the 1930 conference was a direct challenge to the
systemic barriers preventing Dalit advancement, underlining
education as a tool for liberation.
 Round Table Conference Representation: Expressing gratitude
for the nomination of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and R. Srinivasan to
the Round Table Conference, Varma showcased his vision for a
unified approach towards achieving Dalit rights on a national
platform.
Conclusion Bhagya Reddy Varma's legacy in the Dalit upliftment movement in

Hyderabad State is a testament to his visionary leadership, unwavering
commitment, and strategic advocacy. His efforts laid down the foundation
for future generations to continue the fight for equality, justice, and
dignity for the Dalit community.
5) Assess the impact of the Vandemataram Movement in Hyderabad on the national

freedom struggle, highlighting key events, reactions, and the movement's legacy.
Introduction The Vandemataram Movement in Hyderabad, initiated by students

against the ban on singing "Vandemataram" on 16 November 1938,
represents a pivotal moment in the history of India's freedom struggle.
Originating in Aurangabad and quickly spreading across the state, this
movement demonstrated the potent force of student activism in
challenging oppressive measures and advocating for cultural and
religious rights.
Body Key Events and Reactions

 Initial Protests: The closure of Osmania University's 'B' hostel
prayer hall for singing "Vandemataram" catalyzed the movement,
leading to a widespread student strike across Hyderabad. The
'Rah Bhare Deccan' a newspaper supported the ban on singing
Vandemataram.

 Memorandum and Repression: Following the university's
notice against political activities and the singing of
"Vandemataram", students' submission of a memorandum to the
Pro-Vice Chancellor marked a formal protest. The subsequent
house arrest and expulsion of students underscored the
government's repressive response.
 Student Action Committee: Formed with K. Achyuth Reddy as
president. Notable members included P.G. Patnayak, Narsinga
Rao, Jaypal, D.M. Deshmukh, P.V. Narasimha Rao, and others,
signified the organized nature of student resistance, aiming to
uphold their demands steadfastly.
Government Response
 Repressive Measures: The deployment of police forces and the
issuing of ultimatums demanding apologies from the students
reflected the government's stringent stance against the movement,
threatening students' academic and future employment prospects.
National Support
 Widespread Solidarity: The movement garnered national
attention, receiving support from significant figures like
Subhash Chandra Bose and Mahatma Gandhi, thereby
integrating the students' struggle into the larger narrative of India's
freedom movement.
Outcome and Legacy
 Resilience and Impact: Despite not yielding direct results from
the 10-month agitation, the movement's cessation came with an
implicit recognition of student power and unity. This period of
activism underscored the significant role of youth in the national
struggle and inspired subsequent generations.
 Prominent Figures: Many participants in the Vandemataram
Movement went on to become influential leaders and contributors
in various fields, embodying the enduring legacy of the movement
in shaping the intellectual and political landscape of independent
India.
Conclusion This is not a prominent Movement like other Movements and no yielded
any results. But it created a new rapidity. They showed the unit and
strength of the students to the Government. This is attracted by the
students all over the Country. The effect of this Movement was not only
on the students but also on total Hyderabad. The students who participated
in this Movement became famous persons in future.

6) Analyze the contributions of Adi-Hindu Dalit movements to the fight for social
justice and equality in Telangana.
Introduction The Adi-Hindu Dalit movements in Hyderabad State emerged as a

significant force against the social injustices and inequalities perpetrated
by the Nizam's regime and the feudalistic societal structure. Spearheaded
by visionary leaders like Bhagya Reddy Varma, these movements aimed
at uplifting Dalits, challenging oppressive practices such as Vetti (forced
labor), untouchability, and the Devadasi system, and advocating for social
justice and equality.
Body Conditions of Dalits in Hyderabad State

 Oppression and Discrimination: Dalits, including communities
like Mala, Madigas, and others, were subjected to forced labor and
severe social discrimination. Women from these communities
faced additional exploitation, including being forced into the
Jogini system.
 Social Reform Efforts: Organizations like Arya Samaj and
Andhra Maha Sabha played a pivotal role in campaigning against
social evils and worked towards the education and upliftment of
Dalit communities.
Emergence and Impact of Adi Hindu Movement
 Foundation and Leadership: Founded in 1906 by Bhagya
Reddy Varma, the Adi Hindu movement focused on asserting
Dalit identity, promoting education, and eradication of social
evils. Leaders like Arige Ramaswamy and B.S. Venkatrao were
instrumental in these efforts.
 Advocacy and Achievements: The movement successfully
advocated for the removal of derogatory terms, leading to the
Madras Government's adoption of "Adi Dravida" and "Adi
Andhra" in official records by GO 817 in 1922.
 The Nizam's government recognition of Dalits as "Adi Hindu"
in the 1931 census marked a significant victory.
 Institutions and Events: Initiatives like the Humanitarian
League, Brahma Samaj, and the Adi Hindu Social Service League
fostered a sense of unity and solidarity among Dalits, promoting
inter-caste dining and broader social reforms.
Government Actions and Societal Change
 Policy Changes: The movement's pressure resulted in tangible
governmental changes, including official recognition and the
cessation of using derogatory terms for Dalits in official records.

 Raising Awareness: Through education, social service, and
advocacy, the movement significantly raised awareness about
Dalit rights and social justice, contributing to the broader national
movement for Dalit rights.
Conclusion The Adi-Hindu Dalit movements in Telangana under the Hyderabad State
made substantial contributions to the fight for social justice and equality.
The legacy of these movements continues to inspire the fight for Dalit
rights and social equality, marking an indelible impact on the socio-
7) ‘Though Library Movement appeared to be a sort of Knowledge movement, it rose

to the level of questioning the power and domination of the Nizam state.’
Elaborate.
Introduction Library movement of Telangana which started as an attempt to know
about the ancient and medieval past of the Telugu people had played a
vital role in the progress of bringing the social, cultural, and political
awareness in the society. This movement started as a part of Andhra
Movement in Telangana.
Body Library Movement as a Knowledge movement:

 Somasundar Mudaliar started the First Library in Secunderabad in
the year 1872. Gradually many Libraries were established in and
around Hyderabad.
 Komarraju Lakshmana Rao was the leading personality and father
of the Library Movement established “Sree Krishnadevaraya
Andhra Basha Nilayam”. The main aim was to improve Telugu
Language in Telangana Region.
 This Library gave further impetus to the Telangana cultural
renaissance and library movement in Telangana. After this,
number of libraries and organisations were started in the region.
For example, “Raja Raja Narendra Andhra BhashaNilayam” in
Hanamkonda, “Andhra Samvardhani Library” in Secunderabad,
Bala Bharati Nilayam, Shamshabad, etc.
 K. LakshmanaRao and Ravi chettu Ranga Rao started
“Vijnana Chandrika Grantha Mandali” in 1906 with an aim of
developing Science and technology. K. Lakshmana Rao in his
”Vignana Sarvaswam” mentioned various aspects of scientific
knowledge.
Library Movement as movement against oppressive rule:

 There was a continuous vigilance by Nizam’s Government on
libraries and reading rooms. The government thought that, one
qualitative book is equivalent to many movements than many
voluminous books. The government took stringent steps to
prevent the sale of such books.
 The practice of distributing books secretly has begun.
 The reason for the lack of awareness of the people of the Nizam
state was mainly due to the lack of freedom to assemble and
organise meetings in the Telangana region.
 Suravaram Pratapa Reddy wrote a famous book called
Telangana-Andhrula Kartavyam for the purpose of maintaining
libraries and for the activists of Library movement. In 1920 so
many libraries came up across the region.
 Andhra Jana Kendra Sangham established libraries, schools,
collect Palm leaves records for understanding research in history
and bring the glory of Telangana into limelight, give importance
to Telugu, print pamphlets and books to inspire the people at large.
Conclusion Thus, the Library movement played a crucial role in bringing socio-
cultural awakening in Telangana.
8) What is Vandemataram movement? Explain its significance.

Introduction VandeMataram Movement was the most significant movement in the
history of Hyderabad freedom struggle. The Nizam Government has
forbidden the singing of Vande Mataram all over the state including
the educational Institutions and Hostels, and it became a symbol of
nationalist agitation. It was used for rousing the nationalistic sprit
among the People.
Body The Nationalists of Hyderabad state belonging to Araya Samaj, Hindu

Maha Sabha, Praja Mandal, Nijam Karnataka Parishath, Andhra Maha
Sabha, and Marati Maha Mandala the civil liberties and student union
forget their socio-political labels to launch a united struggle called Vande
Mataram in 1938 to fight for the basic civil and political rights of the
people.
1. The origin of this movement in Hyderabad state may be traced in
the decision of Nizam Government to conduct special
(Religious Discourse) classes viz, Dinayat in all Educational
Institutions exclusively for Muslim students.
2. The Students of Osmaniya University was very much influenced
by the magnetic personality of Swami Ramanand Tirth, the

founder of Hyderabad state Congress. Inspired by him students
started to sing Vandemataram song.
3. But Nizam Government disapproves the permission and forbid
the singing of Vande Mataram Prayer. The Movement started as a
non-party, Hindu students movement who rose against the
banning of Vande Mataram song in Aurangabad Intermediate
College Hostel on 16th November 1938 and later spread to other
parts of the state.
4. When the song was banned in the prayer halls of Osmania
University Hostels at Hyderabad on 23rd November 1938, it
gathered momentum. The movement was a sort of revolt against
the increasing communal influence partly of the Nizam’s
Government and of the Itthad-Ul0Musalmeen party, and
partly against the growing influence of the Indian Muslim
League on the University campus.
5. An Action committee of the Vande Mataram strikers with K.
Achyut Reddy as President was formed.
6. It received the blessings of national Leaders like Gandhi, Subash
Chandra Bose, and Nehru etc, but the state Government was
adamant not to re-admit the expelled students.
7. Pandit Nehru, Narendra Deve, M.N.Rao, V.D.Savrkar and Subash
Chandra Bose decided to fight to the last against the Nizam to
secure the basic civil and political libertiesand also to liberate
the Hyderabad state.
8. During Satyagraha movement, Satygrahis irrespective of their
political agitation sung Vande Mataram song. Vande Mataram
Ramachandra Rao was so fearless that he could not care the
torture given to him by the Moghalai (Nizam) police and sung
Vande Mataram in Jail.
Significance of the movement: This was a unique agitation which gave
training to the students who later became leaders in various walks of life.
 This movement influenced everywhere especially in Hyderabad
Karnataka.
 The word Vande Mataram was used as initial or common
adjective by the patriots while calling the names of freedom
fighters.
 Finally the Nizam agreed to restore the civil liberties to the
people. As a result of this movement, the Nizam Government
agreed to constitute the Reform committee under the
Chairmanship of Diwan Bahadur Arvamadu Ayyangar in
November 1939 to introduce the constitutional reforms leading to

the establishment of popular government in the state on limited
franchise.
Conclusion This movement enkindled a strong flame of patriotism and defiance

against the tyranny and communalism of the Nizam. Almost all the
leaders of Hyderabad irrespective of their affiliation to the political
parties till 1975 owe their intimation into the political field to
VandeMataram movement.
9) Explain the role of Bhagya Reddy Varma in social reform movements in

Telangana
Introduction Bhagya Reddy Varma, the reformer who fought against untouchability in
Hyderabad. He was the “Father of The Dalit Movement” in Telangana.
Bhagyareddy Varma was born to a Dalit, Mala caste family. He was
inspired by Jyotirao Phule, he raised his voice against discrimination by
the upper castes.
Body Dimensions Content with examples
Dalit  Bhagya Reddy Varma started his movement

Movement for the upliftment of the Dalits in 1906, when
he founded the Jagan Mitra Mandali, a cultural
and educational organization1.
 He used Harikatha, a traditional folk theatre
art, to educate and awaken the social
consciousness among the Dalits.
 He also invoked the Hindu Puranic tradition to
eradicate caste, and promoted the adoption of
Buddhism by the Dalits.
 He set up schools for the Dalit children,
especially girls, and persuaded the Nizam to
allocate special funds for their education.
 He also led successful agitations against the
practice of dedicating girls, especially Dalit
girls, as devadasis or joginis to temples and
forcing them into prostitution.
 He abolished this system with the help of the
Nizam, who declared it a crime.
Adi Hindu  Bhagya Reddy Varma established a social

Movement organization called Adi Hindu, which means

“original Hindu”, to assert the identity and
dignity of the Dalits.
 He argued that the Dalits were the original
inhabitants of India, and that they were not
inferior to any other caste.
 He also demanded that the Dalits be
recognized as a separate community, and not
as a part of the Hindu society.
 In 1912, he founded the Manya Sangham,
which later became the Adi Hindu Social
Service League (AHSSL).
 He organized several conferences and
meetings to spread his message and mobilize
the Dalits1.
 He supported Ambedkar, who demanded a
separate electorate for the Depressed Classes
in the All India Round Table Conference in
1930
Social Reforms  Bhagya Reddy Varma also campaigned on

many social issues, such as child marriage,
black magic, women’s education, alcohol
prohibition, etc.
 He advocated vegetarianism among the Dalits,
and established Bhajan Mandirs in different
localities to discourage the liquor habit.
 He also worked with the Arya Samaj to oppose
the attempts to convert Hindus to Islam2.
 He introduced Telugu medium education in his
schools, and was honoured by Mahatma
Gandhi for his efforts.
Conclusion Bhagya Reddy Varma's legacy as a social reformer and champion of Dalit
rights continues to inspire generations. His relentless advocacy,
educational reforms, and grassroots mobilization efforts paved the way
for significant social transformations, challenging centuries-old
prejudices and laying the groundwork for a more inclusive and equitable
society. Bhagya Reddy Varma's contributions serve as a beacon of hope
and resilience for marginalized communities striving for dignity and
equality.

10) Explain the role of newspapers in socio-cultural and political awareness among the
people during Nizam’s rule.
Introduction The Newspapers and Journalism were developed in the middle of 19th
century. Even though there was no freedom of speech during Nizam
period, Newspapers played a key role in educating the people of
Telangana.
Body Dimensions Content with examples
Diverse  Publications like 'Hitabodha' covered a wide

Content and range of topics including culture, social
Advocacy issues, finance, medicine, and agriculture,
reflecting the diverse interests and concerns
of the populace. Some newspapers boldly
questioned government policies and
highlighted injustices, while others
supported the Nizam government or
criticized its dictatorship and atrocities.
Political  Newspapers like 'Golconda' played a crucial

Engagement role in promoting the Library Movement and
and Awareness fostering political and cultural awareness
among the people despite facing opposition
from the government. They supported
political organizations like Andhra Jana
Sabha and advocated for societal reforms
such as women empowerment, upliftment of
backward classes, and addressing issues like
untouchability and alcohol prohibition.
Support for  Newspapers represented various ideological

Different stances, with some supporting Communists
Ideologies and their ideology while others aligning with
the Nizam government or the Majlis Muslim
League. This diversity of perspectives
enriched public discourse and encouraged
critical thinking among readers.
Empowerment  Several newspapers actively promoted

and Advocacy women's empowerment and education.
for Women Rachamalla Satyavathi Devi's newspaper,
for instance, focused on women's issues and

advocated for their rights, contributing to
their education and empowerment.
Unity and  Certain newspapers questioned religious

Patriotism organizations that fostered divisions and
promoted patriotism and unity among the
people. They emphasized societal problems
like untouchability and advocated for their
eradication, furthering the cause of social
justice and equality.
Conclusion Newspapers played a prominent role in shaping Telangana by creating

social, cultural and political awareness in people and by active
participation in social movements.Even after facing many difficulties
from Nizam Government, around sixty newspapers were published in
Hyderabad which increased: The patriotism among the people and created
awareness against social atrocities and Nizam Government.

RAMJI GOND AND KOMARAM
BHEEM REVOLTS
Ramji Gond
Ramji Gond, who hailed from the Adilabad
district of Telangana, was among the most
prominent leaders of the First War of
Independence in the erstwhile Hyderabad
Princely State. Many regions in Nizam’s
domains were aflame with anti-British
sentiments when the mass insurrections broke out
in 1857.
 Among these was the Adilabad district,
where the resident Gond tribal community
who were unhappy with the state’s
oppression and exploitation of the peasantry, and its support of the activities of the British colonial
state.
 The Gonds were joined in their endeavor by the Rohillas, who proclaimed Nana Saheb as their
leader and pledged to plunder the territory of the Nizam for allying with the British.
 Under the leadership of Ramji Gond, the Gonds and the Rohillas kept up the joint insurrection for
almost two years.
 The British assigned a massive armed force to suppress this uprising but to no avail. It was only in
1860 that the rebellion was quelled after several armed clashes, in which several people, from both
sides, died.
 However, Ramji Gond managed to escape the colonial pursuit and remained free. Though the
British archival documents do not speak of Ramji’s arrest, according to the legends preserved by
the Gonds, he was arrested later, tried, and hanged. The tree from which he was hung is venerated
even today as “Gondumarri”.
 The hanging of 1000 Gonds of Telangana was a more brutal and earlier event than the Jallianwala
Bagh massacre. At the time this mass hanging of Gonds did not get widespread attention.
 Ramji Gond’s legendary contributions to the anti-imperialist struggle in 1857 remain inspirational
for us even to this day.
Komaram Bheem and the Forest Satyagraha
 When the British colonized India, they made sure that every single
corner of the country from where at least a penny can be extracted is
not spared, thus they penetrated remote villages and even forests.
This strategy of extracting maximum resources and revenue was the
main driving force behind the framing of the British Indian Forest
Policy of 1884.

Ramji Gond museum to come up in Hyderabad
 Union Minister for Culture, Tourism and Development of the Northeast Region G. Kishan
Reddy (February 16, 2024) laid the foundation stone for the Ramji Gond Memorial Tribal
Freedom Fighters Museum in Hyderabad.
 This initiative is an acknowledgement of a rich but often overlooked aspect of India’s history
and aims to weave together the threads of the past, present and future to ensure that the
sacrifices of Telangana’s tribal communities are never forgotten, he said.
 The design of the museum reflected the aspirations and dreams of an entire community.
Interactive exhibits and immersive experiences will take the visitors on a journey through time,
tracing the footsteps of those who dared to defy the status quo. From the Nirmal Ghat Fight
to the Banyan tree of ‘1,000 nooses’, each artefact will tell a story of courage, resilience and
the enduring human spirit,
 Prior to the enactment of the policy, the tribes enjoyed customary ownership of the forest produce
and there was no system of landlords within their areas. However, this normalcy was disrupted by
the colonizers which devastated the tribal lives.
 Therefore rebellions of tribal people broke out across the nation against the encroachment of land,
forced labor, unjust and exploitative taxation and mistreatment of tribal women among others. Even
before the forest policy, India witnessed the tribal agitations of chuars of Chotanagpur, Kolis of
Maharashtra, Tilka Manji-led Santhal uprisings in Bihar, Kols of Chota Nagpur etc. In the state of
Hyderabad, the tribes, especially the Gonds, were severely affected by the Forest Laws, which gave
much power to the Nizam of the Asaf Jahi dynasty and the Razakars.
 Their traditional rights in the forest were brushed off and their lands were confiscated. Of the
excessive land revenue burden on them, the Hyderabadi elites and the British used to kidnap the
Gond children for vetti chakiri (forced labor) and the Gond women were assaulted and abused by
the officials.
 The Gond resistance against these atrocities took the form of an active rebellion in 1853-60 under
the leadership of Ramji Gond. Though he freed Adilabad and ruled independently he was soon
subjugated by the combined efforts of the Nizam and the British. The Gonds continued to voice
their dissent against the ‘outsiders’ and the dissent peaked at the forest satyagraha of Komaram
Bheem.
 Komaram Bheem, who is addressed as “Komaram Puli'' in the Telugu region, he was born to
Komaram Chinnu and Sombai in Sankepally in the princely state of Hyderabad which is today in
the Adilabad district in Telangana, on 22 September. His birth year is a matter of debate among his
biographers because of the lack of concrete sources. He is believed to be born around 1900. At that
time, 100 Gond villages of Adilabad were joined together as a tribal conglomerate under a chief.
 The tribal union sent a representative to Nizam’s court to negotiate for a tax reduction and ease in
the forest laws. However, the British killed the emissary and sent his head back to the tribal chief.
The Gonds erupted in revolt against the humiliation and exploitation.
 Komaram Chinu who was a mainstream leader of the movement was brutally killed by the forest
officials. After his father’s death, Bheem and his family migrated to Ardhapur. According to a
biographical account of Bheem given in Adivasi Jeevanna Vidhvamsam, written by Arun Kumar
Myopathy, Bheem spent his childhood mostly unexposed to the world outside the Gond realm. He
grew up hearing the stories of atrocities committed by the officials, zamindars and the British on
the tribal people.

 Though Bheem was in deep anguish over his father’s
fate, their family led a peaceful life in Sardarpur
practicing subsistence farming at the land owned by
Laxman Rao. Whereas when a jagirdar named Siddiki,
an aid of Rao attempted to confiscate the land and crops,
he assassinated Siddiki.
 He and his friend Kondal escaped to Chandrapur where
they took refuge at a local pro-national printing press run
by Vitoba. Bheem learned English and Hindi during his
days with Vitoba. Soon after he left Chandrapur as
Vitoba was arrested and joined a tea plantation in Assam.
 The years he spent among the tea plantation workers
sowed the seeds of nationalism in him. He was also associated with the labor movements there for
which he was arrested and imprisoned. He escaped the jail after four days and left for his
motherland, after he was informed of the ill conditions of his people through a close friend
Komaram Sooru, who was also his secret informer, with a heart of rebellion.
 By the Act of 1917, the Nizam brought tribal areas under “Government Protection”. The act also
included a tax on cattle grazing (Bambram) and the collection of firewood (Dupapetty). In the
meantime, the middlemen's exploitation also became rampant. In many places, the landlords took
away podu lands from the cultivators. During the time of the harvest, the officials of Nizam
appeared and attempted to confiscate the produce, claiming the land to be state-owned.
 Though Bheem tried negotiating with Nizam on behalf of all Gonds but ended up failing in the
mission, thus, he gave the clarion call for satyagraha which is more of an armed rebellion to the
fellow Gonds. He demanded self-governance for the 12 Gond villages and ordered them not to pay
any taxes. Fearing the movement would spread, the Nizam initiated a truce through the district
collector.
 They even offered Bheem, a separate land. However, since they rejected the clauses of regional
autonomy to the Gonds, removal of forest officials and freedom of Gond prisoners, Bheem and the
Gonds erupted in revolt. He resorted to Guerilla warfare and made Jodeghat his headquarters. The
army composed of Gond and Koya men attacked and killed a few landlords in the region, thus the
rebellion also came to be known as Jodeghat Tribal Rebellion.
 His guerilla struggle spanned over two decades from 1928 to 1940. His slogan “Jal, Jangal,
Zameen” for the Gonds (Tribes) set the spirits of the Gonds ablaze who joined his army and resisted
the Nizam-British efforts to extract revenue from the Adilabad region.
 Though Bheem revolted primarily for the Gonds, his vision was never small or regional. He was
well aware of the nationwide struggle against the British and was deeply inspired by the struggles
of Alluri Sitarama Raju, who was a contemporary of Bheem from Visakhapatnam who led an armed
struggle against the 1882 Madras Forest Act, Bhagat Singh, who gave up his life for the motherland
and Birsa Munda, the hero of Munda tribal rebellion of the Bengal presidency.
 After multiple attempts going in vain, the police force led by the taluqdar of Asifabad, Abdul Sattar,
raided Babijhari, the hideout of Komaram Bheem in October 1940. Bheem was backstabbed by a
member of his own army who leaked the information about his camp to the officials. The police
were heavily armed while Bheem and his comrades hardly had any armor.
 Yet his army equipped themselves with bows, spears and arrows and put up a valiant fight against
the Nizam’s officials on a full moon night. Bheem and fifteen other (in some accounts it is twelve)
Gond rebels were shot dead. It is said that they disfigured his body as much as possible and burned
it unceremoniously, making sure no scrap of flesh is left behind.

 Though the British puppet administration succeeded in killing Komaram Bheem, they could never
subjugate his legacy which eventually grew into a massive movement that culminated in the episode
of Sayudha Poratam or the Telangana Rebellion of 1946. Though he was martyred in October 1940,
the Gonds commemorate his death on April 8.
 Komaram Bheem left a significant and long standing legacy. His slogan Jal, Jangal, Zameen became
the backbone of the Gond political movement for social justice. He was immortalized through folk
songs and his bravery and love for fellow human beings continue to be sung even after generations.
The Gonds on the day Aswajuja Powrnamy observes his death anniversary and a grand event is
held at Jodeghat every year on his martyrdom day.
 Bheem is revered as a deity by them through the worship of Bheemal Pen. In 2011, the Andhra
Pradesh Government named a prestigious water reservoir project in his name. After the state split
in 2014, the Telangana Government set up his memorial at Jodeghat along with a tribal history
museum, Komaram Bheem Museum. A new district called Komaram Bheem was created after
dividing the existing Adilabad district in 2016. Komaram Bheem’s story was adapted to the silver
screen twice, in 1990 and 2022. In the Allani Sridhar directorial titled “Komaram Bheem”, Bhoopal
Reddy played Bheem and the film won two state Nandi Awards.
 In 2022, the film “RRR” depicted a fictional story of a friendship between Komaram Bheem and
Alluri Sitarama Raju, who was a contemporary anti-colonialist. The film became a massive success
bringing international laurels including an Oscar and a Golden Globe to India. However, it is quite
unfortunate that no concrete historical sources are available on life, especially prior to 1928 and the
struggle of Bheem. The tale of his resistance was kept alive through oral narratives which have
multiple gaps. Despite the lack of any backing of official records, it is loud and clear that Bheem’s
fearlessness and humanness will be alive forever in the hearts of the people.
Telangana Armed Struggle

 Not only in the History of people liberation struggle of the world, but also in the history of the
communist party movement of India, the Telangana Armed struggle was denoted as the great
Autonomous movement.
 It has proved a historical truth that, where there was a suppression, there will originate a people’s
revolt.
 Particularly at the time of the second World War the Indian people had fought against the two
systems of tyrannical ruling, the first was the Exploitation by British colonial policies and rule and
the other one was the monarchical attitudes and Exploitation of the local rulers.
 So that the Indians had fought two independent movements simultaneously. They have formed the
democratic foundations on the tombs of the monarchical system and thus they have played a vital
role in the History of the world.
 The Telangana Rebellion, natively known as Telangana Sayudha Poratam, was a communist-led
insurrection of peasants against the princely state of Hyderabad in the region of Telangana that
escalated out of agitations in 1944–46.
 Then, the Telangana peasant Armed struggle emerged in the princely state of Hyderabad of Nizam's
in Telangana area during the period of 1946-51.
REASONS FOR TELANGANA ARMED STRUGGLE

 The terrible conditions present in Nizam State motivated the people of Telangana to take up armed
struggle against the Nizam.

 Objectives- Land, Livelihood, Liberation,
 The person who commented that "such kind of struggle never took place anywhere in Asia except
in China " Will Caldwellsmith.
Activities of Nizam against the Hindu Culture
 The Hindu population that was more than 80% of the total population experienced discrimánation
in Hyderabad state. It was declared an Islamic state.
 Some places were renamed according to Islamic culture.
 Elagandula- Karimnagar
 Palamuru- Mahabubnagar
 Indur- Nizamabad
 Methuku- Medak
 Bhuvanagiri- Bhongir
 Manukota- Mahabubabad
 When a place had Padu as a suffix, it was changed to “Pahad'. Establishment of M.L.M in 1927.
Later it became a violent communal organízation.
 M.I.M and Anjuman Tablistan initiated Tabligh movement' which aímed at converting Hindus to
Islam. The main objective of M.LM was to protect the autonomy of Muslims in Hyderabad state.
 State existed with three linguistic areas.
 Those were
1) Marathwada - consisted with 5 Districts consisted with 8 Districts (Warangal, Karimnagar,
Adilabad, Nizamabad, Mahaboobnagar, Medak, Atraf- e-balda and Nalgonda with 84 lakh
population)
2) Kannada region consists of 3 Districts (Gulbarga, Raichur and Bidar with 30 lakh population).
The total Hyderabad State was divided into 4 Subhas as Aurangabad, Gulbarga, Medak with
one crore sixty four lakh population and 42,000 sq.miles of land area.
3) Telangana was divided into 2 Subhas (Medak and Warangal) with 8 Districts. Telangana region
was most backward in comparison with the other areas. It suffered from all types of problems.
Particularly, this area was nil development, when compared with other areas under British rule.
The Feudal Landlords Oppression
3. Because of the land reforms brought by Salar Jung-II the Prime Minister of the Nizam State,
the authorities appointed to collect the land revenue or tax were the Deshmukhs and Despandes.
They changed thousands of acres of land as their own property due to the Vatan’s allotment to
them. And they removed the farmers from the land when they wanted. They reduced the status
of the farmers to that of the tenants through this power. The landlords played with the farmers
as they liked. They registered the lands of the farmers in their own names, without any
intimation to the concerned farmers. Thus, the landlords owned the large areas of lands and
they got the legal rights on the lands. The feudal system was executed with unlimited and
uncontrolled illegal actions towards the farmers, particularly, in occupying the lands. Some of
them like above for example.
Feudal system in the state of Hyderabad

4. The princely state of Hyderabad maintained a feudal system within its agricultural economy.
There were two primary types of land tenure: diwani (or khalsa) and a distinct category known
as jagir.
5. The jagir lands were granted to aristocrats called jagirdars based on their rank and position,
while a portion of these lands were held as crown lands (sarf-e-khas) by the Nizam.

6. The civil courts did not have jurisdiction over the jagir lands, allowing the jagirdars to impose
various excessive and arbitrary taxes on the peasants and collect revenue through private
agents.
7. The diwani tenures resembled the ryotwari system introduced by the British in other parts of
the country. They had hereditary revenue collectors known as deshmukhs and deshpandes,
who were granted land annuities called vatans based on past revenue collections.
8. The diwani lands, legally owned by the government, were divided into small sections called
pattas, which were registered to occupants responsible for paying the land revenue.
9. These registered occupants included peasants who cultivated their own land, as well as those
who employed agricultural laborers or rented out the land to tenants.
10. The tenants, referred to as shikmidars, had tenancy rights and could not be evicted as long as
they fulfilled their land revenue obligations. However, over three-fourths of the tenants were
tenants at will or asami shikmidars, who had land revenue obligations but lacked tenancy
rights. They could only become shikmidars after a period of twelve years, although in practice,
they were often evicted within three to four years.
11. The responsibility for registration lay with the deshmukhs and deshpandes, who had access to
land records, while the peasant’s lacked literacy.
12. This system turned them into a combination of feudal lords and bureaucrats, frequently
acquiring more lands from the peasants and forcing them into the status of tenants at will or
landless laborers.
Socio-Economic Conditions
 At the beginning of Telangana Armed Struggle, there was to implement the three types of land
revenue taxes in Telangana with the object for the suppression and exploitation of the farmers and
exploitation.
 They were:
Diwani or Khala
 There was 5 crore 30 lakh acres of land usable to the cultivation in the Hyderabad State. Out of that,
3 crore acres of land means 60% of the land in the total agricultural and was directly under the land
revenue tax system. This was called Diwani or Khalsa area.
Jagirs
 30% of the land out of the total agricultural land was under the Jagirs in the State. There were so
many feudal classes in the Jagirs with different names such as Paigahs, Samsthans, Jagirdars,
ljardars, Ranjardars, Maktedars, Inamdars, Agraharas and so on.
 And at the places where there were no Jagirdars, the villages were under control of the local
landlords. They were called Deshmukhs, these all belonged to the upper castes, who owned the
majority percentage of land in the villages.
Surf-e-Khas
 The 10% of the agricultural land which was kept under the control of Nizam for his own expenses
was called Surf-e-Khas, yearly above two crore rupees of income was possible through this system.
 But, the Nizam did not use any percentage of this money for the public usage purpose. And also he
used to take an extra amount of rupees 70 lakhs per annum from the treasury of the state.
Vetti System
 The poor people were ordered to do the work to the feudal landlords and government officers
without any payment.

 They have to do all types of services freely, forcibly and when they refuse to do so, they have to
face the violence. This system was called bonded labor or Vetti'.
 This was the most common in the Hyderabad States, particularly in Telangana. The owners of the
estates, paigas, Jagirdars, landlords and government officers used to exploit the people of the
villages in many ways.
 In every village, where the feudal system was implemented, the people of artisan and professional
castes such as Washermen, Barbers, Blacksmith, Potters, Carpenters and other caste people were
treated as the serventa.
 The landlords used these people as the bonded laborers and also they treated the people as the
slaves. On the other side the untouchable caste people, Mala and Madigas were treated cheaper than
the slaves.
 Along with this, illegal exploitation of labor, illegal levying of taxes, severe punishments
discrimination against the lower castes the forcibly collection of the levy like 'Nagula Vaddi' (high
tax on the paddy) etc., were implemented strictly on the people and they collected such heavy taxes
mercilessly.
The Exploitation of Bonded (Forced) Labour
 Exploitation of the forced and bonded labor was an unjustified method in the tyrannical feudalistic
rule of the Nizam. The landlords, Deshmukhs, Namidars, Masters even the village officers and their
agents also unlimitedly practiced this system in every village without any discrimination as the
Representatives of the Nizam, this was a symbol of the tyrannical rule of the Nizams in those days.
FIRST PHASE (1940-1945)

 Telangana Peasant Armed Struggle was organized by the Communists (C.P.).
 Communist Party was secretly founded in 1940 in Telangana by - Ravi Narayana Reddy.
 Ravi Narayana Reddy is considered as the Father of Telangana Armed Struggle.
Consolidation in Hyderabad Princely State
1. In 1940, Andhra Maha Sabha went under the control of the Communist party when a resolution
against the Iyengar Committee Reforms proposed by Communists was passed at Malkapur
(Hyderabad).
2. They put forward many demands jike abolition of the vetti system, reduction of exorbitant
tenancy rates and taxes, compulsory survey settlement, abolition of taxes on toddy tapping and
formation of a responsible government. They gathered the support of people. Ravi Narayana
Reddy presided over a meeting held at Chilkur in 1941. The Communists took control of
Andhra Maha Sabha in thís meeting.
3. In the Andhra Maha Sabha meeting held at Bhuvanagiri in May 1944, Ravi Narayana Reddy
was elected as the President and Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao was elected as the President of
Nalgonda district, About 10,000 people attended this meeting. An Andhra Communist leader
Chandra Rajeswara Rao also attended this meeting, Andhra Maha Sabha completely went under
the control of Communists.
4. After the Bhuvanagiri meeting, branches of Andhra Maha Sabha were set up in many villages
in Nalgonda and Warangal districts. The branches were known as 'Sanghas'. The Sanghas
mobilized peasants and farmers in the villages.
5. Comrades Association mobilized educated youth and labor of Hyderabad city to participate in
the movement against the Nizam.

6. The Nizam collected a very high levy from the farmers during the Second World War period.
Communists had taken advantage of the conditions of the farmers and intensified the
movement.
7. The following incidents took place during this phase:
8. The Communists instigated the people against the Nizam when he imposed additional levy on
farmers during the Second World War.
9. During this phase, the following revolts were started against the Zamindars and Landlords.
Resistance Movement of Shaik Bandagi Saheb
1. Shaik Bandagi Saheb was a poor and honest Muslim farmer who belonged to the village of
Kamareddy Gudem of the Jangaon Taluq, which was under the control of the authority of
Visunnuru Deshmukh Rapaka Venkata Ramachandra Reddy.
2. Bandagi had the 4 acres of agricultural land, but there started a dispute with his relatives, Fakir
Ahmed, Abbas Ali and his brothers wanting land. Abbas Ali was having authority as the police
Patel of Devaruppula and Kamareddy Gudem villages.
3. So, he requested Deshmukh Ramachandra Reddy in the above said case. But Bandagi Saheb,
who had the right of justice at his side, did not surrender the land. At last the land dispute case
reached the court and the judgment was declared in favor of Bandagi Saheb.
4. When Bandagi won the court case of the land dispute, it was unbearable to Abbas Ali and his
brothers.
5. All of them were not tolerating him and they murdered Bandagi cruelly by cutting off with axes
on 26h July, 1940. They dared to kill Bandagi with the support of Deshmukh.
6. This shocking incident has given the dare to question the authorities and the philosophy to fight
against the atrocities of the power. The Telangana villages were secured to be silent until this
incident. But after the incident, they rapidly alerted and dared to battle.
7. The courageous role of Sheik Bandagi was commemorated by the Andhra Mahasabha and
Communist Party. There is a mention of Sheik Bandagi in Maa Bhoomi. The play was written
by Sunkara Satyanarayana and Vasireddy Bhaskara Rao.
The Revolt of Lambadas at Dharmapuram - Mondrai
 Dharmapuram and Mondrai Villages of Jangaon Taluq were under control authority of the
Maqtedars, Pusukuru Ranghava Rao and Katharu Narsimha Rao respectively. In the total area
of the both villages, there were many tribal Lambada people living by cultivating the land.
 Then the landlords occupied nearly 200 acres of land unlawfully from the Lambadas and they
registered false cases on them. The Lambadas revolted against the Maktedars. At last, under
the leadership of the Andhra Maha Sabha and Communist Party the tribal Lambadas fought
against the landlords and were able to get back their lands.
People Revolt of Errabadu
 There was nearly one lakh and fifty thousand acres of land registered in the name of the landlord
Jenna Reddy Pratapa Reddy of Errabadu village in Suryapet Taluq of Nalgonda District.
 He has occupied the lands of the poor peasants of the villages like Chilpakunta, Edaville,
Nuthankal, which were under the control of his authority. He drove away the farmers from their
lands and registered them on his own and also arranged the hired goondas to attack the poor
peasants. Thus, he wanted to break the confidence of the people.
 But the peasants of the above villages were united under the leadership of Gajula
Ramchandraiah of Edaville Village. All of them were fought against the landlord by the
disciplined revolt and took over or re-occupied their lands successfully.

 At the same time, the people continued to fight against landlords in other areas in Telangana.
peasants committed to revolt on Kunduru Lakshmikantha Rao, Deshmukh of Old Suryapet
village of Survapet Taluk; Thadakamalla Sitha Ramachandra Rao, the Maktedar of Bethavolu
of Huzurnagar Taluq; Bhogala Veera Reddy, the landlord of Bakkavanthula gudem villages;
Police Patel of Mallareddy Gudem; Veerabhadra Rao, the banjardar of Mellacheruvu; Anwar
Pasha, the Jagirdar of Allipuram and Thimma Puram of Warangal District; Pingili Ranga
Reddy, the Zamindar of Mulakala gudem; Pingala Narsimha Reddy, the landlord of Nashikal.
 Along with the biggest landlords, the people also committed tonight even against the small and
average landlords who owned above 5000 acres of land. The peasants raised these revolts for
their lands in the above said areas of Telangana. This occurred due to the cooperation and
support of the Sangham' to the peasants.
 Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao toured in Jangaon taluk to know the atrocities of Nizam's Police
goons of landlords and the system of bonded labor. He published the events that took place
during his visit in the form of a book named Janagama Prjala veerochitha Poraataalu,
Hyderabad rajyamlo Poleesula Duranthaalu'. He also wrote a book Vetti Chakiri on bonded
labor and a pamphlet called Goddali Pettu. All these activities motivated the public and the
activists.
The Land Struggle of Chakali Ailamma
 Chakali Ailamma was a courageous woman who fought against the Deshmukh of Isunoor
during the Telangana People's Armed Struggle.
 Her husband was Chityala Narsaiah. She died at Palakurthi of Warangal district in 1985.
 Ailamma was a member of Andhra Maha Sabha and Communist party. Her house became a
center of revolutionaries in Telangana Armed Struggle.
 The landlords kept under their control thousands of acres of land illegally, they Chakali
Ailamma used to make the poor peasants who were cultivating banjar lands legally after taking
the lands as the tenants. The landlords often used to remove the peasants from their lands on
the name of "Bedakhal' (land alienation). They made the peasants suffer in many ways.
 In the same way, Chityala Narasaiah and Ailamma, the local washer men family of the
Palakurthy village used to cultivate the 10 acres of the wetland and 20 acres of dry land as the
tenants.
 This land was under control authority of Utham Raja Rahava Rao, the Maktedar of
Mallampally. At the time of the movement, the family worked against Visunuru Deshmukh,
Ramachandra Reddy and local police Patel Veerammneni Seshagiri Rao by cooperating with
the Andhra Maha Sabha members and Communist Party Sangam.
 For this reason, the police accused the family of Ailamma by registering on them the 'Palakurthy
conspiracy Case', when there occurred a riot in the Palakurthy Jathara. The police have arrested
Chityala Narasiah, husband of ilamma and her sons including the main leaders of the
communist Party and sent all of them to jail.
 In the meanwhile Ramachandra Reddy the Deshmukh of Visunuru had managed with the
Mallampalli Maktedar and made him write an agreement that Ramachandra Reddy was
cultivating the land which was cultivated by Ailamma and Narsaiah until then as a tenant.
 Not only that, Deshmukh Ramachandra Reddy waited for an opportunity and at the time when
no person was wandering about these fields, used his persons to attack on the field and to take
possession of the land with the yielded crop ofAilamma and Narsaiah's field.
 The reason for this was the struggle of Yadagi Rao, an organizer of Andhra Maha Sabha on
behalf of Chakali Ailamma's land.

 But the Communist Party already arranged the person for the protection. The local leaders
Bheem Reddy Narsimha Reddy, Nallu Pratapa Reddy. Nalla Narsimhulu and so on face the
attack successfully with the help of the people according to the decision of the party district
committee. The people have beaten the hired goons of Deshmukh and sent the yielded crop to
the home of Ailamma. The Communist Party District leader Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao
was surprised that Ailamma has shown that much dare in the incident. Her boldness,
cooperation to the party leaders astonished the others also. Thus, she got named as Communist
Ailamma in history.
 Ravi Narayana Reddy submitted a memorandum to the Superintendent of Police on the
atrocities committed by Visunoor Deshmukh. The summary of the memorandum was bravely
published in the newspaper Meezan.
Martyrdom of Doddi Komaraiah (4tlh July, 1946)
 Doddi Komaraiah was the own brother of Doddi Mallaiah, the active worker of Andhra Maha
Sabha village committee of the Kadavendi. He was the common man and shepherd of the
Kuruma caste. Primarily, Doddi Komaraiah had no connection with the Sanghams.
 But he felt helpless, when he saw the cruel lady Janamma Dorasani subjected his brother Doddi
Mallaiah to suffering in many ways. In the meantime with the encouragement of the young
leaders as well as the Sangham and mainly because of the sufferings of his brother, he joined
as a member in the village committee ofAndhra Maha Sabha.
 His brother Doddi Mallaiah has gotten the impression as the rival of Dorasani in those days.
The Visunuru Deshmukh and his hired goondas always used to try to kill Doddi Mallaiah
including the village leaders Yerramreddy Moan Reddy, Yerramreddy Kondal Reddy, Nalla
Narsimhulu and their organizer Katkuri Ramachandra Reddy.
 The village leaders had observed this situation and they prepared the group of volunteers with
weapons (sticks) for self protection. At that time, the main office of the village committee of
Andhra Maha Sabha was at the house of Machete Ramachandraiah, a member of Andhra Maha
Sabha in Kadavendi. That was the people's dais of the village in those days.
 Mishkin Ali and Gaddam Narsimha Reddy along with the 40 members of armed goondas stayed
in the School, which was opposite the Dorasani's building or Gadi with the conspiracy or deceit,
to attack and kill the Andhra Maha Sabha Communist Party leaders, who were uniting the
people against the atrocities of the Deshmukh, from the stage of incidents of the murder of shaik
Bandagi Saheb and the land struggle of the washerwomen Chityala Ailamma, Mishkin Ali and
his followers had drunk heavily in the evening,, they wanted to instigate the activists of Andra
Maha Sabha and they threw the stones on the house of Jampala Lachemma, which was beside
the School. Then, immediately about 100 members of Andhra Maha Sabha turned into a
procession under the leadership of Yerramreddy Mohan Reddy.
 Many people with the sticks followed the procession, which was moving tOwards the Gadi of
Dorsani. This news of the attack spread rapidly all over the village within half an hour. In the
meantime. Doddi Komaraiah aged 23 years came from the forest with the flock of sheep. sent
the sheep into the shed and was taking the food.
 The people had no idea what would happen with the procession and attack. The people's
procession with about 500 people moved emotionally. The procession with peasants and
agricultural laborers shouted slogans against Deshmukh, Dorasani and their followers. They
reached the Gadi (nearby the school), meanwhile, the hired goondas had seen directly, the great
procession and the revolt of the people and were confused.

 The armed goondas, under the leadership of Mishkin Ali went on firing indiscriminately on the
people without any pre-information or warning at 9.15 pm on 4h July, 1946. Note: The First
person martyred in the Telangana Armed Struggle was- Doddi Komurayya.
 The martyrdom of Doddi Komurayya laid down the origins of Telangana Armed Struggle.
Vattikota Alwar Swamy, a member of the central committee of Andhra Maha Sabha,
Hyderabad visited Kadiveti to observe the tensions escalated by the death of Komurayya. He
wrote a novel named Prajala Manishi, He narrated the issues such as poverty, bonded labor and
terrible conditions prevailed in Telangana villages. He explained the political and social
movements that took place between 1940-45 in his novel Gangu.
 The head of the enquiry committee appointed to enquire into the atrocities committed by the
Police against the leaders in Chakali Ailamma case was- Arutla Lakshmi Narasimha Reddy.
 The Chairman of the Commission appointed by the Nizam to suppress the Armed struggle was-
Mirza AIi Haider.
The Incidents of Akunuru and machireddy Palli
 In 1943, the people of Akunuru village in Jangaon Taluq revolted against the forced levy under
the leadership of Seethal Prasad the Police Patel of the village and then made the police and the
officers retreat before their wrath. After this the government has sent a big armed police, who
took revenge on the people by beating them. And along with this a case was registered on
Seethal Prasad and 12 other persons, and they were sent to jail. Even then, they did not stop the
struggle and they did not pay the levy. So, the incident has remained significant and important
in history.
 The same way, the most heinous incident occurred in Machireddy Palli village of Bidar Taluk
of the Telugu speaking area. The Machireddy Palli incident of levy collection is an excellent
illustration of the behavior of different classes of Telangana rural society and their forging of
unity against the state officials.
 In 1945, the Tahsildar of Bidar, Kwaja Mohinuddin, learned that some rioters of the village
were not paying the levy and a few of the stockists had not submitted their stock statements,
therefore he came to investigate the matter. In the house of Police Patel Hanumath Reddy, he
found un-reported grain stock and then immediately it was seized.
 After some time, Huanumanath Reddy and his assistant Ram Reddy came to the godown along
with 100 members of farmers and they demanded the return of the grain.
 The Tahsildar after noticing the situation directed the Girda war to release his stock after
deducting the levy deu from hìm and later he fled the village expecting more trouble. When he
was seen back in the village, about hundred farmers demanded that he and his assistants write
an order that the levy grain would be collected at the rate of half a mound (5 kg) and not one
mound (10 kg) per acre.
 On being informed by the Tahsildar, the Taluqdar and the high officials like D.S.P. and others
came to the village at about midnight along with a police party of 30 members attacked the
village, beating, arresting the men and molesting women; but the people did not stop their
struggle and they did not forget their aim.
 This incident indicated that the peasants were no longer passive. In their perception, the levy
collection was an evil and a sin, so they refused its payment.
 So Kumari Padmaj Naidu, who received a letter from Mahatma Gandhi (he reacted severely on
the incidences of attacks and molests), visited both villages for the fact finding with the
cooperation of Sadineni Dharmaiah, the party organizer of Jangaon Taluq. She has keenly
criticized the cruel repressive policy of the Nizam Police and the Government.
Heroic struggle of Gopal Reddy

 Gopal Reddy was born in Atmakur village in Suryapet taluq. He joined the anti-Nizam
movement in 1946 at the age of 20. He started as a volunteer and was promoted to the leader
of the central guerilla squad.
 On the basis of reliable information 100 soldiers and 200 razakars attacked the squad of Gopal
Reddy in Patharlapadu in Suryapet taluq. Gopal Reddy fought back and opened fire on the
police. Two policemen died on the spot.
 Gopal Reddy attacked the camps of soldiers in Atmakur and Enumamula and killed several
soldiers.
Renigunta Rami Reddy
 Rami Reddy was a landlord with progressive ideology. He belongs to Renigunta village in
Bhuvanagiri taluk He actively participated in Andhra Maha Sabha. Police and the razkars used
to loot, set fire to the villages and rape the women. So, Rami Reddy gathered the youth in the
village and formed a protection force. He gave them barmars, shotguns and trained them. There
was a buruju in Renigunta like several villages in Telangana. All these burujus in the villages
were utilized to protect the areas. Police could not dare to enter the villages without dismantling
them. Rami Reddy made and protected buruju like forts.
 One day the police and the razakars reached the village in big numbers and attacked the village.
Twenty member guerilla squad tried to retaliate against them. Kolanupaka Tahsildar climbed a
nearby tree and, targeting Rami Reddy, released the bullets. Rami Reddy became a martyr in
this firing. Almost all of them died. That was a heroic struggle and the sacrifice filled inspiration
in the hearts of the people. One of the songs written on Rami Reddy became a war song in the
entire Telangana.
SECOND PHASE (1945- 47) FORMATION OF SQUADS

 The Communists formed many Village Protection Squads to carry out the armed struggle. Each
squad consisted of 20 to 30 members who propagated the Communist ideology and were ready
to sacrifice their lives. They were trained in Politics, usage of arms and providing health
services.
 The associations have the activists of Andhra Maha Sabha and Communists as their members
oot the support of women and tribal people.
Ban on Communist Party
 The Peasant struggle of Nalgonda and Warangal spread to Karimnagar and other districts. The
Nizam government recognized the severity of the movement in the Telangana region of the
state.
 In October 1946, the Nizam government organized surprising attacks against the Communists.
It succeeded a little by detaining some second grade leaders like Vattikota Alwar Swamy. Top
leaders like Ravi Narayana Reddy and Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao escaped.
Communist Movement in India

 Manabendra Nath Roy, formerly known as Narcndra Nath Bhattacharyu, is credited
with initiating the communist movement in India. Alongside Evelina Trench Roy,
Abani Mukhcrji, Rosa Fitingof, Mohammad Ali (Ahmed Hasan), and Mohammad
Shafiq Siddiqui, he participated in the Second Congress of the Communist
International in Russia and Tashkent. On October 17, 1920, he established the
emigrant Communist Movement in India.

 Prior to this, Roy played a significant role in the formation of the Communist Party
of Mexico in 1919. While working to strengthen the movement in India, he
maintained connections with the Anushilan and Yuguntar groups in Bengal. In
various regions such as Bengal (led by Muzaffar Ahmed), Bombay (S. A. Dange),
Chennai (Singaravelu Chettiar), United Provinces (Shaukat Usmani), and Punjab,
smaller communist organizations were established (led by Ghulam Hussain).
 The British administrators became concerned about this new generation of
revolutionaries. Consequently, on March 17, 1924, charges were filed against M. N.
Roy, S. A. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani, Singaravelu
Chettiar, Ghulam Hussain, and R. C. Sharma for allegedly plotting a violent uprising
to challenge the authority of the British King Emperor in India. This case became
known as the Kanpur Communist Conspiracy. Interestingly, this government action
inadvertently provided the communists with valuable insights into the plans,
ideologies, and objectives of the Communist International in India.
 In October 1946, the Nizam government set up military camps in disturbed areas of Nalgonda and
Warangal districts to control the violent activities of the Communists. Alarmed by the
developments, Andhra Maha Sabha and Communist Party shifted their headquarters to Vijayawada
which was also known as Stalingrad in those days because it was a distribution center of arms and
ammunition.
 The Nizam government imposed a ban on Communist Party in November 1946.
 The Communist Party decided to raise weapons against the Nizam government after considering
various actions of the government such as ban against the party, setting up of military camps in the
villages and to consolidate the Party ideology in villages against the goons of landlords.
 They strategically kept themselves silent for procuring arms and ammunition and preparation of
plans. In early 1947, there were no major activities of the Communist party. So the Nizam
government believed that the movement was subsided and withdrew military camps from villages.
THIRD PHASE (1947- 17H SEPTEMBER 1948)

 The British government announced that it would grant independence to India by 15th August 1947
and the Princely States should express their opinions. On 12th June 1947, Nizam Mir Osman Ali
Khan declared his sovereignty. The people were annoyed by his decision.
 Hyderabad/State Congress initiated the Join India Movement under the leadership of Swami
Ramananda Tiftha.
 Kasim Razvi, with the blessings of Nizam formed a private militia named Razakars to violently
oppose the accession to the Union of India and to suppress the Hindus of Hyderabad state.
 Congress party failed to stop the atrocities of Razakars.
Razzakar Terror
1. Following India's independence in August 1947, Hyderabad state chose to maintain its
autonomy.
2. The ruling elite, which included the Nizam, the nobility, and the Majlis-I-Ittehad (MII), a radical
Islamic organization in Hyderabad, supported the idea of a free Hyderabad.
3. The MII became increasingly militant, deploying their paramilitary force, the Razakars, to
suppress peasant uprisings.
4. The Razakars carried out raids, looted villages, arrested or killed suspected agitators, instilled
fear among the populace, and even kidnapped women as part of their punitive measures.

5. In response, the Communist Party of India (CPI) adopted a new strategy in February 1948,
inspired by the successful Telangana uprising.
6. Village councils began redistributing land to landless laborers and evicting tenants, which further
fueled the movement's popularity.
 The rural people of Hyderabad state were tortured by the Razakars.

 The State Congress Party was confined only to urban areas. So they couldn't help the rural people.
 At that moment, the Communists came forward to save the people from the cruel activities of the
Razakars.
 They decided to launch Armed struggle. After taking the decision, theéy left Andhra Maha Sabha
from 21% April 1947 and initiated Armed struggle with the name Cônpunist Party.
Objectives of the Struggle
 By observing the enthusiasm of the war of the people, which was raised with the martyrdom of
Doddi Komaraiah, the leaders of the Communist Party and Andhra Maha Sabha decided to take the
movement forward and they have resolved some specific objectives to implement strictly and
compulsory. They were:
1. Stop immediately the bonded labor and illegal exactions
2. Non cooperation of the forced levy system.
3. Unite the people to own the lands which they were cultivating for so many years as peasants
and as the tenants to the landlords and to re-occupy the lands which were occupied by the
landlords.
4. Decreasing the tenancy to bring awareness to the farmers not to pay the tenancy taxes to
the big landlords and the main enemy. To seriously implement these aims.
5. To take possession of the stock of the paddy from the landlords and Deshmukhs and to
distribute the paddy to the poor and needy people.
6. To burn the records, promissory notes, which were written in the name of the landlords,
debit papers and bonds of the village officers, feudal and money lenders.
7. To arrange the arms and ammunition (guns and weapons) in the place of the sticks and rods
to extend the movement and to form the village squads.
 The Communist Party - Andhra Maha Sabha was able to extend the movement with the above said
specific objectives. It campaigned against the wicked atrocities of the Nizam towards farmers. It
also opposed the arbitrary ruling and violence of the government. The government observed the
actions of the party and as the reaction.
 It banned the Communist Party in November, 1946. Then, the government arrested many leaders
of the party. Not only that, it has encouraged the Razakars, the organization whích was affiliated to
the Majlis-Ithehadul Muslimeen. The government has decided to send the Razakars into the villages
to suppress the peoples movement.
 It intensified the attacks on the people. In the compulsory conditions to protect themselves from
attacks of the government the Communists prepared for the revolt by forming into armed groups as
the village squads. Even though the great armed struggle was continuing against the feudal
landlords, Nizam's government and the Razakars remained silent for some time.
The Independence of India - Independent Nizam's State
 India got freedom on 15th August 1947 and the government was formed with congress minister
Jawharlal Nehru as the Prime Minister. The small and large princely states of the country except

Nizams Hyderabad state, almost agreed to join into the Indian Union with some terms and
conditions. But, the
 Nizam did not agree to join the Indian Union and he declared his Hyderabad state as the Independent
State. Nizam felt that if his government collapsed, the next government would be of the Híndus.
So, he indirectly encouraged the Razakars and supplied weapons publicly to the Razakar Army. By
taking advantage of the situation, Khasim Razvi dared to follow the wicked deeds and illegal
actions, with one and with aims to abolish the Congress and communist party, he formed the Razkar
camps in every village of Telangana. He tortured the people with his violence. Then., against the
brutal attacks of the Razakars, inefficient Nizam's rule and abolition of feudal landlordism, the
Communists once again gave the official call for the Peasant Armed Struggle in September, 1947
in Telangana.
Aims and Objectives of the Struggle
1. To occupy the weapons of the Landlords, Police and Razakrs
2. To occupy the government banjar lands and distribute them to the poor farmerS.
3. To boycott the government officers, courts, educational institutions and to improve the training
of the Communist theory.
4. To paralyze the government by not paying all types of taxes.
5. To form the District, Taluk and Village level guerilla squads for the protectíon of the people.
6. To hoist the National flag and the Communist flag and to declare that Telangana became
liberated.
7. Finally to abolish the Nizam rule and feudalism.
8. To achieve the above said aims and objectives and to protect themselves from the attacks of the
Nizam's Police and Razkars, the communists have formed the Armed guerilla squads at various
levels.
 They were:
1. Village Protection Squads
 The enthusiastic youth in the village used to continue their common activities in the village, on the
other hand they used to face and fight with the razakars and the Nizam's Police by collecting the
Baramars (Shells), spears and common weapons.
 They used to take care and see that the enemy did not surface anywhere in the village. And they
used to improve the political understanding and motivate the people and helped them in the daily
activities of the village committee.
2. Destruction Squads
 These squads had to carry on their normal occupation and on top this, had to dig up the roads so
that enemy vehicles did not come that way, keep planks full of nails on the road to puncture the
tires of the enemy's vehicle and destroy the property of those enemies who were in the police and
enemy camps.
 They had muzzle loaders, spades, crow bars, baskets. planks, nails and such other things as their
equipment. They had to coordinate their work with the village squads. The members of these:
squads were not to be exposed.
3. Guerilla Armed Squads
 In these squads, such youth were recruited after they had given up their own occupation and were
working as whole timers, had courage, guide with and had won the people's and party's confidence
too and who were very much disciplined. They had limited modern weapons with muzzle-loaders.
spears etc. Their duty was mainly to resist Razzakar and Police raids, destroy the enemy and protect
the people.

 Their number used to be about 10 to 25 in a squad. Whenever necessary, they used to carry out
raids and immediately disperse. Every member who was recruited into these squads had not only
to take a pledge but also remember and concentrate on it always as follows: “ I am joining in the
guerilla squad and I have pledged with determination to destroy the exploiters rule and establish
people's raj. To fight and destroy the enemy and to help the people is my only duty. Weapons are
more valuable than life. In getting weapons and protecting them, 1 am prepared to give my life. I
shall never show cowardice to submit to the enemy but shall emulate the example of glorious
martyrs. I take this pledge in front of the red flag"
 After the formation of the guerrilla squads, the party work was divided into political and army
wings. There was a great change in the construction of the guerrilla squads and armed revolution.
This helped to bring the movement to further development with capability and coordination.
Particularly, the attacks of the guerilla squads made it possible to collapse the power of the
government of the villages one by one. Thus, they were helped much to establish the peoples rule
at 3000 villages in Telangana.
PARAKALA - THE ANOTHER JALLIANWALA BAGH (2ND SEPTEMBER,

1947)
 Parakala was part of the Karimnagár District in the days of Telangana Armed Struggle. The people
of the 30 villages of the surroundings reached the Parakala village on 2nd september, 1947 to
participate in the programme of the National Flag Hoisting.
 This programme was organized under the leadership of Kattanguri Keshava Reddy and S. Manohar
Rao, the president and secretaries of the Taluq committee of the Congress party. So, Chitikesti
Srisailam belonging to Jukal village walked in front of the procession with the national flag in hand
at Parkala, under the guidance of Daggu Veeragopal.
 All the people walked forward with the inspiration of Chitikeshi Srisailam in the front, that time
the Nizam's police ensconced before the people procession and fired on the orders of Vishweshvara
Rao, the Tahasildar of Parkala and Circle Inspector Ziaullah, without any pre announcement or
warning.
 They dared to create the massacre at Parkala.
4th PHASE (SEPTEMBER 17, 1948 to OCTOBER 21, 1951)

 Many Communists went underground after Police action. The Communists wanted to ntensity the
mOvement to establish a stable government. control communism.
 At the Communist Party meeting held at Calcutta in 1948 under the leadership of B1 JanaNe
decided to fight against the Government of India also. (Secretary of Communist Party - Ranadive)
Withdrawal of Telangana Peasants Armed Struggle
 The struggle of Communists in Telangana continued until September 1951. They quit the struggle
21 October 1951 on the recommendation of Russian Communist leader Joseph Stalin.The Armed
struggle liberated the people of Telangana from the atrocities of Zamindars and Razakars.
 The Government of India passed Tenancy Lands Act' on 10 January 1950 and confiscated lakhs of
acres of land.The Government of India also appealed to the Communists to give up the struggle.
Communist party appointed a committee to discuss with the Government of India. Member of that
committee were:
3. Jyothi Basu
4. A.K. Gopalan

5. Muzaffar Ahmed
 The talks were successful and the struggle was withdrawn on 21 October 1951. Consequently, the
ban on Communists was also lifted. They were permitted to carry on their activities in a peaceful
manner under the Constitutional provisions. Ravi Narayana Reddy who was detained in September
1951 was released on 5 December 1951 to contest the first general elections under the newly
adopted Constitution,
First General Elections-1952
 The Communists won all 14 Assembly constituencies in Nalgonda district. Ravi Narayana Reddy
was elected to the Lok Sabha from Nalgonda Parliamentary constituency and to the Hyderabad
Assembly from Bhuvanagiri constituency. He won with a majority of more than 3 lakh votes from
Nalgonda Parliament constituency. Not even Prime Minister Nehru won with this huge majority.
Later Ravi Narayana Reddy resigned from the Hyderabad Assembly.
 Note: In this election, a communist leader Pendyala Raghava Rao contested from three
constituencies. He won from three places and created a record.
Effects of the withdrawal of Armed Struggle
 The Armed struggle was taken up to end the cruel feudal system during the rule of Nizam. The
struggle fought from 1946 to 1951 under the leadership of Communists brought out many historic
results.
 The 225 years old Asaf jahi rule came to an end.
 The systems of Jagirdars and bonded labor (Nagu) were abolished.
 12 lakh acres of land was distributed to the poor.
 Land reforms were initiated in Telangana for the first time in India.
 A renowned Gandhiite Vinobha Bhave started the Bhoodan movement (April 1951) from
Pochampally in Nalgonda district. Vedire Ramachandra Reddy donated 100 acres.
 As per an estimate, the autocratic rule of Nizam and the atrocities of landlords were ended and lakhs
of acres were distributed to the poor by introducing many welfare activities. Many evils like bonded
labor, unlawful collections and bribes and many forms of feudal practices were abolished.
 Social equality to a considerable extent was achieved in every village of Telangana.
 Free forms of labor and bonded labor were abolished and minimum wage was fixed for farm
laborers.
 It introduced a sense of questioning and mental awareness in the youth.


MIM AND OTHER IMPORTANT EVENTS

M.I.M and OTHER IMPORTANT EVENTS
 The Labour Party won the 1945 general elections in Britain and formed a government with Atlee
as the It reached India on 16 March 1946 and examined the conditions in India.
 The Cabinet Mission Plan was Prime Minister. He recognized the need to grant independence to
India and sent a Cabinet mission in 1946, a statement made by the Cabinet Mission and the Viceroy,
Lord Wavell, on May 16, 1946, that contained proposals regarding the constitutional future of India
in the wake of Indian political parties and representatives not coming to an agreement.
 The members of the Cabinet Mission were: Lord Pethick. Lawrence, Secretary of State for India,
Sir Stafford Cripps, President of the Board of Trade, and A.Alexander.

 They met many times with the leaders of INC and Muslim League.
All India States Peoples' Conference
 In 1920, The Chamber of Princes of British India was founded with the announcement of King
George V. All the lange princely states joined this association.
 They expressed their opinion that they would continue as independent states at the time of
independence and partition of India. In June 1946, The All India States Peoples' Conference
(AISPC) held its meeting presided by Nehru to discuss the matter of unification of Princely states.
 It also discussed with the rulers of Hyderabad, Mysore, Travancore, Jayapur Princely states.
Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, Swami Ramananda Tirtha (as the representatives of HSC) and Ravi
Narayana Reddy, Lakshmi Narsaiah (from Andhra Mahasabha) attended the All India States
Peoples Conference from Hyderabad Princely state. They expressed their intention of joining Indian
Union.
 Congress party secured majority in the elections held in the states and formed an interim
government on 2 September 1946. Andhra Mahasabha and H.S.C started protests separately
demanding elections in Hyderabad state and to join the Indian Union.
 The Nizam, worried by the recent developments, appointed a BBC journalist Prof. William
Rushbrook to publicize the democratic policies and uniqueness ofHyderabad state.
 Nizam sent the members of Hyderabad Representative Committee- Chhatari Nawab (President of
the Executive Council of the Nizam), Nawab Ali Yar Jung (Minister of Constitutional Affairs),
Walter Monckton (Constitutional advisor to the Hyderabad State) to deliberate with Cabinet
Mission.
 They informed the British that the Nizam would continue as the third dominion. The Hyderabad
Representative Committee assumed that India would disintegrate after the exit of the British and
this would be the right time to declare Hyderabad as an independent country.
 On 3 June 1947. Lord Mountbatten declared that India and Pakistan would become two separate
independent dominions and administrative power shall be transferred on 15 August 1947.
 On 11 June 1947, after 8 days of Mountbatten's declaration, Nizam issued a firman stating that he
had the right to declare Hyderabad State as an independent State or Azad Hyderabad and would not
send representatives to the Constituent Assembly.
 This declaration was welcomed by a Muslim leader Chowdhury Hakmat Ali Gulzar and he
suggested a name 'Osmanisthan' to independent Hyderabad state. At the same time, the Communists
who were organizing Telangana Armed Struggle also supported the Nizam rule. So Nizam revoked
the ban on Communist party on 4 May 1948. B.S. Venkat Rao, a dalit who was acting as Education
minister in Nizam Government and Deputy Prime Minister Pingali Rami Reddy also extended their
support to 7 th Nizam.
 Nizam was shocked when the British government introduced the Independence of India bill in the
British Parliament on 9 July 1947. This bill mentioned that Hyderabad State would be an integral
part of India or Pakistan. The Nizam insisted on keeping Hyderabad as the third dominion.
 The Congress made efforts to pressurize the Nizam to join India as 80% of the population of
Hyderabad was Hindus by conducting a Plebiscite or Public opinion, The movement that was
started in this context- Join India Movement.
JOIN INDIA MOVEMENT (1947-1948)

 This Movement is divided into two types.
 They are: 1. Open Movement; 2. Anonymous Movement

1. Open Movement
 In May 1947, a public meeting of Hyderabad State Congress was held at Karbala Grounds in
Hyderabad. A resolution was made at this meeting to launch a movement to join india.
 At this time, the Secretary of Socialist Party Jayaprakash Narayan visited Hyderabad on 7th May
1947 attended the meeting and delivered a speech in support of the Join India Movement. He
appealed to the people to pressurize the Nizam to join India. The Nizam expelled Jayaprakash
Narayana from Hyderabad for his speech.
 The visit of P initiated the Join India Movement. The labor leaders who spoke at this meeting were
Mahadev Singh and Narendra Prasad Sinha. The Hyderabad State Congress set up a Committee
headed by Burgula Ramakrishna Rao and launched the agitation against the expulsion of
Jayaprakash Narayan. The senior leaders of Congress organized this public movement following
the Satyagraha theory of Gandhiji.
 Strike of A.H.S.U. Students: All Hyderabad Students Union made a call to organize Join India
Union Day on 31 July 1947. A large number of Students organized a procession and met Swami
Ramananda Tirtha at HSC office in Sultan Bazar and urged him to launch the Join India Movement.
 On 7h August 1947, HSC demanded the Nizam to join the Indian Union. On the same day, Swami
Ramananda Tirtha launched the Join India Movement on the occasion of Join India Day/ Hyderabad
Day Ramananda Tirtha began Satyagraha for the annexation of Hyderabad Princely State with
India. The government arrested leaders like Ramananda and Burgula.
 Note: They were released on 29h November 1947 according to the Standstill Agreement.
 Tensions in the city increased as the Independence day approached. The Congress party and Hindus
of Hyderabad city decided to observe Independence day by hoisting the tricolor flag. The decision
was opposed by the Nizam and Razakars. Nizam issued a firman on 13h August 1947 declaring his
independence. He ordered the people not to hoist the Indian National flag in his state.
 But the people violated that order and hoisted the National flag on 15" August 1947. Swami
Ramayánda Tirtha along with Mofílal Mantri hoisted the flag at Sultan Bazar which was presented
to him by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. Raf Mohammad, Assistant secretary of A.H.S.U hoisted the
flag along with students raising slogans to merge Hyderabad into Indian Union.
 Curfew was imposed in Hyderabad on 15 August. But Vimalabai Melkote, Jnanakumari Heda,
Ahalya Bai, Brijrani Gaur, Yasoda Behan and other women hoisted the flag in Hyderabad.
 H.S.C. National Flag Day : H.S.C made a call to observe National Flag Day on 2nd september 1947.
Flag was hoisted at many towns in Hyderabad state. On this occasion, 15 people diedán police firing
at Parakala. The flag hoisting programme was successfully organized by Kaloji Nayáyana Rao at
Warangaland Jamalapuram Kesava Rao at Madhira.
2. Anonymous Movement
 All the senior leaders of Congress party organized the Join India Movement in the lines of Gandhi's
Satyagraha and the youth leaders of Hyderabad Congress decided to organize the movement in the
lines of Quit India movement (secretly).
 They formed three Regional offices in three linguistic areas of the State. The Telangana Regional
office was set up at Vijayawada due to the ban on H.S.C.
 Vijayawada Camp
 Solapur, Manmad Camp
 Chandanagar, Adilabad Camp
 A Central head Office was established at Bombay to coordinate the activities of the three regional
offices. V.B. Raju, T. Hayagreevachari and Bommakanti Satyanarayana were entrusted with the

responsibility of Telangana Regional Office. Border Camps were set up at Paritala, Adilabad,
Nellamarri.
 Kokkireni, Chanda, Solapur, Manmad and other areas to organize the movement apd to propagate
the aims of the movement (They were Border camps in the Nizam's State).
 Paritala camp was organized by Kodati Nyayana Bao and Adilabad, Chanda, Solapur camps were
organized by P.V. Nafasima Rao and K.V. Narsing Rao.
 Regional offices- 1. Gadag (Karnataka) 2. Bombay 3. Vijayawada.
 A.P. Congress cooperated with Telangana Regional Office. The Join India Movement sooner
developed into a people's movement against the autocratic rule of the Nizam. The Nizam
encouraged the Razakars to terrorize Hindus. He also ordered them to convert Hindus to Islam
forcefully and invited the Muslims in neighboring states to settle in Hyderabad State.
Note:
1. Hyderabad Congress regularly updated the atrocities of Razakars in Nizam dominion to the
Government of India. It played a significant role behind the Police action against Nizam's rule.
2. The Village that declared itself as it belonged to the Union of India and stopped paying taxes
to the Nizam's government was- Paritala.X
 In Telangana, in the districts of Nalgonda and Khammam and their Taluk regions, Repalle became
very popular as a central office.
 The responsibility of publicity through pamphlets and their publishing of explaining the struggle
motives and objectives in the regions of Warangal and Khammam to maintain the confidence levels
of the people in their freedom struggle was given to V.B. Raju, Hayagrivachary and Bommakanti
Satyanarayana Rao.
BhagyaNagar Radio
 It was a secret Radio service. A freedom fighter Paga Pulla Reddy started a radio service for
propagating the activities of Hyderabad State Congress. He brought equipment from Bombay and
started services in the name of BhagyaNagar Radio. The programmes were broadcasted in Telugu,
English and Urdu languages.
 The Telugu programmes were managed by Ramakrishna Sharma and Urdu programmes were
managed by T. Nagappa. BhagyaNagar Radio made efforts to awaken the people of Telangana
against the atrocities of Nizam's government and Paga Pulla Reddy Razakars. It was banned by the
Nizam's government but continued its actívities secretly.
 Note: The official Radio of Nizam's government Deccan Radio (1935)
Narayanrao Pawar
 He made an attempt on the life of Nizam on 4 December 1947 at King Koti palace along with Arya
Samaj members Jagadish Arya and Gandaya Arya. The Nizam escaped from the bomb attack.
Narayanrao Pawar was awarded death sentence by the government and was commuted to life
imprisonment on 17 September 1948.
ESTABLISHMENT OF M.I.M. - SUBSEQUENT SIGNIFICANT EVENTS

 In 1927, a meeting was organized at Lohit Mandi in Hyderabad to promote soci0-economic and
educational development of Muslims. At this meeting, MI.M. was founded as a non-political
organization on 9th November 1927. M.I.M means Council for Unity of TMuslims', Nawab

Bahadur Yar Jung was elected as the first President of MIM. At the same time Siddiqui Deendar
launched a religious movement named Deendar in 1929, He authored a book named Sarwar Aam.
 Communal riots between Hindus and Muslims took place for the first time in the history of
Hyderabad in 1938. The riots were known as Dhọolpet case. At this time, an English Professor of
Osmania University Abdul Latif proposed the theory of Population Exchange.
 According to the theory, all the non Muslims of Hyderabad State should migrate to other places and
the Muslims from other places should migrate to Hyderabad state.
 Bahadur Yar Jung founded a private militia named Razkars in October 1940. Razakars mean the
Volunteers of Peace. The number of Razakar contingents was 52. The leader of each 30 Razakars
at field level was Salar. The leader of Razakars at Taluk level was Salar-e-Kabir. The Chief of
Razakars was Afsar-i- Ala.
 In 1946, Kasim Razvi from the Latur area of Maharashtra became the leader of Razakars. Two
Muslim leaders Yamin Zuberi and Abdul Raoof raised the slogan Prepare for death but Save the
Nizam government'
 Kasim Razvi vehemently opposed the Join India movement. In a speech delivered at a public
meeting on 19th June 1947 declared that Independence is a right of Hyderabad and the sovereign
power would lie in the hands of Muslims'. He also threatened direct action against the Nizam
government if it wished to join the Indian Union.
 The Nizam refused to join India on 15th August 1947. He issued a firman on 27h August 1947
asserting his independent sovereignty. On 8h October 1947. He sent a delegation to Delhi consisting
of Walter Moncton, Chattari Nawab, Sultan Ahmad and Ali Yavar Jung to negotiate with the
Government of India. They met Governor General Lord Mountbatten and clearly said that the
Nizam would not SIgn on the instruments of accession like heads of other Princely Stațes. On the
suggestion of Mountbatten, it prepared for a Standstill agreement with the government of India for
a period of one year.
 The draft was prepared by Walter Moncton. The final draft was confirmed on 18 October 1947 after
many deliberations.
 The Hyderabad delegation returned from Delhi with the Standstill agreement that was to be Signed
by the Nizam. After discussing with the Executive Council, he agreed to sign the agreement On 27
October 1947.
 Angered by the news, about 25,000 Razakars surrounded the residences of Chattari Nawab and
other delegates by 3am on 27h October, So the Nizam had withdrawn his decision (Kasim Kazvi
got the delegation canceled). Later the representatives suggested by Razvi were sent to Delhi in
November 1947.
 They were: 1. Abdul Rabim 2. Pingali Venkatarama Reddy 3. Moin Nawaz Jung
 The Nizam threatened on 3d October 1947 that he would join Pakistan if the Delhi negotiations
failed. At last, he signed the Standstill agreement on 29th November 1947.
 A significant role in this episode was played by Chattari Nawab.
Features of Standstill agreement
 Hyderabad shall continue as an associated State of India. It cannot be annexed to Pakistan. All
leaders of Congress and other innocent people shall be released. A government chosen by the People
of Hyderabad shall be formed within a year. There shall be no aggressive measures to be taken on
the people. The currency of India shall be valid in Hyderabad state. Hyderabad would remain
neutral in the case of war between India and Pakistan. Banks and Insurance companies of India can
be established in Hyderabad without any restrictions. The freedom of expression and assembly shall
be granted in Hyderabad. The agreement shall remain in force for a period of one year.

 Chattari Nawab resigned his post of Prime Minister after the agreement. Mehdi Yar Jung became
the new Prime Minister. Later, Mir Laik Ali was appointed the Prime minister.
Violation of Standstill Agreement
 The Nizam signed a Standstill agreement to deceive the government of India. He started to violate
it from its inception. Syed Ahmed El-Edroos, the commander-in-chief of the Hyderabad State was
sent to Europe to purchase weapons.
About Lord Mountbatten

 Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, was a
prominent British statesman and naval officer. He held the esteemed position of India's last
Viceroy and subsequently became the country's first Governor-General. Lord Mountbatten
served as India's Viceroy from February 12, 1947, until August 15, 1947, and then continued
as the Governor-General until June 21, 1948.
 During his tenure, India achieved independence, leading to the formation of two separate
dominions, India and Pakistan. Despite his efforts to prevent it, the partition of India
ultimately took place, resulting in significant challenges and upheaval. Lord Mountbatten
played a crucial role in overseeing the withdrawal of British forces from India and facilitating
a smooth transition of power.
Role of Mountbatten in Consolidating Post-independent India
 Lord Mountbatten played a crucial role in the transfer of power to the Indian Union in 1947.
Despite facing criticism for expediting the transfer by moving the date from July 1948 to
August 1947, he made every effort to ensure the establishment of a strong Indian union and
foster positive Indo-British relations post-independence. Being a member of the royal family
and the current viceroy of India, he believed that his appeal to the princely states would
carry more weight if he urged them to remain with India instead of forming separate
independent provinces. This approach aimed to facilitate the formation of a robust Indian
union. Additionally, he, along with Sardar Patel, played a pivotal role in persuading Nehru
to authorize a military intervention in support of Kashmir after Maharaja Hari Singh signed
the accession document. Lord Mountbatten also recognized that British rule had
contributed to the partition of the country and felt a moral obligation to oversee the entire
process, including the planning required to accommodate the refugees arriving in India
post-partition. His constitutional advisor, VP Menon, provided valuable guidance by
explaining the aspirations of the Indian people and convincing Lord Mountbatten to remain
in India to assist after the momentous date of August 15, 1947.
 Laik Ali, the Prime Minister of Hyderabad tried to buy Hakimpet airport from the Portuguese.
Indian currency was made invalid. Export of gold was prohibited. Agents were appointed in London
and Karachi.
Mediation of Lord Mountbatten
 Mountbatten tried to establish peaceful relations between Indian Union and Hyderabad state
through this Press Attache Allen Campbell. The negotiations between Laik Ali and Campbell failed.
 The Indian Government was continuously observing the atrocities of Razakars and Armed Struggle
of Communists in Hyderabad state. It demanded the Nizam to abolish the Razakar system.

 Mir Laik Ali asked Communist leaders Ravi Narayana Reddy and Makhdoom Mohiuddin to join
hands with the Nizam against their common enemy, Indian Union.
 At this time, the Nizam government lifted a ban on Communists on 4h May 1948. Devulapallı
Venkateswara Rao in his book described that 'supporting of Nizam government means supporting
of AZad Hyderabad slogan which means supporting of independence of Hyderabad. This eliminates
the problem of Congress. The Nizam government was weak. Due to this reason, the Communists
supported the slogan Azad Hyderabad for providing better facilities for the people of Hyderabad by
the Nizam government". The Union government criticized the action of Communists. So its
National Secretary B.T. Ranadive clarified that the slogan was wrong and it is no way concerned
with the party.
 Permission was granted to Pakistan finance minister Ghulam Mohammad to visit Hyderabad state.
Nizam agreed to grant a security of 20 crores to Pakistan (at an interest rate of 3%). The Nizam
tried to buy Goa from the Portuguese. Mir Laik Ali frequently visited Pakistan.
Supply of arms by Sydney Cotton
 It is clear that the Nizam accepted the Standstill agreement to procure weapons and military
equipment. El Edroes, the Commander in Chief of Hyderabad state, visited Czechoslovakia gńd
France to purchase fighter planes. Australian National Sydney Çotton purchased arms and
ammunition from many countries and supplied them to Hyderabad secretly.
 Import of guns from Karachi became very common. Vandemataram Ramachandra Rao (He was
born in Khyatur in Gadwal district. He authored two books namely Veer Savarkar and Hindu
Sanghatan'. He shouted the slogans Vandemataram when he was beaten by the guards in prison.
 So Veer Savarkar had given the title Vandemataram to him) and Veerabhadra Rao were aware of
the illegal arms trade of Sydney Cotton and informed the Indian government. Nizam established
arms factories at Golkonda, Chaderghat and Moti Mahal violating the Standstill agreement.
 V.P. Menon served as the secretary of the Ministry of the States. He authored the book Integration
of Indian States'.
Appointment of K.M.Munshi as the Agent General
 According to the provişions of the Standstill agreement, the government of India appointed K.M.
Mụshi as the Agent General to the Government of India, Hyderabad. The Nzam government refused
his stay at Residency Building in Bolarum, Secunderabad to affirm that the rank of Agent General
was not equivalent to the British Besident. Munshi reached Hyderabad on 3rd January 1948 and
stayed at Deccan House, Bolarum that belonged to the government of India.
Atrocities of Razakars
 The Razakars attacked 10-Off mail, a train service between Madras to Bombay and killed two
passengers on 23 May 1948. The atrocities of Razakars increased and the villagers of Paritala in
Krishna district which was under Nizam's rule refused to pay taxes and claimed that they were
independent. One of the ghastly acts of Razakars happened on 10 January 1948 at Bibi Nagar.
 Qasim Razi attended a marriage at Bibi Nagar and the Razakars made attacks on the houses of
Hindus. Qasim Razvi delivered a speech at Dar Us Salam on 31 March 1948. He stated that
Hyderabad was an Islamic state and the Razakars would occupy Delhi and establish Islanic state.
The other Muslims of the Country would serve as the fifth pillar of Hyderabad army. He delivered
another speech on 8 April 1948 in which he declared that they would occupy the ceded districts and
Northern Circars.
MURDER OF SHOAIBULLAH KHAN (21 AUGUST 1948)

 Shoaibullah Khan was born on 2 October 1919 in a small village in Khammam district. His parents
were- Habibulla Khan and Shaibulla. Almost all magazines in Nizam State were published in Urdu.
Official language was Urdu. Mandumula Narsing Rao published the newspaper Rayyat in Urdu.
Shoaibullah Khan worked as the Sub Editor.
 He graduated from Osmania University. Rayyat newspaper had expressed nationalist ideology. It
even criticized the Nizam without hesitation. So, the Nizam banned Rayyat. Shoaibullah Khan
launched the Urdu newspaper Imroze (it means Today) on 15 November 1947 with the help of
Mandumula Narsing Rao. Its head office was located at the residence of Burgula Ramakrishna Rao.
(He had given financial assistance for it) Imroze newspaper sharply criticized the policies of Nizam.
 It brought to light the atrocities of MIM and Razakars. Shoaibullah Khan asked the Nizam to
consider joining India through his writings. Qasim Razvi declared that he would hoist the flag of
Nizam on Red Fort.
 The editorial of Imroze severely criticized his statement. Razvi targeted Shoaibullah Khan and he
was brutally murdered by the Razakars on 21 August 1948 near Kachiguda Railway Station. Munir
Khan executed the murder and the body parts of Shoaibullah Khan were severed.
 His tomb is located at a graveyard opposite to Gosha Mahal. The hands of his friend Mohammad
Ismail were cut off when he tried to stop Razakars. Shoaibullah disapproved of religious fanaticism
even though he was a Muslim. An award in his name has been given for journalists even today at
Osmania University. Dhavala Srinivasa Rao had authored the poem Kameti Kanuka in memory of
Shoaibullah Khan. A library in Malakpet was named after him.
Note: The papers that criticized the atrocities of Razakars- Imroze, Hyderabad Weekly: Talluri
Ramanuja Swami, TeluguDesam (Founder- B.V.Raju), Surydevara Rajyalakshmi Devi.
Barrister Rudra, journalist of Pioneer, was expelled from Hyderabad state for criticizing the
Nizam. Golkonda Paper also criticized the despotic rule of Nizam and never considered the
warnings of Munshi.
 On 2 August 1948, Laik Ai, the Prime Minister of Hyderabad declared that the government of India
could initiate military attack against Hyderabad and warned Jawaharlal Nehru that they would
complain to the United Nations.
 The Nizam Government complained through a cable gram to the UNO on 21 August 1948. The
foreign minister of Hyderabad Moin Nawaz Jung referring to the Article 35 Para 2 of the Charter
of UNO submitted a complaint before UNO regarding the conflict with the Indian Government. On
10 September 1948, a mission was sent under Moin Nawaz Jung to the UNO.
 The members of the diplomatic mission were- Moin Nawaz Jung, Ali Yavar Jung, Jahir Ahmed and
Mohammad Hamidullah.
“The Government of Hyderabad in reliance on Article 35, paragraph 2, of the Charter of the
U.N requests you to bring to the attention of the Security Council the grave dispute which
has arisen between Hyderabad and India, and which unless settled in accordance with
International law and justice, is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace
and security. Hyderabad has been exposed in recent months to violent intimidation, to threats
of invasion and to crippling economic blockade which has inflicted cruel hardship upon the
people of Hyderabad… The action of India threatens the existence of Hyderabad, the peace
of the Indian and entire Asiatic continent, and the principles of the U.N. Hyderabad, a state
not a member of the U.N. accepts for the purposes of the dispute, obligations of the Pacific
Settlement provided in the Charter of the United Nations.” – complaint from Government of
Hyderabad to UNO on August 21, 1948.



OPERATION POLO
OPERATION POLO (SEPTEMBER 13-17, 1948)
 On 2 August 1948, the Prime Minister of Hyderabad State Mir Laiq Ali declared that the
Government of India would launch arny attack on Hyderabad State. He informed Jawaharlal Nehru
that they would complain to the UNO regarding the military operation of India.
How did Operation Polo get its name?
 This operation of the Indian Army was given the name of Operation Polo because at that
time Hyderabad had the highest number of polo fields in the world.
 On the advice of Pakistan, the Nizam Government sent a complaint against India to the UNO via a
cablegram on 21 August 1948. The External affairs Minister Moin Nawaj Jung appealed to the UN
Security Council to resolve the dispute between India and Hyderabad as per Article 35, 2d Para of
UNO Charter.
 A delegation led by Moin Nawaz Jung was sent to UNO on 10 September 1948. Members of the
group were: Moin Nawaz Jung, Ali Yavar Jung, Zahir Ahmad and Mohammad Hamidulla.
 Other names of Operation Polo: Operation Caterpillar, Police Action.
Statement of Nehru
 On 15 April 1948, Jawaharlal Nehru declared that India would not accept the sovereignty of any
other State in the middle of Indía. At a meeting held on 25 July at Madras, he stated that they would
not go to war with the Nizam. They would only fight with equals but not with subordinate states.
On 26 July 1948, the government of India released a white paper on Hyderabad State. On 7
September 1948, Prime Minister Nehr stated in the Parliament that Hyderabad was an integral State
of India. Sardąr Pátel described the idea of an independent Hyderabad as ulcer in the heart of India
which needed to be removed surgically'.
Primary reasons for Operation Polo:
1. Violation of Standstill agreement
2. Complaint of Nizam government to UNO against India
3. Death of Muhammad Ali Jinnah on 12 September 1948
 After considering all above points, the government of India on the insistence of Sardar Vallabh
Bhai Patel initiated Police action (military invasion) on Nizam State on 13 September 1946. It
informed the British High Commissioner, Pakistan High Commissioner and American Government
that the government of India is initiating Police action to restore peace in Hyderabad state by
controlling the víolence committed by Communists and Razakars.
 Contemporary to this military attack, America also initiated military attack in the name of Police
action (Truman Pocument) in Korcan peninsula against the communists.
 The Indian government also named the military invasion as Police Action.
 To keep the evidence obscure, it entered the military expenditure under the head of the health
department.
 The military attack against the Nizam was named as Police action, because any military action
against an independent state would be a violation of core principles of UNO.
 This military action (codename- Operation Polo) was headed by General Maharaj Shri
Rajendrasingh Jadeja.

 The Police action was performed by Major Jayanto Nati Chaudhuri. Under the command of J.N,
Chaudhuri, the Indian army entered Hyderabad from five fronts. The Indian forces received an
overwhelming welcome from the people of Telangana.
 During Operation Polo, air operations in aid of the military troops were controlled by Subrato (He
became the first Indian Chief of the Air Staff on l April 1954)
 The plan for operation Polo was laid down by- Eric Goddard (So it is also known the Goddard Plan)
Indian troops entered Nizam State from various places. They were:
 The attack from Solapur was headed by- J.N. Chaudhuri
 The attack from Vijayawada was headed by- A.A. Rudra
 The attack from Bombay was headed by- D.S. Brag The attack from Berar was headed by- Shivadutt
Singh Main thrust was from two sides. They were- Solapur front led by J.N.Chaudhuri and
Vijawada front led by Major General Rudra.
 The areas occupied by 13 September 1948 under the command of J.N. Choudhuri were- Sholapur,
Tamawadi, Osmanabad, Naldurg, Tuljapur Areas occupied under Rudra were- Munagala, Bonakal
 Areas occupied by the Indian army by 14 September 1948 were- Daulatabad, Jalna, Manikhed,
Kannengaon
 On 15 September 1948, the Indian forces under the command of Rudra entered Old Suryapet
Village.
 Areas occupied by 16 September 1948 were- Zaheerabad, Hingoli, Raichur, Parbhani, Koppal,
Munirabad.
Indian Union Hyderabad State

State Leaders: State Leaders:
 Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India  Mir Osman Ali Khan, the Nizam Mir Laiq
Sardar Patel, Deputy PM of India Ali, PM of Hyderabad State
Commanders: Commanders:
 Lt. Gen. Rajendrasinhji Jadeja Major  Qasim Razvi, leader of Razakkars El Edroos,
General Joyanto Commander in Chief
 Nath Chaudhari
 Major General Ajit
 Rudra Air Marshal Thomas Elmhrist
 Air Vice-Marshal Subroto Mukherjee
Strength: Strength:
 38,000 Indian Armed Forces Indian Air  23,000 Hyderabad State forces
Force  >2,00,000 Razakkars (irregular forces)
10,000 Guards and Constabulary
 During Operation Polo, the Military Commander of Nizam State Syed AlınadEI Edroos betrayed
and acted in favor of the Indian government. He secretly ordered the field officers to return to
Hyderabad without fighting with Indian troops.
 So, the Indian troops could easily enter the State and occupy it within four or five days. If Edroos
didn't do this, the Indian troops couldn't enter Hyderabad state before 17 September 1948. The case
of Hyderabad would have been discussed at UNO on 17h September and Hyderabad would have
remained independent or autonomous.
Books on Hyderabad State
 J.N. Chaudhuri- Operation Polo

 V.P. Menon- Integration of Indian States
 Laiq Ali- Tragedy of Hyderabad
 Ali Yavar Jung- Hyderabad in Retrospect
Indian dignitaries during Operation Polo
1. Governor General of India- C. Rajagopalachari Prime Minister of India- Jawaharlal Nehru
2. Minister for Home Affairs & Deputy Prime Minister - Vallabh Bhai Patel
3. Agent of the Central Government - V.P. Menon
4. Agent of the Indian Union- K.M.Munshi
5. Defence Minister of India- Baldev Singh
Dignitaries of Hyderabad State
1. Head of Hyderabad State- Mir Osmyn Ali Khan
2. Prime Minister of Hyderabad State- Mir LaiyAi (Last Prime minister)
3. Commander-in-chief of the Hyderabad State- Syed Ahmed EyEdroos
4. Leader of Razakars- Qasim Razvi
 Eldroos surrendered to the Indian army on 18 September 1948. Hearing the news that Razakars
and Muslims were massacred by the army, Nizam decided to surrender for the good of his people.
Nizam visited Deccan Radio station at 5 pm on 17 September 1948 and addressed the people.
 He had ordered the surrender of the Hyderabad army. But the physical surrender of the Hyderabad
army took place at Anm on 18 September 1948. Mir Laiq Ali was house arrested.
The Surrender of Nizam
 Once to the ministry of Laik Ali resigned and power was handed to the Nizam. On the same evening
at 7 p.m Nizam announced from Deccan Radio.
"My dear people! I am very happy to give this message on behalf of the Governor General of India,
his Excellency Rajagopalachary. Now, my government has resigned. Now, I am very sorry that I
have not taken this decision before. It is too late. I am helpless in this sensitive situation. However,
I am bringing the information to the kind notice of the Governor General that I have ordered my
army to come back from the war field. Along with this, I am giving the permission to the Indian
armies to stay at the Bolarum and Secunderabad cantonment. And until the appointment of the new
Prime Minister and the establishment of the ministry of council, I am forming a committee
temporarily to help me in the administration.
The Committee Members are
 His highness Prince Azamjah - Prince of Berar and Chief of Army.
 Major General Sayyed Ahmed E.L.Edroos - Commander-in-chief of Army.
 Nawab Dinyarjung-Commissioner of Police.
 G. Ramachary - Advocate.
 Abul Hassan Ali - Former President of Ittehadul Muslimeen
 Pannalal Pitthi - Member.
Along with them I am inviting Sir Mirza Ismail, Nawab Jain Yarjung and Diwan Aravamudu
Ayyangar. And after the betterment of the transportation, will discuss with them how to face the
new conditions. I have given order to release Swamy Ramananda Thirta, President of the State
Congress immediately. I hope that Swamiji will be helpful to Hyderabad in these critical conditions.
And also, I have ordered to cancel all the orders and warrants which were issued against the
executive body of the state Congress. When I approached my friend K.M.Munshi, he helped me a
lot. I am praying that my dear people will behave with peace and patience without the racial and
religious discrimination. And I hope that there is no trouble to arrange the official affairs with the

Indian government after peaceful conditions return to Hyderabad. My one and only aim is the safety
and security of my people. So they will live together in unity with others in India.”
 On 18th September, 1948 the Major General, Chief of Nizam's army E.L.Edroos, surrendered in
the presence of Major General Choudary. According to the military rules; General J.N.Choudary
reached Hyderabad first, and took over the responsibility of ruling. Although Choudary was
appointed as the military governor of Hyderabad State, but legally the Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan
has continued as the highness - Rajpramukh of the state. On 22nd September, 1948 Nizam informed
the Security Council that he had withdrawn his complaint against India, which was earlier submitted
in UNO. At the time of police action, the chief of the Indian army was General Bucher.
 On 17th September, 1948, the Maharashtra Sangram was celebrated in the name of Mukti Diwas'
in Maharashtra, with the name of the day of the liberation of Hyderabad - Karnataka, in Karnataka
and the day of liberation in Telangana. All the concerned governments conducted programmes and
hoisted the national flag. In Telangana it is celebrated as Annexation day by some people and as
Liberation day by some people unofficially.
 On 18th September, 1948 Laik Ali was kept in house arrest and Kasim Razvi was in custody in
military jail at Tirumalagiri of Secunderabad. At last after the police action Nizam Mir Osman Ali
Khan has given a grand welcome to Sardar Vallabhai Patel at the Begumpet Airport.
 Note:
1. Hyderabad State Official Rudio - Deccan Radio
2. First Director of Deccan Radio - Fazlıur Rehman
 On this occasion Sardar Vallabhai Patel has given a statement that the wound (cancer) of Hyderabad
state is removed from the stomach of India.
Significance of Operation Polo
 Operation Polo played a crucial role in integrating key states into India post-independence, shaping
the country's current landscape. Recognizing the historical significance of this operation is vital for
understanding India's journey to its present state.
 Operation Polo held immense political importance in India's fight for freedom, signifying the end
of princely states' reign and laying the foundation for a unified nation.
 Operation Polo stood as a significant military triumph for India, facilitating the annexation of
Hyderabad state into the country. It showcased the strength of India's armed forces, crucial for
safeguarding the nation. Individuals aspiring to join the army should be aware of the military
significance of Operation Polo.
HYDERABAD STATE
ADMINISTRATIVE POLICY
HYDERABAD STATE ADMINISTRATIVE POLICY
 On 18 September 1948, J.N. Chaudhuri was appointed as the Governor General of Hyderabad State.
 The administrative affairs of Hyderabad went under the military So it is known as Military
Government.
 The military rule continued from 18 September 1948 to 31 December 1949.

J.N. Chaudhuri - Military Rule (18 September 1948 to 31 December 1949)
 His complete name was Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri. He was born at Haripura in West Bengal. He was
grandson of Womesh Chandra Bannerjee (First president of the Indian National Congress).
 J.N. Chaudhuri participated in the Second World War and was awarded the Order of the British
Empire (OBE).
 In August 1944, he took over command of the 16 Light Cavalry, to become the first Indian
Commanding Officer to lead an armored Regiment into battle. He was the 3rd Indian to get the rank
of Brigadier in the Indian Army.
 In February 1948, he was promoted to the rank of Major General and served as the Chief of Army
Staff. He led the Indian forces in the war with Pakistan in 1965.
 After his retirement in 1966, Chaudhuri was appointed High Commissioner of India to Canada, He
also served in the British Army in the Bison Polo division of Secunderabad. the largest military
station in India.
 The specialty of J.N.Choudary who had taken the responsibility of railing Hyderabad State on 1Sh
September, 1948 was that he had worked in the British army at Secunderabad Bison Division, which
is the largest military station in India. Because of that he has the complete understanding and
estimation of the strengths and military affairs of the Nizam's state and that way in 1948 he
succeeded in achieving the great victory on Nizam by the Operation Caterpillar or Operation Polo.
 In I935, there were some positive aspects to Choudary, that there was a combined army adventure
by the British army of Secunderabad division and the army of the Nizam and also Choudary had
the perfect idea on the geographical conditions of the Hvderabad state. Finally, he was appointed
as the Military Governor of the Hyderabad State, Actually, E.L.Edroos the Major General of
Nizam's state has cooperated completely with the Indian army, particularly Choudary in the time of
operation polo. That is why, even though Edro0s surrendered hìmself the Indian army did not arrest
him immediately, apart fřrom this J.N.Choudary decided to appoint him to his Executive Council,
but it was stopped, when Sardar Vallabhai Patel expressed his anger.
The Executive Council of Military Governor (from 24-09-1948 to 31-12-1949)
1. Military Governor - Jayanth Nath Choudary
2. Chief Civil Administrator-D.S.Bakle
3. Additional Chief Civil Administrator - D. R.Pradhan (1CS)
Other members
1. Nawab Jain Yarjung Bahadur - Former Agent General of Nizam in Delhi
2. Raja Donde Raj Bahadur
3. GV.H.Krishna Rao
4. C.V.S.Rao
5. Khazam Yarjung
 But, the total ruling was continued in the name of His Exalted Highness Nizam Mir Osman Ali
Khan as the Supreme of the State. But, Nizam was appointed as "Raj Pramukh 'from 26th January,
1950 only. During the period the first and important reformation of J.N.Chaudhary was done and
the order was released on 6th February, 1949.
J.N.Choudhury Farmana (1946, Feb 6)
 According to that order (Farmana); Sarfeknas, which is treated as the own property of the Nizam
and his Osmania Hali-Sikka were canceled.
 The weekly holiday to all the government offices of Hyderabad State was changed to Sunday from
Friday.

 The Indian government has occupied the Sarf E Khas land of Nizam and has paid three crore rupees
as compensation.
 Along with this, the lands in the vast area came under the control of the government because of the
cancellation of the Jagirdari system.
 That is why Hyderabad stands as the city having more government land in India. And in part of the
changes in the dates of Fasli yeg in October 1946, the 1356 Fasli year was started.
 The Fasli months like, Azoor (31), Dai (30), Bahman (31), Esphandar (31), Farwardi (28).
Ardibahasth (31), Khurdad (30), Theer (3 ), Amardar (30), Shehriwar (31), Mehar (31), and Aban
(30) were canceled and the English months came into use in that place.
 J.N.Chaudhary has done some good efforts in the area of education and archaeology. He has
released more funds to the Archaeology department of Hyderabad State and helped to protect the
Architecture. Sculpture of the Ajanta, Ellora and also the Bidar fort. And also he has allotted funds
generously for the renaissance of the ancient places and thus, he developed the archaeology
department Choudary also visited many villages and solved the problems of the people in the part
of programme in 'Rule at the People'.
 He has sent the representatives to the constitutional council of India from the Hyderabad State. The
ruling method was started in English along with regional languages in all areas of India as it was
done in Urdu previously.
 During the period, the civil administrative system was established under the control of the Military
Governor in the name of Civil Administration'.
 That office who was responsible for the department was called as Chief Civil Administrator, officer
of the Talukdar (Collector) was called as Civil administrator Duvam Talugdar (Dy. Collector) was
called as Deputy Civil Administrator.
 The Chief Civil administrator was respected and was almost the equal designation of Chief
Minister. During 14 months of military rule J.N.Chaudhary has made a strategy to suppress the
communists and muslims to bring the normal conditions in the state and in the process he made the
state shiver.
ATTACKS ON COMMUNISTS AND MUSLIMS

 The communists have directly fought against the tyrannical rule of the Nizam and indirectly on the
Union government, as the second phase of the struggle, they officially gave a call for the Telangana
Peasant Armed Struggle.
 Actually the communists have driven their struggle against the Razzakars and the Nizam, but when
the discussions between the Nizam and Indian Union government on the merging of Hyderabad
state failed, it affected the communists positively and they became strong.
 Along with this, the atrocities of Razakars, the (ran away) migration of landlords from villages to
the towns, slow reaching of Deshmukhs to their areas with the help and co-operation of the
Congress and military rulers etc., and these were the reasons for the downfall of the conditions in
the state, particularly in Telangana.
 At the same time, the Indian government took the 'Police Action' on the Hyderabad state against
the Nizam from 13th September to 18th September, 1948; then, immediately the Nizam
surrendered.
 Afterwards the military government which formed after the surrendering of the Nizam, continued
the attacks from September, 1948 to December, 1949 on communists under the leadership of
J.N.Choudhary, this was continued as it is until 21s October, 1951 up to the withdrawal of the
Armed Struggle and even at the time of Vellodi government also.

 Consequently, about 4000 communists were killed, lakhs of communists were arrested and
thousands of them were imprisoned for a long time. Importantly, the military government has taken
a decision of the abolition of the Jagirdar system by the Act of Jagirdari Abolition' in August, 1949
and to reduce the effect of the communists on the peasants. As well as an enquiry committee was
appointed for the land reforms for the agricultural laborers.
 At the same time, the Razakars and their leader Kasim Razvi surrendered along with the Nizam due
to Police Action. But, the military Governor had the mis-conception that the Razakars had handed
over their weapons to the communists before their surrender.
 The Governor has taken the support of the Indian government and started attacks on Muslims along
with the communists in the form of a massacre.
 At last, according to the people's demand, the Indian government appointed the Sunderlal
Committee in October, 1949 to investigate the attacks that were committed on the Muslims.
PANDIT SUNDERLAL COMMITTEE

 Members of the Committee
Chairman of the Committee - Pandit Sundarlal
Members: 1. Khazi Abdul Gaffar; 2. Moulana Abdul Mistri
Secretaries: 1. Farooq Siar; 2. P.V.Ambukar
 This committee visited all nine districts, seven district headquarters, 21 towns and 23 villages along
with Hyderabad, they met the Hindus, Muslims, Congress leaders and students, and investigated
the attacks. This committee started its investigation on 29th November, 1949 and submitted its
report to the Government on 21st December, 1949.
Important Points in the Report
 At the time of the police action and afterwards about 27,000 to 40,000 people were killed. Among
these 18,000 people have been driven to death in Osmanabad, Gulbarga, Bidar and Nanded where
the Razakars were strong.
 In Latur, the native place of Kasim Razvi, the Razakar leader, the attacks continued for 20 days and
killed a number of people. As part of these attacks, the rapes and exploitations were taken place in
a large number.
 These attacks extended to the border places like Sholapur, Nagpur etc. which were no longer the
Hyderabad State.
 The property lost was in crores of rupees and the exploitations were in large numbers during the
attacks. And also the committee stated that some of the Hindu families have protected the
neighboring Muslim families from the attacks.
 Then after, the Central government studied the report and took the decision immediately and
removed J.N. Choudary on 31 st December, 1949 and appointed M.K. Vellodi (Muller Kading
Vellodi) the L.C.S.
 Officer from Kerala, as the officer of the Civil Administration. We can understand the seriousness
of those attacks, that the government did not open the report to the public until now.
 At present the report is kept safe at the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library in Delhi. Nizam Mir
Osman Ali Khan appointed M.K.Vellodi as the Chief Minister of the Hyderabad State on the
suggestion of the Indian government.

CIVIL ADMINISTRATION (From Ist January, 1950 to 31st December,
1952)
 The Chief Minister of Civilian Government- M.K.Vellodi (ICS officer, Kerala)
 His complete name was- Mullath Kadingi Vellodi Menon.
 Vellodi was the fourth son of His Highness K. C. Manavedan Raja, the titular Zamorin of Calicut.
 There was a huge influx of Andhra migrants to Hyderabad State during his rule.
1. M.K.Vellodi - Chief Minister (Civil Administrator)
2. M.Sheshadri - Member
3. C.V.S.Rao - Member
4. Nawab Jain Yarjung - Member
5. Burgula Rama Krishna Rao -Member
6. Poolchand Premchand Gandhi- Member
7. Vinayaka Rao Koratkar - Member
8. V.B.Raju - Member
 Along with the above members, Ramananda Thirtha, Marri Chenna Reddy, Konda Venkata Ranga
Reddy were also nominated to the Parliament.
 Although, the Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan had complete authority in the Hyderabad state as the
Raj Pramukh and also, according to the ordinance of the Indian government, rupees 50 lakh was
declared as honorary pension payment lifelong to the Nizam.
 There was no income tax on those payments. And also, the ordinance said clearly that all the
properties of Nizam belonged to him officially.
 Not only that, according to the agreement of 1949 February, between Nizam Nawab and the Indian
government, the government accepted to pay rupees 25 lakhs for the maintenance of the palaces
and buildings of the Nawab; rupees 25 lakh for the maintenance of the family members, rupees 25
lakh for the staff and other expenses, rupees 25 lakh as the income on Sarfekhas lands occupied by
the government, including other affairs, totally one crore fifty lakh rupees.
Mir Osman Ali Khan as the Raj Pramukh
 After the Police action, negotiations took place between the Nizam and the Government of India.
Subsequently the new State of Hyderabad was formed on 25 January 1950. According to the
negotiations, the Government of India awarded a privy purse of 1.25 crore per annum to the Nizam
during his lifetime.
 On the request of the Nizam, the Government of India accepted to pay an additional 50 lakh rupees
per annum. Mir Osman Ali Khan was appointed as the Raj Pramukh of Hyderabad State on 26
January 1950. He passed away on 24 February 1967. The government of Andhra Pradesh declared
10 days of mourning. Judi Masjid is the tomb of Mir Osman Ali Khan.
The Important Points in the Administration of Vellodi
 According to the report of the Sunderlal Committee, M.K. Vellodi was appointed as the Chief
Minister in the place of General J.N.Chaudhuri and he continued his civil administration.
Ramaswamy Mudaliar, the Indian representative in UN0 (1949) has announced that the civil
administration has formed in the Hyderabad State and the Nizam stood only as the constitutional
head.
 At the same time, Burgula Narsinga Rao said that the civil administrative government was formed
in the Hyderabad State. So, there is no existence of Hyderabad Dominion, hence the UNO should
leave the topic of freedom for Hyderabad. Telugu and English languages replaced Urdu which was

the state language before that. The Andhra people of Madras province were benefited by the change
in languages in achieving a large number of jobs in Hyderabad state instead of the local people.
 Land records which existed in Urdu were translated into English, but in that process so many rights
of the lands were cheated. Even so, the total records were spoiled and the land of the Hyderabad
state was exploited.
 Telugu language was introduced in the state educational system and most of the teacher posts were
allotted to Andhra people who were perfect in Telugu knowledge.
 The government of M.K. Vellodi removed all the district collectors and replaced them with the
Andhra officials in the name of the Chief Administrators. In the process, Ramachandra Rao, the
Tahsildar in Krishna District was brought to Hyderabad and appointed as the Chief Administrator
of the Hyderabad District.
 The Andhra officials, who were appointed in that manner dared to get appointed their relatives and
their region people in large numbers in important posts in the Telangana region. These people
encouraged the corruption and partiality in Hyderabad state. When this point was raised by Padmaja
Naidu in the Parliament, then. She had to face the anger of Sardar Patel.
 This was the example of the administrative policy of Congress high command in those days. The
employees of Telangana who came from Andhra have shown their dominance in this region. They
treated the Telangana people as inferiors and they felt themselves as the reformers led to the Mulki
Movement' afterwards in Telangana. During the period, in February, In 1952 the General Elections
were held and the people's government was formed under the leadership of Burgula Rama Krishna
Rao.

QUESTION & ANSWERS
1) Analyse the significance of tribal revolts in Hyderabad State, focusing on the revolt
of Ramji Gond and its impact on the resistance against colonial and zamindari
oppressions.
Introduction Tribal revolts in Hyderabad State, particularly the revolt led by

Ramji Gond from 1857 to 1860, stand as testament to the tribal
communities' resistance against exploitation and oppression by local
zamindars, moneylenders, and colonial forces. These uprisings were
not just reactions to immediate grievances but were also indicative
of deeper unrest among tribal populations against systemic
injustices.
Body Context of Tribal Revolts

 Exploitation and Atrocities: Tribals in Hyderabad State
faced severe exploitation, including land confiscation, and
forced labor, due to the coercive practices of zamindars,
moneylenders, and apathy from the colonial and local
administration.
 Legal Neglect: The official neglect of tribal conditions and
customs further alienated these communities, setting the
stage for widespread rebellion.
The Revolt of Ramji Gond (1857-60)
 Symbolic Resistance: The capture of Manikhgarh fort by
Ramji Gond and his followers symbolized a formidable
challenge to state control and external domination.
 Mobilization and Strategy: Ramji Gond's ability to unite
Gond, Maratha, Telugu, and Rohilla communities under a
common cause against the British and the Nizam showcased
an unprecedented level of strategic mobilization and unity
among diverse groups.
 Counteractions and Outcome: Despite initial successes
using guerrilla tactics, the revolt faced brutal suppression by
a combined force of the British and the Nizam's army,
leading to the tragic execution of Ramji Gond and his
guerrillas.
Legacy and Memorial
 Commemoration: The 'Veyyi Urula Marri' in Nirmal and
the memorial at Nirmal fort serve as poignant reminders of
the sacrifices made by Ramji Gond and his followers,
ensuring their place in the history of resistance against
oppression.

 Symbol of Resistance: The revolt, emblematic of tribal
dissent, laid foundational narratives for subsequent
resistance movements, illustrating the enduring spirit of
defiance against injustice among tribal groups.
Conclusion The revolt led by Ramji Gond in Hyderabad State exemplifies the
significant role of tribal communities in the broader resistance
against colonial and zamindari oppressions. By highlighting
systemic injustices and rallying diverse groups under a unified
cause, these revolts not only challenged immediate oppressions but
also contributed to the shaping of resistance movements in India.
2) Evaluate the causes and motivations behind the Telangana Armed Struggle,
highlighting the socio-economic and political conditions under the Nizam's rule
that led to this uprising.
Introduction The Telangana Armed Struggle (1946-1951) represents a pivotal

chapter in Indian history, characterized by a grassroots uprising
against feudal oppression and the Nizam's autocratic rule in
Hyderabad State. Driven by the desire for Land, Livelihood, and
Liberation, this movement was noted by Will Caldwellsmith for its
unique significance in Asia, drawing parallels only with the Chinese
struggle.
Body Discrimination Against Hindus

 Religious and Cultural Discrimination: Despite
constituting over 80% of the population, Hindus faced
systematic discrimination in an Islamic state, evidenced by
the renaming of places and the establishment of the M.I.M
in 1927, which evolved into a communal and violent
organization.
Socio-Economic Conditions and Feudal Oppression
 Feudal Exploitation: The socio-economic backwardness of
Telangana, exacerbated by the jagirdari system and heavy
taxation, subjected peasants to severe feudal exploitation,
marking the region as significantly underdeveloped
compared to Marathwada and Kannada regions.
 Land Ownership: The concentration of land in the hands of
feudal landlords and the Nizam (through Surf-e-Khas) led to
widespread peasant exploitation, with the majority reduced
to tenant farmers on their ancestral lands.
Mir Osman Ali Khan's Rule

 Neglect and Oppression: The rule of Mir Osman Ali Khan
was marked by increased oppression and neglect of peasant
welfare, fostering feudal practices and prioritizing Islamic
religious philosophy over necessary administrative reforms.
Landlord Exploitation
 Dispossession and Injustice: Land reforms further
entrenched the power of Deshmukhs and Deshpandes,
dispossessing farmers of their lands and subjecting them to
severe exploitation and legal injustices under feudal control.
Taxation and Bonded Labour (Vetti System)
 Systematic Exploitation: The Vetti system, along with
exploitative land revenue systems (Diwani or Khalsa,
Jagirs, and Surf-e-Khas), symbolized the economic and
social exploitation of peasants and lower caste individuals,
compelling them into unpaid labor.
Response to Feudal Oppression
 Armed Struggle: The armed struggle emerged as a response
to these inhumane conditions, driven by the collective desire
of the oppressed masses to overthrow the Nizam's rule and
dismantle the feudal structure, aiming for economic freedom,
land rights, and social liberation.
Conclusion The Telangana Armed Struggle was more than a rebellion; it was a
manifestation of the deep-seated grievances and aspirations of an
oppressed society yearning for change. The movement's emphasis
on socio-economic and political reforms underlines its significance
as a critical juncture in India's fight against feudalism and for
democratic rights, laying the groundwork for future land reforms
and the integration of princely states into the Indian Union.
3) Analyse the transformation of All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (AIMIM)

from its origins under the Nizam's rule to its contemporary political stance in
India, considering its historical context and current objectives.
Introduction The All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (AIMIM) has

undergone a significant transformation from its inception under the
Nizam's rule in Hyderabad to its present-day role in Indian politics.
Originally established as the Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen in
1926, the party played a pivotal role in advocating for the
maintenance of Hyderabad as an independent Islamic state and
supporting the Nizam's autocratic rule.

Body Historical Origins and Ideological Foundations
 AIMIM's roots trace back to the Nizam's Hyderabad, where
it emerged as a proponent of Muslim supremacy and the
continuation of feudalistic and patrimonial rule.
 Nawab Bahadur Yar Jang, as the party's leader, espoused
the vision of Hyderabad as a bastion of Islamic statehood,
emphasizing the symbiotic relationship between the Nizam's
authority and the community's political dominance.
 The party's early objectives were centered around preserving
Hyderabad's independence under the Asaf Jahi dynasty,
promoting Urdu as the official language, and ensuring
Muslim dominance in the bureaucracy despite Muslims
being a minority in the population.
The Role of Razakars and Opposition to Integration
 The militaristic Razakar units, led by Syed Qasim Razvi,
epitomized AIMIM's resistance against integrating with the
Indian Union.
 Advocating for a continuation of Nizam's rule, these units
engaged in campaigns to terrorize and suppress dissent,
especially among the Hindu majority.
 The opposition to secular movements and the demand for
Hyderabad to be declared an Islamic state underscored the
party's stance against the formation of a responsible,
representative government.
Post-Annexation Shifts and Contemporary Politics
 Following Hyderabad's annexation in 1948 and the
subsequent banning of the MIM, the party rebranded itself as
the All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen under Abdul
Wahid Owaisi.
 This marked the beginning of a gradual ideological shift
towards addressing contemporary political challenges faced
by minorities in India.
 Under Asaduddin Owaisi's leadership, AIMIM has sought to
position itself as a vocal opponent of majoritarianism,
advocating for the rights and representation of minorities,
particularly Muslims, in the democratic fabric of India.
Criticism and Controversies
 Despite its efforts to reinvent itself, AIMIM faces criticism
for not explicitly denouncing its pre-annexation
communalist stance. The glorification of figures like
Bahadur Yar Jang on its platforms raises questions about the

party's commitment to a secular and inclusive political
discourse. Critics argue that the party's legacy and historical
associations could hinder its quest for broader acceptance
and influence in Indian politics.
Conclusion The transformation of AIMIM from a party that supported the

Nizam's autocratic and communal rule to a modern political entity
championing the cause of minorities reflects a complex journey
marked by ideological shifts and political recalibrations. For AIMIM
to fully establish itself as a credible and inclusive voice in Indian
politics, it must address its past and articulate a clear, progressive
vision that transcends its historical roots.
4) Discuss the impact of Operation Polo on the administrative and political landscape
of Hyderabad State.
Introduction In 1948, a significant event unfolded in India's history, known as

Operation Polo, which aimed to integrate the princely state of
Hyderabad into the Indian Union. This operation ended the reign of
the Nizam, Hyderabad's monarch, altering the region's
administrative and political landscape profoundly.
Body Hyderabad, under the Nizam's rule, was a bone of contention in post-
independence India. The Nizam's insistence on maintaining
independence and the violent actions of the Razakars, a militant
group supporting the Nizam, posed a significant challenge to the
newly independent India.
 The Indian government, led by Prime Minister Jawaharlal
Nehru and Home Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, viewed
Hyderabad's integration as crucial for national unity.
The Execution of Operation Polo
 On September 13, 1948, Indian forces-initiated Operation
Polo, a military campaign against Hyderabad. The operation
was swift, with Indian troops advancing from multiple
fronts, leading to the surrender of the Nizam within five
days. The minimal resistance encountered was partly due to
strategic decisions by the Hyderabad military, which chose
not to engage aggressively with the Indian forces.
Immediate Outcomes
 The immediate aftermath of Operation Polo saw the
disbandment of the Razakars, who had instilled fear
among the populace. This move restored peace and order in
the region and marked the beginning of significant

administrative changes. Hyderabad's integration into the
Indian Union meant the end of autocratic rule and the
introduction of democratic governance structures.
Administrative Changes and Political Evolution
The period following Operation Polo was marked by significant
administrative restructuring:
 Military Governance: Initially, Hyderabad was placed
under military governance, with Major General J.N.
Chaudhuri appointed as the military governor. This period
saw the implementation of reforms, including the abolition
of feudal practices like the Jagirdari system, which had
concentrated land in the hands of a few.
 Land Reforms: One of the most consequential reforms was
the redistribution of land to the tillers, aiming to dismantle
the feudal landholding structures and empower the
agricultural community.
 Language and Governance: The official language was
changed from Urdu to English, and local languages,
reflecting a move towards greater integration with the Indian
Union and promoting inclusivity.
 Political Reorganization: Hyderabad witnessed the
emergence of new political dynamics, with the rise of
various political parties and movements, including the
Communist Party, which gained significant influence in the
Telangana region.
Long-term Impact
Operation Polo's long-term impact on Hyderabad was multifaceted:
 It paved the way for the socio-economic development of the
region, integrating it into the national mainstream.
 Hyderabad transformed from a princely state with a distinct
identity into a cosmopolitan city, known for its rich heritage
and as a hub for technology and industry.
 The operation also set a precedent for the integration of
princely states into the Indian Union, highlighting the
complexities of nation-building in post-colonial India.
Conclusion Operation Polo was a watershed moment in the history of

Hyderabad, marking the end of monarchical rule and integrating the
region into the democratic fabric of India. While the operation
addressed immediate political challenges, its enduring legacy is seen
in the transformed political and administrative landscape of

Hyderabad, which continues to thrive as an integral part of the Indian
Union.
5) Analyse the contribution of the Hyderabad State Congress and the Join India
Movement to the political integration and demise of Nizam rule in Hyderabad.
Introduction The Hyderabad State Congress (HSC) and the Join India Movement
were pivotal in the political integration of Hyderabad into the Indian
Union, marking the end of the Nizam's autocratic rule. Established
amidst a backdrop of political unrest and communal tensions, the
HSC embodied the aspirations of the people of Hyderabad for
freedom and democracy.
Body Formation and Ideological Foundation of Hyderabad State

Congress
 The Hyderabad State Congress was founded on July 29,
1938, by Swami Ramananda Tirtha, responding to the
local populace's disillusionment with the Haripura
Conference resolution of 1938, which suggested princely
states should initiate their movements for political rights.
 Ramananda Tirtha, leveraging the collective sentiment
against the Nizam's oppressive regime, established the HSC
with an inclusive vision, transcending race, religion, or caste,
aiming to establish a responsible government within the
Nizam's domain.
 The HSC’s foundation was a direct challenge to the Nizam's
autocratic rule and the Razakars' communal politics,
advocating for democracy, equality, and integration with the
Indian Union.
 This bold stance resulted in the immediate banning of the
HSC by the Nizam's government, which declared it an
unlawful organization, further galvanizing the resistance
movement among the Hyderabad populace.
Join India Movement and Satyagraha
 The Join India Movement, initiated by the HSC in 1947,
symbolized the collective aspiration of Hyderabad's people
to be part of the newly independent India.
 Despite the Nizam's efforts to declare Hyderabad an
independent state, the movement, through public meetings,
flag hoistings, and processions, emphasized the popular
demand for integration with India.

 The movement adopted both open and secretive strategies
to mobilize support across Hyderabad. While leaders like
Swami Ramananda Tirtha and Burgula Ramakrishna
Rao openly defied the Nizam's orders by organizing
protests and hoisting the Indian flag, underground
networks worked across the region's borders to spread the
movement's objectives and gather support, demonstrating a
unique blend of overt political activism and covert
operations to challenge the Nizam's rule.
 The Satyagraha campaigns, particularly the one led by
Swami Ramananda Tirtha in 1940 and the subsequent
individual Satyagraha, were crucial in maintaining the
momentum of resistance against the Nizam’s regime.
 These non-violent protests highlighted the political
repression under the Nizam's rule and attracted national
attention, pressuring the Nizam to reconsider his stance on
accession.
Political Integration and Demise of Nizam Rule
 The pressure from the Join India Movement, combined with
the geopolitical realities of a post-independence India, forced
the Nizam to enter negotiations with the Indian government.
 The movement’s persistence, despite severe crackdowns,
significantly weakened the Nizam's position, leading to the
eventual police action (Operation Polo) by the Indian
government in September 1948, which facilitated
Hyderabad's integration into the Indian Union.
 The integration of Hyderabad not only marked the demise of
Nizam's rule but also set a precedent for the peaceful
integration of princely states into the Indian Union. The
HSC’s role in mobilizing public opinion against the Nizam
and advocating for democracy and inclusion was
instrumental in shaping the political landscape of
Hyderabad, paving the way for democratic governance and
the region's socio-economic development.
Conclusion The Hyderabad State Congress and the Join India Movement played
a transformative role in the political integration of Hyderabad into
the Indian Union, challenging the Nizam's autocratic rule and
advocating for democratic values. Through persistent efforts,
strategic mobilization, and non-violent protests, these movements
not only facilitated the demise of the Nizam’s rule but also
contributed to the shaping of a democratic and inclusive Hyderabad.

Their legacy is a testament to the power of collective action and the
enduring struggle for freedom and equality.
6) Analyse the impact of Kumaram Bheem's resistance movement on the tribal rights
movement in India, with a focus on its implications for colonial policy and
indigenous sovereignty.
Introduction Kumaram Bheem's resistance movement, originating in the early

20th century in the Adilabad District of the Hyderabad State, stands
as a monumental chapter in the history of tribal rights movements in
India. Born into oppression, Bheem's life journey from an illiterate
individual to a formidable leader advocating for "Jal, Jungle,
Jamin" encapsulates a significant struggle against colonial and
feudal exploitation.
Body Context of Oppression

 Under Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan's rule, tribal communities
faced new taxes and restrictions severely impacting their
traditional Podu agriculture.
 The establishment of a paper mill in Sirpurkagaz Nagar
symbolized the economic displacement and forced
integration of tribals into exploitative labor markets.
Initial Rebellion and Leadership
 Inspired by tribal revolts and figures like Birsa Munda,
Bheem's resistance was ignited over land disputes, leading to
the defense of tribal land rights through the act of rebellion
against a Muslim Patwari.
 Bheem's exile in Maharashtra and Assam introduced him to
broader labor movements, reinforcing his resolve to fight for
"Jal, Jungle, Jamin" (Water, Forest, Land), and establish
tribal autonomy.
Government Response and Aftermath
 The Nizam's government's failure to negotiate and the
subsequent brutal crackdown on Bheem and his followers
highlighted the oppressive stance of colonial and feudal
authorities towards tribal sovereignty.
 Bheem's martyrdom in 1940 catalyzed legislative and social
changes, including the 'Dastur-ul-Amal' Act for tribal land
protection, showcasing the impact of his movement on
colonial policy.
Legacy and Implications for Tribal Rights Movement

 Kumaram Bheem's struggle became a symbol of resistance,
influencing Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to formulate policies for
tribal rights in India's constitution, embedding the ethos
of Bheem's movement in the foundational legal framework
of independent India.
 The celebration of his death anniversary as a state festival
in Telangana since 2014 honors his contribution to the tribal
rights movement, ensuring his legacy influences
contemporary discourse on indigenous sovereignty.
Conclusion Kumaram Bheem's resistance movement against the Nizam's

oppressive policies marked a watershed moment in the tribal rights
movement in India. Bheem's legacy, enshrined in policies and
celebrated annually, continues to inspire the fight for tribal
sovereignty and rights, embodying a steadfast commitment to justice
and equality for indigenous communities in India.
7) Discuss the role of labour, merchant, and caste associations in shaping the socio-
political landscape of Telangana, highlighting their contributions to regional
identity and economic development.
Introduction The socio-political landscape of Telangana, particularly during the

period of Hyderabad State, was significantly shaped by the
collective actions and movements of labor, merchant, and caste
associations. These organizations played pivotal roles in advocating
for labor rights, social justice, and economic development,
contributing profoundly to the region's identity and progress.
Body Labour Movements and Unions

 The foundation of the first labour union by V.V. Giri
marked the beginning of organized labor movements in
Hyderabad State.
 Initial unions like the Calendar Company Workers Union
(1920) and Railway Workshop Workers Union (1927) set
the stage for collective bargaining and workers' rights.
 The Railway Workers Union Strike (1941) under the
leadership of prominent figures like Fateh Moluuddin and
Makhdoom Mohiuddin highlighted the struggle against
unfair labor practices, leading to significant reforms.
 The merging of Hyderabad Trade Union Congress with
All India Trade Union in 1946, presided over by
Makhdoom Mohiuddin, demonstrated the solidarity and
national integration of labor movements.

Comrades Association and Progressive Movements
 The Comrades Association, founded by visionaries like
Sayyad Alamkhund Miri, focused on broader objectives of
freedom, peace, and religious harmony, embodying the
progressive spirit of the times.
 Makhdoom Mohiuddin's contributions, including the
formation of the Hyderabad Students' Union and the
Progressive Writers' Association, were instrumental in
fostering a culture of intellectual and social activism.
Singareni Collieries Workers Union
 Established by Devuri Seshagiri Rao, the Singareni
Collieries Workers Union represented one of the earliest
examples of industrial labor movements, advocating for
miners' rights and safety.
 The legacy of struggle and sacrifice, exemplified by
Seshagiri Rao's martyrdom, continued to inspire labor
activism in the region.
Merchant and Caste Associations
 Associations like the Bhuvanagiri and Suryapet Merchants
Association played a dual role in opposing tyranny and
promoting community development through initiatives like
libraries and educational meetings.
 Caste associations, such as the Mudiraj and Gouda
Associations and the Reddy Hostel founded by Raja
Bahadur Venkatrama Reddy, contributed to the upliftment
of their communities, emphasizing education and social
welfare.
Conclusion The multifaceted movements and associations in Hyderabad State

significantly impacted the socio-political fabric of Telangana. These
collective efforts laid the groundwork for a progressive, inclusive
society and played a crucial role in shaping Telangana's regional
identity and economic development.
8) Examine the key reasons behind the Telangana Armed Struggle and its
significance in the context of agrarian distress and social reform movements in
post-independence India.
Introduction The Telangana Armed Struggle (1946-1951) emerged as a

formidable resistance against the feudalistic and oppressive Nizam
rule in the Hyderabad State. It was not just a fight against the

autocratic governance but also a significant movement for agrarian
distress relief and social reforms in post-independence India.
Body The struggle was driven by the peasants' desire for land, livelihood,
and liberation from harsh socio-economic conditions.
Harsh Conditions under Nizam Rule
 The struggle was primarily incited by the repressive
measures of the Nizam's regime, which declared itself an
Islamic state, discriminating against the Hindu majority and
renaming places to reflect Islamic heritage.
 The socio-economic fabric was marred by a feudalistic
system perpetuated through the Jagirdari system, allowing
feudal lords like Deshmukhs and Deshpandes vast land
ownership and control over the peasantry.
Discrimination Against Hindu Culture
 The establishment of the Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
(M.I.M) in 1927 and movements like "Tabligh" aimed at
converting Hindus to Islam exacerbated communal tensions
and highlighted the cultural and religious discrimination
under Nizam's rule.
Socio-Economic Conditions
 The socio-economic oppression was manifested through the
Vetti system (bonded labour), heavy taxation, and land
exploitation, with large-scale land ownership by feudal lords
leading to widespread peasant unrest.
 Specific policies like Land Reforms by Salarjung-I and the
imposition of land revenue taxes deepened agrarian distress.
Landlord Exploitation Examples
 Feudal lords' oppression was evident in the large tracts of
land owned by individuals, which underscored the skewed
land distribution and the exploitation of the peasantry.
Response to Exploitation
 The opposition to the Vetti system and the exploitation of
bonded labour symbolized the widespread resistance against
the Nizam's tyrannical governance, setting the stage for the
armed struggle.
Conclusion The Telangana Armed Struggle was a watershed moment in India's

post-independence history, highlighting the pressing need for
agrarian reforms and social justice. It significantly contributed to the
discourse on land redistribution and the abolition of feudal systems

across India, laying the groundwork for subsequent agrarian reforms
and social movements.
9) Compare the administrative policies under J.N. Chaudhari in Hyderabad State

with the civil administration of Hyderabad. Evaluate their respective approaches
towards governance, socio-economic development, and political integration.
Introduction The administrative landscape of Hyderabad State underwent

significant transformations under the military government led by
J.N. Chaudhuri (1948-1949) and the subsequent civil administration
(1950-1952). This period was marked by a shift from military to
civilian governance, reflecting diverse approaches towards
governance, socio-economic development, and political integration.
Body Military Government under J.N. Chaudhuri

 Leadership and Operation Polo: J.N. Chaudhuri's
appointment as Military Governor was pivotal, following his
leadership in Operation Polo, which facilitated the
annexation of Hyderabad into the Indian Union.
 Policy Changes: The military government initiated crucial
policy changes including the J.N. Chaudhuri Farmana, which
abolished the Nizam's Sarfeknas, altered the weekly
holiday to Sunday, and took over Sarfekhas lands, offering
compensation to the Nizam.
Civil Administration under Vellodi:
 M.K. Vellodi's Leadership: The transition to civilian rule
under M.K. Vellodi introduced English and regional
languages in governance, marking a departure from Urdu-
centric administration.
 Land and Education Reforms: Administrative reforms
under Vellodi focused on translating land records and
incorporating Telugu in education, benefiting Andhra
migrants but leading to administrative challenges in
Telangana.
Governance and Socio-Economic Development
 Military vs. Civil Approaches: The military government
focused on consolidating control and integrating Hyderabad
with India, while the civil administration aimed at
administrative reforms and socio-economic development.
 Impact on Communists and Muslims: Both
administrations faced challenges in managing communist
and Razakar activities, with the military government actively

suppressing these groups and the civil administration
enacting the Jagirdari Abolition Act to weaken communist
influence.
Political Integration and Regional Disparities
 Jagirdari Abolition and Communist Suppression: Efforts
to abolish the Jagirdari system and suppress communist
elements were aimed at stabilizing the region but also
highlighted the complexities of political integration.
 Challenges of Language Policy: The replacement of Urdu
by Telugu and English under Vellodi's administration
underscored linguistic and regional disparities, contributing
to the "Mulki Movement" and demands for regional rights.
While Chaudhuri's tenure was characterized by efforts to establish
control and unify the region under the Indian Union, the civil
administration under M.K. Vellodi focused on administrative
reforms and addressing socio-economic disparities.
Conclusion The administrative policies under J.N. Chaudhuri and the

subsequent civil administration represented contrasting but
complementary phases in the political integration and socio-
economic development of Hyderabad State. These phases
collectively facilitated Hyderabad's transition from a princely state
to an integral part of the Indian Union.
10) Explain the nature of women’s Movements in Telangana.
Introduction In order to mitigate the impact of various social evils on women,

reformers in Telangana started several organisations and led
reform movements. In 1878 Aghoranath Chattopadhyaya started
young men’s Improvement Association with a reading room and
library.
Body The association used to conduct various meetings and

conferences to discuss social and political issues.
• Several organisations were started for women welfare.
Mulla Abdul Khayyam worked for Women’s education. In
1907 Sitha Bai started Bharatha Mahila Samajam.
Bharatha Mahila Samajam. Yamini Purnatilakam
started another women’s association Yuvatisaranalayam
in the year 1922. Nadimpalli Sundaramma started
Andhra Sodari Samajam in 1925.

• Andhra Mahila sabha is a prominent women organisation
started in 1930, provided a platform for women. In those
days Women speaking from open platform was a serious
issue as the feudal culture of Hyderabad imposed severe
restrictions on women.
• Andhra Maha Sabha conducted 13 Maha Sabhas and 10
Mahila Sabhas. These Mahila Sabhas had the privilege of
having the leadership of prominent women such as
Nadimpalli Sundaramma, Nandagiri Indira Devi,
Yogyasheela Devi and Rangamma Obul Reddy etc.
Several resolutions about women welfare and women’s
education were taken in these Mahila Sabhas and sent to
Nizam.
• Andhra Mahila Sabha used to conduct its meetings in the
same premises of Andhra Maha Sabha. In the first
conference held at Jogipet discussions on women
education, status of women, evil customs such as
prostitution were discussed. In 1935, in its 5th conference
which is presided over by Burgula Anantha Lakshmi, the
organisation passed various resolutions on Women’s
succession rights, rights to the children of inter caste
marriage couples, abolition of child marriage, abolition
of untouchability, rights of peasants at jagirs and sent
them to Nizam government.
• In 1937 (Nizamabad Conference), the organisation passed
a resolution on Constitutional reforms. With the efforts of
Andhra Mahlia Sabha, Nizam government issued a
farman allowing widow remarriage. In 1940, Rangamma
Obul reddy gave a call to women to come out of purdah and
stop child marriage. Pulijala Kamala Bai, the secretary
emphasised that women’s movement should be led by
women only.
Conclusion Other organisations such as Andhra Yuvati Mandali, Anjuman-e-

Khavateen-e-Deccan, Hyderabad Ladies Club also worked
parallel to Andhra Mahila Sabha for women emancipation. In
1945, All India Women’s Conference was started with members
from various linguistic groups and led a united movement against
women problems at national level.

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TGPSC - Group-1 (Material)

Call: 9392957733 KPSIR UPSC Universe - ( 1 )

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Kotilingala – Jagityal district (Erstwhile. Karimnagar district):

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Satavahanas Political History

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Vashistiputra Pulomavi (VPP) / Pulomavi II

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Other books of Acharya Nagarjuna:

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Art & Architecture

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The Fall of the Ikshvakus

• After the decline of Ikshvakus, their Feudatories “Brihatpalayanas" declared

Administration and Trade

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Vishnukundins (A.D. 358-569)

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Economic Conditions & Trade:

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Growth of Buddhism and Jainism

RISE OF NEW RELIGIOUS IDEAS

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1. Patronage and Support:

State of Buddhism during the Vishukund period:

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Body Political Landscape

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Conclusion The Satavahana dynasty's contributions to the political consolidation,

Body Reasons Behind the Growth of Jainism and Buddhism in

Call: 9392957733 KPSIR UPSC Universe - ( 43 )

Conclusion Jainism and Buddhism grew popular in Telangana because of many

Introduction In ancient Telangana, during the times of the Satavahanas,