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Class 11 Chemistry- Equilibrium

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31 views

Class 11 Chemistry- Equilibrium

Uploaded by

Joash Jaxon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Class 11 Chemistry: Chapter Summary - Equilibrium

1. Introduction to Equilibrium:
 Equilibrium refers to a state in a chemical process where the rates of the
forward and reverse reactions are equal, resulting in no net change in the
concentration of reactants and products over time.
 It is a dynamic state where reactions continue to occur, but the overall
concentrations remain constant.
2. Types of Equilibrium:
 Physical Equilibrium: Involves physical changes, such as phase
transitions (solid to liquid, liquid to gas).
 Chemical Equilibrium: Involves chemical reactions where reactants
convert to products and vice versa.
3. Law of Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibrium Constant (K):
 The Law of Mass Action states that at a given temperature, the ratio of
the product of concentrations of products to the product of concentrations
of reactants, each raised to the power of their respective stoichiometric
coefficients, is constant.
 The Equilibrium Constant (K) quantifies the position of equilibrium. It
can be represented as KcK_cKc (in terms of concentration) or KpK_pKp (in
terms of partial pressures for gases).
4. Relationship Between KcK_cKc and KpK_pKp:
 KpK_pKp and KcK_cKc are related by the equation: Kp=Kc(RT)ΔnK_p =
K_c(RT)^{\Delta n}Kp=Kc(RT)Δn where RRR is the gas constant, TTT is
temperature in Kelvin, and Δn\Delta nΔn is the difference in moles of gases
between products and reactants.
5. Factors Affecting Equilibrium: Le Chatelier's Principle:
 Le Chatelier’s Principle states that if an external change is applied to a
system at equilibrium, the system adjusts itself to partially counteract the
effect of the change.
 Factors include changes in concentration, temperature, pressure, and the
presence of a catalyst.
6. Applications of Equilibrium Constants:
 Predicting the direction of the reaction: QQQ (reaction quotient) is
compared with KKK to predict the direction of the reaction.
o If Q<KQ < KQ<K, the forward reaction is favored.

o If Q>KQ > KQ>K, the reverse reaction is favored.

o If Q=KQ = KQ=K, the system is at equilibrium.


 Calculating equilibrium concentrations: Based on initial concentrations and
the value of KKK.
7. Ionic Equilibrium in Solutions:
 Acids, Bases, and Salts:
o Strong and Weak Electrolytes: Strong electrolytes completely
ionize in water, while weak electrolytes partially ionize.
o Ionization Constant of Weak Acids (Ka) and Bases (Kb):
Measure the strength of weak acids and bases.
o Degree of Ionization: The fraction of the total number of
molecules that ionize.
 Common Ion Effect: The shift in equilibrium due to the addition of a
common ion from a different source.
 Buffer Solutions: Solutions that resist changes in pH upon the addition of
small amounts of acid or base.
 Solubility Product (Ksp): Represents the equilibrium between a solid
and its ions in a saturated solution.
8. Factors Affecting Solubility and Precipitation:
 The common ion effect can decrease the solubility of salts.
 KspK_{sp}Ksp values help in predicting precipitation and calculating the
solubility of salts.
Conclusion: Understanding equilibrium is crucial in predicting the extent of
chemical reactions, optimizing conditions in industrial processes, and
understanding biological systems. The concepts of equilibrium constants, Le
Chatelier's Principle, and ionic equilibrium are fundamental in chemistry.

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