Gravitation lecture notes JEE

GRAVITATION
INDEX
 Newton’s Law of Gravitation
 Acceleration due to gravity and its variation
 Gravitational Potential Energy
 Escape Velocity
 Satellite Motion & Orbital Velocity
 Kepler’s Law
 Gravitational Field
 Gravitational Potential
 Gravitational Pressure
NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION
It states that every particle in the universe attracts all other particle with
a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and
is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
VECTOR FORM OF NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION
UNIVERSAL GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT ‘G’
• Universal Gravitational constant is a scalar quantity.
• Its value is same throughout the universe; G does not depend on

the nature and size of the bodies; it does not depend even upon
the nature of the medium between the bodies.
• Value of G:
SI:
CGS:
Dimensions:
NUMERICAL BASED ON LAW OF GRAVITATION
Two particles of masses 1 kg and 2 kg are placed at a separation of 50

cm. Assuming that the only forces acting on the particles are their mutual
gravitation, find the initial acceleration of the heavier particle.
Three masses, each equal to M are placed at the three corners of a square
of side a. Calculate the force of attraction on unit mass placed at the
fourth corner.
Two particles each of equal mass (m) move along a circle of radius (r)
under the action of their mutual gravitational attraction. Find the speed
of each particle.
ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY
Gravity
In Newton's law of gravitation, the force of attraction between any two
bodies is gravitation. If one of the bodies is Earth, then the gravitation is
called 'gravity'.
Hence, gravity is the force by which Earth attracts a body towards its
centre. It is a special case of gravitation.
ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY NEAR EARTH’S SURFACE
Let us assume that Earth is a uniform sphere of mass M and radius R.
The magnitude of the gravitational force of Earth on a particle of mass m, located
outside the Earth at a distance r from its is centre is:
VARIATION IN ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY
Due to Altitude (Height)

Due to Depth
Due to Shape of the Earth
Due to Rotation of the Earth
NUMERICAL ON ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY
Which of the following statements are true about acceleration due to
gravity?
(A) 'g' decreases in moving away from the centre of earth if r > R
(B) 'g' decreases in moving away from the centre of earth if r < R
(C) 'g' is zero at the centre of earth
(D) 'g' decreases if earth stops rotating on its axis
NUMERICAL ON ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY
At what height above the Earth's surface the acceleration due to gravity
will be 1/9th of its value at the Earth's surface ? (Radius of Earth is
6400 km)
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY (U)
The gravitational potential energy of a particle situated at a point in
some gravitational field is defined as the amount of work required
to bring it from infinity to that point without changing its kinetic
energy.
CASES OF ENERGY CONSERVATION
To find the change in potential energy of body or work done to raise a
particle of mass ‘m' to ‘h' height above the surface of earth.
Special Cases
• If h << R
• If h = R
CASES OF ENERGY CONSERVATION
The velocity required to project a particle to a height 'h' from the surface
of earth.
OR
To find the maximum height attained by a body when it is projected with
velocity 'v' from the surface of earth.
ESCAPE VELOCITY
It is the minimum velocity required for an object located at the planet's
surface so that it just escapes the planet's gravitational field.
NUMERICAL BASED ON ESCAPE VELOCITY
A particle is projected vertically upwards from the surface of the earth
with a speed equal to one fourth of escape velocity. What is the
maximum height attained by it ?
NUMERICAL BASED ON ESCAPE VELOCITY
SATELLITE MOTION & ORBITAL VELOCITY
A light body revolving around a heavier planet due to gravitational
attraction, is called a satellite. Moon is a natural satellite of Earth.
TIME PERIOD & ENERGY OF A SATELLITE
For a satellite close to Earth's surface
GEO STATIONARY SATELLITE & POLAR SATELLITE
GEO STATIONARY SATELLITE POLAR SATELLITE
• It rotates in an equatorial plane. It is that satellite which revolves in

• Its height from the Earth's surface is the polar orbit around Earth.
36000 km.
• Its angular velocity and time period
should be same as that of Earth.
• Its rotating sense should be same as
that of Earth (West to East).
• Its orbit is called parking orbit and its
orbital velocity is 3.1 km/s.
WEIGHTLESSNESS
When the apparent weight of a body becomes zero, the body is said to be
in a state of weightlessness.
CONDITION OF DIFFERENT TRAJECTORIES
For a body being projected tangentially from above earth’s
surface, say at a distance r from the centre, the trajectory
would depend on the speed of the projection.
1) V< ( )
2) ( ) < V < Vo
3) V= Vo
4) Vo < V < Ve
5) V = Ve
6) V > Ve
NUMERICAL ON SATELLITE MOTION
NUMERICAL ON SATELLITE MOTION
A spaceship is launched into a circular orbit close to the Earth's surface.
What additional speed should now be imparted to the spaceship so that
it overcomes the gravitational pull of the Earth.
ADVANCED NUMERICAL ON SATELLITE MOTION
KEPLER’S LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION
Kepler found important regularities in the motion of the planets. These
regularities are known as Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion.
FIRST LAW (LAW OF ORBITS)
All planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits, having the Sun
at one focus of the orbit.
SECOND LAW (LAW OF AREAS)
A line joining any planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal
intervals of time, i.e., the areal speed of the planet remains constant.
The areal speed dA/dt of the planet is constant, according to Kepler’s

second law.
Therefore, the angular momentum L of the planet is also constant, that
is, the angular momentum of the planet is conserved.
Thus, Kepler’s second law is equivalent to conservation of angular
momentum.
THIRD LAW (LAW OF PERIODS)
The square of the period of revolution of any planet around the Sun is
directly proportional to the cube of the semi major axis of its elliptical
orbit.
NUMERICAL ON KEPLER’S LAW
Near the earth's surface time period of a satellite is 1.4 hrs. Find its time
period if it is at the distance '4R' from the centre of earth :-
MOTION OF BALL IN A TUNNEL THROUGH EARTH
QUIZ - 01
1. Two spherical balls of mass 10 kg each are placed 100m apart. Find the gravitational force of attraction
between them.
2. Infinite particles each of mass 'M' are placed at positions x = 1 m, x = 2 m, x = 4 m.....𝛼. Find the
gravitational field intensity at the origin.
3. At what depth below the Earth's surface the acceleration due to gravity is decreased by 1%?
4. Determine the speed with which Earth would have to rotate about its axis so that a person on the
equator weight th of its present value. Write your answer in terms of g and R.
(1) (2) (3) 5 (4) 0
5. The maximum vertical distance through which an astronaut can jump on the earth is 0.5 m. Estimate
the corresponding distance on the moon.
(1) 3m (2) 4m (3) 5m (4) 6m
QUIZ – 01 ANSWERS
𝟏𝟏
1 – 6.67 × 𝟏𝟎 N
𝟒
2 – 𝟑GM ̂
3 – 64 km
4–2
5-1
QUIZ - 02
1. A body of mass m is placed on the surface of earth. Find the work required to lift this body by a height
2. If velocity given to an object from the surface of the Earth is n times the escape velocity, then what will be its residual
velocity at infinity ?
3. The escape velocity for a planet is 𝜐 . A particle starts from rest at a large distance from the planet, reaches the planet
only under gravitational attraction, and passes through a smooth tunnel through its centre. Its speed at the centre of the
planet will be:-
(1) (2) 𝜐 (3) 0 (4) 2 𝜐
4. An astronaut, inside an earth's satellite experiences weightlessness because:

(1) He is falling freely
(2) No external force is acting on him
(3) No reaction is exerted by the floor of the satellite
(4) He is far away from the earth's surface
5. An artificial satellite is moving in a circular orbit around the earth with a speed equal to half the magnitude of escape
velocity from the earth. Determine the height of the satellite above the earth's surface.
QUIZ – 02 ANSWERS
𝑮𝑴 𝒎
𝒆
1 – 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑹
𝑬
2 – 𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒗𝒆
3–1
4 – 1, 3
5-R
Thank You

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GRAVITATION

• Its value is same throughout the universe; G does not depend on

Two particles of masses 1 kg and 2 kg are placed at a separation of 50

Due to Altitude (Height)

• It rotates in an equatorial plane. It is that satellite which revolves in

The areal speed dA/dt of the planet is constant, according to Kepler’s

(1) (2) (3) 5 (4) 0

4. An astronaut, inside an earth's satellite experiences weightlessness because:

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