SHAPES OF MOLECULES

Chapter-3
Dr. Raj Karpoormath
 “sp” Hybridization: all 2 Region
Species

Be 2
e C
B l 2 l
C e
B l
C 2Cl 14
16 e's/2= 8 prs

l
C e
B l
C (octet violator)

Number of regions around CENTRAL ATOM: 2

l
C e
B l
C shape : LINEAR
bond angles: 180o
 Hybridization of Be in BeCl2

Valence e’s
Hybrid sp orbitals:
1 part s, 1 part p
Atomic Be: 1s2 2s2

Energy

2p separate "hybridize"
2p

"sp" "sp"

2s 2s
 "arrange"
Be is said to be
e
B
"sp hybridized"
(VSEPR)

FORMATION OF BeCl2:

Each Chlorine atom, 1s22s22p63s23p5 , has one

unshared electron in a p orbital. The half filled
p orbital overlaps head-on with a half full hybrid
sp orbital of the beryllium to form a sigma bond.
 l
C e
B l
C

l
C e
B l
C

l
C e
B l
C

sp hybridized, linear, 180o bond angles

“sp2” Hybridization: All 3 Region Species

F
B 3
F
B 3 F B F 3F 21
24 e's/2= 12 prs

F B F (octet violator)

Number of regions around CENTRAL ATOM: 3

F shape : TRIGONAL PLANAR

bond angles: 120o
B
F F
 Hybridization of B in BF3

Hybrid sp2 orbitals:

Valence e’s 1 part s, 2 parts p

Atomic B : 1s2 2s2 2p1

Energy

2p separate "hybridize"
2p

"sp2" "sp2" "sp2"

2s 2s
 "arrange"
B is said to be
B
"sp2 hybridized"
(VSEPR)

FORMATION OF BF3:

Each fluorine atom, 1s22s22p5, has one unshared

electron in a p orbital. The half filled p orbital
overlaps head-on with a half full hybrid sp2 orbital
of the boron to form a sigma bond.
 sp2 hybridized, TRIGONAL PLANAR,
120o bond angles

F
F

B
B
F F
F F
“sp3” Hybridization: All 4 Region Species

C 4
H
C 4 H 4H 4
8
H C H 8 e's /2 = 4 pr

Number of regions around CENTRAL ATOM: 4

H
shape : TETRAHEDRAL
bond angles: 109.5o
C
H H
H
 Hybridization of C in CH4

Valence e’s Hybrid sp3 orbitals:

1 part s, 3 parts p
Atomic C : 1s2 2s2 2p2

Energy

2p separate "hybridize"
2p

"sp3" "sp3" "sp3" "sp3"

2s 2s
 "arrange"
C is said to be
C "sp3 hybridized"
(VSEPR)

FORMATION OF CH4:

Each hydrogen atom, 1s1, has one unshared

electron in an s orbital. The half filled s orbital
overlaps head-on with a half full hybrid sp3 orbital
of the carbon to form a sigma bond.
 sp3hybridized, TETRAHEDRAL,
109.5o bond angles

H
H

C C

H
H H H

H H
 Unshared Pairs, Double or Triple Bonds

Unshared pairs occupy a hybridized orbital the

same as bonded pairs: See the example of NH3
that follows.

Double and triple bonds are formed from electrons

left behind and unused in p orbitals. Since all
multiple bonds are formed on top of sigma bonds,
the hybridization of the single (σ) bonds determine
the hybridization and shape of the molecule...
 N 5
3H 3
H
N 3 H N H 8e's/2=4 prs

H
H N H

Number of regions around CENTRAL ATOM: 4

shape : TETRAHEDRAL
bond angles: < 109.5o
N
H H
H
 Hybridization of N in NH3

Valence e’s

Atomic N: 1s2 2s2 2p3

Energy

"hybridize"
2p

"sp3" "sp3" "sp3" "sp3"

2s
 "arrange"
N is said to be
N "sp3 hybridized"
(VSEPR)

FORMATION OF NH3:

Each hydrogen atom, 1s1, has one unshared

electron in an s orbital. The half filled s orbital
overlaps head-on with a half full hybrid sp3 orbital
of the nitrogen to form a sigma bond.
 sp3hybridized, TETRAHEDRAL,
~107o bond angles

N N

H
H H H

H H
 Group Work 13.1

Describe Hybridization of C and shape of following

species:
CO, CO2, HCN, CH2O, CO32- , CBr4

C O O C O H C N

O O 2 Br

C C C
H H O O Br
Br
Br
“sp3d” Hybridization: All 5 Region Species

F
P 5
F F 5F 35
F
P P
5 40
F 40 e's /2 = 20 pr
F
F
F F
P
F
F

Number of regions around CENTRAL ATOM: 5

F
F shape : TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL
bond angles: 90, 120, 180o
P F
F
F
 Hybridization of P in PF5 P: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3

Energy

3d 3d

separate

3p 3p

3s 3s

"hybridize"

"sp3d" "sp3d" "sp3d" "sp3d" "sp3d"

 "arrange"
P is said to be
P "sp3d hybridized"
(VSEPR)

FORMATION OF PF5:

Each fluorine atom, 1s22s22p5, has one unshared

electron in a p orbital. The half filled p orbital
overlaps head-on with a half full hybrid sp3d orbital
of the phosphorus to form a sigma bond.
 sp3d hybridized, TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL,
90, 120, 180o bond angles

F
F

F
F

P F P F

F F

F
F
“sp3d2” Hybridization: All 6 Region Species

F
S 6
F F 6F 42
F
S S
6 48
F F
48 e's /2 = 24 pr
F
F
F F
S
F F
F

Number of regions around CENTRAL ATOM: 6

F
F F shape : OCTAHEDRAL
bond angles: 90, 180o
S
F F
F
 Hybridization of S in SF6 S: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4

Energy

3d 3d

separate

3p 3p

3s 3s

"hybridize"

"sp3d2"
"arrange"
S is said to be
S "sp3d2 hybridized"
(VSEPR)

FORMATION OF SF6:

Each fluorine atom, 1s22s22p5, has one unshared

electron in a p orbital. The half filled p orbital
overlaps head-on with a half full hybrid sp3d2 orbital
of the phosphorus to form a sigma bond.
 sp3d hybridized, TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL,
90, 120, 180o bond angles

F
F

F
F F F

S
S

F F
F F

F
F
 Group Work 13.2

Describe hybridization of S and shape of species

in SF2, SO2, SO32- , SF3+, SF4, SF5-

2-
S
S S
F
O O O O
F O

F F
F
F
S S
S
F F F
F F
F F
F
Summary: Regions, Shapes and Hybridization

#, regions shape hybridization

2 linear sp
2
3 trigonal sp
planar
3
4 tetrahedral sp
3
5 trigonal sp d
bipyramidal
3 2
6 octahedral sp d
 “BOTTOM LINE”

IF you can draw a Lewis structure for a species,

and count electronic regions around central atom,
you can immediately determine:

• the shape of the species about the central atom

• the hybridization of the species based on the

central atom