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Class 12 HSC Chemistry Important Differences

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Class 12 HSC Chemistry Important Differences

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kakkart152
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Important Differences for Class 12 HSC Chemistry Exam

Molarity vs Molality
1. Molarity: Number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

2. Molality: Number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

3. Molarity changes with temperature; Molality does not change with temperature.

SN1 vs SN2 Reaction Mechanism


1. SN1: Unimolecular, two-step mechanism with carbocation intermediate.

2. SN2: Bimolecular, one-step mechanism with a transition state.

3. SN1 occurs in polar protic solvents; SN2 occurs in polar aprotic solvents.

Homogeneous vs Heterogeneous Catalysis


1. Homogeneous: Catalyst and reactants are in the same phase (e.g., liquid or gas).

2. Heterogeneous: Catalyst and reactants are in different phases (e.g., solid catalyst and
gaseous reactants).

3. Homogeneous catalysis has better interaction; Heterogeneous catalysis is easier to


separate.

Crystalline vs Amorphous Solids


1. Crystalline: Long-range order, sharp melting point (e.g., NaCl).

2. Amorphous: No long-range order, melts over a range of temperatures (e.g., glass).

3. Crystalline solids are anisotropic; Amorphous solids are isotropic.

Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary Alcohols


1. Primary: Hydroxyl group attached to a carbon bonded to one alkyl group (e.g.,
CH3CH2OH).

2. Secondary: Hydroxyl group attached to a carbon bonded to two alkyl groups (e.g.,
CH3CHOHCH3).

3. Tertiary: Hydroxyl group attached to a carbon bonded to three alkyl groups (e.g.,
(CH3)3COH).

Order vs Molecularity of Reaction


1. Order: Sum of powers of concentration terms in rate law (can be fractional).
2. Molecularity: Number of reacting species in the rate-determining step (always whole
number).

3. Order is determined experimentally; Molecularity is a theoretical concept.

DNA vs RNA
1. DNA: Double-stranded, contains deoxyribose sugar, and thymine as a base.

2. RNA: Single-stranded, contains ribose sugar, and uracil instead of thymine.

3. DNA is stable and stores genetic information; RNA is less stable and helps in protein
synthesis.

Electrophilic vs Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions


1. Electrophilic: Involves electrophile attacking an electron-rich site (e.g., benzene
nitration).

2. Nucleophilic: Involves nucleophile attacking an electron-deficient site (e.g., alkyl halide


substitution).

3. Electrophilic substitution occurs in aromatic compounds; Nucleophilic substitution


occurs in aliphatic compounds.

Physisorption vs Chemisorption
1. Physisorption: Weak van der Waals forces, reversible, low enthalpy change.

2. Chemisorption: Strong chemical bonding, irreversible, high enthalpy change.

3. Physisorption occurs at low temperature; Chemisorption increases with temperature.

Lanthanides vs Actinides
1. Lanthanides: Involve filling of 4f orbitals, most are non-radioactive.

2. Actinides: Involve filling of 5f orbitals, most are radioactive.

3. Lanthanides show +3 oxidation state predominantly; Actinides show variable oxidation


states.

Ideal vs Non-Ideal Solutions


1. Ideal: Obey Raoult's law at all compositions and temperatures (e.g., benzene and toluene).

2. Non-Ideal: Deviate from Raoult's law, show positive or negative deviations (e.g., ethanol
and water).

3. Ideal solutions have zero enthalpy and volume change on mixing; Non-ideal solutions do
not.

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