COMBINED ALL WARD TESTS

ENT PAPER: ONE (NOSE / EAR)

Q-01. HOW WILL YOU MANAGE THE CASE OF NASAL

MYIASIS?
A:
I. REMOVE ALL VISIBLE MAGGOTS WITH FORCEPS
II. INSTILLATION OF CHLOROFORM WATER & OIL TO
KILL REMAINING ONES
III. NASAL DIUCHE WITH WARM SALINE TO REMOVE
SLOUGH, CRUSTS & DEAD MAGGOTS.
IV. FOR FUTURE WE INSTRUCT THEM TO ENSURE
PROPER ISOLATION WITH MOSQUITO NET TO AVOID
CONTACT WITH FLIES & PERFORM NASAL HYGIENE
REGULARLY.

Q-02. ENLIST DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEPTAL

HEMATOMA & SEPTAL ABSCESS?
A:
SETPAL HEMATOMA SEPTAL ABSCESS
1.CAUSE: NASAL 1.CAUSE: SECONDARY
TRAUMA OR SEPTAL INFECTIONS TO SEPTAL
SURGERY. HEMATOMA
2. BILATERAL ENTITY 2. CAN BE UNI-BILATERAL
(SEVERE)
3. NASAL SWELLING, 3. NASAL SWELLING
FRONTAL HEADACHE & WITH PAIN & FEVER
SENSE OF PRESSURE
OVER NASAL BRIDGE.
(WITH BILATERAL BLOCK)
4. RX: IMMEDIATE 4. RX: ANTIBIOTICS OR
ASPIRATION. SURGICAL DRAINAGE
5. COMPLICATIONS: 5. COMPLICATION:
SEPTAL ABSCESS SEPTAL PERFORATION,
MENINGITIS,
CAVERNOUS SINUS
THROMBOSIS. (RARE BUT
CAN BE SERIOUS)

Q-03. DEFINE KILLIANS POLYP? HOW WILL YOU

INVESTIGATE? MENTION SURGICAL TREATMENT
CHOICE?
A: ITS (ANTROCHOANAL) MUCOSAL POLYP ARISES
FROM MAXILLARY SINUS & GROWS POSTERIORLY
TOWARDS CHOANA.
INVESTIGATIONS: NASAL ENDOSCOPY, CT SCAN, MRI
(TO RULE MALIGNANCY) & BIOPSY.
SURGICAL RX: FESS (FUNCTIONAL ENDOSCOPIC SINUS
SURGERY) OR ENDO-POLYPECTOMY, SEPTOPLASTY,
TURBINATE REDUCTION & ENDOSCOPIC SINUS
SURGERY

Q-04. INLIST THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ANTERIOR &

POSTERIOR EPISTAXIS?
A:
ANTERIOR EPISTAXIS POSTERIOR EPISTAXIS
1. CAUSE: FINGER NAIL 1. CAUSE:
TRAUMA SPONTANEOUS, HTN IN
EDLERLY AGE
2. MORE COMMON 2. LESS COMMON
3. SITE: LITTLE’S AREA/ 3. SITE: POST-SUP PART
ANTERIOR PART OF OF NASAL CAVITY
LATERAL WALL

4. MILD BLEEDING 4. SEVERE BLEEDING

5. MORE IN CHILD/ 5. MORE IN ELDERS
YOUNG ADULTS
6. NO COFFEE COLORED 6. HITORY OF COFFEE
VOMITUS COLORED VOMITUS
7. LOCAL PRESSURE/
ANTERIOR PACH
 7. HOSPITALIZATION &
POST NASAL PACK
REQUIRED

Q-05. WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY ARIA & CLASSIFY IT?

A. ITS ALLERGIC RHINNITIS & ITS IMPACT ON
ASTHMA.
CLASSIFICATION
A) DURATION OF DISEASE B) SEVERITY OF DISEASE
I. INTERMITTENT: I. MILD: NO
SYMPTOMS ARE FOR IMPAIREMENT OF DAILY
LESS THAN FOUR WEEKS WORK OR SLEEP
II. PERSISTANT: II. MODERATE TO
SYMPTOMS ARE FOR SEVERE: IMPAIREMENT
MORE THAN FOUR OF DAILY WORK & SLEEP
WEEKS DISTURBANCE

Q-06. DEFINE FOLLOWING TERMS:

I. HYPEROSMIA
II. ANOSMIA
III. PHANTOSMIA
IV. PAROSMIA
A:
I. HYPEROSMIA: AN ABNORMAL INCREASED
SENSE OF SMELL.
 II. ANOSMIA: IMPAIRMENT OR LOSS OF
SENSATION OF SMELL.
III. PHANTOSMIA: A CONDITION WHERE A PERSON
PERCEIVES SMELLS THAT ARE NOT PRESENT.
IV. PAROSMIA: A CONDITION WHERE A PERSON
PERCEIVES ALTERED/DISTORTED SENSE OF
SMELL.

Q-07. DEFINE FOLLOWING TERMS:

I. ANOTIA
II. MACROTIA
III. AURAL HAEMATOMA
IV. OTOSCLEROSIS
A:
I. ANOTIA: CONGENITAL CONDITION IN WHICH
THERE IS TOTAL OR PARTIAL ABSENCE OF ONE
OR BOTH EARS.
II. MACROTIA: AN ABNORMAL CONDITION IN
WHICH PERSON HAS ONE OR BOTH LARGE
EARS.
III. AURAL HAEMATOMA: ITS COLLECTION OF
BLOOD BETWEEN CARTILAGE & SURROUNDING
TISSUES OF EAR.
IV. OTOSCLEROSIS: A CONDITION IN WHICH THERE
IS ABNORMAL REPLACEMENT OF DENSE
 ENDOCHONDRAL BONE OF OTIC CAPSULE INTO
SPONGY (WOVEN) BONE.

Q-08. WRITE DOWN THE TEN COMPLICATIONS OF

C.S.O.M?
A:
- INTRATEMPORAL:
I. MASTOIDITIS [MC]
II. PETROSITIS
III. FACIAL PALSY
IV. LABYRINTHITIS
- INTRACRANIAL:
V. EXTRADURAL ABSCESS
VI. SUBDURAL ABSCESS
VII. MENINGITIS [MC]
VIII. BRAIN ABSCESS
IX. LATERAL SINUS THROMBOPHLEBITIS
X. OTITIC HYDROCEPHALUS

Q-09. INLIST FIVE CAUSES OF SENSORINEURAL

HEARING LOSS?
A:
I. INFECTIONS OF LABYRINTH ( BACTERIAL/ VIRAL/
SPIROCHETES)
II. TRAUMA TO LABYRINTH OR VIII NERVE
III. OTOTOXIC DRUGS
IV. MENIERE’S DISEASE
V. ACOUSTIC NEUROMA

Q-10. WRITE DOWN THE CAUSES OF POLYPOIDAL

MASSES IN NOSE?
A: NASAL POLYP, HYPERTROPHY OF INFERIOR
TURBINATE, NSD, PAPILLOMA, ENLARGED ADENOID
GLANDS ETC

Q-11. CLASSIFY THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE

PERFORATION?
A:
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE PERFORATION

PARS TENSA PARS FLACCIDA

FURTHER CLASSIFICATION OF PARS TENSA:

1. CENTRAL: ANTERIOR, POSTERIOR, INFERIOR &
SUBTOTAL
2. MARGINAL: POSTERO-SUPERIOR, ANTERIOR,
INFERIOR & TOAL

Q-12. DEFINE CHOLESTEATOMA? AND NAME

CHOLESTEATOMA FORMATION THEORIES?
A: ITS ACTOPIC PRESENCE OF SKIN (PEARLY WHITE) IN
THE MIDDLE EAR CLEFT.
THEORIES:
- PRIMARY ACQUIRED CHOLESTEATOMA:
I. CONGENITAL REST CELL THEORY: PRESENCE OF
CONGENITAL CELL RESTS
II. WITTMAACK’S THEORY: INVAGINATION OF
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
III. RUEDI’S THEORY: BASAL CELL HYPERPLASIA
- SECONDARY ACQUIRED CHOLESTEATOMA:
I. HABERMANN’S THEORY: EPITHELIAL INVASION
II. SADE’S THEORY: MUCOSA UNDERGO METAPLASIA

Q-13. ENLIST THE SEQUELAE OF ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA?

A:
SHORT TERM: HEARING LOSS, EAR PRESSURE,
TINNITIS, VERTIGO & OTORRHEA
LONG TERM: MASTOIDITIS, PETROSITIS, FACIAL
NERVE PALSY, LABYRINTHITIS, SUB-PERITOSTEAL
ABSCESS, EXTRA-DURAL ABSCESS, MENINGITIS, BRAIN
ABSCESS, AND LATERAL SINUS THROMBOPHLRBITIS.

Q-14. WHAT IS OLFACTORY AREA?

A: ITS AN AREA SITUATED HIGH UP IN NASAL CAVITY
CONTAINING MILLIONS OF OLFACTORY RECEPTOR
CELLS FOR SENSATION & PERCEPTION OF
SMELL/ODUR.

Q-15. WRITE THREE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF

MIENIER’S DISEASE?
A: MENIERE’S TRAID: TINNITIS, VERTIGO & HEARING
LOSS.
OTHERS: FLUCTUATING HEARING LOSS AND SENSE OF
FULLNESS OR PRESSURE.

Q-16. NAME FOUR STAGES OF ASOM?

A: STAGES OF ACUTE SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA:
I. STAGE OF TUBAL OCCLUSION
II. STAGE OF EXUDATION OR PRESUPPURATION
III. STAGE OF SUPPURATION
IV. STAGE OF RESOLUTION
V. STAGE OF COMPLICATIONS

Q-17. WRITE TWO POINTS ABOUT HISTORY OF

OTOSCLEROSIS? ALONG WITH CLINICAL
EXAMINATION AND INVESTIGATION?
A:
HISTORY:
I. TINNITIS & VERTIGO
II. PARACUSIS WILLISII: HEARING IMPROVES IN NOISY
AREA (OFTEN CONDUCTIVE HEARING LOSS)
EXAMINATION:
I. OTOSCOPY: CHALKY WHITE, GREYISH OR YELLOW
II. CRANIAL NERVE EXAMINATION
III. RINNE’S TEST NEGATIVE
IV. WEBER TEST CENTRALIZED
V. NASOPHAYNGEOSCOPY
INVESTIGATION:
PURE TONE AUDIOMETRY: SHOWS LOSS OF AIR
CONDCTION (MORE FOR LOWER FREQUENCIES)
SPEECH AUDIOMETRY: NORMAL (EXCEPT COCHLEAR
INVOLVEMENT)
TYMPANOMETRY: NORMAL (EARLY CASE) & CURE OF
OSSICULAR STIFFNESS (LATER)
STAPEDIAL REFLEX: ABSENT (WHEN FIXED)

Q-18. FROM WHICH GLOMUS TUMOR IS ARISED?

A: ITS THE MOST COMMON BENIGN TUMOR OF
MIDDLE EAR THAT ARISES FROM GLOMUS BODIES
PRESENT IN DOME OF JUGLAR BULB ALONG WITH IXTH
CRANIAL NERVE (JACOBSON NERVE) & ONSISTS OF
PARAGANGLIONIC TISSUE.

Q-19. NAME THREE METHODS OF EAR WAX

REMOVAL?
A: REMOVAL OF IMPACTED WAX OR CERUMEN:
I. IRRIGATION METHOD: REMOVAL BY SYRINGING
II. CURETTE METHOD: REMOVAL WITH CERUMEN
HOOK, SCOOP OR JOBSON HORNE PROBE
III. MICRO-SUCTION METHOD: REMOVAL BY TINY OR
GENTLE SUCTION

Q-20. NAME TWO TUNNING FORK TESTS?

A. RINNE’S TEST, WEBER TEST, ABSOLUTE BONE
CONDUCTION TEST, SCHWABACH’S TEST, BING TEST &
GELLE’S TEST.

Q-21. NAME TEN STRUCTURES OF LATERAL WALL OF

NASAL CAVITY?
A.
I. INFERIOR TURBINATE [LARGEST]
II. MIDDLE TURBINATE
III. SUPERIOR TURBINATE
IV. SUPREME TURBINATE
V. MIDDLE MEATUS
VI. SUPERIOR MEATUS
VII. OSTIOMEATAL COMPLEX
VIII. BULLA ETHMOIDALIS
IX. SPHENOETHMPOIDAL RECESS
X. UNICATE PROCESS
Q-22. DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ANTROCLONAL &
ETHMOIDAL POLYP?
A.
ANTROCHOANAL POLYP ETHMOIDAL POLYP
1. ALSO C/A KILLIAN’S 1. ALSO C/A NASAL
POLYP POLYP
2. ARISES FROM 2. ARISES FROM
MAXILLARY SINUS ETHMOIDAL AIR CELLS
3. CAUSE: CHRONIC 3. CAUSE: CHRONIC
INFECTION ALLERGY
4. UNILATERAL IN ORIGIN 4. BILATERAL IN ORIGIN
5. COMMON IN CHILD 5. COMMON IN ADULTS

Q-23. DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN SMR &

SEPTOPLASTY?
A.
SEPTOPLASTY SMR
1. CONSERVATIVE (DONE 1. OPERATED WITH
EVEN IN CHILD) ANAESTHESIA (AGE> 17)
2. LIMITED SELECTIVE 2. EXTENSIVE
DISSECTION: MOST OF DISSECTION: ALL
CARTILAGE & BONE DEFORMED CARTILAGE &
PERSERVED BONE ARE EXICSED
3. FLAPS ARE RAISED 3. MUCOPERICHONDRIAL
ONLY ON ONE SIDE & & PERIOSTEAL FLAPS
LIMITED ELEVATION ON RAISED ON BOTH SIDES
OPPOSITE SIDE. OF SEPTUM.
4. COMPLICATIONS: LESS 4. COMPLICATION: MORE
5. RE-OPERATION IS 5. RE-OPERATION IS
EASIER DIFFICULT

Q-24. WRITE FIVE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN

CARTILAGINOUS & BONY EAC?
A.
CARTILAGINOUS EAC BONY EAC
1. ELASTIC CARTILAGE 1.COMPACT BONE
2. OUTER 1/3 OF EAC 2. INNER 2/3 OF EAC
3. NARROWER + 3. WIDE + CYLINDRICAL
ELLIPTICAL
4. FUNCTION: 4. FUNCTION: SOUND
COLLECTION AND WAVES TRANSMISSION &
DIRECTION OF SUPPORT TYMPANIC
SOUNDWAVES MEMBRANE
5. BLOOD SUPPLY: 5. BLOOD SUPPLY:
POSTERIOR AURICULAR MIDDLE MENINGEAL &
& SUPERFICIAL STYLOMASTOID
TEMPORAL ARTERIES. ARTERIES
Q-25. DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN SEPTAL ABSCESS &
SEPTAL HEMATOMA?
A:
SETPAL HEMATOMA SEPTAL ABSCESS
1.CAUSE: NASAL 1.CAUSE: SECONDARY
TRAUMA OR SEPTAL INFECTIONS TO SEPTAL
SURGERY. HEMATOMA
2. BILATERAL ENTITY 2. CAN BE UNI-BILATERAL
(SEVERE)
3. NASAL SWELLING, 3. NASAL SWELLING
FRONTAL HEADACHE & WITH PAIN & FEVER
SENSE OF PRESSURE
OVER NASAL BRIDGE.
(WITH BILATERAL BLOCK)
4. RX: IMMEDIATE 4. RX: ANTIBIOTICS OR
ASPIRATION. SURGICAL DRAINAGE
5. COMPLICATIONS: 5. COMPLICATION:
SEPTAL ABSCESS SEPTAL PERFORATION,
MENINGITIS,
CAVERNOUS SINUS
THROMBOSIS. (RARE BUT
CAN BE SERIOUS)

Q-26. WRITE TEN COMPLICATIONS OF OTITIS MEDIA?

A. IT MAY LEAD TO ACUTE MASOIDITIS,
SUBPERIOSTEAL ABSCESS, FACIAL PARALYSIS,
LABYRINTHITIS, PETROSITIS, EXTRADURAL ABSCESS
MENINGITIS, BRAIN ABSCESS OR LATERAL SINUS
THROMBOPHLEBITIS.

Q-27. WRITE DOWN THE DD OF BENIGN NASAL

POLYPOSIS?
A.
I. SUAMOUS PAPILLOMA
II. INVERTED PAPILLOMA (RINGERTZ TUMOR)
III. PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA
IV. SCHWANNOMA
V. MININGIOMA
VI. HAEMANGIOMA
VII. CHONDROMA
VIII. ANGIOFIBROMA
IX. GLIOMA
X. ENCEPHALOCOELE

Q-28. WRITE FIVE CAUSES OF CONDUCTIVE

DEAFNESS?
A.
I. CONGENITAL: MEATAL ATRESIA, FIXATION OF
STAPES FOOTPLATE OR MALLEUS HEAD, OSSICULAR
DISCONTINUITY & CONGENITAL CHOLETEATOMA.
II. ACQUIRED:
- EXTERNAL EAR: WAX, FOREIGN BODY, FURUNCLE,
TUMOR, SWELLING, ATRESIA OF CANAL.
- INTERNAL EAR: TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
PERFORATION, HAEMOTYMPANUM, ACUTE
OTITIS MEDIA, SEROUS OTITIS MEDIA,
CHOLESTEATOMA, OTOSCLEROSIS, TUMOR,
RETRACTED TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.
-
Q-29. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ANTERIOR &
POSTERIOR EPISTAXIS?
A:
ANTERIOR EPISTAXIS POSTERIOR EPISTAXIS
1. CAUSE: FINGER NAIL 1. CAUSE:
TRAUMA SPONTANEOUS, HTN IN
EDLERLY AGE
2. MORE COMMON 2. LESS COMMON
3. SITE: LITTLE’S AREA/ 3. SITE: POST-SUP PART
ANTERIOR PART OF OF NASAL CAVITY
LATERAL WALL
4. MILD BLEEDING 4. SEVERE BLEEDING
5. MORE IN CHILD/ 5. MORE IN ELDERS
YOUNG ADULTS
6. NO COFFEE COLORED 6. HITORY OF COFFEE
VOMITUS COLORED VOMITUS
7. LOCAL PRESSURE/ 7. HOSPITALIZATION &
ANTERIOR PACH POST NASAL PACK
REQUIRED

Q-30. WRITE DOWN THE MANAGEMENT OF NASAL

MYIASIS?
A.
I. REMOVE ALL VISIBLE MAGGOTS WITH FORCEPS
II. INSTILLATION OF CHLOROFORM WATER & OIL TO
KILL REMAINING ONES
III. NASAL DIUCHE WITH WARM SALINE TO REMOVE
SLOUGH, CRUSTS & DEAD MAGGOTS.
IV. FOR FUTURE WE INSTRUCT THEM TO ENSURE
PROPER ISOLATION WITH MOSQUITO NET TO AVOID
CONTACT WITH FLIES & PERFORM NASAL HYGIENE
REGULARLY.

Q-31. WHAT IS ETHMOIDAL POLYP?

A. ITS GRAPE LIKE MASS [MULTIPLE] ARISES FROM
ETYHMOIDAL SINUSES, UNICATE PROCESS, MIDDLE
TURBINATE AND MEATUS GROWS ANTERIORLY DUE
TO CHRONIC ALLERGY IN ADULTS.

Q-32. DEFINE FOLLOWING TERMS:

I. ANOTIA
II. MICROTIA
III. MACROTIA
IV. BAT EAR
V. LOP EAR
A.
I. ANOTIA: CONGENITAL CONDITION IN WHICH
THERE IS TOTAL OR PARTIAL ABSENCE OF ONE OR
BOTH EARS(PINNA).
II. MACROTI: AN ABNORMAL CONDITION IN WHICH
PERSON HAS ONE OR BOTH LARGE EARS(PINNA).
III. MICROTIA: ITS UNILATERAL OR BILATERAL
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALY ASSOCIATED WITH
EAC, MIDLE AND INNER EAR.
IV. BAT EAR: ITS PROTRUDING EAR HAVING LARGE
CONCHA WITH POORLY DEVELOPED ANTIHELIX &
SCAPULA.
 V. LOP EAR: ALSO CALLED CUP EAR, ITS HYPOPLASIA
OF UPPER THIRD OF AURICLE.

Q-33. WHAT IS CHOLEOSTEATOMA AND WRITE ITS

THEORIES?
A. ITS ACTOPIC PRESENCE OF SKIN (PEARLY WHITE) IN
THE MIDDLE EAR CLEFT.
THEORIES:
- PRIMARY ACQUIRED CHOLESTEATOMA:
I. CONGENITAL REST CELL THEORY: PRESENCE OF
CONGENITAL CELL RESTS
II. WITTMAACK’S THEORY: INVAGINATION OF
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
III. RUEDI’S THEORY: BASAL CELL HYPERPLASIA
- SECONDARY ACQUIRED CHOLESTEATOMA:
I. HABERMANN’S THEORY: EPITHELIAL INVASION
II. SADE’S THEORY: MUCOSA UNDERGO METAPLASIA

Q-34. WHAT IS STRIDOR? NAME THE CAUSES OF BI-

PHASIC STRIDOR?
A.
Q-35. DEFINE FOLLOWING TERMS:
I. ANOSMIA
II. HYPEROSMIA
III. PHANTOSMIA
IV. PAROSMIA
A.
I. HYPEROSMIA: AN ABNORMAL INCREASED
SENSE OF SMELL.
II. ANOSMIA: IMPAIRMENT OR LOSS OF
SENSATION OF SMELL.
III. PHANTOSMIA: A CONDITION WHERE A PERSON
PERCEIVES SMELLS THAT ARE NOT PRESENT.
IV. PAROSMIA: A CONDITION WHERE A PERSON
PERCEIVES ALTERED/DISTORTED SENSE OF
SMELL.

Q-36. WHAT IS GLUE EAR? WRITE ITS CAUSES?

A.
GLUE EAR (SEROUS OTITIS MEDIA): ITS GRADUAL
ACCUMULATION OF NON-PURULENT EFFUSION IN
THE MIDDLE EAR CLEFT.
CAUSES:
 - MALFUNCTIONING OF EUSTACHIAN TUBE:
ADENOID HYPERPLASIA [MC], CHRONIC
RHINNITIS & SINUSITIS, CHRONIC TONSILLITIS,
TUMORS OF NASOPHARYNX, CLEFT PALATE.
- CHRONIC ALLERGY
- VIRAL RTI (ADENO-VIRUS)
- UNRESOLVED OR ACUTE SUPURATIVE OTITIS
MEDIA.

Q-37. WRITE FIVE CAUSES OF SENSORINEURAL

DEAFNESS?
A. LABYRINTHITIS, OTOTOXIC DRUGS, ACOUSTIC
NEUROMA & MENIERE’S DISEASE.

Q-38. WHAT IS GLUE EAR? DEFINE ITS

PATHOGENESIS?
A.
GLUE EAR (SEROUS OTITIS MEDIA): ITS GRADUAL
ACCUMULATION OF NON-PURULENT EFFUSION IN
THE MIDDLE EAR CLEFT.
PATHOGENESIS:
I. MALFUNCTIONING EUSTACHIAN TUBE: FAILS
TOAERATE MIDDLE EAR & UNABLE TO DRAIN FLUID.
II. INCREASED SECRETORY ACTIVITY BY MIDDLE EAR
MUCOSA: DEU TO INCREASED SECRETORY CELLS.

Q-39. WHAT IS ARIA? CLASSIFY IT?

A. ITS ALLERGIC RHINNITIS & ITS IMPACT ON
ASTHMA.
CLASSIFICATION
A) DURATION OF DISEASE B) SEVERITY OF DISEASE
I. INTERMITTENT: I. MILD: NO
SYMPTOMS ARE FOR IMPAIREMENT OF DAILY
LESS THAN FOUR WEEKS WORK OR SLEEP
II. PERSISTANT: II. MODERATE TO
SYMPTOMS ARE FOR SEVERE: IMPAIREMENT
MORE THAN FOUR OF DAILY WORK & SLEEP
WEEKS DISTURBANCE

Q-40. WRITE DOWN THE STAGES OF ASOM?

A. STAGES OF ACUTE SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA:
I. STAGE OF TUBAL OCCLUSION
II. STAGE OF EXUDATION OR PRESUPPURATION
III. STAGE OF SUPPURATION
IV. STAGE OF RESOLUTION
V. STAGE OF COMPLICATIONS
Q-41. WRITE TEN INDICATIONS OF FESS?
A.
I. CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYP
II. NASAL MASTOCYTOSIS
III. DEVIATED NASAL SEPTUM
IV. CHURG-STRAUSS SYNDROME
V. ANTROCHOANAL POLYP
VI. INVERTED PAPILLOMA
VII. FRONTAL OR SPHENOID SINUSITIS
VIII. CSF RINORRHEA
IX. MAXILLARY SINUSITIS
X. ETHMOIDAL POLYP

Q-42. NAME ANY FIVE OTOTOXIC DRUGS?

A.
I. AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS: GENTAMYCIN,
STREPTOMYCIN, NEOMYCIN & AMIKACIN
II. DIURETICS: FUROSEMIDE, ETHACRYNIC ACID,
BUMETANIDE
III. ANTIMALARIALS: QUININE, CHLOROQUINE &
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE.
IV. CYTOTOXIC DRUGS: CISPLATIN,
MECHLORETHAMIDE & CARBOPLATIN
V. ANALGESICS: SALICYLATES, INDOMETHACIN,
PHENYLBUTAZONE & IBUPROFEN.
VI. OTHERS: ERYTHROMYCIN, AMPICILLIN,
PROPRANOLOL, PROPYTHIOURACIL &
DEFEROXAMINE

Q-43. WHAT IS CHOLESTEATOMA AND DEFINE ITS

THEORIES?
A. ITS ACTOPIC PRESENCE OF SKIN (PEARLY WHITE) IN
THE MIDDLE EAR CLEFT.
THEORIES:
- PRIMARY ACQUIRED CHOLESTEATOMA:
I. CONGENITAL REST CELL THEORY: PRESENCE OF
CONGENITAL CELL RESTS
II. WITTMAACK’S THEORY: INVAGINATION OF
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
III. RUEDI’S THEORY: BASAL CELL HYPERPLASIA
- SECONDARY ACQUIRED CHOLESTEATOMA:
I. HABERMANN’S THEORY: EPITHELIAL INVASION
II. SADE’S THEORY: MUCOSA UNDERGO METAPLASIA

Q-44. WRITE FIVE EXTRACRANIAL COMPLICATIONS OF

CSOM?
A.
I. MASTOIDITIS [MC]
II. PETROSITIS
III. FACIAL PARALYSIS
IV. LABYRINTHITIS
V. VERTIGO & NYSTAGMUS

Q-45. WRITE FIVE INTRACRANIAL COMPLICATIONS OF

CSOM?
A.
I. MENINGITIS [MC]
II. EXTRA-DURAL ABSCESS
III. SUB-DURAL ABSCESS
IV. OTITIC HYDROCEPHALUS
V. LATERAL SINUS THROMBOPHLEBITIS
Q-46. WHAT IS ETHMOIDAL POLYP? AND DEFINE ITS
THEORIES?
A. ITS GRAPE LIKE MASS [MULTIPLE] ARISES FROM
ETYHMOIDAL SINUSES, UNICATE PROCESS, MIDDLE
TURBINATE AND MEATUS GROWS ANTERIORLY DUE
TO CHRONIC ALLERGY IN ADULTS.
THEORIES:
I. ALLERGIC THEORY
II. INFECTIOUS THEORY
III. ENVIRONMENT THEORY
IV. GENETIC THEORY
V. GLANDULAR HYPERPLASIA

Q-47. WRITE ANY THREE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

SEPTAL HEMATOMA AND SEPTAL ABSCESS?
A.
SETPAL HEMATOMA SEPTAL ABSCESS
1.CAUSE: TRAUMA 1.CAUSE: INFECTIONS
2. BILATERAL ENTITY 2. CAN BE UNI-BILATERAL
3. NASAL SWELLING 3. NASAL SWELLING
WITH BILATERAL BLOCK WITH PAIN & FEVER
4. RX: IMMEDIATE 4. RX: ANTIBIOTICS OR
ASPIRATION. SURGICAL DRAINAGE
Q-48. WRITE FIVE DD OF BENIGN POLYPOIDAL
MASSES OF NOSE?
A.
I. ANTROCHOANAL POLYP
II. BILATERAL ETHMOIDAL POLYP
III. INVERTED PAPILLOMA
IV. ANGIOFIBROMA
V. MUCOCOELE

Q-49. WRITE DOWN THE MANAGEMENT OF

OTOSCLEROSIS?
A.
- MEDICAL: SODIUM FLUORIDE IS USED TO PREVENT
FURTHER COCHLEAR LOSS
- SURGICAL: STAPEDECTOMY OR STAPEDOTOMY
WITH PLACEMENT OF PROSTHESIS (TEFLON PISTON,
STAINLESS STEEL PISTON, PLATINUM-TEFLON OR
TITINIUM -TEFLON PISTON)

Q-50. DEFINE FOLLOWING TERMS:

 I. ANOTIA
II. MACROTIA
III. MICROTIA
IV. BAT EAR
V. LOP EAR
A.
I. ANOTIA: CONGENITAL CONDITION IN WHICH
THERE IS TOTAL OR PARTIAL ABSENCE OF ONE OR
BOTH EARS(PINNA).
II. MACROTI: AN ABNORMAL CONDITION IN WHICH
PERSON HAS ONE OR BOTH LARGE EARS(PINNA).
III. MICROTIA: ITS UNILATERAL OR BILATERAL
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALY ASSOCIATED WITH
EAC, MIDLE AND INNER EAR.
IV. BAT EAR: ITS PROTRUDING EAR HAVING LARGE
CONCHA WITH POORLY DEVELOPED ANTIHELIX &
SCAPULA.
V. LOP EAR: ALSO CALLED CUP EAR, ITS HYPOPLASIA
OF UPPER THIRD OF AURICLE.

Q-51. DEFINE FOLLOWING TERMS:

I. ANOSMIA
II. HYPEROSMIA
III. PAROSMIA
IV. PHANTOSMIA
A.
I. HYPEROSMIA: AN ABNORMAL INCREASED SENSE OF
SMELL.
II. ANOSMIA: IMPAIRMENT OR LOSS OF SENSATION
OF SMELL.
III. PHANTOSMIA: A CONDITION WHERE A PERSON
PERCEIVES SMELLS THAT ARE NOT PRESENT.
IV. PAROSMIA: A CONDITION WHERE A PERSON
PERCEIVES ALTERED/DISTORTED SENSE OF SMELL.

Q-52. WRITE FIVE CAUSES OF EUSTACHIAN TUBE

OBSTRUCTION?
A.
I. UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTION
II. ALLERGY
III. SINUSITIS
IV. NASAL POLYP
V. DNS
VI. HYPERTROPHIC ADENOIDS
VII. NASOPHARYNGEAL TUMOR
VIII. CLEFT PALATE
IX. SUBMUCOUS CLEFT PALATE
X. DOWN SYNDROME

Q-53. WRITE FIVE CAUSES OF EPISTAXIS IN

NASOPHARYNX & FIVE SYSTEMATIC CAUSES?
A.
- CAUSES OF EPISTAXIS IN NASOPHARYNX:
I. HTN
II. ATERIOLLOSCLEROSIS
III. ADENOIDITIS
IV. JUVENILE ANGIOFIBROMA
V. MALIGNANT TUMORS
- SYTEMATIC CAUSES OF EPISTAXIS?
I. APLASTIC ANEMIA
II. HAEMOPHILIA
III. HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS
IV. CHRONIC NEPHRITIS
 VI. DENGUE FEVER

Q-54. NAME THE ARTERIES OF LITTLE’S AREA

KEISSELACHS PLEXUS?
A. FOUR ARTERIES:
I. ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL ARTERY
II. SEPTAL BRANCH OF SUPERIOR LABIAL ARTERY
III.SEPTAL BRANCH OF SPHENOPALATINE ARTERY
IV. GREATER PALATINE ARTERY

Q-55. NAME THE METHODS TO CONTROL POSTERIOR

EPISTAXIS?
A.
I. POSTERIOR NASAL PACKING
II. CAUTERIZATION
III. TOPICAL & SYSTEMATIC VASOCONSTRICTORS USE
IV. NASAL ENDOSCOPY & CAUTERIZATION
V. ENDOSCOPIC NASAL PACKING
VI. SURGICAL LIGATION
VII. THERMAL COAGULATION
Q-56. WRITE COMPLICATIONS OF OTITIS MEDIA?
A.

Q-57. NAME THREE ORGANISMS OF OTOMYCOSIS?

A.

Q-58. NAME THE METHODS TO REMOVE EAR WAX?

A.

Q-59. DEFINE FOLLOWING TERMS:

I. RHINOTIS MEDICOMENTOSA
II. GUSTATORY RHINITIS
III. VASOMOTOR RHINITIS
A.

Q-60. DEFINE NERVE SUPPLY OF NOSE & PINNA?

A.
- NOSE:
I. OLFACTORY NERVES: SENSATION OF SMELL FROM
OLFACTORY AREA
II. NERVES OF COMMON SENSATION: ANTERIOR
ETHMOIDAL NERVE, BRANCHES OF SPHENOPALATINE
GANGLION & INFRAORBITAL NERVE.
III. AUTONOMIC NERVES: PARSYMPATHETIC GREATER
SUPERFICIAL PETROSAL NERVE REACHING SP
GANGLION VIDIAN NERVE OR PTERYGOIF CANAL.
AND SYMPATHETIC SUPPLY COMES VIA SUPERFICIAL
CERVICAL GANGLION & JIONS VIDIAN NERVE.

- PINNA:
I. SENSORY INNERVATION BY TRIGERMINAL NERVE
(AURICULOTEMPORAL NERVE INNERVATES ANTERIOR
& SUPERIOR PARTS OF PINNA & GREEAT AURICULAR
NERVE INNERVATES POSTERIOR & INFERIOR PARTS
OF PINNA)
II. MOTOR INNERVATION BY FACIAL NERVE

Q-61. WRITE COMPLICATIONS OF DNS

& ITS SURGICAL TREATMENT?
A. DNS MAY LEAD TO NASAL OBSTRUCTION,
HEADACHE, CHRONICSINUSITIS, EPISTAXIS, ANOSMIA,
EXTERNAL DEFORMITY, MIDDLE EAR INFACTIONS ETC
SURGICAL TREATMENT:
I. SUBMUCOUS RESECTION (SMR) OPERATION
II. SEPTOPLASTY (AFTER 17 YEARS)

Q-62. DEFINE FOLLOWING:

I. RHINOLITH
II. SEPTAL SYNECHIAE
III. NASAL MYIASIS
A.
I. RHINOLITH: CALCULUS OR STONE FORMATION
INSIDE THE NASAL CAVITY.
II. SEPTAL SYNECHIAE: THE ABNORMAL FIBROTIC OR
SCAR TISUE ADHESIONS FORMATION BETWEEN TWO
SIDES OF NASAL PASSSAGES INSIDE NASAL CAVITY.
III. NASAL MYIASIS: FORMATION & GROWTH OF
LARVAE BY MAGGOTS INSIDE NASAL CAVITY,
ATTRACTED BY FOUL SMELL & MAY LEAD TO
EXTENSIVE DESTRUCTION.

Q-63. WRITE CAUSES OF OTITIS MEDIA & THEORIES

OF CHOLESTEATOMA?
A.- CAUSES OF OTITIS MEDIA:
I. INFECTION: STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA
II. MALFUNCTIONING OF EUSTACHIAN TUBE
III. INCREASED SECETION BY MUCOSA OF MIDDLE EAR
- THEROIES OF CHOLESTEATOMA:
- - PRIMARY ACQUIRED CHOLESTEATOMA:
- I. CONGENITAL REST CELL THEORY: PRESENCE OF
CONGENITAL CELL RESTS
- II. WITTMAACK’S THEORY: INVAGINATION OF
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
- III. RUEDI’S THEORY: BASAL CELL HYPERPLASIA
- - SECONDARY ACQUIRED CHOLESTEATOMA:
- I. HABERMANN’S THEORY: EPITHELIAL INVASION
- II. SADE’S THEORY: MUCOSA UNDERGO
METAPLASIA

Q-64. NAME THE FUNCTIONS OF PARA-NASAL

SINUSES?
A.
I. MUCUS PRODUCTION & DRAINAGE
II. AIR HUMIDIFCATION
III. VOICE RESONANCE
IV. PRESSURE REGULATION WITHIN SKULL
V. LIGHTENS THE WEIGHT OF SKULL
VI PROTECTION BY NASAL REFLEX
Q-65. DEFINE ARIA? ITS CLASSIFICATION &
TREATMENT OF OLFACTORY AREA?
A. ITS ALLERGIC RHINNITIS & ITS IMPACT ON
ASTHMA. ITS GUIDELINE INITIATED BY WHO TO
IMPROVE THE DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND
MANAGEMENT OF ALLERGIC RHINITS & ITS RELATION
WITH ASTHMA.
CLASSIFICATION
A) DURATION OF DISEASE B) SEVERITY OF DISEASE
I. INTERMITTENT: I. MILD: NO
SYMPTOMS ARE FOR IMPAIREMENT OF DAILY
LESS THAN FOUR WEEKS WORK OR SLEEP
II. PERSISTANT: II. MODERATE TO
SYMPTOMS ARE FOR SEVERE: IMPAIREMENT
MORE THAN FOUR OF DAILY WORK & SLEEP
WEEKS DISTURBANCE

TREATMENT OF OLFACTORY AREA:

I. NASAL CONGESTION: USE DECONGESTION/
STERIOD SPRAYS
II. INFECTIONS: ANTIBIOTICS/ANTIFUNGALS
III. ALLERGIES: ANTIHISTAMINES & IMMUNE THERAPY
IV. HEAD TRAUMA: COGNITIVE THERAPY
V.
Q-66. DEFINE GLOMUS TUMOR?
A. ITS THE MOST COMMON BENIGN TUMOR OF
MIDDLE EAR THAT ARISES FROM GLOMUS BODIES
PRESENT IN DOME OF JUGLAR BULB ALONG WITH IXTH
CRANIAL NERVE (JACOBSON NERVE) & ONSISTS OF
PARAGANGLIONIC TISSUE.

Q-67.
A.

Q-68.
A.

Q-69.
A.

Q-70.
A.
 COMBINED ALL WARD TESTS
ENT PAPER: TWO (LARYNX / PHARYNX)

Q-01. DEFINE CONUS ELASTICS?

A: ITS A FIBROELASTIC STRUCTURE IN LARYNX
(SUPERFICIALLY WITHIN VOCAL FOLD) & PLAYS VITAL
ROLE IN VOICE PRODUCTION AND LARYNGEAL
FUNCTIONING.

Q-02. NAME ABDUCTOR & ADDUCTOR MUSCLES OF

VOCAL CORDS?
A:
- ABDUCTORS: POSTERIOR CRICARYTENOID
- ADDUCTORS: LATERAL CRICOARYTENOID,
INTERARYTENOID (TRANSVERSE ARYTENOID) &
THYROARYTENOID (EXTERNAL PART)

Q-03. WRITE DOWN FIVE TREATMENT OPTIONS OF

SUPRAGLOTTIC LARYNGITIS?
A:
I. HOSPITALIZATION
II. ANTIBIOTICS: AMPICILLIN OR 3RD GENERATION
CEPHALOSPORINS
III. STEROIDS: HYDROCORTISONE OR
DEXAMETHASONE TO RELIEF EDEMA
IV. ADEQUATE HYDRATION: PARENTERAL FLUIDS
V. HUMIDIFICATION & OXYGEN: MIST TENT OR A
COROUPETTE
VI. INCUBATION & TRACHEOSTOMY: FOR
RESPIRATORY OBSTRUCTION AND TO PREVENT
RESPIRATORY FAILURE.

Q-04. DEFINE STRIDOR? AND WRITE THREE CAUSES

OF EXPIRATORY STRIDOR?
A: ITS NOISY RESPIRATION PRODUCED BY
TURBULENT AIRFLOW THROUGH THE NARROWED AIR
PASSAGES.
- CAUSES OF EXPIRATORY STRIDOR: TRACHEAL
STENOSIS, LESIONS OF THORACIC TRACHEA/10/20
BRONCHI & BRONCHIAL FOREIGN BODY.

Q-05. WRITE DOWN THREE DD OF SCREAMER’S

NODES?
A: VOCAL POLYP, LEUKOPLAKIA, AMYLOID TUMORS,
REINKE’S EDEMA, SACCULAR CYSTS, DUCTAL CYSTS,
LARYNGOCELE, CHONDROMA, HAEMENGIOMA,
LIPOMA, FIBROMA &ONCOCYTOMA.

Q-06. THE SECOND MOST COMMON CAUSE OF

STRIDOR IN CHILDREN IS?
A: LARYNGEAL WEB

Q-07. WRITE DOWN THE EIGHT POST OPERATIVE

CARE AFTER TRACHEOSTOMY?
A:
I. CONSTANT SUPERVISION FOR DISPLACEMENT,
REMOVAL OF SECRETION, BLEEDING & BLOCKING OF
TUBE.
II. SUCTION: FOR EVERY HALF AN HOUR
III. PROPER HUMIDIFICATION (USING HUMIDIFIER,
STEAM TENT, US NEBULIZER ORWITH BOILING
KETTLE)
IV. PREVENTION OF CRUSTING: NORMAL SALINE OR
RINGER’S LACTATE (2-3HOURS) WITH
ACETYLCYSTEINE SOLUTION (MUCOLYTIC AGENT) IS
USED TO LIQUIFY TENACIOUS SECRETIONS OR TO
LOOSEN THE CRUSTS.
V. IF CUFF IS USED, THEN IT SHOULD BE
INTERMITTENTLY DEFLATED PERIODICALLY (5MIN
EVERY 2 HOURS) TO PREVENT NECROSIS OR
TRACHEAOMALACIA
VI. IF THE TUBE IS BLOCKED THEN REMOVE IT
IMMEDIATEDLY
VII. DECANNULATION: FIRST TUBE SHOULD BE
CHANGE WITHIN 48-72 HOURS
VIII. MANAGE PAIN AND DISCOMFORT
IX. INITIATE ORAL CARE & HYDRATION
X. SPEECH THERAPY

Q-08. NAME THE FIVE PROCEDURE OF IMMEDIATE

AIRWAY MANAGEMENT?
A:
I. INCUBATION
II. NASOPHARYNGEAL TUBE Mx
III. CRICOTHYROSMTOMY
IV. ENDOTRCHEAL TUBE Mx
V. TRACHEOSTOMY
Q-09. RIGHT DOWN THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF
FOREIGN BODIES LODGGED IN BRONCHUS?
A: PEANUT, SEEDS, PLASTIC WHISTLE, PLASTIC TOYS,
SAFETY PINS, NAILS, TWISTED WIRES, BALL BEARINGS
& ALL-PIN.

Q-10. NAME THE FIVE INDICATIONS OF

TRACHEOSTOMY UNDER 2 YEARS OF AGE?
A: LARYNGEOMALACIA, SUB-GLOTTIC
HAEMANGIOMA, CYSTIC FIBROSIS, SUB-GLOTTIC
STENOSIS, CEREBRAL PALSY, GLOTTIC WEB,
BILATERAL VOACL CORD PARALYSIS & PROLONGED
MECHANICAL VENTILLATION.

Q-11. DEFINE TRIPOD SIGN?

A: ITS A CLINICAL SIGN SEEN IN ACUTE EPIGLTTITIS/
SUPRAGLOTTIC LARYNGITIS, IN WHICH PATIENT SITS
IN SUCH A POSITION THAT THE BODY BENDS
FORWARD (LARYNGEAL INLET COMES UPWARDS) TO
GET RELIEF FROM RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS.

Q-12. DEFINE GATEWAY OF TEARS?

A: ITS POTENTIAL SPACE BETWEEN THE TWO PARTS
OF INFERIOR CONSTRICTOR MUSCLE
(THYROPHARYNGEUS WITH OBLIQUE FIBRES &
CRICOPHARYNGEUS WITH TRANSVERSE FIBRES). ITS
KNOWN AS GATE WAY OF TEARS (KILLIAN’S
DEHISCENCE) BECAUSE ITS HAS POTENTIAL TO BE
PERFORATED DURING ESOPHAGOSCOPY & SITE FOR
HERNIATION OF PHARYNGEAL MUCOSA IN CASES OF
PHARYNEAL POUCH.

Q-13. ANATOMICALLY PHARYNX IS DIVIDED INTO?

A: PHARYNX IS CONICAL FIBROMUSCULAR TUBE (12-
14cm LONG) DIVIDED INTO THREE PARTS
ANATOMICALLY:
I. NASOPHARYNX [EPIPHARYNX]
II. OROPHARYNX
III. HYPOPHARYNX [LARYNGOPHARYNX]

Q-14. THE MOST LETHAL COMPLICATION OF ADENOID

ENLARGEMENT IS?
A: RESPIRATORY FAILURE (ADENOID ENLLARGEMENT
FAILS TO THRIVE)
Q-15. DEFINE PHARYNNGEAL BURSITIS?
A: ITS INFECTION OF PHARYNGEAL BURSA WHICH IS
LOCATED IN MIDDLE TO POSTERIOR WALL OF
NASOPHARYNX IN THE ADENOID MASS. ITS ALSO
KNOWN AS THORNWALDT DISEASE PRESENTS WITH
NASAL OBSTRUCTION, OCCIPITAL HEADACHE, LOW
GRADE FEVER, RECURRENT SORE THROAT AND
PERSISTENT POST-NASAL DISCHARGE WITH CRUSTING
IN THE NASOPHARYNX.

Q-16. NAME FIVE BENIGN TUMORS OF

NASOPHARYNX?
A:
- BENIGN TUMORS OF NASOPHARYNX:
I. ANGIOFIBROMA
II. CHOANAL POLYP
III. SQ. PAPILLOMA
IV. THORNWALDT CYST
V. PARAGANGIOLOMA OR HAMARTOMA

Q-17. WHAT IS ANTRAL SIGN?

A: ITS ALSO KNOWN AS HOLMAN-MILLER SIGN AND
PATHOGNOMIC OF ANGIOFIBROMA IN WHICH CT
SCAN SHOWS THE EXTENT OF TUMOR
(ANGIOFIBROMA), BONY DESTRUCTION OR
DISPLACEMENTS & ANTERIOR BOWING OF
POSTERIOR WALL OF MAXILLARY SINUS.

Q-18. WRITE DOWN THE FOUR RELATIVE

INDICATIONS OF TONSILLECTOMY?
A:
- RELATIVE:
I. DIPHTHERIA CARRIERS (ANTIBIOTIC RESISTENT)
II. STREPTOCOCCAL CARRIERS
III. CHRONIC TONSILLITS (WITH BAD
TASTE/HALITOSIS)
IV. RECURRENT STREPTOCOCCAL TONSILITIS
(WITH VAVULAR HEART DISEASE)

- ABSOLUTE: [FOR EXAM PREP]

I. RECURRENT INFECTIONS OF THROAT
II. PERITONILLAR ABSCESS
III. TONSILITIS (WITH FEBRILE SEIZURES)
 IV. HYPERTROPHY OF TONSILIS CAUSING SLEEP
APNOEA, INTERFERENCE IN DEGLUTITION &
SPEECH.

Q-19. WRITE DOWN THE FOUR COMPLICATIONS OF

LARYNGEAL DIPHTHERIA?
A:
I. CVS: MYOCARDITIS, CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS &
CIRCULATORY FAILURE
II. CNS: PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY: PARALYSIS OF
SOFT PALATE, DIAPHRAGM & OCULAR MUSCLES
III. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION IN
LARYNX
IV. RENAL: RENAL TUBULAR NECROSIS.

Q-20. DEFINE GRISEL SYNDROME?

A. ITS INFECTION OF LIGAMENTS & JOINTS AT C1 AND
C2 LEVELS CAUSED BY PHARYNGITIS, OTITIS MEDIA
OR RA THAT LEADS TO NON-TRAUMATIC ALTANO-
AXIAL SUBLUXATION. IT USUALLY PRESENTS WITH
NECK PAIN, STIFFNESS, HEADACHE, NECK IMMOBILITY
& NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.
Q-21. WRITE DOWN THE CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF
PASSAVANT RIDGE?
A: ITS A MUCOAL RIDGE RAISED BY FIBRES OF
PALATOPHARYNGEUS. SOFT PALATE DURING ITS
CONTRACTION MAKES FIRM CONTACT WITH THIS
RIDGE TO CUTT OFF NASOPHARYN FROM
OROPHARYNX DURING DEGLUTITION OE SPEECH.

Q-22. NAME THE CONFIRMATORY TEST TO DIAGNOSE

KISSING DISEASE?
A. KISSING DISEASE IS ALSO KNOWN AS INFECTIOUS
MONONUCLEOSIS OR MONO/ GLANDULAR FEVER, ITS
CONFIRMATORY TEST IS PAUL-BUNNELL TEST (MONO
TEST) THAT SHOWS HIGH TITRE OF HETEROPHIL
ANTIBODY.

Q-23. NAME THE FIVE COMPLICATIONS OF ENLARGED

TONSIL?
A:
I. PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS (QUINSY)
II. PARAPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS
III. OTITIS MEDIA
IV. RHEUMATIC FEVER / CERVICAL ABSCESS
V. ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

Q-24. THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF DEATH IN

GLANDULAR FEVER IS?
A. SPLEEN RUPTURE

Q-25. NAME TEN DD OF MEMBRANE OVER TONSIL?

A.
I. ACUTE MEMBRANEOUS TONSILLITIS
II. INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
III. DIPHTHERIA
IV. VINCENT ANGINA
V. CANDIDIASIS
VI. TRAUMATIC ULCER
VII. AGRANULOCYTOSIS
VIII. APHTHOUS ULCER
IX. LEUKEMIA
X. MALIGNANCY OF TONSIL
Q-26. IN WHICH TYPE OF LARYNGEAL DISEASE,
STRIDOR BECOMES WORSE ON CRYING AND ABSENT
IN SLEEP?
A. LARYNGEOMALACIA OR CONGENITAL LARYNGEAL
STRIDOR

Q-27. NAME THE CAUSES OF UNILATERAL TONSIL

ENLARGEMENT?
A.
I. PYOGENIC OR VIRAL TONSILITIS
II. QUINSY
III. INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
IV. PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS
V. TONSILLLOLITHS

Q-28. WHAT IS THE NORMAL LENGTH OF TRACHAE?

A.
- MALE: 10-15 cm
- FEMALE: 9-14 cm
Q-29. NAME THREE ADAPTATIONS IN A PATIENT
AFTER LARYNGECTOMY?
A.
I. BREATHING ADAPTATION: USING A HEAT &
MOISTURE EXCHANGER FILTER
II. OLFACTORY REHABILITATION: POLITE YAWNING
(SIMPLE MANOEUVRE)
III. VOCAL REHABILITATION: ELECTROLARYNX &
TRANSORAL PNEUMATIC DEVICE

Q-30. WRITE THE HISTOPATHOLOGICAL COMMENTS

ON TUMOR OF LARYNX?
A.
- 90 TO 95% LARYNGEAL MALIGNANCIES ARE
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
- REST 5 TO 10% ARE VERRUCOUS CA, SPINDLE CA,
MALIGNANT SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS &
SARCOMAS.

Q-31. TURBAN EPIGLOTTIS IS FEATURE OF?

A. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Q-32. THE CAUSATIVE AGENT FOR ACUTE
EPIGLOTTITIS IS?
A. H. INFLUENZAE TYPE B [MC] AND STREPTOCOCCAL
PNEUMONIAE [ COMMON ACC TO SOME BOOKS
AFTER HIV VACCINATION]

Q-33. VOCAL NODULE ARE PRESENT AT JUCTION OF?

A. THE AREA OF MAXIMUM VIBRATION OF VOACL-
CORD (ANTERIOR ONE-THIRD WITH POSTERIOR TWO-
THIRD)

Q-34. WHAT IS STRIDOR AND NAME ANY THREE

CAUSES OF EXPIRATORY STRIDOR?
A. ITS NOISY RESPIRATION PRODUCED BY TURBULENT
AIRFLOW THROUGH THE NARROWED AIR PASSAGES.
- THREE CAUSES EXPIRATORY STRIDOR:
I. BROCHIAL FOREIGN BODY OR TRAUMA
II. TRACHEAL STENOSIS OR TRACHEOBRONCHITIS
III. TRACHEOMALACIA OR ATRESIA

Q-35. NAME THE FIVE STRUCTURES PRESENT IN

WALDEYER’S
A.
I. LINGUAL TONSIL
II. PALATINE TONSIL
III. LYMPHOID FOLLICLES [NODULES ON POSTERIOR
PHARYNGEAL WALL]
IV. LATERAL PHARYNGEAL BAND
V. ADENOIDS AND TUBAL TONSIL

Q-40. WHAT IS QUADRANGULAR MEMBRANE?

A. IT LIES DEEP TO MUCOSA OF ARYEPIGLOTTIC FOLDS
AND IS NOT WELL DEFINED. IT STRETCHES BETWEEN
THE EPIGLOTTIC AND ARYTENOID CARTILAGES.
NOTE: ITS LOWER BORDER FORMS THE VESTIBULAR
LIGAMENT WHICH LIES IN THE FALSE CORD.

Q-41. NAME THE CARTILAGES OF LARYNX?

A. LARYNX HAS THREE UNPAIRED AND THREE PAIRED
CARTILAGES.
- UNPAIRED CARTILAGES: THYROID, CRICOID &
EPIGLOTTIS.
- PAIRED CARTILAGES: ARYTENOID, CORNICULATE &
CUNEIFORM.
Q-42. WRITE TEN CAUSES OF HOARSENESS OF SOUND
A.
I. LARYNGITIS
II. VOACL POLYP
III. VOCAL NODULES
IV. GERD
V. THYROID DISORDER
VI. TUMORS
VII. MULTPILE SCLEROSIS
VIII. THYROID SURGERY
IX. SYPHILIS
X. TRACHEOSTOMY

Q-43. NAME ANY THREE BENIGN TUMORS OF

NASOPHARYNX?
A.
I. PAPILLOMA
II. HAEMANGIOMA
III. PEOMORPHIC ADENOMA
IV. MUCOUS CYST

Q-44. WHAT IS EAGLE’S SYNDROME?

A. STYLOHYOID SYNDROME IS CHARACTERIZED BY
ELONGATED STYLOID PROCESS OR CALCIFICTION OF
STYLOHYOID LIGAMENT WHICH THROAT PAIN
REFFERED TO EAR.

Q-45. WRITE DOWN THE PARTS OF PHARYNX?

A. ANATOMICAL PARTS OFPHARYNX:
I. NASOPHARYNX [EPIPHARYNX]
II. OROPHARYNX
III. HYPOPHARYNX [LARYNGOPHARYNX]

Q-46. WRITE ANY FIVE CAUSES OF UNILATERAL

TONSIL ENLARGEMENT?
A.
I. PYOGENIC OR VIRAL TONSILITIS
II. QUINSY
III. INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
IV. PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS
V. TONSILLLOLITHS
VI. TOSILLAR CYST
VII. INTRATONSILLAR ABSCESS
VIII. LYMPHOMA
IX. TUBERCULOSIS
X. TONSILLAR CARCINOMA

Q-47. WRITE COMPLICATIONS OF DIPHTHERIA?

A. RESPIRATORY FAILURE, PNEUMONIA, BRONCHITIS,
TRACHEITIS, MYOCARDIATIS, CARDIAC ARRHYTMIAS,
MENINGITIS ETC

Q-48. WHAT IS THE GOLD STANDARD TREATEMENT

OF SLEEP APNEA?
A. PERMANENT TRACHEOSTOMY

Q-49. WHAT IS GATEWAY OF TEARS?

A. ITS POTENTIAL SPACE BETWEEN THE TWO PARTS
OF INFERIOR CONSTRICTOR MUSCLE
(THYROPHARYNGEUS WITH OBLIQUE FIBRES &
CRICOPHARYNGEUS WITH TRANSVERSE FIBRES). ITS
KNOWN AS GATE WAY OF TEARS (KILLIAN’S
DEHISCENCE) BECAUSE ITS HAS POTENTIAL TO BE
PERFORATED DURING ESOPHAGOSCOPY & SITE FOR
HERNIATION OF PHARYNGEAL MUCOSA IN CASES OF
PHARYNEAL POUCH.

Q-50. HOW WILL MANAGE SECONDARY

HEMORRHAGE IN A PATIENT OF TONILLECTOMY?
A. ITS CONTROLLED BY SIMPLE MEASURES:
I. REMOVAL OF CLOT
II. APPLICATION OF PRESSURE
III. APPLICATION OF VASOCONSTRICTOR
- IF ABOVE MEASURES THEN:
I. LIGATION OF BLEEDING VESSELS [UNDER GENERAL
ANAESTHESIA]
II. ELECTROCOAGULATION OF BLEEDING VESSELS
[UNDER GENERAL ANAESTHESIA]

Q-51. WRITE THE METHODS OD REHABILITATION OF

VOICE IN PATIENTSN OF TRACHEOSTOMY?
A.
I. OESOPHAGEAL SPEECH
II. ARTIFICIAL LARYNX [ELECTROLARYNX &
TRANSORAL PNEUMATIC DEVICE]
III. TACHEO-OESOPHAGEAL SPEECH

Q-52. WRITE THREE INDICATIONS FOR

TRACHEOSTOMY UNDER TWO YEARS OLD PATIENT?
A.
I. SUBGLOTTIC STENOSIS
II. LARYNGEAL CYST
III. BILATERAL VOCAL PARALYSIS

Q-53. NAME FIVE SUBSITE IN SUPRAGLOTTIC

REGION?
A.
I. EPIGLOTTIS
II. ARYEPIGLOTTIC FOLDS
III. FALSE VOCAL CORDS
IV. ARYTENOIDS
V. VALLECULLA

Q-54. NAME THE BOUNDARIES OF OROPHARYNX?

A. THE BOUNDARIES OF OROPHARYNX:
I. POSTERIOR WALL: LIES OPPOSITE TO SECOND &
THIRD CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
II. ANTERIOR WALL: ABOVE [DEFICIENT], BUT BELOW
IT HAS: BASE OF TONGUE, LINGUAL TONSILS,
VALLECULA
III. LATERAL WALL: IT PRESENTS PALATINE9FAUCIAL0
TONSIL, ANTERIOR PILLAR (PALATOGLOSSAL ARCH) &
POSTERIOR PILLAR (PALATOPHARYNGEAL ARCH)

Q-55. WHAT IS RETROBULBAR TRIGONE?

A. ITSN ORBITAL APEX, REGION LIES BEHIND THE
EYEBALL & LATERAL SPHENOID SINUS.
CONTENTS: TROCHLEAR OCULOMOTOR, ABDUCENS &
OTIC NERVES, OPHTHALMIC VESSELS, ORBITAL FAT &
CILIARY GANGLION.

Q-56. NAME THE MOST COMMON BENIGN TUMOR

OF LARYNX?
A. REINKE’S EDEMA/ BILATERAL DIFFUSE POLYPOSIS

Q-57. WHAT IS THE TREATMENT OF CROUP?

A.
I. HOSPITALIZATION: DUE TO BREATHING PROBLEMS
II. ANTIBIOTICS: AMPICILLIN 50 mg/kg/day
III. HUMIDIFICATION: TO SOFTEN CRUSTS &
TENACIOUS SECRETIONS
IV. PARENTERAL FLUIDS: FO HYDRATION
V. STEROIDS: HYDROCORTISONE TO RELIEVE EDEMA
VI. ADRENALINE: BRONCHODILATOR TO RELIEVE
DYSPNOEA
VII. INTUBATION/ TRACHEOSTOMY: IS REQUIRED
BEYOND 72 HOURS ASSISTED BY VENTILATION.

Q-58. VOCAL POLYP FORMATION OCCURS AT

JUNCTION OF?
A. THE AREA OF MAXIMUM VIBRATION OF VOACL-
CORD (ANTERIOR ONE-THIRD WITH POSTERIOR TWO-
THIRD)

Q-59. TREATMENT OF VOCAL POLYP?

A. MICRO=LARYNGEAL SURGERY:
SURGICAL EXCISION UNDER OPERATING MICROSCOPE
FOLLOWED BY SPEECH THERAPY
Q-60. NAME TEN INDICATIONS OF TONSILLECTOMY?
A.
- RELATIVE:
I. DIPHTHERIA CARRIERS (ANTIBIOTIC RESISTENT)
II. STREPTOCOCCAL CARRIERS
III. CHRONIC TONSILLITS (WITH BAD
TASTE/HALITOSIS)
IV. RECURRENT STREPTOCOCCAL TONSILITIS
(WITH VAVULAR HEART DISEASE)

- ABSOLUTE: [FOR EXAM PREP]

I. RECURRENT INFECTIONS OF THROAT
II. PERITONILLAR ABSCESS
III. TONSILITIS (WITH FEBRILE SEIZURES)
IV. HYPERTROPHY OF TONSILIS CAUSING SLEEP
APNOEA, INTERFERENCE IN DEGLUTITION &
SPEECH.

Q-61. THUMB SIGN IS CLINICALLY FEATURED IN?

A. ACUTE EPIGLOTTITIS
Q-62. NAME THE TEN STRUCTURES THAT FORMS
TONSILLAR BED?
A.
- MUSCLES: PALATOGLOSSUS, PALATOPHARYNGEUS,
STYLOGLOSSUS & STYLOPHARYNGEUS
- BLOOD VESSELS: TONSILLAR ARTERY, TONSILLAR
VEIN & EXTERNAL PALATINE ARTERY
- NERVES: GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL, LESSER PALATINE &
TONSILLAR BRANCHES OF VAGUS NERVE.
- OTHERS: ICA, UVULAR MUSCLE, SUPERIOR
CONSTRICTOR MUSCLE, PAHRYNGEOBASILAR FASCIA
& EUSTACHIAN TUBE CUSHION [TORUS TUBARIUS]

Q-63. NAME THE HISTOLOGICAL COMMON TUMOR

OF LARYNX?
A.
- 90 TO 95% LARYNGEAL MALIGNANCIES ARE
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
- REST 5 TO 10% ARE VERRUCOUS CA, SPINDLE CA,
MALIGNANT SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS &
SARCOMAS.
Q-64. WRITE THE CAUSES OF LARYNGEAL EDEMA?
A.
- INFECTIONS: ACUTE EPIGLOTTITIS, LARYNGEAO-
TRACHEO-BRONCHITIS, TB, SYHILIS OF LARYNX,
PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS, RETROPHARYNGEAL
ABSCESS & LUDWING ANGINA
- TRAUMA: SURGERY, FOREIGN BODY, ENDOSCOPY,
INTUBATION, THERMAL OR CAUSTIC BURNS ETTC
- NEOPLASM: LARYNX CA & LARYNGEOPHARYNX CA
WITH DEEP ULCERATION.
- ALLERGY: ANGIONEUROTIC OEDEMA OR
ANAPHYLAXIS.
- RADIATIONS: LARYNX OR PHARYNX CA
- SYSTEMIC DISEASES: NEPHRITID, HEART FAILURE OR
MYXOEDEMA

Q-65. NAME FIVE METHODS FOR SPEECH

REHABILITATION AFTER LARYNGECTOMY?
A.
I. OESOPHAGEAL SPEECH
II. ELECETROLARYNX
III. TRANSORAL PNEUMATIC DEVICE
IV. TRANSCERVICAL DEVICE
V. VOCAL PROSTHETIC DEVICE

Q-66. TURBAN EPIGLOTTIS IS CLINICALLY FEATURED

IN?
A. ACUTE EPIGLOTTITIS OR SUPRA-GLOTTIC
LARYNGITIS

Q-67. STEEPLE SIGN IS SEEN IN?

A. IN X-RAY OF PATIENT OF CROUP OR ACUTE
LARYNGO-TRACHO-BRONCHITIS

Q-68. OMEGA SHAPE EPIGLOTTIS IS SEEN IN?

A. ITS VISUALIZED IN DIRECT LARYNGEOSCOPY OF A
LARYNGEOMALACIA PATIENT [CONGENITAL
LARYNGEAL STRIDOR]

Q-69. NAME PAIRED AND UN-PAIRED CARTILAGES OF

LARYNX?
A. LARYNX HAS THREE UNPAIRED AND THREE PAIRED
CARTILAGES.
- UNPAIRED CARTILAGES: THYROID, CRICOID &
EPIGLOTTIS.
- PAIRED CARTILAGES: ARYTENOID, CORNICULATE &
CUNEIFORM.

Q-70. NAME THE CONDITION THAT WORSES DURING

CRYING AND ABSENT IN SLEEPING?
A. LARYNGEOMALACIA [ CONGENITAL LARYNGEAL
STRIDOR]

Q-71. LARYNGEAL MUSCLES ARE INNERVATED BY?

A. INNERVATION OF LARYNGEAL MUSCLES:
- ABDUCTORS: BY RECURRENT & INFERIOR
LARYNGEAL NERVE
- ADDUCTORS: BY RECURRENT & INFERIOR
LARYNGEAL NERVE
- TENSORS: BY EXTERNAL LARYNGEAL NERVE
- RELAXERS: BY RECURRENT & INFERIOR LARYNGEAL
NERVE

Q-72. WRITE DOWN THE CLINICAL FEATURES &

TREATMENT OF QUINCY?
A.
- GENERAL: FEVER, CHILLS, RIGORS, GENERAL MAISE,
BODY ACHES, HEADACHE, NAUSEA & CONSTIPATION
- LOCAL: UNILATERAL SEVERE THROAT PAIN,
ODYNOPHAGIA, HOT POTATO VOICE, FOUL BREAT,
IPSILATERAL EARACHE & TRISMUS

Q-73. NAME THE NEOPLASTIC LESIONS OF LARYNX &

DEFINE REINKE’S EDEMA?
A.
NEOPLASTIC LESIONS OF LARYNX:
- SQUAMOUS PAPILLOMA
- CHONDROMA
- HAEMANGIOMA
- GRANULAR CELL TUMOR
- GLANDULAR TUMORS
- RARE BENIGN LARYNGEAL TUMORS
REINKE’S EDEMA: ITS BILATERAL SYMMETICAL
SWELLING OF WHOLE MEMBRANEOUS PART OF
VOCAL CORDS DUE TO EDEMA OF SUBEPITHELIAL
SPACE (REINKE SPACE) OF VOCAL CORDS. ITS ALSO
CALLED AS POLYPOID DEGENERATION OF VOCAL
CORDS/ BILATERAL DIFFUSE POLYPOSIS.
Q-74. WRITE DOWN THE COMPLICATIONS OF
TONSILLECTOMY? AND THEIR MANAGEMENT?
A.
- IMMEDIATE: [AT TIME OF OPERATION]
HAEMORRHAGE, APNOEA, PNEUMOTHORAX,
RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE INJURY, ASPIRATION
OF BLOOD, TRACHEO-ESOPHAGEAL FISTULA
- INTERMEDIATE: [DURING FIRST FEW HOURS/DAYS]
REACTIONARY BLEEDING, DISPLACEMENT OF TUBE,
BLOCKING OF TUBE, SUBCUTANEOUS EMPHYSEMA,
TRACHEITIS, ATELECTASIS, LUNG ABSCESS, LOCAL
WOUND INFECTION & GRANULATIONS
- LATE: [AFTER PROLONGED USE OF TUBE FOR
WEEKS/MONTHS]
HAEMORRHAGE, LARYNGEAL STENOSIS, TRACHEAL
STENOSIS, TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA,
DECANNULATION PROBLEMS, PERSISTENT
TRACHEOCUTANEOUS FISTULA, TRACHEOSTOMY
SCAR, TRACHEOSTOMY TUBE CORROSION &
ASPIRATION OF ITS FRAGEMENTS INTO
TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE.
MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS OF
TRACHEOSTOMY:
I. CONSTANT SUPERVISION FOR DISPLACEMENT,
REMOVAL OF SECRETION, BLEEDING & BLOCKING OF
TUBE.
II. SUCTION: FOR EVERY HALF AN HOUR
III. PROPER HUMIDIFICATION (USING HUMIDIFIER,
STEAM TENT, US NEBULIZER ORWITH BOILING
KETTLE)
IV. PREVENTION OF CRUSTING: NORMAL SALINE OR
RINGER’S LACTATE (2-3HOURS) WITH
ACETYLCYSTEINE SOLUTION (MUCOLYTIC AGENT) IS
USED TO LIQUIFY TENACIOUS SECRETIONS OR TO
LOOSEN THE CRUSTS.
V. IF CUFF IS USED, THEN IT SHOULD BE
INTERMITTENTLY DEFLATED PERIODICALLY (5MIN
EVERY 2 HOURS) TO PREVENT NECROSIS OR
TRACHEAOMALACIA
VI. IF THE TUBE IS BLOCKED THEN REMOVE IT
IMMEDIATEDLY
VII. DECANNULATION: FIRST TUBE SHOULD BE
CHANGE WITHIN 48-72 HOURS
VIII. MANAGE PAIN AND DISCOMFORT
IX. INITIATE ORAL CARE & HYDRATION
X. SPEECH THERAPY

Q-75. WRITE DOWN THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF

WHITE PATCH OVER TONSIL?
A.
I. ACUTE MEMBRANEOUS TONSILLITIS
II. INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
III. DIPHTHERIA
IV. VINCENT ANGINA
V. CANDIDIASIS
VI. TRAUMATIC ULCER
VII. AGRANULOCYTOSIS
VIII. APHTHOUS ULCER
IX. LEUKEMIA
X. MALIGNANCY OF TONSIL

Q-76. DEFINE CONGENITAL LARYNGEAL STRIDOR, ITS

CLINICAL FEATURES & TREATMENT?
A. ITS THE MOST COMMON CONGENITAL ANOMALY
WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED BY EXCESSSIVE FLACCIDITY
OF SUPRAGLOTTIC LARYNX. ITS ALSO CALLED AS
LARYNGEOMALACIA
- CLINICAL FEATURES:
I. STRIDOR INCREASES ON CRYING
II. STRIDOR DISAPPEARS ON PLACING CHILD IN PRONE
POSITION
III. OMEGA SHAPED ENLONGATED EPIGLOTTIS ON
DIRECT LARYNGEAOSCOPY

- TREATMENT:
I. USUALLY DISAPPEARS BY THE AGE OF 2 YEARS
II. TREATENT IS CONSERVATIVE
III. TRACHEOSTOMY PERFOEMED FOR SEVERE
RESPIRATORY OBSTRUCTION CASES
IV. SUPRAGLOTTOPLASTY IS PERFORMED IN SEVERE
LARYNGOMALACIA

Q-77. WRITE DOWN THE TEN CAUSES OF

HOARSENESS OF VOICE?
A.
I. LARYNGITIS
II. VOACL POLYP
III. VOCAL NODULES
IV. GERD
V. THYROID DISORDER
VI. TUMORS
VII. MULTPILE SCLEROSIS
VIII. THYROID SURGERY
IX. SYPHILIS
X. TRACHEOSTOMY

Q-78. CAUSE OF DEATH IN INFECTIOUS

MONONUCLEOSUS IS?
A. AIRWAYS OBSTRUCTION

Q-79. WRITE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN

NASOPHARYNGEAL ANGIOMA & NASOPHARYNGEAL
CARCINOMA?
A.
NASOPHARYNEAL NASOPHARYNGEAL
ANGIOFIBROMA CARCINOMA
1. THE COMMONEST 1. THE COMMONEST
BENIGN TUMOR OF MALIGNANT TUMOR OF
NASOPHARYNX NASOPHARYNX
2. ORIGIN: ARISE FROM 2. ORIGIN: FOSSA OF
POSTERIOR PART OF ROSENMULLER
NASAL CAVITY CLOSE TP
SUPERIOR MARGIN OF
SPHENOPALATINE
FORAMEN.
3. ETIOLOGY: UNKNOWN 3. ETIOLOGY: GENETICS
BUT TESTOSTERONE (CHINA), EPSTEIN-BARR
DEPENDENT VIRUS & ENVIRONMENT:
- MORE IN MALES SMOKING ETC
4. FEATURES: 4. FEATURES:
PROFUSE, RECURRENT & TROTTER’STRAID:
SPONTANEOUS CONDING DEAFNESS,
EPISTAXIS, PROGRESSIVE PALATAL PALSY &
NASAL OBSTRUCTION, IPSILATERAL
CONDUCTING HEARING TEMPOROPARIETAL
LOSS, DIPLOPIA, NEURALGIA.
PROPTOSIS, CHEECK OTHERS: NASAL
SWELLING, NASAL DISCHARGE &
DISCHARGE & OTITIS OBSTRUCTION, DENASAL
MEDIA. SPEECH, EPISTAXIS,
TINNITIS, DIZZINESS,
SQUINT, DIPLOPIA,
EXOPHTHALMOS &
BLINDNESS. HORNER
SYNDROME MAYBE
DEVELOPED.
5. SPREAD: LOCALLY 5. SPREAD:
INVASIVE: 1ST LEAST LOCAL SPREAD IS
RESISTANCE LIKE NOSE COMMON
ETC
6. Rx: SURGICAL 6. Rx: RADIOTHERAPY
EXCISION [TOC] WITH [TOC], CHEMOTHERAPY
RADIOTHERAPY & (CISPLATIN WITH 5-FU) &
CHEMOTHERAPY RADICAL NECK
DISSECTION FOR NODES,
2ND CORSE OF EXTERNAL
RADIATIONS,
BRACHYTHERAPY &
NASOPHARYNGECTOMY
DONE IN RECURRENT &
PERSISTENT DISEASE.

Q-80. WRITE THE FIVE FEATURES OF ADENOID FACE?

A. OPEN MOUTH, PINCHED NOSE, HIGH PALATE,
MALLOCCLUSION OF TEETH, NASAL OBSTRUCTION &
DULL EXPRESSIONS.

Q-81. CAUSATIVE AGENT OF SCARLET FEVER,

INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSUS, DIPHTHERIA AND
QUINSY?
A.
- SCARLET FEVER: STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENS GROUP
A
- INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS: EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS
- DIPHTHERIA: C. DIPHTHERIAE
- QUINSY: STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENS,
STAPHYLOCOCCAL AUREUS OR ANAEROBIC
ORGANISMS.

Q-82. CAUSATIVE AGENT OF VINCENT ANGINA?

A. FUSIFORM BACILLI AND SPIROCHAETES

Q-83. CAUSE OF DEATH IN INFECTIOUS

MONONUCLEOSIS?
A. RESPIRATORY FAILURE

Q-84. WRITE 5 CAUSES OF UNILATERAL FACIAL

ENLARGEMENT?
A.
I. PARAPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS
II. LIPOMA OR ENLARGED JUFULODIAGASTRIC NODES
III. RETROPHARYNGEAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT
IV. PAROTID GLAND TUMOR
V. NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA

Q-85: WHAT IS STRIDOR? NAME THE CAUSES OF BI-

PHASIC STRIDOR?
A. ITS NOISY RESPIRATION PRODUCED BY TURBULENT
AIRFLOW THROUGH THE NARROWED AIR PASSAGES.
CAUSES OF BI-PHASIC STRIDOR:
I. SUBGLOTTIC STENOSIS
II. VOCAL CORD PARALYSIS
III. LARYNGEAL PAPILLOMA
IV. CERVICAL TRACHEOMALACIA
V. HAEMANGIOMA

Q-86. WRITE DOWN THE CLINICAL FEATURES &

TREATEMENT OF QUINSY?
A. ITS COLLECTION OF PUS IN THE PERITONSILLAR
SPACE WHICH LIES BETWEEN THE CAPSULE OF TONSIL
& THE SUPERIOR CONSTRICTOR MUSCLE.
- FEATURES:
GENERAL: FEVER, CHILLS, RIGORS, GENERAL MALAISE,
BODY ACHES, HEADACHE, NAUSEA & CONSTIPATION
LOCAL: SEVERE PAIN IN THROAT, ODYNOPHAGIA,
HOT POTATO VOICE, FOUL BREATH, IPSILATERAL
EARACHE & TRISMUS.
- TREATMENT:
I. HOSPITALIZATION
II. IV FLUIDS
III. ANTIBIOTICS
IV. ANALGESICS
V. ORAL HYGIENE

Q-87. NAME THE FOUR NON-NEOPLASTIC LESIONS OF

LARYNX & DEFINE REINKE’S EDEMA?
A.
- FOUR NON-NEOPLASTIC LESIONS:
I. VOCAL NODULES
II. VOCAL POLYP
III. LEUKOPLAKIA
IV. REINKE’S EDEMA
- REINKE’S EDEMA: ITS BILATERAL SYMMETICAL
SWELLING OF WHOLE MEMBRANEOUS PART OF
VOCAL CORDS DUE TO EDEMA OF SUBEPITHELIAL
SPACE (REINKE SPACE) OF VOCAL CORDS. ITS
 ALSO CALLED AS POLYPOID DEGENERATION OF
VOCAL CORDS/ BILATERAL DIFFUSE POLYPOSIS.

Q-88. WRITE DOWN THE COMPLICATIONS OF

TONSILECTOMY & HOW WILL YOU MANAGE THE
COMPLICATIONS OF TONILECTOMY?
A.
- COMPLICATIONS OF TONSILECTOMY:
A. INTERMEDIATE:
I. PRIMARY HAEMORRHAGE
II. REACTIONARY HAEMORRHAGE
III. INJURY TO TONSILLAR PILARS, UVULA & SOFT
PALATE
IV. INJURY TO TEETH
V. ASPIRATION OF BLOOD
VI. FACIAL OEDEMA
VII. SURGICAL EMPHYSEMA

B. DELAYED:
I. SECONDARY HEMORRHAGE BETWEEN 5TH AND
10TH POSTOPERATIVE DAYS
II. INFECTION (PARAPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS/OTITIS
MEDIA)
III. LUNG COMPLICATION (ATELECTASIS OR LUNG
ABSCESS)
IV. SCARRING IN SOFT PALATE & PILLARS
V. TONSILLAR REMNANTS
VI. HYPERTROPHY OF LINGUAL TONSIL

Q-89. WRITE DOWN THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF

WHITE PATCHES OVER TONSIL?
A.
I. ACUTE MEMBRANEOUS TONSILLITIS
II. INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
III. DIPHTHERIA
IV. VINCENT ANGINA
V. CANDIDIASIS
VI. TRAUMATIC ULCER
VII. AGRANULOCYTOSIS
VIII. APHTHOUS ULCER
IX. LEUKEMIA
X. MALIGNANCY OF TONSILS
Q-90. DEFINE LARYNGEAL STRIDOR? ITS CLINICAL
FEATURES & TREATMENT?
A.
- LARYNGEAL STRIDOR:
ITS THE MOST COMMON CONGENITAL ANOMALY
WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED BY EXCESSSIVE FLACCIDITY
OF SUPRAGLOTTIC LARYNX. ITS ALSO CALLED AS
LARYNGEOMALACIA
- CLINICAL FEATURES:
I. STRIDOR INCREASES ON CRYING
II. STRIDOR DISAPPEARS ON PLACING CHILD IN PRONE
POSITION
III. OMEGA SHAPED ENLONGATED EPIGLOTTIS ON
DIRECT LARYNGEAOSCOPY
- TREATMENT:
I. USUALLY DISAPPEARS BY THE AGE OF 2 YEARS
II. TREATENT IS CONSERVATIVE
III. TRACHEOSTOMY PERFOEMED FOR SEVERE
RESPIRATORY OBSTRUCTION CASES
IV. SUPRAGLOTTOPLASTY IS PERFORMED IN SEVERE
LARYNGOMALACIA
Q-91. WRITE DOWN THE TEN CAUSES OF
HOARSENESS OF VOICE?
A.
I. LARYNGITIS
II. VOACL POLYP
III. VOCAL NODULES
IV. GERD
V. THYROID DISORDER
VI. TUMORS
VII. MULTPILE SCLEROSIS
VIII. THYROID SURGERY
IX. SYPHILIS
X. TRACHEOSTOMY

Q-100. DEFINE ACUTE EPIGLOTTITIS? ITS FEATURES &

TREATMENT?
A.
- DEFINITION: ITS AN ACUTE INFLAMMATORY
CONDITION CONFINED TO SUPRAGLOTTTIC
STRUCTURES (EPIGLOTTIS, ARYEPIGLOTTIC FOLDS &
ARYTENOIDS). THAT MAY LEAD TO RESPIRATORY
TRACT OBBSTRUCTION.
- FEATURES:
I. VERY SICK APPEARANCE [CHILD]
II. SORE THROAT/ DYSPHAGIA [MC IN ADULTS]
III. FEVER [400C]
IV. DROOLING OF SALIVA
V. HOT POTATO VOICE
VI. TRIPOD POSITON
VII. THUMB SIGN ON X-RAY
- TREATMENT:
I. HOSPITALIZATION (FOR RESPIRATORY
OBSTRUCTION)
II. ANTIBIOTICS: AMPICILLIN OR 3RD GENERATION
CEPHALOSPORINS
III. STEROIDS: HYDROCORTISONE OR
DEXAMETHASONE FOR EDEMA
IV. ADEQUATE HYDRATIO
V. HUMIDIFICATION & OXYGEN
VI. INTUBATION & TRACHEOSTOMY (FOR
RESPIRATORY OBSTRUCTION)
Q-101. DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN RHINOLALIA CLAUSA
& RHINOLALIA APERTA?
A.
I. RHINOLALIA CLAUSA (HYPONASALITY:
ITS LACK OF NASAL RESONANCE FOR WORDS WHICH
ARE RESONATED IN NASAL CAVITY DUE TO BLOCKAGE
OF NOSE OR NASOPHARYNX. SEEN IN POLYP,
ANGIOFIBROMA, ADENOID ENLARGEMENT ETC

II. RHINOLALIA APERTA (HYPERNASALITY):

ITS INCREASED NASAL RESONANCE FOR WORDS
WHICH ARE LITTLE RESONATED IN NASAL CAVITY DUE
TO FAILURE OF NASOPHARYNX TO CUTT OFF FROM
OROPHARYNX/ ABNORMAL CONNECTION WITH ORAL
& NASAL CAVITIES.
Q-102. DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN PEDIATRIC & ADULT
LARYNX?
A.
PEDIATRIC LARYNX ADULT LARYNX
1. POSITION: HIGH LEVEL 1. POSITION: LOW AT C3
AT C2 & C3 OR C4 LEVELS & C6 LEVELS.
(FOR BREAST FEEDING)
2. NARROWEST PART: 2. NARROWEST PART:
SUBGLOTTIS GLOTTIS
3. EPIGLOTTIS: OMEGA 3. EPIGLOTTIS: LEAF
SHAPED SHAPED
4. VOCAL CORDS: 4. VOCAL CORDS:
SHORTER & THINNER LONGER & THICKER
5. NO LARYNGEAL 5. ADAM’S APPLE MAY
PROMINENCE PRESENT
6. ABUNDANT SUB- 6. SCANTY SUB-
MUCOSAL CONNECTIVE MUCOSAL CONNECTIVE
TISSUES THEREFOINFANT TISSUES. THEREFOR LESS
LARYNGEAL INFECTION RISKY FOR STENOSIS.
CAN LEAD TO AIRWAYS
EMERGENCY
Q-103. DEFINE CROUP DISEASE? AND WRITE ITS
INVESTIGATIONS & MANAGEMENT?
A.
- DEFINITION: ITS AN INFLAMMATORY CONDITION OF
LARYNX, TRACHRA & BRONCHI CAUSED BY
PARAINLFUENZA TYPES I & II AND ALSO KNOWN AS
ACUTE LARYNGO-TRACHEO-BRONCHITIS.
- INVESTIGATIONS:
X RAY SHOWS STEEPLE SIGN (NARROWING OF
SUBGLOTTIS)
- MANAGEMENT:
I. HOSPITALIZATION: DUE TO BREATHING PROBLEMS
II. ANTIBIOTICS: AMPICILLIN 50 mg/kg/day
III. HUMIDIFICATION: TO SOFTEN CRUSTS &
TENACIOUS SECRETIONS
IV. PARENTERAL FLUIDS: FO HYDRATION
V. STEROIDS: HYDROCORTISONE TO RELIEVE EDEMA
VI. ADRENALINE: BRONCHODILATOR TO RELIEVE
DYSPNOEA
VII. INTUBATION/ TRACHEOSTOMY: IS REQUIRED
BEYOND 72 HOURS ASSISTED BY VENTILATION.
Q-104.
A.

Q-105.
A.

Q-106.
A.

Q-107.
A.

Q-108.
A.

Q-109.
A.

Q-110.
A.

COMPILED BY: ANu (03363494775)

REVIWED BY: Dr. AYESHA AMIR