Term Paper: The Importance of Audience Analysis in Technical Writing

Preliminary Section
Title Page
Title: The Importance of Audience Analysis in Technical Writing
Author: [OYAMO]
Course: AGED 312
Instructor: [Instructor's Name]
Date: [Submission Date]
Table of Contents

 Chapter 1: Introduction

 1.1 Background

 1.2 Statement of the Problem

 1.3 Objectives of the Study

 1.4 Research Questions

 1.5 Significance of the Study

 1.6 Scope and Limitations

 Chapter 2: Literature Review

 2.1 The Concept of Audience Analysis

 2.2 Importance of Audience Analysis in Technical Writing

 2.3 Techniques for Conducting Audience Analysis

 Chapter 3: Methodology

 3.1 Research Design

 3.2 Data Collection Methods

 3.3 Data Analysis

 Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion

 4.1 Key Demographic Factors

 4.2 Situational Factors Impacting Audience Engagement

 4.3 Strategies for Effective Audience Analysis

 Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations

 5.1 Summary of Findings

 5.2 Recommendations for Technical Writers

 References.
Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Background

Technical writing indeed acts as a bridge between complex information and its intended audience, and
the effectiveness of this communication largely depends on the writer's understanding of the audience.
Audience analysis is essential in this context as it involves systematically identifying the characteristics,
needs, and expectations of the readers. This process allows writers to tailor their content to ensure
clarity and relevance.

According to the AGED 312 handout notes, audience analysis is not just a one-time preliminary step; it is
a continuous process that influences the entire writing strategy. This means that writers must
consistently consider who their audience is, what they already know, and what they need to learn from
the document. Questions such as the demographics of the audience, their interests, and their level of
understanding about the subject matter are crucial for effective communication

By engaging in thorough audience analysis, technical writers can adjust their writing style, tone, and
content to meet the specific needs of their audience, thereby enhancing the overall effectiveness of their
communication. This approach ensures that the information is accessible and comprehensible,
ultimately leading to better engagement and understanding from the audience.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Many technical writers often underestimate the significance of audience analysis, which can lead to the
creation of documents that do not effectively connect with their intended readers. This oversight can
result in miscommunication, where the audience may find it difficult to understand the content or
perceive it as irrelevant to their needs.

The challenge becomes even more pronounced when addressing diverse audiences that possess varying
levels of expertise and interest in the subject matter. For instance, a document intended for both
technical experts and laypersons must navigate the complexities of language and content to ensure that
it is accessible to all. If the writer fails to consider the audience's background, knowledge, and
expectations, the result may be a document that alienates some readers while failing to engage others 3.

Without proper audience analysis, technical writers may use jargon or complex explanations that
confuse less knowledgeable readers, while simultaneously providing insufficient detail for more
experienced audiences. This can lead to frustration and disengagement, as readers struggle to find value
in the material presented. Therefore, understanding the audience is crucial for crafting messages that
resonate, ensuring that the content is relevant, clear, and appropriately tailored to meet the diverse
needs of all potential readers.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The primary objectives of this study are:

 To explore the significance of audience analysis in technical writing.

 To identify the key factors that influence audience analysis.

  To provide practical strategies for conducting effective audience analysis.

1.4 Research Questions

This study aims to address the following research questions:

 What are the key demographic factors to consider when analyzing an audience?

 How do situational factors impact the effectiveness of technical writing?

 What strategies can technical writers employ to enhance their audience analysis?

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study is significant for several reasons. First, it underscores the critical role of audience analysis in
technical writing, offering insights that can enhance the quality of technical documents. Second, it
provides practical guidance for technical writers, enabling them to customize their communication to
meet the specific needs of their audience. Finally, the findings of this study can contribute to the broader
field of technical communication by highlighting the importance of audience-centered writing.

1.6 Scope and Limitations

The scope of this study is confined to the principles of audience analysis in technical writing. While the
focus is on technical documents, the findings may also be relevant to other writing forms. However, the
study does not explore the intricacies of specific technical fields, as the principles of audience analysis
are applicable across various disciplines.

1.7 Definition of Terms

 Audience Analysis: The process of examining the characteristics, needs, and

expectations of the intended readers of a document.

 Technical Writing: A form of writing that conveys complex information in a clear and
concise manner, often used in manuals, reports, and proposals.

 Demographic Factors: Characteristics of the audience, such as age, gender, education

level, and professional background, that influence their understanding and engagement
with the material.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 The Concept of Audience Analysis

Audience analysis serves as a fundamental component of effective communication, particularly in

technical writing. It entails a comprehensive understanding of the audience, including their
characteristics, existing knowledge, and informational needs. By engaging in audience analysis, writers
can create content that resonates with their readers and effectively conveys the intended message.
The AGED 312 handout emphasizes the importance of asking critical questions during this process, such
as "Who exactly are my audience?" and "What is the size of my audience?" These questions are essential
for gaining insights into the demographics, backgrounds, and expectations of the audience.
Understanding who the audience is allows writers to consider factors such as age, education level, and
professional experience, which can significantly influence how the content is perceived.

Additionally, knowing the size of the audience helps writers gauge the scope of their communication
efforts. A larger audience may require a more generalized approach, while a smaller, specialized
audience might benefit from more detailed and technical information.

By thoroughly analyzing the audience, writers can tailor their content to address the specific needs and
preferences of their readers. This tailored approach enhances the clarity and relevance of the
information presented, ultimately leading to more effective communication. In summary, audience
analysis is not just a preliminary step; it is an ongoing process that shapes the way writers develop and
present their content to ensure it meets the expectations and needs of their audience.

2.2 Importance of Audience Analysis in Technical Writing

The significance of audience analysis in technical writing is paramount, as it directly influences how
effectively information is communicated. By understanding the audience's characteristics, knowledge
level, and needs, writers can present information in a way that is both accessible and relevant.

When addressing a non-expert audience, for example, it is crucial for writers to provide adequate
background information to help readers grasp the context of the subject matter. This may involve
simplifying complex concepts, avoiding technical jargon, and using clear, straightforward language. The
goal is to ensure that the audience can understand the content without feeling overwhelmed or
confused. By doing so, writers can engage non-expert readers and facilitate their comprehension of the
material.

Conversely, when writing for an expert audience, the approach shifts significantly. Experts typically
possess a higher level of knowledge and familiarity with the subject, which allows writers to delve into
more technical details and present complex data. In this case, the use of specialized terminology and in-
depth analysis is not only acceptable but often necessary to convey the nuances of the topic effectively.

This adaptability in writing style and content is essential for ensuring that the information presented is
not only comprehensible but also actionable. When writers tailor their communication to suit the
audience's needs, they enhance the likelihood that the information will be understood and utilized
effectively. Ultimately, audience analysis empowers writers to bridge the gap between their expertise
and the audience's understanding, leading to more impactful and meaningful technical communication.

2.3 Techniques for Conducting Audience Analysis

Conducting effective audience analysis is crucial for tailoring communication to meet the needs of the
audience, and several techniques can facilitate this process.

1. Surveys: Surveys are a valuable tool for gathering quantitative data about the audience. They
can be designed to assess the audience's knowledge level, preferences, and expectations
regarding the content. By distributing surveys before a presentation or report, writers can collect
 insights that inform their approach, ensuring that the material aligns with what the audience is
looking for.

2. Interviews: Interviews provide a more qualitative method of audience analysis. Through direct
conversations with individuals from the target audience, writers can gain deeper insights into
their thoughts, experiences, and specific needs. This technique allows for open-ended questions,
enabling respondents to express their views in detail, which can uncover nuances that surveys
might miss.

3. Demographic Research: Understanding the demographics of the audience—such as age,

education level, profession, and cultural background—can significantly influence how
information is presented. Writers can use demographic research to tailor their language,
examples, and content complexity to better resonate with the audience. For instance, knowing
the educational background of the audience can help determine whether to use technical jargon
or simpler language.

Chapter 3: Methodology

3.1 Research Design

The study described utilizes a qualitative research design, which is particularly well-suited for
exploring the nuanced experiences and perspectives of individuals—in this case, technical writers—
regarding audience analysis. Here’s a breakdown of the key components of this approach:
 1. Qualitative Research Design: This type of research is aimed at understanding the underlying
reasons, motivations, and experiences of participants. Unlike quantitative research, which
focuses on numerical data and statistical analysis, qualitative research seeks to capture the
richness of human experience through detailed descriptions and narratives. By employing a
qualitative design, the study aims to delve deeply into the subjective experiences of technical
writers, allowing for a comprehensive exploration of their thoughts and feelings about
audience analysis.

2. Focus on Experiences and Perspectives: The study specifically targets the experiences and
perspectives of technical writers, recognizing that their insights are invaluable for
understanding how audience analysis is conducted in practice. By gathering firsthand
accounts, the research can uncover the complexities of audience analysis, including how
writers perceive their audiences, the strategies they employ, and the challenges they
encounter. This focus on lived experiences provides a more holistic view of the topic,
highlighting the practical implications of audience analysis in technical writing.

3. Data Collection through Interviews and Surveys: The study employs two primary methods for
data collection:

o Interviews: These will be conducted with technical writers to gather in-depth

qualitative data. Interviews allow for open-ended discussions, enabling participants to
share their experiences, insights, and challenges in their own words. This method
fosters a conversational environment where writers can elaborate on their thoughts
and provide context to their responses, leading to richer data.

o Surveys: In addition to interviews, surveys will be used to collect data from a broader
audience of writers. Surveys can include both closed-ended and open-ended
questions, allowing for a mix of quantitative and qualitative data. This approach
enables the study to capture a wider range of perspectives and practices related to
audience analysis, complementing the in-depth insights gained from interviews.

4. Insights into Best Practices and Challenges: The ultimate goal of the data collection is to gather
insights into best practices and challenges faced by technical writers in conducting audience
analysis. By analyzing the data collected from both interviews and surveys, the study aims to
identify effective strategies that writers use to understand their audiences, as well as common
obstacles they encounter in the process. This information can be invaluable for improving
technical writing practices and enhancing the effectiveness of communication with diverse
audiences.

3.2 Data Collection Methods

The approach to data collection described involves utilizing both structured interviews and online
surveys, each serving distinct purposes and targeting different groups within the writing community.

1. Structured Interviews: This method focuses on gathering in-depth qualitative data from
experienced technical writers. Structured interviews involve a predetermined set of questions
 that guide the conversation, ensuring consistency across interviews while allowing for detailed
responses. By targeting experienced technical writers, the interviews aim to extract valuable
insights regarding best practices, challenges faced in technical writing, and effective strategies
for audience analysis. This qualitative data can provide a deeper understanding of the nuances
of technical writing, as experienced writers can share their expertise, personal experiences, and
specific techniques that have proven successful in their work.

2. Online Surveys: In contrast, online surveys are designed to reach a broader audience of writers
across various fields. This quantitative method allows for the collection of data from a larger
sample size, which can help identify trends, preferences, and common practices among writers
who may not specialize in technical writing. Surveys can include a mix of closed-ended questions
(e.g., multiple choice, rating scales) and open-ended questions, enabling respondents to provide
both quantitative data and qualitative insights. By reaching a diverse group of writers, the
surveys can capture a wide range of perspectives and experiences, contributing to a more
comprehensive understanding of writing practices across different disciplines.

3.3 Data Analysis

The statement outlines the approach to analyzing the data collected in the study, emphasizing
a thematic analysis method. Here’s a detailed explanation of the components involved:

1. Thematic Analysis: This is a qualitative data analysis method that involves identifying, analyzing,
and reporting patterns (themes) within qualitative data. Thematic analysis is particularly useful
for interpreting complex data sets, as it allows researchers to organize and describe the data in
rich detail. In this study, thematic analysis will be employed to systematically examine the
responses gathered from interviews and surveys, focusing on the experiences and perspectives
of technical writers regarding audience analysis.

2. Identifying Key Patterns and Trends: During the thematic analysis, the researcher will look for
recurring themes, patterns, and trends that emerge from the data. This involves coding the data
—assigning labels to segments of text that represent specific ideas or concepts. By grouping
similar codes together, the researcher can identify broader themes that capture the essence of
the participants' experiences. For example, common themes might include effective strategies
for audience engagement, challenges in understanding audience needs, or the impact of
audience analysis on writing outcomes.

3. Comprehensive Understanding: The goal of this analysis is to provide a thorough understanding

of the significance and application of audience analysis in technical writing. By synthesizing the
identified themes, the study aims to highlight how audience analysis is perceived and practiced
by technical writers. This comprehensive understanding can reveal not only the importance of
audience analysis in creating effective technical documents but also how it influences the overall
writing process and communication strategies.

4. Significance of Audience Analysis: Through thematic analysis, the study will elucidate the critical
role that audience analysis plays in technical writing. It may uncover insights into why
understanding the audience is essential for effective communication, such as improving clarity,
enhancing engagement, and ensuring that the content meets the audience's needs.
 5. Application of Audience Analysis: The analysis will also explore how technical writers apply
audience analysis in their work. This could include specific techniques they use to assess
audience knowledge, preferences, and expectations, as well as how they adapt their writing
style and content based on their audience's characteristics.

the thematic analysis of the collected data will enable the researchers to draw meaningful
conclusions about audience analysis in technical writing. By identifying key patterns and trends,
the study will contribute to a deeper understanding of the significance and practical application
of audience analysis, ultimately informing best practices for technical writers and enhancing the
effectiveness of their communication.

Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion

4.1 Key Demographic Factors

The statement discusses the findings from the analysis regarding how various demographic factors
impact audience analysis in technical writing. Here’s a detailed breakdown of the components involved:
  Age: Different age groups may have varying preferences for content presentation and
complexity. For instance, younger audiences, who may be more accustomed to digital
media, might favor visual elements such as infographics, videos, or interactive content.
In contrast, older audiences may prefer traditional formats that provide comprehensive
explanations and detailed information.

 Education Level: The educational background of the audience can affect their familiarity
with technical jargon and concepts. Writers must assess the education level of their
audience to determine how much background information to provide and whether to
use specialized terminology. An audience with a higher education level may be more
comfortable with complex ideas, while a less educated audience may require simpler
language and more context.

 Professional Background: The professional experience and field of expertise of the

audience can also shape their expectations and understanding of the content. For
example, technical professionals may seek in-depth analysis and technical details, while
a general audience may need more accessible explanations and practical applications of
the information.

2. Tailoring Content Effectively: The analysis emphasizes the importance of considering these
demographic factors when creating content. By understanding the characteristics of their
audience, writers can tailor their messages to meet the specific needs and preferences of
different groups. This tailoring process involves:

 Content Format: Writers can choose the appropriate format for their content based on
the audience's preferences. For instance, if the audience is younger and more visually
oriented, incorporating graphics, charts, and videos can enhance engagement and
comprehension.

 Level of Detail: Writers must adjust the level of detail in their explanations. For younger
audiences who may prefer concise and visually appealing content, writers might focus
on key points and use visuals to convey information quickly. Conversely, for older
audiences who appreciate thorough explanations, writers should provide more detailed
narratives and context to ensure clarity and understanding.

3. Examples of Audience Preferences: The statement provides specific examples of how

demographic factors influence content preferences:

 Younger Audiences: This group may be more engaged by content that is visually
stimulating and interactive. They might prefer quick, digestible information that can be
easily shared on social media or accessed on mobile devices.

 Older Audiences: This demographic may value depth and thoroughness in content. They
might appreciate well-structured documents that provide comprehensive explanations,
background information, and detailed analyses, allowing them to fully understand the
subject matter.

4.2 Situational Factors Impacting Audience Engagement

The statement emphasizes the importance of situational factors in audience engagement during
presentations or written communications. Here’s a detailed breakdown of the components involved:

1. Situational Factors: These are the contextual elements surrounding the presentation of
information that can significantly influence how the audience receives and engages with the
content. Situational factors include the physical environment, the timing of the presentation, the
presence of distractions, and the overall atmosphere in which the communication occurs.

2. Context of Information Presentation: The context refers to the specific circumstances under
which the information is delivered. This includes:

 Physical Environment: The location where the presentation takes place (e.g., a
conference room, outdoor setting, or online platform) can impact audience engagement.
Factors such as lighting, seating arrangement, and room size can affect how well the
audience can see and hear the presenter.

 Timing: The time of day or the schedule of the audience can influence their attention
levels. For example, a presentation held early in the morning or late in the afternoon
may encounter challenges with audience focus due to fatigue or distractions from other
commitments.

3. Potential Distractions: Writers and presenters must be aware of any distractions that could
hinder the audience's ability to absorb information. Distractions can come from various sources,
such as:

 Noise: External sounds (e.g., construction, traffic, or conversations) can disrupt the
audience's concentration. In such cases, it becomes essential for the presenter to adapt
their approach to maintain engagement.

 Visual Distractions: Elements in the environment, such as cluttered backgrounds or

moving objects, can divert attention away from the presentation.

4. Strategies for Maintaining Audience Attention: Given the potential for distractions, writers and
presenters need to employ strategies to enhance audience engagement. For example:

 Use of Visual Aids: In a noisy environment, visual aids such as slides, infographics, or
videos can help convey the message more effectively. Visuals can capture attention and
reinforce key points, making it easier for the audience to follow along despite any
auditory distractions.

 Interactive Elements: Incorporating interactive components, such as polls or Q&A

sessions, can also help engage the audience and keep their focus on the presentation.
This interaction encourages participation and can mitigate the impact of distractions.

5. Awareness of the Environment: Writers and presenters must assess the environment before
delivering their content. This includes evaluating the potential for distractions and considering
how to adapt their presentation style accordingly. Being proactive in addressing situational
factors can lead to a more effective communication experience.

4.3 Strategies for Effective Audience Analysis

The study identified several strategies for conducting effective audience analysis. These include creating
audience personas, conducting pre-presentation surveys, and soliciting feedback after presentations. By
employing these strategies, writers can enhance their understanding of their audience and improve the
effectiveness of their communication.

1. Audience Analysis: This is the process of understanding the characteristics, preferences, and
needs of the audience to improve the effectiveness of communication. Effective audience
analysis helps writers and presenters create content that resonates with their audience, leading
to better engagement and comprehension.

2. Strategies for Effective Audience Analysis:

 Creating Audience Personas:

 Definition: Audience personas are fictional representations of different

segments of the audience based on demographic, psychographic, and behavioral
data. They help writers visualize and understand the various types of audience
members they may encounter.

 Purpose: By developing detailed personas, writers can tailor their content to

address the specific needs, interests, and challenges of each persona. This
approach allows for more targeted messaging and can enhance the relevance of
the information presented.

 Implementation: Writers can create personas by gathering data on audience

demographics (age, education, profession), preferences (content format, level of
detail), and motivations (what the audience hopes to gain from the
presentation).

 Conducting Pre-Presentation Surveys:

 Definition: Pre-presentation surveys are tools used to gather information from

the audience before the presentation takes place. These surveys can include
questions about the audience's knowledge of the topic, their interests, and their
expectations.

 Purpose: Surveys help writers gauge the audience's existing knowledge and
tailor their content accordingly. Understanding what the audience already knows
allows the presenter to avoid redundancy and focus on areas that require more
explanation or detail.

 Implementation: Surveys can be distributed via email, online forms, or during

registration for the event. The feedback collected can inform the content
structure and delivery style.

 Soliciting Feedback After Presentations:

 Definition: This involves gathering responses from the audience after the
presentation to assess their understanding, engagement, and overall satisfaction
with the content delivered.
  Purpose: Feedback helps writers and presenters identify areas for improvement
and understand how well their message resonated with the audience. It
provides insights into what worked well and what could be enhanced in future
presentations.

 Implementation: Feedback can be collected through post-presentation surveys,

informal discussions, or feedback forms. Analyzing this information can guide
future audience analysis and content development.

3. Enhancing Understanding of the Audience: By employing these strategies, writers can gain a
deeper understanding of their audience's characteristics, preferences, and needs. This
understanding is crucial for:

 Tailoring Content: Writers can adjust their messaging, tone, and format to align with the
audience's expectations, making the communication more effective and engaging.

 Improving Communication Effectiveness: When writers understand their audience

better, they can create content that is more relevant, accessible, and impactful. This
leads to improved comprehension and retention of information.

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1 Summary of Findings

This study highlights the critical importance of audience analysis in technical writing. By understanding
the characteristics and needs of their audience, writers can tailor their content to enhance clarity and
engagement. The findings underscore the need for technical writers to prioritize audience analysis as a
fundamental aspect of their writing process.
 1. Critical Importance of Audience Analysis:

 Audience analysis refers to the process of identifying and understanding the

characteristics, preferences, and needs of the audience for whom the technical
document is intended.

 The study underscores that audience analysis is not just a supplementary step but a
critical component of effective technical writing. It serves as the foundation upon which
writers can build their content to ensure it resonates with the intended readers.

2. Understanding Audience Characteristics and Needs:

 This includes demographic factors (age, gender, education level), professional

background, and familiarity with the subject matter. Understanding these characteristics
helps writers gauge the audience's level of expertise and tailor their language and
explanations accordingly.

 Needs: Identifying what the audience needs from the document—whether it is to

inform, persuade, or instruct—enables writers to focus on relevant content that meets
those needs. This could involve providing background information, defining technical
terms, or using examples that are relatable to the audience.

3. Tailoring Content for Clarity and Engagement:

 Clarity: By understanding the audience, writers can choose appropriate language,

structure, and presentation styles that enhance clarity. For instance, avoiding jargon
when addressing a lay audience or providing detailed explanations for complex concepts
can make the content more accessible.

 Engagement: Tailoring content to the audience's interests and preferences can

significantly increase engagement. When the audience finds the material relevant and
relatable, they are more likely to pay attention, understand, and retain the information
presented.

4. Prioritizing Audience Analysis:

 Fundamental Aspect: The findings suggest that technical writers should prioritize
audience analysis as an integral part of their writing process. This means dedicating time
and resources to understand the audience before drafting content, rather than treating
it as an afterthought.

 Impact on Writing Process: By making audience analysis a priority, writers can create
more effective documents that not only convey information but also resonate with the
audience, leading to better outcomes in terms of comprehension and application of the
material.

5.2 Recommendations for Technical Writers

  Demographics: This includes factors like age, education level, professional background, and any
other relevant characteristics. Knowing this helps writers decide on the appropriate language,
level of detail, and complexity. For example, content for beginners might need simpler language
and more detailed explanations, while content for experts can assume more prior knowledge.
 Preferences: Different audiences have different expectations for content style, format, and
delivery. Some might prefer visual aids like diagrams, while others might prefer text-heavy
explanations. By understanding these preferences, technical writers can format their work in
ways that will be most engaging and useful.
 Situational Factors: This includes the context in which the audience will be using the content.
For instance, if the audience needs quick instructions for on-the-job reference, a concise
checklist might work best. If they’re reading for in-depth understanding, a more detailed guide
could be appropriate.

 Feedback: Gathering audience feedback is essential because it allows writers to continuously refine
their approach. Feedback highlights what the audience finds clear or confusing, and whether the
material is meeting their needs. Over time, this leads to improved communication strategies that are
increasingly effective.

5.3 Future Research Directions

 Impact of Digital Communication Tools on Audience Analysis: With the rise of digital platforms—like
social media, forums, and feedback systems—technical writers have more opportunities to understand
and engage with their audience than ever before. Research in this area could explore how these tools
help writers gather data on audience needs and preferences more efficiently. For example, writers might
use analytics from digital platforms to see which sections of content are most frequently visited or how
users interact with multimedia elements. This type of research could reveal how digital tools enhance
traditional audience analysis methods, making the process faster, more accurate, and more responsive to
changing audience needs.

 Effectiveness of Different Audience Analysis Techniques Across Technical Fields: Audience analysis
techniques can vary widely—surveys, interviews, user testing, and analytics are just a few examples.
Each technique may have different levels of effectiveness depending on the field. For instance, in the
software industry, observing user interactions with help documentation might provide essential insights,
while in a field like medical writing, direct feedback from healthcare professionals could be more
relevant. Research in this area could investigate which techniques are most effective in specific fields,
allowing technical writers to adopt the most relevant strategies based on their industry. This knowledge
would help writers produce content that is highly relevant and useful within the specific context of their
technical area.

References

1.AGED 312 Handout Notes. (Year). [Title of the Document]. [Publisher/Institution].

[Additional references as needed]
2.Albers, M. J. (2003). "Issues in Audience Analysis for Technical Communication." IEEE Transactions on
Professional Communication, 46(4), 243-251.

3.Society for Technical Communication (STC) - https://www.stc.org

4.Center for Information Design and Research. (2010). Audience Analysis and Information Design: A
Research Report.

5.Kimball, M. A. (2017). "The Golden Age of Technical Communication." Technical Communication

Quarterly, 26(2), 97-111.

Appendices

 Appendix A: Sample Audience Analysis Questionnaire

 Appendix B: Case Studies on Audience Analysis in Technical Writing