Practice 000 215 1226

Publication Date 22May00

Page 1 of 13

FLUOR DANIEL

TANK FOUNDATIONS

PURPOSE
This practice establishes guidelines and recommended procedures for the design of tank
foundations.

SCOPE
This practice provides the following:

Discussion on the various types of tank foundations.

Special conditions which must be considered in foundation type selection and design.

A detailed procedure for concrete ring wall design.

Two sample designs for concrete ring wall foundation.

APPLICATION
The types of storage tanks normally encountered in hydrocarbon, petrochemical, and
other industrial plants have cylindrical shells, essentially flat bottoms, and either cone
roofs or floating roofs. Tank size may range from 10 to over 200 feet in diameter, with
heights from 16 to 56 feet. Due to the wide variety of surface, subsurface, and climatic
conditions, it is impossible to specify one type of foundation or design procedure for all
storage tanks. Each case should be analyzed individually and a foundation designed to
meet those individual requirements.

TYPES OF
FOUNDATIONS
The types of foundations most commonly considered include the following:

Gravel ring walls supporting the tank shell.

Concrete ring walls supporting the tank shell.
Concrete mat on grade supporting the entire tank.
Concrete mat on piles supporting the entire tank.
Concrete rib beams and mat foundation for cold storage tanks.
Concrete mat and heating coils for cold storage tanks.

The type of the foundation depends on design requirements, type of tank, tank
dimensions, soil and site conditions, environmental conditions, material availability, local
codes, and Client requirements. A number of other conditions, which may have a
significant impact in the foundation design, need to be considered for selection of the type
of foundation. They include the following:

Corrosion
Temperature fluctuations
Frost

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TANK FOUNDATIONS

Proximity to slope
Use of sea water for compaction

A brief discussion of the types of foundations and special conditions to be considered is

presented in the following sections.

GRANULAR RING
WALL
FOUNDATIONS
This is the most economical and common type of foundation used for storage tanks. This
type of tank foundation involves a ring wall of coarse granular material supporting the
tank shell with the tank bottom resting on compacted fill overlain by asphalt sand. Refer
to Civil Engineering Standard Drawings for typical details for storage tank foundations.

The foundation is used in the following:

Tank farm areas with tank diameters of about 12 feet or larger.

No internal pressure, or other need to bolt tank down.

Tank sites where subsurface conditions and settlements are within acceptable limits.

Areas where there is good availability of granular material.

Regions of low seismicity or in seismic areas where the tank diameter to height ratio
is such that there is no uplift of the tank shell or small sloshing effect. The magnitude
of lateral forces, overturning moments, and associated hydrodynamic mass must be
determined to assess their impact on tank shell and foundation design.

Leveling Ring
A concrete leveling ring can be used under the tank shell in the gravel ring wall
foundation. This leveling ring is 8 inches deep by 12 inches wide unreinforced concrete
whose primary function is to provide a stable level base upon which the fabricator can
build the tank shell wall. Additional advantages of the leveling ring are to distribute
concentrated shell loads on to the gravel ring wall and minimize edge settlement under
seismic condition.

Fuel Oil Sand Versus

Asphalt Sand
The main reasons for using asphalt sand instead of fuel oil sand are environmental and
safety. In many areas, local regulations do not allow use of fuel oil for spraying on slopes
for slope stabilization or mixing with soil to prepare an oil sand base for tank bottoms.

Other Considerations
Special treatments due to project or environmental requirements.

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TANK FOUNDATIONS

CONCRETE RING
WALL
FOUNDATIONS
This foundation is primarily used in areas or situations where the gravel ring wall is not
feasible. Refer to Civil Engineering Standard Drawings for typical details of storage tank
foundations. This would include the following:

In congested areas with space limitations.

In seismic areas where tank shell must be anchored to the foundation to provide uplift
resistance.

In areas with marginal soil conditions where releveling may be necessary due to
differential settlements.

To bridge over localized soft spots.

For pressurized tanks.

For floating roof tanks.

To extend the foundation below frost lines.

To accommodate Client requirements or preferences.

CONCRETE MAT
FOUNDATIONS ON
GRADE
This foundation type is used primarily:

For small diameter tanks (12 feet or less) due to ease of construction.

To provide overturning seismic resistance where ring wall design is unable to

withstand uplift forces in high seismic areas.

For cold storage tanks.

When large differential settlements are anticipated.

For pressurized tanks.

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TANK FOUNDATIONS

CONCRETE MAT
FOUNDATIONS ON
PILES
This foundation type is used in very poor soil conditions where either the allowable soil
bearing capacity is not adequate or the estimated settlements are more than the tank can
tolerate. Surcharging is commonly used in poor soil areas to improve the soils for
supporting tanks, but in many cases, sufficient time or the surcharge fill are not available.
In certain instances, settlement tolerances are very small due to the sensitive nature of the
stored materials or tank design which may require the tank to be supported on piles.

This type of foundation is generally not feasible for tanks over about 25 feet in diameter.

SPECIAL
CONDITIONS

Corrosion
Corrosion of the tank bottom plates and how to prevent it must be considered in the
design of the foundation system for storage tanks. There are several causes which can
initiate and accelerate corrosion of tank bottoms. Three of the primary causes are as
follows:

The principal cause is nonuniform support of the tank bottom. This may be the result
of warping of the bottom plates due to welding at the time of tank erection or point
loading caused by foreign matter under the tank bottom such as wood pieces, stones,
or excess sprayed asphalt that causes a lump on the surface of the support pad. This
nonuniform support with point contacts provides a starting point for corrosion to
develop under the tank. The presence of contaminants such as salts and moisture will
accelerate this process.

A second cause of corrosion is alternate wetting and drying in the presence of oxygen
and heat. This is generally the case for fuel tanks where temperature cycling of the
stored oil causes the tank base to breathe. A porous base contains ample water vapor
and oxygen and can cause great volumes of these gases to move back and forth
beneath the bottom plate. The tank bottom will be cooler at the edge than at the
center, and water vapor moving outward will condense near the edge. As the tank
cools, inflow of air will dry the steel. This alternate wetting and drying in the
presence of oxygen and heat provides an ideal condition for corrosion to occur. It is
clear that reduction in oxygen and moisture under the tank will minimize the
corrosion potential. Therefore, supporting the tank bottom on an oiled sand or
asphalt sand will minimize the supply of vapor and oxygen while protecting the plate
with a film of oil or asphalt.

Another case that could cause corrosion of tank bottoms is stray currents at the site
emanating from neighboring cathodically protected underground pipes and structures.

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TANK FOUNDATIONS

Preventative measures include the following:

Support pad should be constructed with salt free sand and be free of any foreign
matter and lumps.

Support pad should be protected from airborne or surrounding area contamination

(some contaminants are brought to pad by workers shoes, such as clay and lumps).

Minimize the time that tank will remain empty on its foundation after erection. In
large projects, where construction schedules are long, effort should be made to at
least partially fill the tanks in order to seek full contact between the bottom and the
pad.

Where cathodic protection is adopted for the protection of tank bottoms, the system
should be energized as soon after completion of tank erection as possible.

Investigate neighboring cathodic protection systems for presence of stray currents at

the site.

Seal the foundation by using oil sand or asphalt sand layer under the plate to prevent
moisture and oxygen penetration under the bottom of the tank.

Frost
Three requirements must be satisfied simultaneously for frost heave to be a problem:

Soil moisture supply.

Cold temperature to cause soil freezing.
Frost susceptible soils.

Two processes are involved in frost heave:

Freezing of in situ pore water causes a 9 percent volume change of the water. This
does not depend on the frost susceptibility of the soils. Assuming 100 percent
saturation of compacted gravel, the anticipated heave may be on the order of
2 percent of the thickness of the soils affected by freezing. If the degree of saturation
is less, the heave may not occur at all.

Ice lensing by water migration into frost susceptible soils. This heave may be as
much as 10 times greater than the heave caused by freezing of in situ moisture. This
is the portion of the heave which is eliminated by using nonfrost susceptible soils and
is the target of measures adopted to reduce frost heave.

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TANK FOUNDATIONS

The depth of frost penetration or thaw (for permafrost areas) depends on the air
temperature and the thermal conductivity of the materials. Gravels and crushed rock, the
commonly used ring wall and nonfrost susceptible materials, would generally be
subjected to increased depth of frost penetration than clayey or silty soils with vegetative
cover. In selecting the thickness of in situ materials to be removed and replaced with
nonfrost susceptible soils, this factor should be considered. The thickness of material
replaced should be sufficient to prevent frost penetration through the replaced material
into underlying frost susceptible materials. This thickness may be greater than the depth
of frost penetration into natural silty or clayey soils.

The draining of the granular nonfrost susceptible material, although desirable, may not be
necessary considering the cost involved and its potential impact on frost heave. Special
measures for drainage (other than normal drainage of the area) may not be warranted by
the frost heave considerations. Refer to Civil Engineering Standard Drawings for typical
details of storage tank foundations for areas where frost heave is a problem.

The total thickness of granular fill (H + h1) should be selected so that frost
penetration through this material does not reach the frost susceptible underlying soils.
This thickness may be greater than D, the depth of frost penetration in natural
surrounding soils. (H + h1) should be selected on the basis of maximum recorded
depth of frost penetration in similar (gravel or crushed rock) materials in the area.

where

H = depth of nonfrost susceptible material below the bottom of the ring wall.

h1 = height of the ring wall.

If H is large or suitable nonfrost susceptible materials are not available, a layer of

insulation may be placed in the fill to reduce the thickness. The insulating effects of
the tank and the product should also be considered.

If penetration and mixing of the granular material with underlying silt is a potential
problem, a visqueen or asphalt lining should be considered.

The extent to which the frost susceptible materials are to be replaced under the tank
depends upon the differential settlement or heave that can be tolerated. Tanks can
generally withstand fairly high uniform settlements on the order of several feet.
Differential settlement, or heave, near the shell should be limited to d/8 to d/13 where
d is the distance over which the settlement, or the heave, occurs or as specified by the
tank design, whichever is less. Using the maximum anticipated heave of ha in the
frost susceptible areas toward the middle, the minimum distance from the shell to
which the frost susceptible soils should be replaced is about 13 ha. In general, this
should be a minimum of 10 feet.

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TANK FOUNDATIONS

Soil Conditions
The types of soil conditions have a significant influence on the selection of the type of
tank foundation. Due to their size and loading, tanks can cause increases in soil stresses
to significant depths. Therefore, large settlements may occur in many cases, even if
bearing capacity is adequate. Tanks, in general, are capable of withstanding significant
uniform settlements without loss of their function.

In general, for good soil conditions, granular soils or medium to stiff clays, gravel ring
wall support will be suitable. Exceptions to this would include cases of high uplift due to
seismic or pressure loadings requiring anchoring; in these cases, a concrete ring wall
should be used.

In poor soil conditions, soft clays and silts, where anticipated settlements are excessive or
potential for a bearing capacity failure exists, surcharging should be considered as an
alternate to supporting the tank on piles. Surcharging can be performed by temporary fill.
In many cases, the water in the tank itself has been successfully used to surcharge the
soils. Settlement measurements must be obtained and rate of filling must be carefully
controlled, especially if potential for bearing capacity failure exists. Sand drains are
sometimes used to accelerate the process. A 5 to 10 foot thick mat of compacted granular
fill is generally provided on top of the soft soils before placing the surcharge.

Pile foundations should be considered as a last resort if the settlement tolerances are very
critical or the surcharge is not a feasible option due to time, fill availability, or other
constraints.

The soils consultant should always be involved in determining which types of foundations
are feasible and which are not. They should also provide a detailed tank hydrotest
procedure for monitoring of tank settlement and evaluate the results of settlement data.

Proximity To Slopes
If the tank is located near the top of a slope, as a rough rule of thumb, a minimum setback
of twice the height of the slope should be considered. If this setback cannot be provided,
or potential for slope instability exists, specific recommendations from the soils
consultant should be obtained.

Temperature
Fluctuations
Large diurnal temperature fluctuations coupled with large diameter tanks can result in
significant movements of the tank bottom plate due to day time thermal expansion and
night time contraction. This can result in digging in of the bottom plate into the perimeter
foundation. The problem is generally more severe if soil sand is used under the tank
perimeter. Foundation and tank should be designed to accommodate this movement at the
perimeter of the tank under the shell. A gravel ring wall under the shell instead of sand or
a concrete leveling ring would prevent this problem.

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TANK FOUNDATIONS

Use Of Sea Water For

Compaction
If sea water is used for compaction of the subgrade soils and the tank foundation, the
corrosion potential of the soil in contact with steel should be evaluated. The corrosion
potential of the soil should be investigated with the addition of salt water as proposed to
be done in the field. As discussed in the corrosion section, contamination with salt is to
be avoided in the oil sand or asphalt sand immediately below the tank bottom.
Appropriate measures for corrosion protection should be adopted if salt water is to be
used. Tank plates should not be placed directly on the contaminated soils.

DESIGN
CONDITIONS

Vertical Loading
Storage tank foundations will be designed to support the tank weight plus the weight of
stored product or water, whichever is greater.

Horizontal Loading
Horizontal loads are an important consideration in the foundation design of storage tanks
and should always be checked.

Resistance to the overturning moment at the bottom of the shell may be provided by the
weight of the tank shell and by the weight of a portion of the tank contents adjacent to the
shell for unanchored tanks or by anchorage of the tank shell. For unanchored tanks, the
portion of the contents which may be utilized to resist overturning is dependent on the
width of the bottom plate under the shell which lifts off the foundation and may be
determined as follows:

W L = 7.9 t b x F by • δ • H L

Except that WL will not exceed 1.25 (δ HL D).

where

WL = Maximum weight of tank contents which may be utilized to resist the shell
overturning moment, in pounds per foot of shell circumference.

tb = Thickness of bottom plate under the shell, in inches.

Fby = Minimum specified yield strength of bottom plate under the shell, in pounds
per square inch.

δ = Design specific gravity of liquid to be stored as specified by the purchaser.

HL = Height of commodity in tank.

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TANK FOUNDATIONS

Structural stability of tank is determined by the following equation:

Stability Factor, S.F. = M

D 2 (W t + W L )

where

Wt = Weight of tank shell and portion of fixed roof supported by shell, in pounds
per foot of shell circumference.

Ws + Wr − P
Wt =
πD

WS = Total weight of tank shell

WR = Total weight of tank roof

ρ πD , pressure load if pressurized tank

2
P =
4

p = Pressure in tank

D = Diameter of tank, feet.

When stability factor >1.57, tank should be anchored. Refer to API (American Petroleum
Institute) 650, Section E.5.1.

When anchors are required for resisting overturning by the design, tension load per bolt
will be calculated as follows:

tB = 4M − W + P
dN N N

where

tB = Design tension load per anchor bolt, in pounds

d = Diameter of anchor bolt circle, in feet

N = Total number of anchor bolts

M = Overturning moment, in foot-pounds

W = WS + WR; Weight of tank shell and any portion of roof supported by shell in
pounds

Anchor bolts will be spaced a maximum of 10 feet apart.

For the design of anchor bolts, refer to the Structural Engineering Practice 000.215.1207:
Anchor Bolt Design Criteria.

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TANK FOUNDATIONS

Soil Bearing
In selecting the proper type of foundation, the bearing capacity of the soils is the primary
factor. A thorough knowledge of the soil properties is necessary to avoid excessive
differential settlement and possible failure.

For the types of soil conditions and their influences on the selection of the type of tank
foundations, refer to paragraphs under Soil Conditions.

CONCRETE RING
WALL DESIGN

Theory
The thickness of the ring wall is determined from a consideration of bearing pressure. In
order to minimize differential settlements, the bearing pressure under the ring wall should
be as close as possible to that under the interior portion of the tank. The ring wall depth
will be determined from the allowable soil bearing pressures and frost depth
requirements, and will be based on soils consultant recommendations.

Soil pressure under interior portion of tank:

P = q H + γs h

Soil pressure under ring wall, when the tank shell is at the center of ring wall:

P = 1  ω + 1 t q H + h t γ c 
t  2 

where

P = Soil bearing pressure at base of ring wall, (PSF). Must not be greater than
the allowable soil bearing, Pa.

q = Unit weight of tank liquid, PCF.

H = Height of tank liquid, ft.

ϒs = Unit weight of backfill inside ring wall, PCF.

Yc = Unit weight of concrete, PCF.

h = Height of ring wall, ft.

t = Width of ring wall, ft.

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TANK FOUNDATIONS

ω = Weight of tank shell per foot of circumference, for tanks with floating roof,
or weight of tank shell plus load from tank roof on shell for fixed roof tanks
per foot of circumference (LB / FT).

= W
 πD 

Solving Soil Pressure Equations for t

t= 2ω
q H − 2h (γ c − γ s )

Minimum thickness, t = 1'- 0"

From a section through the ring wall (refer to Attachment 01), it is seen that the net
horizontal force is:
1
F = 2
K o γ s h 2 + K o h (q H)

or if the terms are rearranged,

F = K o h  q H + 1
2
γ s h 

where

F = Radial outward force on ring wall, lb / ft.

Ko = At rest earth pressure coefficient.

Note!!! A tank ring wall is a relatively unyielding structure and, therefore, the
horizontal earth pressure on the wall will be best represented by the "at rest
condition," Ko

K o = (1 − Sin φ)

where

φ = Angle of internal friction of soil, (degrees)

This horizontal force F causes a hoop tension in the ring wall given by:

T = FD
2000

where

T = Axial tension in ring wall, KIPS

D = Tank nominal diameter, FT.

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TANK FOUNDATIONS

Reinforcing
Because it is assumed that the concrete takes no tensile forces, the wall reinforcing steel
must take it all.

Tu
As = ≥ 0.0035h t
φ fy

where

As = Required steel area to resist entire axial tension, in.2.

Tu = (1.4) x T (for operating)
Tu = (1.25) x T (for hydrotest)

Note!!! Load factor of 1.4 rather than 1.7 is used because the lateral pressure is caused
by the tank, not the soil.

ø = Strength reduction factor = 0.90

fy = Yield strength of reinforcement (KSI)

All circumferential tension steel will be continuous with splices staggered. All splices
will be Class B type as given in ACI (American Concrete Institute) 318-99.

Ties will be #4 at 12 inch minimum.

REFERENCES
ACI (American Concrete Institute) 318-99

API (American Petroleum Institute) 650, Section E.5.1, Nov. 1998.

Structural Engineering
Practice 000.215.1207: Anchor Bolt Design Criteria

Structural Engineering
Practice 000.215.1215: Wind Load Calculation

Structural Engineering
Practice 000.215.1216: Earthquake Engineering

ATTACHMENTS
Attachment 01: Dec, 1992
Forces At Ring Wall Section

Attachment 02: Dec, 1992

Sample Tank Foundation For Anchored Tank

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TANK FOUNDATIONS

Attachment 03: 15Jun00

Sample Design 1 - Concrete Ringwall

Attachment 04: 15Jun00

Sample Design 2 - Anchored Tanks

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 000 215 1226
December 1992

NOTES:

1. GRANULAR MATERIAL SHALL CONSIST OF CRUSHED ROCK/GRAVEL AGGREGATE

MEETING THE REQUIREMENTS OF CALIFORNIA CLASS II AGGREGATE BASE

#4 TIES AND ANCHOR

(1 1/2" MAXIMUM SIZE). THE MATERIAL SHALL MEET THE FOLLOWING
BOLTS (TYP) GRADATION REQUIREMENTS.

ADDITIONAL #6 L BARS PERCENT PASSING

2" 100

3/4" 45-90

NO. 4 20-50

NO. 30 6-29

NO. 200 0-12

C 2. INTERIOR GRANULAR MATERIAL SURFACE SHALL BE SEALED WITH SC-250 OR

C APPROVED EQUAL. SPRAYED ASPHALT APPLIED AT THE RATE OF 0.25 GALLON
IN ACCORDANCE WITH SQUARE YARD (1.0 LITERS IN ACCORDANCE WITH SQUARE
103'-0" BOLT CIRCLE DIA
METER). THE SPRAYED ASPHALT SHALL REMAIN UNDISTURBED FOR A PERIOD
OF 24 HOURS. THE ASPHALT SHALL BE APPLIED AT TEMPERATURES BETWEEN
102'-6" DIA

C FOUNDATION AND TANK SHELL 3. ASPHALT SAND BED SHALL BE PLACED AS SHOWN OVER THE GRANULAR

"
MATERIAL BACKFILL. SAND TO BE USED SHALL BE FREE OF ALL DELETERIOUS
ANCHOR BOLT PROJ.
MATERIAL. SALT CONTENT SHALL NOT BE MORE 0.1 PERCENT SAND SHALL BE
60-70 PEN. ASPHALT CEMENT
1'-8" DRIED TO A FREE MOISTURE CONTENT OF NOT MORE THAN 7 PERCENT BY WEIGHT
INSTALLATION) OF DRY SOIL. THE SAND MUST BE SCREENED THRU 1/4 INCH MESH

0
(MAXIMUM), PRIOR TO ASPHALTING, TO ASSURE ELIMINATION OF ALL CLOTS.
CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN IN USING CLEAN MIXING AND HANDLING EQUIPMENT

"
NO POINT IN THE ENTIRE CIRCUMFERENCE SHALL TO ASSURE ASPHALT SAND REMAINS FREE OF THESE CLOTS AND OTHER

-
FOREIGN MATTER. DRY SAND SHALL BE MIXED WITH ABOUT 120 LBS. SC-800

3 - #4 ANCHOR BOLT TIES

BE ROLLED OR SHALL BE COMPACTED WITH A COMPACTION PLATE. BEFORE

4
SPACED AS SHOWN C
TOP OF CONC PLACEMENT OF THE TANK, ASPHALT SAND SHALL BE PROTECTED FROM ANY
'

CONTAMINATION (FROM AIR OR SURROUNDING AREA).

SC-250 SPRAYED ASPHALT 4. A SHEET OF 90 LB FELT PAPER SHALL BE PLACED BETWEEN THE TOP OF
CONCRETE FOUNDATION AND THE TANK BOTTOM PLATE.
1

9 - #6 EACH FACE WITH 43" LAP 5. EXISTING GRANULAR SURFACE MATERIAL TO BE USED FOR RECOMPACTION
A
3

1" IMPERMEABLE SAND ASPHALT MIX MUST BE APPROVED BY THE SOIL ENGINEER.
APPLY AFTER TANK INSTALLATION
#6 AT 8 EACH FACE
'
5

3" CL
'

6
-

1 1/2
"
0

1
1
"

STRIP TOP 1'-0" OF EXISTING GRADE

'
-

1
6

1
"

C NEW SWALE

EXTERIOR GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL

1'-0" 8'-6"
TYP
5'-2 1/2"

SECTION A
 Practice 000 215 1226
Publication Date 15Jun00
Attachment 03 - Sheet 1 of 3

FLUOR DANIEL

TANK FOUNDATIONS

Sample Design 1: Tank Foundations – Concrete Ringwall

Given:

1.) fc = 4000 PSI

fy = 60,000 PSI

γc = 150 PCF

2.) Φ = 35o, γs = 100 pcf, Pa = 4 KSF (Net)

Soil is contaminated to a depth of 3'- 0" below existing grade elevation ± 0.00. Compaction of fill to be
95 percent of maximum dry density at a moisture content close to the optimum (± 2 percent) as determined by
ASTM D-1557.

Projected settlement – 2 inches which will be effectively completed by the end of the hydrotest.

3.) Corrosive Environment

4.) Vendor Data:

Total tank empty weight, W = 800 K Tank diameter, D = 90'- 0"

Height of tank, H = 48'- 0" Height of tank commodity, HOPER = 41'- 0"

Thickness of tank shell and bottom Plate, N = 38 " Specific gravity of commodity, S = 0.784

Weight of steel = 40.8 LB/FT2-IN Floating roof

5.) OTM = 18,660'-K (operating)

6.) Elevation At Top Of Ringwall = 1'- 0"

7.) ACI 318-89

Design Of Ringwall

1.) Wt = 40.8 (N)(H)(1.1) = (40.8)( 38 )(48)(1.1) = 808 LB/FT

(added 10 percent to weight of tank shell for stairs and platforms)

Note!!! A floating roof is not part of the wall weight.

2.) Note!!! To determine (OTM) refer to Technical Practice 000.215.1215 for wind loading and
Practice 000.215.1216 for earthquake loads including sloshing effects.

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FLUOR DANIEL

TANK FOUNDATIONS

WL= 7.9tb F by S H L = (7.9)(0.375) (36, 000)(0.784)(41) = 3187 LBS < (1.25)(0.784)(41)(90) = 3616 OK

SF = M / (D2(Wt + WL)) = 18,660 / (902 (0.808 + 3.187)) = 0.577 < 1.57

... Anchor bolts are Not required

Note!!! Refer to Technical Practice 000.215.1207 for the design of anchor bolts if required

3.) Place top elevation at 1'- 2" to account for settlement due to hydrotest. Elevation at bot. of ringwall

= -(3'- 0") (remove contaminated soil)

... h = 1.17' + 3.0' = 4.17'

4.) γs = 115 PCF (95 percent compacted)

γc = 150 PCF

5.) Commodity q = (62.4) (0.784) = 48.9 PCF

Use qW = 62.4 PCF (any differential settlement will occur during hydrotest)

6.) t = 2W / (qWH - 2h(γc - γs )) = (2 × 808) / [(62.4)(48) - 2(4.17)(150 - 115)] = .60'

7.) Soil bearing, P = (1 / 1.0)((0.808 + ( 12 )(1.0)(0.0489)(48) + (4.17)(1.0)(0.150))

= 2.6 KSF < (4 + (3)(0.115)) GROSS OK

8.) a.) K0 = 1 - sinΦ = 1 - sin 35O = 0.43

b.) Test FT = K0h (qW H + 12 γsh)

(H=48'- 0")
= (0.43)(4.17) [(62.4)(48) + 12 (115)(4.17)] = 5.8 K/FT

FU(T) = (5.8)(1.25) = 7.25 K/FT ← CONTROLS

Oper FO = (0.43)(4.17) ((48.9 × 41) + ( 12 )(115)(4.17))

(H=41'- 0")
= 4.02 K/FT

FU(O)= (4.02)(1.4) = 5.63 K/FT

c.) TU = FUD / 2000 = (7250)(90) / 2000 = 326.3 K

d.) As = Tu / Φfy = 326.3 / (0.9)(60) = 6.04 in2

As (MIN) = (0.0035)(12) ((4.17)(12)) = 2.1 in2 < 6.04 in2

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Attachment 03 - Sheet 3 of 3

FLUOR DANIEL

TANK FOUNDATIONS

e.) Use 6 #7 each face, As(TOT) = 7.2 in2 with class "B" lap splices

alternately spaced and min. #4 at 12 inch ties.

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Attachment 04 - Sheet 1 of 4

FLUOR DANIEL

TANK FOUNDATIONS

Sample Design 2: Tank Foundations – Anchored Tanks

Given:

1.) fc = 4000 PSI

fy = 60,000 PSI

gc = 150 PCF

2.) Φ = 350, γs = 115 PCF, Pa = 4 KSF (Net)

3.) Vendor Data:

Total Wt of tank shell, Ws = 203,346 LBS

Total Wt of tank roof, WR = 121,640 LBS (cone roof)

Total Wt of tank content, WT = 21,497,040 LBS

Tank Diameter, D = 102'- 6"

Tank Height, H = 48'- 0"

4.) Total overturning Moment applied to bottom of tank due to seismic, M = 101,023,107 LB-FT

Uplift Force due to overturning moment, Us = 12,242 LB/FT

(Refer to Practice 000.215.1216 for earthquake loads, including sloshing effects, and
Practice 000.215.1207 for the design of anchor bolts.)

Design Of Foundation:

Stability Factor = M / D2 (Wt + WL)

Wt = (Ws + WR ) / πD = (203,346 + 121,640) /((π)(102.5)) = 1009 LB/FT

Weight of tank contents which may be utilized to resist the shell overturning moment is given by:

WL = 7.9tb F by SH L

5
Where: Thickness of bottom plate under the shell, tb = 16
"

Yield Strength of bottom plate Fby = 36,000 KSI

Specific Gravity of commodity S = 0.784

Height of commodity in tank HL = 41'- 0"

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
 Practice 000 215 1226
Publication Date 15Jun00
Attachment 04 - Sheet 2 of 4

FLUOR DANIEL

TANK FOUNDATIONS

5
... WL = (7.9)( )
(36, 000)(0.784)(41)
16
= 2656 LB/FT of circumference < (1.25)(0.784)(41)(102.5) = 4118 OK

... Stability Factor = 101,023,107 / (102.5)2 (1009 + 2656) = 2.62 > 1.57

... The tank is structurally unstable and anchoring the tank is required.

a.) Condition No. 1: Maximum Uplift

Total Uplift force due to overturning: (Us - Wt) = 12.242 - 1.009 = 11.233 K/FT

WCONC. = ((20/2)(3.5) + (8.5)(1.5)) (0.15) = 2.79 K/FT

WS1 = ((8.5 - 1.67) / 2) (3.5)(0.115) = 1.37 K/FT

WS2 = ((8.5 - 1.67) / 2) (1.5)(0.115) = 0.59 K/FT

Wt of tank content = (1.66)(8.5 / 2) = 7.06 K/FT

Total Downward Force = 2.79 + 1.37 + 0.59 + 7.06 = 11.81 K/FT > 11.233 K/FT OK

Footing Top Rebars Shall Be Designed For Condition No. 1

b.) Condition No. 2: Maximum Compression

Compression Force due to OTM, US = 12.242 K/FT

Wt = 1.009 K/FT

Wt of tank content = (0.784)(0.0624) (41 + 7) (8.5 / 2) = 9.98 K/FT

↑ Sloshing Effect

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
 Practice 000 215 1226
Publication Date 15Jun00
Attachment 04 - Sheet 3 of 4

FLUOR DANIEL

TANK FOUNDATIONS

Wt of Concrete and Soil = 2.79 + 1.37 + 0.59 = 4.75 K/FT

Max. Compressive load = 12,242 + 1.009 + 4.75 + 9.98 = 28.0 K/FT

Soil Bearing Pressure = 28.0 / (8.5 × 1) = 3.29 KSF (Gross)

= 3.29 - (3 × 0.115) = 2.95 (Net) < 1.33 × 4.0 OK

Pedestal And Footing Bottom Rebars Shall Be Designed For Condition No. 2

c.) Condition No. 3: Maximum Static Load

(Oper)
1
Fo = Ko h (qH + 2
γsh)

= (0.43)( 3.5) ((0.784)(0.0624)(4) + 12 (0.115)(3.5))

= 3.32 K/FT

FU(O)= (3.32)(1.4) = 4.65 K/FT

(Test)

FT = (0.43)(3.5) ((0.0624)(48) + 12 (0.115)(3.5))

= 4.81 K/FT

FU(T) = (4.81)(1.25) = 6.013 K/FT ← CONTROLS

... TU = FUD / 2000 = (6013)(102.5) / (2000) = 308 K

AS = TU / Φfy = 308 / (0.9)(60) = 5.7 in2

AS(MIN) = (0.0035)(20)(3.5)(12) = 2.94 in2 < 5.7 in2

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
 Practice 000 215 1226
Publication Date 15Jun00
Attachment 04 - Sheet 4 of 4

FLUOR DANIEL

TANK FOUNDATIONS

Use 18 - #6, As = (18)(0.44) = 7.92 in2

9 - #6 Each face with Class "B"

Lap Splice alternately spaced

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