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Calculus I Notes

Limits and Continuity


Definition of a Limit

𝑓
For

𝑥
(

𝑥
f(x), as

𝑐
→

x→c:

lim

𝑥
⁡

𝑐
→

𝑥
(

𝐿
=

𝜖
if, for every

>
0
,

𝛿
there exists

>
0
such that

𝑥
∣

𝑐
−

𝛿
<

𝑓
∣

𝑥
(

𝐿
−

𝜖
<

.
x→c
lim
f(x)=Lif, for every ϵ>0, there exists δ>0 such that ∣x−c∣<δ⟹∣f(x)−L∣<ϵ.
One-Sided Limits

Left-Hand Limit:
lim

𝑥
⁡

𝑐
→

𝑓
−

𝑥
(

)
x→c
−

lim

f(x)
Right-Hand Limit:
lim

𝑥
⁡

𝑐
→

𝑓
+

𝑥
(

)
x→c
+

lim

f(x)
Continuity

𝑓
A function

𝑥
(

𝑥
f(x) is continuous at

𝑐
=

x=c if:

lim

𝑥
⁡

𝑐
→

𝑥
(

)
lim
x→c

𝑓
f(x) exists.

𝑐
(

)
f(c) is defined.
lim

𝑥
⁡

𝑐
→

𝑥
(

𝑓
=

𝑐
(

)
lim
x→c

f(x)=f(c).
Derivatives
Definition of the Derivative

𝑓
The derivative of

𝑥
(

𝑥
f(x) at

𝑐
=

x=c is given by:

𝑓
′

𝑐
(

)
=
lim
⁡
ℎ
→

𝑓
0

𝑐
(

+
ℎ
)

𝑓
−

(
𝑐
)
ℎ
.
f
′
(c)=
h→0
lim

h
f(c+h)−f(c)

.
Interpretation of the Derivative

Slope of the tangent line at a point.


Instantaneous rate of change.
Rules of Differentiation

𝑑
Power Rule:

𝑑
𝑥

𝑥
[

𝑛
]

𝑛
=

𝑥
⋅

𝑛
−
1
dx
d

[x
n
]=n⋅x
n−1

𝑑
Product Rule:

𝑑
𝑥

𝑢
[

𝑣
]

𝑢
=

𝑣
′

𝑢
+

𝑣
′
dx
d

[uv]=u
′
v+uv
′

𝑑
Quotient Rule:

𝑑
𝑥

𝑢
[

𝑣
]

𝑢
=

𝑣
′

𝑢
−

𝑣
′

2
dx
d

[
v
u

]=
v
2

u
′
v−uv
′

𝑑
Chain Rule:

𝑑
𝑥
𝑓

𝑔
(

𝑥
(

)
)

𝑓
=

′
𝑔
(

𝑥
(

)
)

𝑔
⋅

𝑥
(

)
dx
d

f(g(x))=f
′
(g(x))⋅g
′
(x)
Higher-Order Derivatives

𝑓
Second derivative:

′
′

𝑥
(

𝑑
=

𝑑
𝑥

𝑓
[

𝑥
(

)
]
f
′′
(x)=
dx
d

[f
′

𝑛
(x)]

𝑓
n-th derivative:

𝑛
(

𝑥
(

)
f
(n)
(x).
Applications of Derivatives
Critical Points

𝑓
Found where

𝑥
(

)
=
0
f
′

𝑓
(x)=0 or

𝑥
(

)
f
′
(x) is undefined.
Indicates possible local maxima, minima, or inflection points.
Mean Value Theorem (MVT)

𝑓
If

𝑥
(

)
f(x) is continuous on

𝑎
[

𝑏
,

]
[a,b] and differentiable on

𝑎
(

𝑏
,

𝑐
(a,b), there exists

𝑎
(

𝑏
,

)
c∈(a,b) such that:

𝑓
′

𝑐
(

)
=
𝑓

𝑏
(

𝑓
−

𝑎
(

𝑏
)

𝑎
−

.
f
′
(c)=
b−a
f(b)−f(a)

.
Optimization

𝑓
Use derivatives to find maximum and minimum values of

𝑥
(

)
f(x) within an interval.
Integrals
Indefinite Integral

𝑓
∫

𝑥
(

𝑑
𝑥

𝐹
=

𝑥
(

𝐶
+

𝐹
where

𝑥
(

𝑓
=

𝑥
(

)
.
∫f(x)dx=F(x)+C,where F
′
(x)=f(x).
Definite Integral

𝑎
∫

𝑏
𝑓

𝑥
(

𝑑
𝑥

𝐹
=

𝑏
(

𝐹
−

𝑎
(

)
.
∫
a
b

f(x)dx=F(b)−F(a).

𝑓
Represents the signed area under the curve

𝑥
(

𝑥
f(x) from

𝑎
=

𝑥
x=a to

𝑏
=

x=b.

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

𝐹
Part 1: If

𝑥
(

𝑓
F(x) is an antiderivative of

𝑥
(

)
f(x), then:
𝑎
∫

𝑏
𝑓

𝑥
(

𝑑
𝑥

𝐹
=

𝑏
(

𝐹
−

𝑎
(

)
.
∫
a
b

f(x)dx=F(b)−F(a).

𝑑
Part 2:

𝑑
𝑥
[

𝑎
∫

𝑥
𝑓

𝑡
(

𝑑
𝑡
]

𝑓
=

𝑥
(

)
.
dx
d

[∫
a
x

f(t)dt]=f(x).

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