UNIT 4 SOCIOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY

AND TOURISM"
Stru
Objectives
Introduction
Sociology of Tourism
Methodologies
83.1 Individual
4.3.2 Interactional
4.3.3 Destinational
4.3.4 Historical
Anthropology of Tourism
4.4.1 Pkjsical Anthropology
4.4.2 Archaeological
4.4.3 Linguistics
4.4.4 Social and Cultural
4.4.5 Political Economy and Depa
4.4.6 Expressive Culture
Let Us Sum Up
Keywords
Answers to Check Your Progress

4.0 OBJECTIVES
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You must have heard about Sociology and Anthropology as separate disciplines of study.
However, in modem context inter-disciplinary approaches are extremely important to
understand any phenomenon in totality and for future development; After reading this Unit
you will be able to:
understand what is meant by Sociology of tourism.
know about the methodologies @opted to study the sociology of tourism,
define the anthropology of tourism, and
appreciate their relevance in tourism planning, development and research.

4.1 INTRODUCTION

As international tourism expands to the remotest comers of the world, often tourist roles
overlap with travel, business, education, intellectual interests, cultural motivations and
other social domains. Modem tourism has institutionalised both the tourist as well as the
commercialised services that are used in the pursuit of tourism. Because tourism often
combines with other complex motivations, esectations and behaviour, the Sociology of
tourism combines both theoretical and empirical attempts to understand how tourists and
tourism, during a temporary stay, often carry over attitudes, expectations and behaviour
that has been their norm at the place of residence or at work.
At destinations around the world, the tourists experience a range of diverse human and
natural settings, which they are often unable to understand or explain. To understand the
diversity and colnplexity of a number of social settings and human behaviour, the
Anthropology of tourism gives us a perspective. This is done by engaging in case studies
 that are a first hand observation of human life in its own natural setting. Such case studies
are then put into a holistic systematic framework, which relates encounters between hosts
i and guests to their national and international political economy.
This Unit starts with explaining what is termed as Sociology of lourism. This is an area
which is very often neglected in resort development or tourism planning. Yet, its relevance
is being gradually accepted after discussing the methodologies adopted in this regard. The
Unit goes on to discuss the Anthropology of tourism - another related area. The theme is
mainly based on the .docks of Western scholars who have worked on these areas. It must
be noted here that in India a lot of work has to be done in this regard. The Tourism
Industry as well as the Government must provide incentives for sociological and
anthropological research in tourism. Such studies would help in the planning and
development of sustainable tourism. They might also provide clues to resolve
contradictions or settle the problems that have started emerging at various destinations.

4.2 SOCIOLOGY OF TOURISM

This is relatively a new discipline. Beginning in 1970, it has already made an impact on
the manner in which we define tourism and the tourist. From the point of view of
Sociology in Tourism Studies there are five major points of departure that explore the
domain. Eric Cohen has described them as the Sociology of:

the stranger
leisure
hospitality
travel, and
b religion.
The Sociology of the stranger has used insights gained from studies of minorities, ethnic
groups and expatriates, to analyse the role of tourists temporary strangers.

The Sociology of leisure has introduced many new ways of looking at the tourism
phenomenon and to study the issues of urbanisation, industrialisation, gender,
consumerism, technology, etc.
The Sociology of hospitality has tended to concentrate on simple and traditional societies.
It has looked at issues of conflict and contradiction in the process of commercialisation
and social exchange. This has been undertaken to see where benefits have been
forthcoming and where disbenefits have resulted from the hospitality trade.
The Sociology of Travel, although important to gain insights into the tourists attitudes,
behaviour and motivation, is not so well developed yet. However, the traveller on tour is
an area which has encouraged the study, particularly the role, of tour landscapes or
itineraries and the image of a destination as well as the role of infiaslructure and the travel
culture.
The Sociology of religion, particularly of the pilgrimage, has attracted a great deal of
interest in determining how the sacred is determined; the search for a centre; the
transformation of the self and the role of norms in determining behaviour. In all these
approaches, several trends or approaches can be distinguished. These are:

1) Tourism as an imtant or a negative form of socialisation, which is seen in the works

of Boorstin (1Wand ) Turner and Ash (1975). Here the tourist is seen as a philistine
descending in a horde to conquer a destination as against the traveller of bygone times
who was a welcome guest.
2) Tourism as a normal social phenomenon. where the author is neutral and studies the
merits and demerits in a balanced way, to create a typology of tourism as well as of
tourists (Mac Camel 1973, 1976).
As a result of these two approaches there emerges a concept of modernity. In this, tourism
: - 1 : : - 1 . .. > L L - - : L . . a . P
 3) There is a change from looking at tourism in terms of other social concepts and
categories and individual psychological motives to looking at tourism in terms of the
tourists or the hosts. The tourists or hosts own concepts and categories are significant
Sociology Anthropology

I
expressions of social symbols to which they attach meaning.
4) Another aspect is from the topologies of tourists and tourism to look at significant
differences between tourists and types of tourism. This includes to see why tourism is
good at an early stage and bad at another; or why its impact can cause social and
economic transformation, cultural revival or distress. Cohen (1972) and Smith (1977)
have made such differing impact studies which are of particular interest to
1
I destinations that wish to employ tourism as a tool of development.
The Sociology of tourism has therefore helped to establish the study of tourists and

i tourism as an independent field of enquiry rather than looking at these issues as off shoots
of mainstream Sociology.

4.3 METHODOLOGIES

Modern tourism is complex because it:

I has an international dimension,

has institutional links and specialised organisational and entrepreneurial roles, and
involves governments, trade associations, airlines, hotel and resort chains, agents and
operators, support services and ancillary services like food, drink, shopping, guides,
etc.
Tourists consume all these products and services by passing through the system of
organisations, enterprises and governments as well as interacting with waiters,
shopkeepers, el~tertainersand people, both in the private and public spheres.
Sociology of Tourism helps us to:
analyse the impact of an individual passing through a system as well as a large
number of tourists,
establish the transformational impact of tourism on people, places and communities
and their way of life.
The tourist, the Tourism System and the host population, each have their own relationship
with a perception of an international politicd economy and a national context. We can
therefore study any of these issues in tourism from socialogically different methodological
approaches. These could be:
Individual
Interactional,
Destinational, and
Historical.

4.3.1 Individual
In this the focus is on the tourist as a unique individual unit. The aspects taken into
account are motivation, quality of experience and propensity as indicators to travel. We
can look at the nature of individuals and the issues their existence in modem society arises
like routine, boredom, lack of meaning in what you do etc. The individual approach
stresses what in the tourism jargon may be treated as the "push" factors (See Unit 4 TS-1).
Destinations and people exercise 'pull" factors, and depending on the approach of the
researcher (whjch may follow a pro or anti-tourism orientation or may be neutral to
tourism) the pull and the push factors would be given a certain m~tchingweightage.
Alternatively, sociologists could approach the question of the unique individual and his
experience from the point of view of a guest or search for the real. Here the artificiality of
ones life is willfully abandoned in the process of tourism as a "sacred journey" to find
Uhderstvlding Tourist and Hosts authenticity is staged by the tourism product designers. According to Mac Canell this
creates a spurious tourist space. This approach emerges from the Centre-Periphery model,
which is generally used to explain the spatiaF2xpansion of tourism from the industrial
regions of the world out to the agricultural or backward regions. Today, tourism seeks the
strange and the other - not in America, which had played the role of Ewpe's other but
in Asia where it is possible to see a vanishing life style. This quest defines the modem
tourist as a secular pilgrim and the tour as a sacred journey which requires a break from
ordinary life.
The fact that travel writing bases itself on the manipulative nature of the tourism
establishment shows how difficult it is to determine which theoretical approach meets the
complexity of the Tourism Phenomenon. The changes in the motivations, behaviour, style
of travel, habits, attitudes and their impact on destinations and tourism are areas that need
to be explored more in Sociology of tourism.

4.3.2 Interactional
We discussed about the guest-host interaction in Unit 3. It was mentioned that the resident
population, other than the tourism establishment, really doesn't merit much attention. This
is perhaps that they are not the ones who bring in the money. Since the marketing concept
drives the tourism industry much of the Sociology of Tourism really tries to justify the
needs of the industry and the tourism exchange. Sutton (1967) is perhaps one of the few
who examined these tourism "encounters". These brief meetings are often on unequal
terms and generally at the symbolic level. Greenwood (1972) and Cohen (1988) have
studied this concept in relation to folk cultures, festivals, rituals and prostitution to show
that the brief nature of contact encourages "commercialisation or commoditisation". The
types of tourists can therefore be determined by:
their sense of involvement,
the scope of their understanding, and
their desire to follow up on the encounter.
Such studies assume that locals are attracted to tourists in the beginning because they .
assume that the keenness to develop personal relationships is a sign of friendliness.
However, on closer inspection such keenness is really motivated by material gains or
money earned or even taken under false pretences. The novelty of the foreigner, in terms
of skin and hair colour, dress and social codes cannot sustain friendly feeling's on either
side unless there is some common objective to be shared by the tourist and the resident.
The roles of taxi drivers, shop keepers, guides and touts ensure that the mask that protects
the locals from the tourist gaze remains firmly in place. The tourist gaze also reduces the
encounter to the most superficial level because the tourist is also coloured by
preconceptions of his work and the value of his money.

4.3.3 Destinational ' .

Tourism transforms a destination. Resort areas generally do not have an extremely well
developed local economy. Island and mountains are dependent on external resources and
yet the service sector demands a certain level of development. Whilst the low budget
tourist, accustomed to shortages and inconvenience, may tolerate uneven development the
high spender tourist will not.
Butler (1980) and Greenwood (1972) have looked at this aspect of transformation in terms
Of phases or stages (including investment, creation of facilities, expansion of individuzl
and mass tourism) or cycles (including discovery, development, popularity and decline),
the important aspect of all these approaches is that they indicate how the destination, as it
comes under the control of an industry, slowly loses its autonomy and comes under the
control of the outsider. The destination becomes vulnerable to forces like trends and
fashions, political and economic forces and negative image formation.

1.3.4 Historical
Tourism is making the world a smaller place. The few authentic sites have become world
heritage sites or living museums. As the post modem age i q creating small islands of
. - -
tourism. Museumisation removes nature and culture from the control of those who were a Sociology ~ n t h r o ~ o l o ~ ~
part of Bio-sphere or eco-system, and turns indigenous people into outsiders. Tourists then
become the conservationists who protect a living culture from the progress of life itself.
For example, in Pennsylvania 18th century communities have been established as tourist
attractions where people live and work and dress as they did 200 years ago. Even animal
species have been engineered to look as they did at the time. This is authentic heritage to
serve, whereas others would consider such constructions of history somewhat fantastic.
These parks and amusement parks reflect the wish fulfilment and fantasy that many
tourists enjoy these days. This makes ordinary life more bearable and brings illusions
within the grasp of an office secretary or an automobile worker. The post modern tourist is
stimulated by any attraction that can transgress the limits of possibility and reality.
According to Erik Cohen the "growing strength of this broad historical trend will
significantly transfer the modem tourist system". This transformation will perhaps be the
biggest challenge to the destination planner and the researcher who will have to evaluate
the uansformational role of tourism in this new stage. Asian countries have come to terns
with these trends by:
redecorating their royal residences, and
displaying a sense of visual pageantry that perhaps contradicts with their poverty.
How far they will be able to go, without creating resentment and conflict, would be
another direction of research in the Sociology of tourism.

Check Your Progress 1

1) Discuss the five major points to be explored in the Sociology of tourism.

2) List the methodologies adopted in studying the Sociology of tourism. What is the
emphasis in the individual method?

4.4 ANTHROPOLOGY OF TOURISM &-rvl

As a discipline, Anthropology has helped us to analyse a variety of human experiences for

'a century. Its distinctive feature, when compared with other social sciences, is tile
emphasis on field work. For example, we study the economic impact of tourism by
referring to secondary data but the Anthropology of tourism seeks first hand experience of
human beings in their natural settings. It is of course difficult to expect ,"natural" settings
rerhaining untouched by natural and social transformations. But anthropologists attempt to
overcome such problems by developing a systematic methodology.
Such methodology seek? to place a "text" within a broader regional and international
"context" or what is called a 'holistic' perspective. This has found 4uch support in social
39
Understanding Tourist and Hosts science methodology at present. Such a perspective gives validity to popular studies based
on cultural receptivity, where the "native" or "local" or "resident" perceptions can be
juxtaposed with the outsiders. It is often assumed that such perspectives will help us to
evaluate cultures on levels of equality. For example, it would be interesting to examine
why visits to cremation grounds feature in itineraries of some foreign tourists today and
the Statue of Liberty on the itinerary of an Indian tourist to the USA.
Anthropology uses the case study approach to develop a cross-cultural perspective. In this
way a specific community provides the basis for generalisation on the diversities we
encounter in communities across the world. For example, studies of Island communities
may indicate how to pacify and bring islanders into the mainsweam but they fail to respect
the fear islanders have of the mainlander. If such respect was there for the right of a
"native" to resist change then future projects would not depend so much on the
comparative method, but would accept the unique as a universal aspect of control over
one's habitat and culture. The Anthropology of tourism according to Robert V. Kemper
follows the span of Anthropology in including the physical, archaeological, linguistic,
social and cultural dimensions of human experience. Social and cultural anthropology
attracts tourism research because of the emphasis on adaptation and change.

4.4.1 Physical Anthropology

Apart from a few studies relating human behaviour to animals, or studying the
pathological and physiological changes that transformation of one's life style brings about,
this branch of Anthropology has had more input for the tourism industry (design of seats
in cars and airplanes or the consequences of accidents which have implications for first aid
and insurance services). Perhaps the most significant area is the monitoring of tourism
borne diseases, like AIDS. Here also the cross cultural perspective exhibits a "superior ,
race" phenomenon, because the tourist is seen as the victim rather than the native. Again
in a patriarchal world, therapies are oriented towards educating high risk groups like
prostitutes, rather than on protecting poor sex workers from the demands of macho men
who enjoy the service of young and pleasing ~ s i a nand African girls.

4.4.2 Archaeological
Reconstruction of historical sites and tourism have always been closely associated.
However, in recent times fears of communities living in and around such sites have -
emerged as governments around the world look to exploit such resources for tourism
projects. There is a possibility of integrating archaeological excavation with eco-tourism
where settings are so fragile. The recent controversy between Israel and the PLO on the *
Red Sea Scrolls or the Mayan sites in Mexico and Central America are a case in
point.Anthropology of Tourism calls for "culturally appropriate" ways of preser.ving
ancient sites, but these end up by "packaging" ancient cultures, like Khajuraho, Orcha or
Mandu in Madhya Pradesh or the temple tours of Tamil Nadu. During the India Festivals
abroad, fragile and rare artefacts were displayed as the cultural properties of modern India
as inputs to a major intensification of tourism. Critics have called this the merchandising
of archaeological materials through the souvenir trade. Ins such a process an artifact~ora
historical complex is divorced from its own history and structure, and transformed into a
performance. Often it is a sound and light show, that has no cultural or artistic merit. The
recent popularisation of the Hauz Khas monument in Delhi, acqessed via the designer
shopping complex appropriates what belongs to the neighbourhood for the elite who can
pay the entrance fee.

4.4.3 Linguistics
Certain dialects -and key phrases have always been indicators of the socio-cultural impact
of tourism. As CNN and Star TV become the cultural propagators of a new global order,
tourism encounters with linguistic expression lead to a change. As a native says resentfully
of tourist shoppers - "Why don't they give me what I ask for instead of asking for a
second price or third price?" or as a woman trinket seller complains "Why do they have
all the money. What I want is money". These expectations are no different to those of
Tour Operators, Travel Agents, and Airlines or even Governments. Young urchins greet
strangers in fine languages, hoping one of them will ring a bell.
1n-cross cultural perspective perhaps it is body language that is going to direct encounters
40
>
 Sociology Anthropology
the most. A look, a smile, an outstretched hand, a supplicating stand etc. will determine
the relationship between the tourist and the native population.

4.4.4 Social and Cultural

The mainstream work in this field has been led by American anthropologists following
well established traditions.

A popular area of study is Acculturation and Modernisation. Here tourism is understood

in terms of "donor" and "recipient" culture. The international tourist represents the donor
and the native population the recipient. These positions are determined not so by what one
gets out of tourism as by the socio-economic structure of the larger society of which one
is a part. It is because of this location of cultural weightage that tourism transforms
authority, land use, values and the orientation of the economy. As example of such studies
one can cite Khajuraho'and Ladakh in India.
Tourism became a legitimate area of research for social anthropologists. They have
become important members of any field study of a tourist destination for regional and
economic development programmes. This is the process of modernisation, which has
transformed sleepy villages into models. As tourism increases in volume and its planned
development becomes a guideline all over the world, it has become important and
kgitimate to study its role in cultural change.

4.45 Political Economy and Dependency

By the mid 70's the negative impacts of tourism on small communities were well known.
The acculturatio~odemisationmodel of tourism was replaced by the political, economic
dependency model. This was not quite so optimistic about tourism's advancing conquest
of new destinations. In 1977 Nash wrote an essay on tourism as a form of imperialism and
his approach has been a consistent feature of the social anthropology of tourism in Third
World countries. Today this approach is validated by India's experience of tourism
development, where the dependency on the international tourist often misleads one on the
true dimensions of the globalisation of India's economic system.

4.4.6 Expressive Culture

As tourism is a globalised phenomenon in its range and scope, anthropologists have
become interested in tourism and its symbolic capital qualities. The meaning of a
destination that sets it apart from the ordinary and everyday world of work is also
important. In s wofld chat is increasingly at the mercy of technology, the time keeping
escape routes are ~ r much
y located in the counter-culture that is based on the arts, craft
play and ritual.
Traditionally, field workers have always been collectors of ethnic arts and crafts. Mass
tourists looked for junk copies as souvenirs and as the Third World became co-opted into
the sphere of mass tourism, the search of the collector turned to primitive art and
underdeveloped tribal crafts.
Tourism as a play emerged from cross-cultural studies of traditional games and sports
where tourists changed from spectator roles to more participative player roles for
themselves. Weekending, Highway culture, golf and new adventure sports are all being
studied. The role of play in rejuvenating the age, the single and the disabled has also been
an area of study that is increasing in importance.
Tourism also provides ample opportunity to study the religious and ritualistic services.
These aspects of a culture have always fascinated the stranger, Civil festivals, religious
rituals and public performances become in-puts into the symbolic qualities of tourism. One
can site here for example like the Carnival in Goa, the boat races in Kerala and the Cham
Dances of Ladakhi monasteries. On a grander scale we have seen the World fair and the
Tourism Fair as part of the expressive culture which distinguishes between the sacred (the
"must see") and the profane (only I have seen). The touristic experiences are often seen as
the approximation to the lives of people that are marked at significant movements by
rituals and ceremonies l i e birth, adolescence, marriage, birth of a child, middle age, old
age and death.
I

Understanding Tourist and Hosts The beginning is the planning, packing and the journey full of anticipation, going away
and getting there.
The middle is the temporary stay at the destination, which is an alternative to the normal
setting and the end is the recrossing of the threshold to a safe return home.

In the 90's Anthropology of Tourism is increasing in importance, but appears to have

settled between the symbolic and materialistic schools of thought.
For destinations and host populations, the geographical dimensions of field work could be
of increasing importance in competing with other areas. Local people and peasant
communities have always attracted the greatest attention and consequently Asia, Africa
and Latin America have always been the focus of research. Whilst the guest-host
relationship has become a new area of research since tourism activists have taken on the
mainstream debate, the traditional.sphere has always been the transforming role of tourism
in the Fourth World.
Beach Tourism has been in the fore front in studies on Latin America, particularly by
those interested in regional development.
The Caribbean, with its enclave development is now a site of guest-host conflicts.

Ethnic arts, environment and nature tourism and impact of international tourism on native
populations have been the subject of research in Africa. The "Vision quest" of foreign
tourists has revealed wide ranging impacts from a black market, to linguistic stratification
and cultural adaptation.
"Staged authenticity" and "Superficial ethnic encounters" emerge from the Polynesian
Culture Centre in Hawaii. As a result some have called Tourism "a new kind of sugar" i n .
the Pacific Islands. It is here perhaps that the tourist becomes the object of the study rather
than the native.

In Asia, Anthropology of Tourism has concentraled on Japan, Thailand, China and India.
Aids, prostitution, Golf and tribes contribute areas of interest for Thailand. Studies on
Japan concentrate on home society and the tourism site, between which the Japanese
tourist moves as a mediator.
Guided toms in China provide the link between the industry and the tourist for the spread
of anthropological values - alternate human possibilities and patterns.
For India, the perspective has a duality because a small number of international tourists
(1.8m) have such a high profile whilst a large number of domestic tourist are almost
invisible in most in the case studies.

The Anthropology of tourism focuses on festivals, rituals, pilgrimages, performances, arts

and crafts. In the materialistic domain, apart from class and social stratification the most
significant contribution has been the macro level concern for economic dependency or the
erosion of sovereignty.
There are certain cultural categories that bridge the gap between the symbolic and the
material, like ethnicity and gender, because they constitute significant areas of change with
political and economic potential.

The problem with the Anthropology of Tourism has been the difficulty in overcoming the
limitations of one shot studies, because it is not easy to repeatedly visit the field site, nor
do the parameters remain static. %condly, there has always been the ethic& or moral
question of who do such studies benefit - the tourist, the industry or the host population?
And finally, have these studies helped to understand the human condition?
The existence of these questions indicate that the Anthropology of Tourism will play an
increasingly important role in the future of Toqism.

Check Your Progress 2

1) What do you understand by Anthropology of tourism?

 Sodology Anthropology

..........................................................................................................
2) What is the importance of field work in anthropological studies of tourism?

4.5 LET US SUM UP

'The development of tourism has given rise to new areas of study and research. Prominent
among these are the Sociology and Anthropology of tourism. Different methodologies are
being adopted by scholars in this regard. Issues like tourism impacts, guest-host
.relationships etc. are the themes of studies in different regions. The tourism industry and
tourism professionals in India must understand that such studies are not merely theoretical
academic exercises. For example, the tourism planners and policy makers can always
benefit from the earlier experiences to plan for the future. They can decide on the nature
of development and promote the type of tourism decided. Similarly the host population
also benefit from such studies. They are able to understand the transformation tourism
brings by learning from the experience of other regions. In the new destination areas they
can have a role in deciding the nature of tourism to be promoted.
- -

4r6 KEYWORDS

Diversity : Of different types.

Distress : In great difficulty.
Pageantry : Procession with people in costume.
Therapy : Curative treatment.
Approximate : Almost, but not quite exact.
Optimism : Hopefulness.

4.7 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

EXERCISES

Check Your Progress 1

1) Base your answer on Sec.4.2 taking into account stranger, leisure, hospitality, travel
and religion.
2) List individual, interactional, destinational and historical methods. Read Sub-sec.4.3.1
for the individual method.
Understanding Tourist and Hosts
Check Your Progress 2

1) See Sec.4.4.
2) Since impacts, customs and changes over the years have to be studied in totality it is
a must to be in the field for such evaluations. Base your answer on all the aspects
related to field work mentioned in Sec.4.4.

SOME USEFUL BOOKS FOR THIS BLOCK

'
Dharamarajan and Seth : Tourism in India, New Delhi, 1994
Suhita Chopra : Tourism Development in India, New Delhi, 1992.
Valene L. Smith : Hosts and Guests, Philadelphia, 1990.
VNR's, Encyclopaedia of Hospitality and Tourism, New York, 1993.

ACTIVITIES FOR THIS BLOCK

Note: Discuss the activities with your Counsellor at Study Centre.

I Activity 1

I Make a questionnaire for profiling domestic tourists.

m Activity 2

Pick up 20 persons in your locality: Request them to fill the questionnaire mentioned in
Activity-1. Analyse the feed back you get.

m Activity 3
a

Observe the nature of guest-host interaction at a destination through periodical visits.

Write down your observations. I

m Activity 4
Q
Make a questionnaire for the providers of services to tourists in your area. Get it filled by
at least ten persons. Analyse the feed back and suggest improvements.

m Activity 5

Visit a nearby tourist site. Interview the residents there in relation to the changes that have
come as a result of tourism.

E Activity 6
I
Prepare a code of conduct that you would suggest to a group 6f domestic tourists to
follow.

m Activity 7

Prepare a code of conduct that you would suggest h e host population to follow at a
destination. , a
44
TS-2: Block 1

Subject: Updated data for "TS 2: Tourism Development: Products, Operations and Case
Studies"

Dear Students,
Elements of tourism markets are dynamic in nature and are subject to great fluctuation
corresponding to changes in related market forces. This is an industry where statistics and figures
keep changing almost on a daily basis and as tourism professionals we need to keep ourselves
abreast of these changes.
The course book TS Series was prepared a few years back and many of the, data are now a little
outdated. To properly understand tourism markets, we need up-to-date information and while it is
not possible to update the entire course without totally restructuring it, we provide you with some
latest data available. For easy reference, sectionslpages in which the new data are to be
incorporated are also mentioned.
Hope you will go through i t

Prof. Kapilkumar
(Programme Coordinator)
 1.3 Profile of Foreign Tourists

Table 1: Region-wise Tourist Arrivals in India during 2004-2006

2004 2005 2006

Region
- Arrivals 1 % [ Arrivals 1 % Arrivals 1 % 1
Share Share Share
North America 662004 19.1 768808 19.6 873306 19.7
Central and South America 28165 0.8 35586 0.9 38745 0.9
Western Europe 1128297 32.6 1282119 32.7 1487271 33.4
Eastern Europe 82426 2.4 101445 2.6 121309 2.7
Africa 115493 3.3 134801 3.4 142813 3.2
West Asia (Middle East) 122808 3.6 133821 3.4 146693 3.3
South Asia 790698 22.9 841969 21.5 908916 20.4
! South-East Asia 2091 10 6.0 241408 6.2 281726 6.3
gast Asia 20 1627 5.8 223567 5.7 282985 6.4
. ustralasia 100944 2.9 119778 3.1 137436 3.1
Others 14471 0.4 21818 0.6 25320 0.6
- Stat~lrss 1434 0.0 13490 0.3 647 .O.O
- Ti vorld) 3457477 100.0 39 18610 100.0 4447167 100.0
Sv >auof Immigration

Arrivals
(Million)
0.799

3 Bangladesh 0.480 9.45

4 Canada 0.208 4.10
1 5 ( France
6 SriLanka 0.204 4.02 1
p p

7 Germany 0.184 3.62

8 Japan 0.146 2.86
.
9 Australia 0.136 2.67
10 Malaysia 0.1 13 2.22
( Total of top 10 Countries I 3.27 1 I 64.37 I
( Others I 1.810 1 35.63 1
All Countries 5.081
Source: Ministry of Tourism, Government of India
I ,
100.00
 1.3.2 Age

to India (2006)

1 25-34 Years 18.3

i 35-44 Years 1 21.4 1
45-54 Years 19.6.
55-64 Years 13.5
1 55-64 Years 1 7.0 1
1.3.3 Sex (Gender)
Table: Foreign Arrivals to India according to gender
Year Male Female Not
Reported
2003 55.7 32.1 12.2

( 2006 57.1 36.2 6.7

1.3.4 Purpose of Visit

Table 4: tourist Arrivals according to purpose of visit
YY
7

1
Employment & Others
2003 6.0 0.4 0.5 ' 93.1
2004 2.3 0.2 0.5 ' 97.0

1.6.1 World Tourist Arrivals

Table 7
1 year ( International tourist 1
arrivals (million)
1950 25.3

- .-

2006 847.0
2007 903.0
Source: WTO
Table 9: Tourism destinations: International tourists arrivals, 2007
1
Rank Country Arrivals in 2007"
I

1 France 79.1
2 Spain 59.2
3 United States 56.0
1 4 China 54.7

r 6 1 United Kingdom

Turkey 22.2
21.4
11 I Malavsia
12 Austria 20.8
13 Russian Federation 20.2
14 Canada 17.9
15 Hong Kong (China) 17.2
42 India 5.1 1

1.6.2 Tourism Receipts

able 10
I year I Tourism Receipts (US I
$ billion)
1990 264

Table 11: Tourism Spenders (Top 15) and figure for India (Tourism Expenditure) in 2007"
Rank Country Total Expenditure in 2007
(US $ in billion)
1 Germany 83.1
 2 United States 76.2
3 TJK 72.3 I

6 I Italy 27.3
' 7 Japan 26.5
8 Canada 24.8
9 Russian Federation 22.3
1 10 \ Korea, Republic of 20.9

1 14 j l1 ,tlg Koug (China) '

r India in 2007

6 United Kingdom 37.6

7 Germany 36.0
8 Australia 22.2
1
%
9 Austria 18.9
10 Turkey 18.5
20 India 10.7