22 ENGINEERING ELECTROMAGNETICS

D1.7. Given the two points, C(−3, 2, 1) and D(r = 5, θ = 20◦ , φ = − 70◦ ),
find: (a) the spherical coordinates of C; (b) the rectangular coordinates of D;
(c) the distance from C to D.

Ans. C(r = 3.74, θ = 74.5◦ , φ = 146.3◦ ); D(x = 0.585, y = −1.607, z = 4.70);

6.29

D1.8. Transform the following vectors to spherical coordinates at the points

given: (a) 10ax at P(x = −3, y = 2, z = 4); (b) 10a y at Q(ρ = 5, φ = 30◦ ,
z = 4); (c) 10az at M(r = 4, θ = 110◦ , φ = 120◦ ).

Ans. −5.57ar − 6.18aθ − 5.55aφ ; 3.90ar + 3.12aθ + 8.66aφ ; −3.42ar − 9.40aθ

REFERENCES
1. Grossman, S. I. Calculus. 3d ed. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press and Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich, 1984. Vector algebra and cylindrical and spherical coordinates appear in
Chapter 17, and vector calculus is introduced in Chapter 20.
2. Spiegel, M. R. Vector Analysis. Schaum Outline Series. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959.
A large number of examples and problems with answers are provided in this concise,
inexpensive member of an outline series.
3. Swokowski, E. W. Calculus with Analytic Geometry. 3d ed. Boston: Prindle, Weber, &
Schmidt, 1984. Vector algebra and the cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems are
discussed in Chapter 14, and vector calculus appears in Chapter 18.
4. Thomas, G. B., Jr., and R. L. Finney: Calculus and Analytic Geometry. 6th ed. Reading,
Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1984. Vector algebra and the three
coordinate systems we use are discussed in Chapter 13. Other vector operations are
discussed in Chapters 15 and 17.

CHAPTER 1 PROBLEMS
1.1 Given the vectors M = −10ax + 4a y − 8az and N = 8ax + 7a y − 2az , find:
(a) a unit vector in the direction of −M + 2N; (b) the magnitude of 5ax +
N − 3M; (c) |M||2N|(M + N).
1.2 Vector A extends from the origin to (1, 2, 3), and vector B extends from the
origin to (2, 3, −2). Find (a) the unit vector in the direction of (A − B);
(b) the unit vector in the direction of the line extending from the origin to the
midpoint of the line joining the ends of A and B.
1.3 The vector from the origin to point A is given as (6, −2, −4), and the unit
vector directed from the origin toward point B is (2, −2, 1)/3. If points A
and B are ten units apart, find the coordinates of point B.
 CHAPTER 1 Vector Analysis 23

1.4 A circle, centered at the origin with a radius of 2 units, lies in the x y plane.
Determine the unit vector in√ rectangular components that lies in the x y plane,
is tangent to the circle at (− 3,1, 0), and is in the general direction of
increasing values of y.
1.5 A vector field is specified as G = 24x yax + 12(x 2 + 2)a y + 18z 2 az . Given
two points, P(1, 2, −1) and Q(−2, 1, 3), find (a) G at P; (b) a unit vector in
the direction of G at Q; (c) a unit vector directed from Q toward P; (d) the
equation of the surface on which |G| = 60.
1.6 Find the acute angle between the two vectors A = 2ax + a y + 3az and
B = ax − 3a y + 2az by using the definition of (a) the dot product; (b) the
cross product.
1.7 Given the vector field E = 4zy 2 cos 2xax + 2zy sin 2xa y + y 2 sin 2xaz for
the region |x|, |y|, and |z| less than 2, find (a) the surfaces on which
E y = 0; (b) the region in which E y = E z ; (c) the region in which E = 0.
1.8 Demonstrate the ambiguity that results when the cross product is used to
find the angle between two vectors by finding the angle between
A = 3ax − 2a y + 4az and B = 2ax + a y − 2az . Does this ambiguity exist
when the dot product is used?
1.9 A field is given as G = [25/(x 2 + y 2 )](xax + ya y ). Find (a) a unit vector
in the direction of G at P(3, 4, −2); (b) the angle between G and ax at P;
(c) the value of the following double integral on the plane y = 7.
! 4! 2
G · a y dzd x
0 0

1.10 By expressing diagonals as vectors and using the definition of the dot
product, find the smaller angle between any two diagonals of a cube, where
each diagonal connects diametrically opposite corners and passes through the
center of the cube.
1.11 Given the points M(0.1, −0.2, −0.1), N (−0.2, 0.1, 0.3), and P(0.4, 0, 0.1),
find (a) the vector R M N ; (b) the dot product R M N · R M P ; (c) the scalar
projection of R M N on R M P ; (d) the angle between R M N and R M P .
1.12 Write an expression in rectangular components for the vector that extends
from (x1 , y1 , z 1 ) to (x2 , y2 , z 2 ) and determine the magnitude of this vector.
1.13 Find (a) the vector component of F = 10ax − 6a y + 5az that is parallel to
G = 0.1ax + 0.2a y + 0.3az ; (b) the vector component of F that is
perpendicular to G; (c) the vector component of G that is perpendicular
to F.
1.14 Given that A + B + C = 0, where the three vectors represent line segments
and extend from a common origin, must the three vectors be coplanar? If
A + B + C + D = 0, are the four vectors coplanar?
24 ENGINEERING ELECTROMAGNETICS

1.15 Three vectors extending from the origin are given as r1 = (7, 3, −2),
r2 = (−2, 7, −3), and r3 = (0, 2, 3). Find (a) a unit vector perpendicular to
both r1 and r2 ; (b) a unit vector perpendicular to the vectors r1 − r2 and
r2 − r3 ; (c) the area of the triangle defined by r1 and r2 ; (d) the area of the
triangle defined by the heads of r1 , r2 , and r3 .
1.16 If A represents a vector one unit long directed due east, B represents a vector
three units long directed due north, and A + B = 2C − D and
2A − B = C + 2D, determine the length and direction of C.
1.17 Point A(−4, 2, 5) and the two vectors, R AM = (20, 18 − 10) and
R AN = (−10, 8, 15), define a triangle. Find (a) a unit vector perpendicular to
the triangle; (b) a unit vector in the plane of the triangle and perpendicular to
R AN ; (c) a unit vector in the plane of the triangle that bisects the interior
angle at A.
1.18 A certain vector field is given as G = (y + 1)ax + xa y . (a) Determine G at
the point (3, −2, 4); (b) obtain a unit vector defining the direction of G at
(3, −2, 4).
1.19 (a) Express the field D = (x 2 + y 2 )−1 (xax + ya y ) in cylindrical components
and cylindrical variables. (b) Evaluate D at the point where ρ = 2, φ = 0.2π,
and z = 5, expressing the result in cylindrical and rectangular components.
1.20 If the three sides of a triangle are represented by vectors A, B, and C, all
directed counterclockwise, show that |C|2 = (A + B) · (A + B) and expand
the product to obtain the law of cosines.
1.21 Express in cylindrical components: (a) the vector from C(3, 2, −7) to
D(−1, −4, 2); (b) a unit vector at D directed toward C; (c) a unit vector at D
directed toward the origin.
1.22 A sphere of radius a, centered at the origin, rotates about the z axis at angular
velocity % rad/s. The rotation direction is clockwise when one is looking in
the positive z direction. (a) Using spherical components, write an expression
for the velocity field, v, that gives the tangential velocity at any point within
the sphere; (b) convert to rectangular components.
1.23 The surfaces ρ = 3, ρ = 5, φ = 100◦ , φ = 130◦ , z = 3, and z = 4.5 define a
closed surface. Find (a) the enclosed volume; (b) the total area of the
enclosing surface; (c) the total length of the twelve edges of the surfaces;
(d) the length of the longest straight line that lies entirely within the volume.
1.24 Two unit vectors, a1 and a2 , lie in the x y plane and pass through the origin.
They make angles φ1 and φ2 , respectively, with the x axis (a) Express each
vector in rectangular components; (b) take the dot product and verify the
trigonometric identity, cos(φ1 − φ2 ) = cos φ1 cos φ2 + sin φ1 sin φ2 ; (c) take
the cross product and verify the trigonometric identity
sin(φ2 − φ1 ) = sin φ2 cos φ1 − cos φ2 sin φ1 .
 CHAPTER 1 Vector Analysis 25

1.25 Given point P(r = 0.8, θ = 30◦ , φ = 45◦ ) and E = 1/r 2 [cos φ ar +
(sin φ/ sin θ ) aφ ], find (a) E at P; (b) |E| at P; (c) a unit vector in the
direction of E at P.
1.26 Express the uniform vector field F = 5ax in (a) cylindrical components;
(b) spherical components.
1.27 The surfaces r = 2 and 4, θ = 30◦ and 50◦ , and φ = 20◦ and 60◦ identify a
closed surface. Find (a) the enclosed volume; (b) the total area of the
enclosing surface; (c) the total length of the twelve edges of the surface;
(d) the length of the longest straight line that lies entirely within the surface.
1.28 State whether or not A = B and, if not, what conditions are imposed on A
and B when (a) A · ax = B · ax ; (b) A × ax = B × ax ; (c) A · ax = B · ax and
A × ax = B × ax ; (d) A · C = B · C and A × C = B × C where C is any
vector except C = 0.
1.29 Express the unit vector ax in spherical components at the point: (a) r = 2,
θ = 1 rad, φ = 0.8 rad; (b) x = 3, y = 2, z = −1; (c) ρ = 2.5, φ = 0.7 rad,
z = 1.5.
1.30 Consider a problem analogous to the varying wind velocities encountered by
transcontinental aircraft. We assume a constant altitude, a plane earth, a flight
along the x axis from 0 to 10 units, no vertical velocity component, and no
change in wind velocity with time. Assume ax to be directed to the east and
a y to the north. The wind velocity at the operating altitude is assumed to be:
(0.01x 2 − 0.08x + 0.66)ax − (0.05x − 0.4)a y
v(x, y) =
1 + 0.5y 2
Determine the location and magnitude of (a) the maximum tailwind
encountered; (b) repeat for headwind; (c) repeat for crosswind; (d) Would
more favorable tailwinds be available at some other latitude? If so, where?