CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Chapter Overview

This chapter will covers introduction, background information, statement of the problem,
objectives of the study (main objective, specific objectives) research questions, and significansce
of the study, limitations, scope of the study, and definition key concepts.

1.1 Background of the study.

Worldwide, 750 million people around the world lack access to safe water; approximately one in
nine people lack the accessibility of safe and clean water. (Sherif, 2017). This is despite the fact
the Earth is more covered by water than earth surface.

According to Berners(2017) all water bodies on earth, 97 per cent is salt water, and of the
remaining 3 per cent fresh water, some 70 per cent is frozen in the polar icecaps, less than 1 per
cent of the world ‘s fresh water is readily accessible for direct human uses.As above, the global
volume of stored groundwater is poorly known; estimates range from 15.3 to 60 million
kilometers. Although 75% of the earth surface is covered by water, access to portable water is
still a challenge to many poor households in developing countries. (Fonjong and Fokum, 2017).
As above, Eveneven during the rainy seasons in the equatorial rain forest of Africa where there is
supposed to be abundant water, clean and safe water remains insufficient resource.

Africa has the lowest total water supply coverage of any region in the world (ADB, 2018).
Currently about 300 million people in Africa do not have access to safe water and about 313
million have no access to sanitation; a situation which exerts a heavy toll on the health and
economic progress of African countries (da Costa Silva andDubé, 2018).Statistics shows that, the
progress towards target 7C of the Millennium Development Goals of halving by 2015 the
proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation
facilities remains slow (Smieja, 2017).I bid, the rate of access to improved water sources
increased from 49% in 1990 to 60% in 2008, a marginal increase of less than 1% a year 27% to
31% .
Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania has for a long time being characterized by decreasing
access to improved water sources, steady access to some form of sanitation (around 93% since
the 1990s), intermittent water supply and generally low quality of service (Outwear, Pamba, and
Outwater,2013). In trying to redress this situation, the Government of Tanzania embarked on a
major sector reform process since 2002, which promotes integrated water resources management
and the development of urban and rural water supply which was adopted in 2006 (van Eijk,
2016).

The household Budget reported that survey data for all urban areas indicated a decrease in access
from 81% in 2007 to 77% in 2011/12 (URT, 2014). Although, Tanzania government has been
allocating substantial budgets for rural water supply, the major challenge remains to be on the
sustainability of those projects. It has been noted in many rural areas that, water infrastructures
have been warning out without replacement which leads into interrupted supply of water
services, (Alejandro et al., 2010). Still urban and rural areas is facing with the problem like
(Kapongola et al., 2014), showed that Public piped water supply services authority (DAWASA)
are characterized by unreliable water quantity, extremely rationing, and low pressure which has
resulted to other community to access water from water vendors, private deep wells,
open/shallow wells and buy bottled mineral drinking water.) Also (Alejandro et al., 2010)
insisted that the question of sustainability has been raised following some factors that challenge
sustainability of water supply projects in rural areas (Those factors include; community
willingness to contribute on the operational and maintenance costs, community participation in
the project and community knowledge and skills on management of water supply projects. The
situation of water supply especially in rural areas is comparatively important for the human being
survival regardless of low sustainability of water projects in rural areas.

1.2 Problem statement;

According to Missaire, and Halloran (2020) water shortages affects more than 3 billion people.
The amount of freshwater available per person has plunged by a fifth over two decades by
(MissaireandHalloram 2020). As this problem hits globally, Tanzania has been a victim .In order
to cope with the limited access to safe water in rural areas, the Government of the United
Republic of Tanzania prepared a Water Sector Development Programmers (WSDP), known as
“Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Capacity Development (RUWASA-CAD) Project" (Phase
1) in order to strengthen a system for implementation, operation and maintenance of the rural
water supply (URT, 2022). This program has strengthened accessibility of water near by the
community members especially in the rural areas where the majority live

Regardless of these efforts almost 50% of people in Tanzania do not have access to safe water
(Water Aid, 2019). This shortage was due to short life span of water projects in Tanzania. For
example, a research done by Chambula (2017) about sustainability of water projects s in Central
Tanzania (Iringa and Dodoma) found that, one hundred and nine (109) water projects out of three
hundred fifty-seven (357) projects in Dodoma Region were not working .Also, the study from
International Project Leadership Academy Report, (2017) conducted in Bagamoyo showed that
in Tanzania, only 46 percent of existing rural water points were functional and a quarter of the
newly installed systems fail after only two years of operation.

This was similar to the study by Charles Nyanza (2018) on their research conducted in
Ngorongoro (Water scarcity and water quality) shows that most of the projects was just passed
away projects. They just came back like helicopter projects. They just land here today, do project
in a short period of time then disappear. This shows how water projects were not sustainable and
the need to answer the question was huge, this study therefore intends to examine factors
affected sustainable of water supply projects in Meru District.

1.3 General Objective

To assess factors affecting sustainability of water projects supply in MERU district.

1.3.1 Specific Objectives

The study specifically guided by the following research objectives;

i. To identify water supply and management skills possessed by community members

ii. To determine the extent at which community members were included in water supply
projects
 iii. To examine the awareness of community members on protection and maintenance of
water
iv. To examine the contribution of social institutions in maintained water projects.

1.4 Research Questions

i. How do community members participate on the management of water supply project?

ii. To what extent does community members were aware to contribute in the operational and
maintenance costs for water services?
iii. What water supply and management skills possessed by community members in the
study area?
iv. Do social institutions play water supply points maintenance role?

1.5 Significant of the Study

The study would focus to improve sustainability of urban water supply project in Meru District
in Arusha Region. Therefore, this study was important in exploring the specific measures to
reduce water shortage in Tanzania. This present study also would be helpful to other aspects such
as it would acted as a baseline for further research as it would provide a framework for other
interested parties or scholars to challenge or to improve the research for the benefit of future
scholars, the found would be useful to various development partners who were dealt with
sustainability of water supply services like the local government authorities, International
Organizations, and water supplies agencies and lastly. It was important because the found was
give the clear picture of factors affecting water supply services also this worked would be useful
to reach the goal of the country by 2025 of having the improved livelihood (High Quality
Livelihood) communities and equal economy to all Tanzanians by ensuring the accessibility of
water for both urban and rural areas. Finally, be useful worldwide in helping the sustainability of
water management and tackle the problem of having More than 2.3 Billion living in water
stressed problem. Tanzania.

1.5 Limitations of the Study

1.5.1 Fund limitation, this study would need some funds for daily searching of information,
developing research questions, library and also bundles for internet. For Example, in data found,
in Google scholars some of them sold their Documents up to USD 200.Hence financial limitation
during the collection of data like payment of transport and internet services.

1.5.2Language barrier, Data collection tools was designed in English then would be translated
in Swahili, and analysed done in English.

1.5.3 Time Barrier, founded information requires more time to do, the time given to work with
this work seems very few compared to the hardship of founded the data, to prepare this
document and also during collection the information

1.6 Definition and operationalization of concept

1.6.1 Sustainability

Sustainability is derived from the Latin sustainer (tenere, to hold; sub, up). Sustain can mean
maintain "support", or "endure‖. (Baumgärtner and Quaas, 2010). Since the 1980s sustainability
has been used more in the sense of human sustainability on planet Earth and this has resulted in
the most widely quoted definition of sustainability as a part of the concepts sustainable
development (Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (UNESCO,
2022)

1.6.2 Rural

Rural area is a geographic area that is located outside cities and towns. Typical rural areas have a
low population density and small settlements (Matsumoto et al., 2010). Agricultural areas are
commonly rural, though so are others such as forests. Different countries have varying
definitions of "rural" for statistical and administrative purposes.

1.6.3 Water supply

Water supply is the provision of water by public utilities, commercial organizations, community
endeavors or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps and pipes. Irrigation is covered
separately, (Water science school, 2022)
1.6.4 Project

Project is a planned piece of work that has a specific purpose such as to find information or to
make something new and that usually requires a lot of time and money that requires careful work
over a long period of time (Kerzner, 2013).

1. 7 Scope and Organization of the Study

The study would focus on the factor affected sustainable of water projects supply in Arumeru
Districts, and the research would help to understood those factors affected water supply in the
area.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 INTRODUCTION
According to Yin (2013) review of literature refers to the process of identifying, reading,
evaluating, summarizing, and incorporating in your study documents having materials which are
related to the problem under investigation. This included introduction part theoretical review,
conceptual framework, analytical review, empirical review, as well as research gap.
2.1 Sustainability Concept.
The concept of “sustainable development” exploded in the literature after the World Commission
on Environment and development landmark report, ‘Our Common Future’ was published in
1987 (Black, 1985). ‘Sustainability’ was soon adopted by those providing water and sanitation
services to mean service and “management should be cost effective, taking into account
constraints on the resource itself, and on the availability of financial resources (Black, 1985).
Sustainability means to support and maintain a condition so that it continues without
interruption, diminution, giving way, fading, or yielding (Conard, 2013).
2.1.1Theoritical review.
In this study, the Sustainability theory that was explained by (Jekinns, 2008) which expressed
through the two models namely, economic model and political model.
As above, economic model, explains that sustainability was enhanced when the established
project or program exhibit continued inflows from within the project or program itself and
Political Model explains that sustainability was realized when community members who were
the primary beneficiaries of the development projects/program get transformed in their minds
such that, they gain a sense of ownership over the project/program.

2.3 Empirical Review

2.3.0 Community water supply management skills.

2.3.1 Capacity building.
On the article written by Barbara and Alesksandra in 2019 on “The role of higher education in
developing awareness about water management in Rijeka” recommended that “we must all be
aware that the sustainable development is the only possible way to live and work in accordance
with the environment therefore it is very important to educate the public about it. Water
resources management is just one part of the sustainable development. The Faculty of Civil
Engineering of the University of Rijeka has found different ways to contribute to the
development of the awareness about water issues, the importance of public participation in the
water management in the local community and wider by educating the local population about
this topics. Workshop was used as the methods to teach students about water sewage system and
also water sources in their area.
In similar to that, capacity building should be imposed to both, community members and
officers. From the study of Wellington in 2017 in South Africa shown that; Most of the officials
in the local government are simple college and university graduates with diplomas and first
degrees in Social Sciences and Natural Sciences with little or no background in planning. The
local municipality relies on outside development planners, experts, or consultants who have little
experience in development planning. In project design, the local government relies on
consultants. The Jeppes‟ Reef community needs a planner who is going to be a spokesperson for
the community in developmental projects. With the absence of qualified planners to work with
the community there is no one to assist the community to properly articulate their needs from the
problem identification to project implementation. All these Data proves that water management
skills is very low in many communities, in East Europe and Sub Saharan Countries as well.
2.4 Inclusion of Community on the Management of Water Supply Project
The study by Sakala (2016) was taken to establish factors, which influence sustainability of
boreholes managed by communities in Chadiza district. The study used both primary and
secondary data. Primary data was collected using the interview schedule, focus group discussions
and an oral interview. Secondary data was sourced from processed data from the Local
Authority, the internet, books, reports, articles and journals related to community participation in
the implementation of water projects. The study showed that, community participation at initial
stage of construction instills the spirit of self-reliance in the community members throughout the
project cycle. The communities perceived community contribution as a positive way to
sustainability of boreholes as it symbolized ownership and hence the authority to make decisions
related to water. The communities which had trained water committees did not have problems
with contributions and hence maintenance of the boreholes, as compared to those whose water
committees were not trained.

Samuel (2016) assessed evaluation of factors influencing sustainability of water projects in

Gahondo, Rwanda. The study employed descriptive survey design. Primary data for the study
was collected using structured questionnaires that were administered to the respondents by the
researcher. The findings of the study indicated that community participation, project financing,
project management practices and community training do influence sustainability of community
water projects. It was also found out that the accountability and transparency among the
committee members who manage the water resources is also a key factor, which influences
sustainability. If there is a perceived lack of transparency and accountability, community
members tend to withdraw their support for the water projects. The study recommends that
community participation in the whole project cycle should be enhanced, there should be high
level of transparency and accountability in the management of water projects, donors should
have adequate budgets for any water projects designed for implementation and organizations
should strongly support monitoring and evaluation of their water projects beside ensuring that
community responsible for management and operation of water projects are well trained in
operation and maintenance.

2.5 Community awareness on management and protection of water sources.

According to Najat(2017) on his study of Water Sustainability needs and Sustainable community
in Bahrain it was required from the Arab region countries to adapt an integrated approach in
water management through effective legislative framework and the empowerment of institutional
directives to nurture public participation on implementing water management strategy. The key
to sustainable, self-reliant development is education – education that reaches out to all members
of society through new modalities and new technologies in order to provide genuine lifelong
learning opportunities for all… We must be ready, in all countries, to reshape education so as to
promote attitudes and behavior conducive to a culture of sustainability. This could believe will
help to protect the water resources from the human invasion and boost the awareness of the
community in environmental conservation.

The Tanzania development vision 2025 aims at achieving a high-quality livelihood for its people
attain good governance through the rule of law and develop a strong and competitive economy.
Specific targets include: a high-quality livelihood characterized by sustainable and shared growth
(equity), and freedom from abject poverty in a democratic environment. Specifically, the vision
aims at: Food self-sufficiency and security, Universal access to primary health care, 75%
reduction in infant and maternal mortality rates, Universal access to safe water, increased life
expectancy, absence of abject poverty and a well-educated and learned society,(URT,2022). This
vison has been implemented by developing several projects and ensuring that every villages has
Water management committee that is responsible in mobilizing and provision of education
concerning water management.

2.6 The Role of Other Stakeholders in Water Management Projects

Mrangu (2018) assessed factors affecting sustainability of community-based projects in rural
areas with reference to Bagamoyo district, Tanzania. The study revealed that, most of the CBPs
in Bagamoyo does not meet expected impacts and goals since they are conducted with
ineffective community participation, poor monitoring and evaluation and funded solicited were
mostly not released on time or mismanaged. Researcher recommends that, government and other
stakeholders should enforce proper mechanisms that would encourage mutual benefits to the
local communities in CBPs; and CBPs should be designed with self-financing mechanisms in
order to ensure their survival even after phasing out of donors’ funds.
Another study was conducted by Kilonzo and George (2017) conducted the study on the
sustainability of community-based water projects in Dodoma, the study shows that institutions
and empowerment had significant correlation with sustainability status of the CBWP. The study
also showed that global and national actors have high influence/power in effected the CBWP
critical activities. The local actors were perceived to be powerless; however, the study indicates
importance of recognized them because their position as powerless actors may limit their
participation in the CBWP and thus jeopardized the chances of yield sustainable CBWP Mrangu
(2018) assessed factors affecting sustainability of community.

Kayaga (2019) conducted a study on the role of monitoring and evaluation in improving
sustainability in water projects Bagamoyo district, Pwani Region. Both quantitative data
obtained through prepared questionnaires and qualitative data from interviews done with
villagers, district officials and village government members were used together with
documentary evidences. Foundof the study showed that the most applied monitoring and
evaluation practices in water projects was field visit and meeting. It well known that regular
monitoring and evaluation can help track any intervening changes in many CBPs, even though
the research above had revealed that there was little consideration of monitoring and evaluation
of water projects in the district, therefore this study engages more found on monitoring and
evaluation related factors which in one way or another affect the sustainability of community
based projects, it also recommends more action points to which all CBPs stakeholders consider
for more improvements.

2.4 Research Gap

From literature review, from several studies on this topic have been done. The establishment of
water supply projects was one among the governments ‘effort in solved problem of water
shortage among community members. However, the destructed of water supply infrastructures
has noted to be very high, which poses a serious challenge of sustainability of those projects in
different areas, As it was shown that, not only sense of ownership to community was down but
also their different issues that needs answers to find out the core factors affected the
sustainability of water supply in Tanzania and worldwide at large.
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH MENTHODOLOGY

3.0 Chapter Overview

This chapter describes various methodology that would be used in the study. It includes,
Study design, description of the area of the study, study population, sample size and sampling
procedure, types and source of data, sources of data, methods for data collection, and methods
of data analysis.

3.1 Research design

This study would apply descriptive research design. A descriptive research design was one in
which the researchers gathers information on the current state of the phenomena. It describes
the existed conditions and attitudes without altered the original state of something.
Descriptive research design would be therefore significant in this study as it informed the
researchers about the exact position of the phenomena that it has been studied without altered
its state. This research uses descriptive survey research so as to gather views on the factors
affected the sustainability of water supply project at Meru District.

3.2 The area of the study

Meru district of the Arusha Region in northern Tanzania. According to the projection of
National census of August 2012. Meru District had a population of 268144 and is
characterized of weather condition for food production. Meru District had various social
economic groups, which practice their activities according to their nature of interests. The
three main groups were youths, women and elder groups. Most of the residents depend on
small business and banana cultivation as their main economic activities.

3.2.1. Social Economical and Cultural

Meru District had various social economic groups, which practice their activities according to
their nature of interests. The three main groups were youths, women and elder groups. Most
of the residents depend on small business and banana cultivation as their main economic
activities.
3.3The study population

This study was conducted in Meru district, the research study should use ward executive
officer, community members at Meru District ward, and local leaders and municipal planning
officer that be chosen by a researcher to be a sample.

3.4. Sampling and Sample size

Sampling is where units are selected from a population of interest with the intention of
ensuring fair representation of the population in order that the final results would present a
generalized but representative image of the population under study (Mitchell & Jolley, 2013).
Only the selected sample of members will be served with questionnaires. The study would
employ both probability and non-probability sampling techniques in selecting a sample size
of 100 respondents where, by 80 will be administered questionnaires, 20 will be interviewed.

3.4.1 Sample size

Determining sample size

The sample of this research is calculated by using Taro Yamane (Yamane, 1973) formula with
95% confidence level. According to national statistical 2012.) Meru District has total population
of 268144. So in order to get sample size the following formula was useful.

The calculation formula of Taro Yamane is presented as follows.

n= N/ (1+N (e) 2)

Where: n =signifies the sample size.

N = number of people in the population 268144

e = allowable error (%) 0.05

Substitute from formula

n=268144/1+268144(0.05) (0.05)

n=268144/1+268144(0.025)

n=268144/1+670.36

n=268144/670.36

n=399.40
Sample size was 399 but sample size was very big so we can't conduct a large sample of people
because of lack of enough time to reach number of people, also lack of finance on the issue of
transportation, and other case so we just divided that sample in 25% in order to get a sample
which would help us to conduct research.

25/100*399.40

0.25*399.40

n=99.85.therefore a sample size 100 was used

The research study was conducted at Meru district, the study used sample size of 100
respondents from population study unity, and one was District Community Development
officer, District rural water supply officers and local leaders and community.

Table 1 Distribution of Respondents

Categories of Respondents Respondents

Community members 80
District Community Development Officer 5
Rural water supply officer 5
Ward executive Officers 5
Village Executive Officers 5
Total 100

3.5Sources of Data.
3.5.1 Primary Data
Primary data are those data collected by the researchers through first-hand information. This will
be collected fresh from respondents; hence it will help the researchers to get real information
about the problem through interview, focus group discussion and observation.
3.5.2 Secondary Data

Are those data which are obtained from literature review of different source of books, journal,
and internet in order to know what other researchers s said about the factors affecting
sustainability of water supply at Meru District?

3.6 Data Collection Methods

The study would use both primary and secondary data. Primary data would be collected using
questionnaires while secondary data would be collected by reading through published reports and
journals.

3.6.1 Questionnaire

A questionnaire is capable of collecting large amounts of information in a short period of time

(Kothari, 2005). The questionnaire would be characterized with a series of questions meant to
assist in gathered information from the respondents. The questionnaire would consist of both
open ended and close ended questions which would allow the researchers to gather sufficient,
informative and in-depth information about the phenomenon under study. The theme of the
questionnaire was to gather responses on the questions related to the objectives of this study. The
questionnaire would be self-administered and through structured interviews and total number of
80 community members would be in this method of data collection.

3.6.2 Document Review

The researchers would use this method to collect data from various documents such as books,
journal and magazine because all documents would enable the researchers to get the information
concerning the study.

3.6.3 Interview Method

An interview is a structured conversation where one participant asks questions, and the other
provides answers (Merriam, 2019). One type of Interview is in-depth interview is an open ended,
discovery -oriented method to obtain detailed information about a topic from a stakeholder. In
depth interview was qualitative research method as it explore in depth a respondent’s point of
view, experiences, feelings and perspectives and during the study researcher would use this
methods to found out some information about the study especially from local leaders and
government officers (community development officers, water supply officers, ward executive
officers and village executive officers). Also this would help a research to ask questions
accordingly to reaction from the respondents.

3.6.4 Observation
Observation is the active acquisition of information from a primary source. In living beings,
observation employs the senses, in science; observation can also involve the recording of data
via the use of Instrument. This was where the information was gathered by way of investigation
through direct observation, without asked from the respondents. During the study research would
have direct information from the field.

3.7 Data Analysis Techniques

After completing the process of data collection, the researchers first would do a thorough check
of the information from the field in order to ensure completeness of data collected. The data
would be then being coded and entered using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences.
Descriptive statistical analysis would be computed and presented as tables for all the variables to
ensure quality of data. Qualitative data would be analyzed using descriptive statistics included
frequencies and percentages.

3.8 Ethical Consideration of the Study

This research initiative would ensure highest consideration of research ethics by first ensuring
that the research undertake was authorized by the necessary research authorities. The research
respondents would be allowed to voluntarily participate in the research initiative and would be
assured of confidentiality in the information they provide and none of the respondent well-being
would by any chance be compromised.