GE-HI-41

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UGC (Open and Distance Learning Programmes and Online Programmes) Regulations,
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xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ Sv˛.V ¢%û˛ ¢AÜ˛Ó˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚

v˛z˛ôyâ˛yÎ≈
ˆòì˛y!ã ¢%¶˛y°Ï õ%_´ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚
Under Graduate Degree Programme
Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)
Generic Elective (History)
Course Code : GE-HI-41
Making of Contemporary India
≤ÃÌõ õ%oí ≠ xyÜfi›˛ñ 2022

First Print : August, 2022
ø¬ıù´ø¬ı…±˘˚˛ ˜?≈ø¬ı˛ fl¬ø˜˙ÀÚ¬ı˛ ”¬ı˛ø˙é¬± ¬ı≈…À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøÒ ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ ˜≈ø^Ó¬º

Printed in accordance with the regulations of the Distance Education
Bureau of the University Grants Commission.
ˆòì˛y!ã ¢%¶˛y°Ï õ%_´ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚
Under Graduate Degree Programme
Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)
!òÓ≈yâ˛ò!¶˛!_Ñ˛ õ)úƒõyò ÓƒÓfl˛iy
Generic Elective (History)
≠ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ¢!õ!ì˛ ≠
¢î¢ƒÓ,®
â˛®ò Ó¢% Óúy£zâ˛w Óyv˛Y£z
Professor of History Professor (Former) of History
NSOU and Chairperson, BoS University of Kalyani
xõú îy¢ Ó˚*˛ô Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ Óõ≈í
Professor (Former) of History Professor of History
University of Kalyani Jadavpur University
õˆÏòyüyhs˘˛ !ÓŸªy¢ !ÓŸª!ãÍ Ó·˛â˛yÓ˚#
Professor of History Associate Professor of History
Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University Shyamsundar College
}ì%˛ õyÌ%Ó˚ S!õeV
Associate Professor of History
School of Social Sciences, NSOU
≠ Ó˚â˛òy ≠ ≠ ¢¡ôyîòy ≠
xˆÏüyÑ˛ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ â˛e´Ó_≈# Ó˚*˛ô Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ Óõ≈í
Registrar (Former), Professor of History
Institute of Historical Studies, Kolkata Jadavpur University
≠ !Óòƒy¢ ¢¡ôyîòy ≠
â˛®ò Ó¢%
Professor of History
Netaji Subhas Open University
√õ∂:±¬ÛÚ
~•z ˛õyë˛ÈÙÈ§ÇÜ˛°ˆÏöÓ˚ §ü%òÎ˚ fl∫c ˆöï˛y!ç §%û˛y£Ï ü%=˛ !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛– !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ Ü˛ï,≈˛˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚
!°!áï˛ xö%ü!ï˛ åÈyí˛¸y ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÁ xÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ%öü%≈oî Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏöyû˛yˆÏÓ í˛zÂô,!ï˛ §¡õ)î≈ !ö!£ÏÂô–
!Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚ ˆ¢ò=Æ
øÚ¬ıKÒfl¬
ˆòì˛y!ã ¢%¶˛y°Ï Generic Elective
õ%_´ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ (History)

˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ 1 ≠ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Îyey ~ÓÇ òì%˛ò Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ v˛zîÎ˚

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 1  1935 !Ö‹TyˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zò ~ÓÇ ~£z xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y 7–14
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 2  fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Á ÜíÈÙÈxyˆÏ®yúò 15–23
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 3  ˆîü¶˛yÜ ≠ îyDy Á ˛ô%òÓ≈y¢ò 24–33
˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ 2 ≠ ≤Ããyì˛s˛f ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y ≠ Üí˛ô!Ó˚°îÏ

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 4  ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!Óïyò ≠ ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛y Ü‡˛òñ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xÇü Á ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ 34–42
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 5  ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç£!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ !_´ 43–48
˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ 3 ≠ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈e´õ S1950ÈÙÈ1970 ~Ó˚ îüÑ˛V

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 6  ¶˛y°Ïy ¢õ¢ƒy Á ¶˛y°ÏyÜì˛ ≤ÃˆîÏ ü Ü‡˛ò 49–54
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 7  Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò 55–64
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 8  xMÈ˛ú ~ÓÇ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ ¢_¥yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò 65–73
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 9  ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛f ãy!ì˛ 74–80
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 10  ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛f ïõ≈˛≠ fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ ~ÓÇ

!£®%ÈÙÈõ¢% úõyò ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ 81–88
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 11  !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ îú ÓƒÓfl˛iy 89–96
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 12  ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ ≠ ãÓ˚&Ó˚# xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°Ïíy ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ 97–105
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 13  ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ~ÓÇ !ÓŸª 106–115

˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ 4 ≠ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ñ ¢õyã Á ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛ S1950ÈÙÈ1970 ~Ó˚ îüÑ˛V
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 14  fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy 116–124
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 15  Ñ,˛!°ÏÈÙÈ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ~ÓÇ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ 125–133
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 16  v˛zßÎ¨ ˆ˚ òÏ Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ≠ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ 134–141
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 17  !ü“yÎ˚ò ~ÓÇ ◊!õÑ˛ ≠ ˛ô%!§ ãñ ◊!õÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò Á ˆ›˛Δv˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò 142–151
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 18  !ÓK˛yòñ !ü«˛y Á ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ !â˛hs˘˛yïyÓ˚y 152–161
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 19  òyÓ˚# xyˆÏ®yúò Á ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ xy£zò 162–168
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 20  ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü Á Óyhfl˛% ¢Çfl˛iyò ¢¡∫ı˛#Î˚ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˘˛Ñ˛ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî 169–175
NSOU  GE-HI-41 7
˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ 1 ≠ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Îyey ~ÓÇ òì%˛ò Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ v˛zîÎ˚

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 1  1935 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zò ~ÓÇ ~£z xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚
Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y
Ü‡˛ò
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Ï üƒ
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1.2 1935 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zò ≠ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ
1.3 1935 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zò Á ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛
1.4 ≤ÃˆîÏ ü=!úˆÏì˛ õs˛f#¢¶˛y Ü‡˛ò S1937 !Öfi›˛y∑V
1.5 Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã!¢ ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ õs˛f#¢¶˛y=!úÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úy˛ô
1.6 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚ ≠ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã!¢ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚=!úÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò
1.7 !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿yÓú#
1.8 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
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Ï xy˛ô!ò ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÓÏ òÈÙÙÙÈ
 1935 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zˆò Ï !Ó!›˛ü ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Á Ó˚yãòƒüy!¢ì˛ Ó˚yãƒ=!úˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚
~Ñ˛!›˛ Î%_´Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy £Î˚–
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üy¢ò xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ –
 1937 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ≤ÃˆîÏ ü=!úˆÏì˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ îˆÏúÓ˚ ãÎ˚úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ õs˛f#¢¶˛y
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 ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ üy!¢ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚=!úÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò ã!›˛ú ¢õ¢ƒy !äÈú e´õÓk≈˛õyò ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛
¢Çáyì˛–
8 NSOU  GE-HI-41
 òyòy ¢#õyÓk˛ì˛y ¢ˆÏ_Á ¥ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ õs˛f#¢¶˛y=!ú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ 27 õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢Ç!«˛Æ üy¢òÑ˛yˆÏú ãòÜíˆÏÑ˛
ˆõy›˛yõ%!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ Á ãò!£ì˛Ñ˛Ó˚ ≤Ãüy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ xyfl˛∫yî !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
1.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
1919 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ õˆÏr›˛=ÈÙÈˆâ˛õ¢ˆÏö˛yv≈˛ ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚ xòƒì˛õ üì≈˛ !äÈú ˆÎ îü ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ~£z xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚
Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãòˆÏÓyˆÏï ~Ó˚ ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y– ~Ó˚£z ö˛ú◊&!ì˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛
x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ãòƒ 1927 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¢y£zõò Ñ˛!õüò Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚ñ 1930 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ã%ò
õyˆÏ¢ ¢y£zõò Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓîò ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚– ¢y£zõò Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓîò !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ãòƒ
!Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ úu˛ˆÏò 1930ÈÙÈ32 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !ì˛ò!›˛ ˆÜyúˆÏ›˛!Óú ˜Ó‡˛Ñ˛
xy˝ì˛ £Î˚– ~£z ˜Ó‡˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˙Ñ˛ƒõì˛ƒ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚!ò– 1932
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !Ó!›˛ü ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# Ó˚ƒyõˆÏ¢ õƒyÑ˛ˆÏv˛yòy”˛ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ Ó§yˆÏ›˛yÎ˚yÓ˚y ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ~Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ 1933
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õyâ≈˛ õyˆÏ¢ !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆŸªì˛˛ôe (White Paper) ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ÎyÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛
òì%˛ò ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚# Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ç¢ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚ ¢¶˛yÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÎÔÌ Ñ˛!õ!›˛ Ü‡˛ò
Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ~£z Ñ˛!õ!›˛ˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏúÁ xy¢ˆÏú ~£z xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚
Ö¢v˛¸y !òˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ç¢ˆÏî ˆÎ v˛z_Æ !Óì˛ˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈúñ ì˛yÓ˚£z ö˛ú◊&!ì˛ 1935 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛
üy¢ò xy£zò–
1.2 1935 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zò ≠ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ

1935 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zˆÏò !Ó!›˛ü ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Á Ó˚yãòƒüy!¢ì˛ Ó˚yãƒ=!úˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
Î%_´Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy £Î˚– ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ˜mì˛ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãâ˛úò á›˛ú– ≤Ã!ì˛Ó˚«˛yñ ˛ôÓ˚Ó˚y‹T…
£zì˛ƒy!î ¢¡ô)í≈¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ¶˛y£z¢Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ì˛_¥yÓïyˆÏò ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ Óúy £ú– !mÑ˛«˛ !Ó!ü‹T ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ xy£zò¢¶˛yÎ˚ ˆõy›˛
¢î¢ƒˆÏîÓ˚ 30 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 40 üì˛yÇü £ˆÏÓò ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãòƒÓÜ≈ Ñ˛ì,≈˛Ñ˛ õˆÏòyò#ì˛– õ%¢úõyò ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õyò%°Ï
Á xòƒyòƒ !ÓˆÏü°Ï !òÓ≈yâ˛Ñ˛õ[˛ú#Ó˚ ãòƒÁ xy¢ò ¢ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ú– ì_¥Üì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃˆÏîü=!úÓ˚
¢õhfl˛Ï !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜ£z ˜mì˛ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛ ~ú îy!Î˚cü#ú ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ≤ÃˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy î§yv˛¸yˆÏúy
11!›˛– ~=!ú £ú õyoyãñ ˆÓyˆÏ¡∫ñ ÓyÇúyñ Î%_´≤ÃˆÏîüñ ˛ôyOyÓñ !Ó£yÓ˚ñ õïƒ≤ÃˆÏîüñ xy¢yõñ v˛z_Ó˚ ˛ô!ÿ˛õ
¢#õyhs˘˛ ≤ÃˆÏîüñ Á!v˛¸üy Á !¢ı%˛– ≤ÃˆÏîü=!úˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yÜˆÏã Ñ˛úˆÏõ fl˛∫yÎ˚_¥üy¢ò ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏúÁ Ü¶˛ò≈ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
£yˆÏì˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï îy!Î˚c (Special responsibility) !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õÎ˚ õs˛f#¢¶˛y Óy!ì˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ü¶˛ò≈Ó˚
!òˆÏãÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ «˛õì˛y !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏì˛ò– ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú õs˛f#¢¶˛y Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ~ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ
!Óì˛Ñ≈˛ ÓyˆÏï ~ÓÇ õs˛f#¢¶˛y Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆî!Ó˚ £Î˚– õyoyãñ ˆÓy¡∫y£zñ ÓyÇúyñ ¢ÇÎ%_´≤ÃˆÏîüñ !Ó£yÓ˚ Á xy¢yˆÏõ
NSOU  GE-HI-41 9
xy£zò¢¶˛y=!úˆÏì˛ î%£z Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ ~ÓÇ xÓ!ü‹T ≤ÃˆÏîü=!úˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛«˛ Ó˚yÖy £Î˚–
1932 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ÓyˆÏ›˛yÎ˚yÓ˚y (Communal Award) Á ˛ô%òy â%˛!_´ (Poona Pact)
xò%ÎyÎ˚# !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆÜy¤˛#ñ ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïˆÏcÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ fl˛∫yÎ˚cüy¢ò ¢ˆÏ_¥Á
ˆÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ ÎˆÏÌ‹T «˛õì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÜú– R. J. Moore ì§˛yÓ˚ The Crisis of Indian Unity @˘ÃˆÏs˛i
v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ !Ó!›˛ü ≤Ã¶˛yÓ x«%˛] Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ì˛y!ÜˆÏî£z ~£z xy£zò!›˛ ≤Ãí#ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ãÁ£Ó˚úyú
ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&ñ õ£¡øî xyú# !ãßÿ£ñ õîòˆÏõy£ò õyúÓƒ ≤Ãõ%Ö 1935 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zˆÏòÓ˚
¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ õ%ÖÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
1.3 1935 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zò Á ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛

1936 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ x!ïˆÏÓüˆÏò ¢¶˛y˛ô!ì˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ì§˛yÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏˆíÏ ~£z xy£zòˆÏÑ˛ ì˛#Ó¶˛yˆÏÓ
¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúòÈÙÙÙÈ1935ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚ xyˆÏ˛ôy°Ï£#ò !ÓˆÏÓy˚ !ïì˛y£z xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ– ì˛ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚*˛ô v˛z!_´
Óy õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ¢ˆÏ_Á ¥ !ì˛!ò ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ xy£zò¢¶˛y=!úÓ˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ xÇü ˆòÁÎ˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛ ÓˆÏú£z õì˛
≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ~Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í !£¢yˆÏÓ !ì˛!ò ~Ó˚ Îy ÓƒyÖƒy ˆîò ì˛y £ú ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ xy£zò¢¶˛y=!úˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢
¢î¢ƒÓ˚y ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÓÏ ~ÓÇ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛
¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ ¢¶˛yÓ˚ (Constituent Assembly) Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!Ó ãyòyˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÓÏ ò– õ%¢!úõ !úÜ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò
xÇü ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ !¢k˛yhs˘˛ ˆòÎ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢%!Óïy !äÈú– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ~ÓÇ !úˆÏÜÓ˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò#
£zhfl˛Ïy£yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛£z ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ !äÈúñ ì˛ˆÏÓ !úÜ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# ÓƒÓfl˛iy Á ˆ¢£z ¢ˆÏD v˛zî≈) ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚
¢ÇÓ˚«˛í îy!Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú–
1.4 ≤ÃˆîÏ ü=!úˆÏì˛ õs˛f#¢¶˛y Ü‡˛ò S1937 !Öfi›˛y∑V

1936 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆü°Ï !îˆÏÑ˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& £Î˚– !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# ö˛ú ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ
≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ ¢yö˛úƒ !äÈú ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y– ~ÜyÓ˚!›˛ ≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ˛ô§yâ˛!›˛ñ
≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏü Sõyoyãñ !Ó£yÓ˚ñ Î%_´≤ÃˆîÏ üñ v˛z!v˛¸°ƒÏ y Á õïƒ≤ÃˆîÏ üV !òÓ˚B˛% ü ¢ÇÖƒyÜ!Ó˚¤˛ì˛y xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ˆÓy¡∫y£zˆìÏ ˛
175!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 86!›˛ xy¢ò úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ Ó,£_õ îˆÏú ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚– xy¢yˆÏõ 108!›˛ xy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
33!›˛ ~ÓÇ v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ¢#õyhs˘˛ ≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏü 50!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 19!›˛ xy¢ò ˛ôyÎ˚– ˆõy›˛ 1585!›˛ ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛
xy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 1161!›˛ xy¢ˆÏò úv˛¸y£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ 716!›˛ xy¢ò úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ xõˆÏúü !e˛ôy‡˛# õhs˘˛Óƒ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ˆÎ xy£zò xõyòƒ xyˆÏ®yúò Ó˝ fl˛iyˆÏò ì,˛íõ)úhfl˛ÏÓ˚ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú ÓˆÏú Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ Ó,£_õ ¢Ó≈¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
îˆÏú ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ~ÓÇ ˆ¶˛y›˛îyì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyfl˛iy xã≈ˆòÏ ¢õÌ≈ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– £!Ó˚ãò xyˆÏ®yúò Óy @˘Ãyõ#í
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10 NSOU  GE-HI-41
x˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ õ%¢!úõ !úÜ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ !ò!î≈‹T xy¢ò=!úˆÏì˛ ≤Ãì˛ƒyüy xò%ÎyÎ˚# ¢yö˛úƒ xã≈ò
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îú 82!›˛ Á Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ≤Ããy ˛ôy!›≈˛ 35!›˛ xy¢ò úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ õ%¢!úõ !úÜ ˛ôyÎ˚ 39!›˛ xy¢ò– ˛ôyOyˆÏÓ
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Ï ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛– 5£z
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Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ õs˛f#¢¶˛y Ñ˛yÎ≈¶˛yÓ˚ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
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ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆÏFäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏì˛ò– ˛ôyOyˆÏÓ £zv˛z!òÎ˚!ò‹T õs˛f#¢¶˛y !äÈú ã!õîyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈ò˛ô%‹T ~ÓÇ !Ó!›˛ü
¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî# ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛yhs˘˛ xò%Üì˛– ≤Ããyfl˛∫c Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ÓˆÏ¡∫Ó˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ õs˛f#¢¶˛y Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=!ú xy£zò
˛ôyü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ~£z xy£zò=!ú Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ÎˆÏÌ‹T !äÈú òy– õyoyˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ õs˛f#¢¶˛y
Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô ˆòÎ˚!ò– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ õs˛f#¢¶˛y=!úÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ !äÈú @˘Ãyõ#í v˛zˆÏ_ãòy £…y¢
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ◊!í ¢ÇáˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ ˛ôÌ ~!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ â˛úy– ã!õîy!Ó˚ ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ xÓ¢yò ì˛yÓ˚y â˛yÎ˚!ò– Ñ,˛!°Ï}í ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚
¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ !Ó£yÓ˚ñ ˆÓy¡∫y£zñ õïƒ≤ÃˆÏîüñ õyoyãñ v˛z!v˛¸°Ïƒyñ ¢#õyhs˘˛ ≤ÃˆÏîˆÏü õ£yã!ò xy£zò
¢ÇˆÏüyïò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zk≈˛ì˛õ £yÓ˚ !fl˛iÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ õyoyãñ !Ó£yÓ˚ Á
v˛z!v˛¸°ÏƒyÎ˚ }ˆÏíÓ˚ îyˆÏÎ˚ îy¢c ≤ÃÌy v˛zˆÏFäÈˆÏî ÓƒÓfl˛iy ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚!ò– Ñ,˛!°Ïfl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚=!úÓ˚
¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛ !äÈú Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ îy!ÓÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛yhs˘˛£z £ì˛yüyÓƒOÑ˛–
≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚=!úÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò ã!›˛ú ¢õ¢ƒy !äÈú e´õÓk≈˛õyò ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ¢Çáyì˛– ˛ô,ÌÑ˛
!òÓ≈yâ˛Ñ˛õ[˛ú#ñ ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ fl˛∫yÎ˚cüy¢òñ v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ¢#õyhs˘˛ ≤ÃˆîÏ ü Á !¢ı%˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô)í≈ ≤ÃˆîÏ ü !£¢yˆÏÓ ˆáy°Ïíy
Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ÓyÇúy Á ˛ôyOyˆÏÓ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ xy!ï˛ôì˛ƒ £zì˛ƒy!î !úˆÏÜÓ˚ îy!Ó=!ú !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Á
Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ£˚ z ˆõˆÏò !òˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ~¢ˆÏ_Á
¥ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò !úˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆüyâ˛ò#Î˚ ö˛úñ Î%_´≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏü !úˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆõyâ≈˛y
Ü‡˛ˆÏò Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã!¢ xò#£yñ !úÜ Á Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ xÓò!ì˛ á›˛yÎ˚– õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛õye
≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïfl˛iyò#Î˚ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò !£¢yˆÏÓ !úˆÏÜÓ˚ xˆÏÎÔ!_´Ñ˛ îy!Ó Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ˆõˆÏò ˆòÁÎ˚y ¢Ω˛Ó !äÈú òy–
Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ üy!¢ì˛ ≤ÃˆîÏ ü=!úˆÏì˛ 1937ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1939ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡ˆ∫ ÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ õˆÏïƒ xò%!¤˛ì˛ 57!›˛
îyDy ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü Ñ˛ú%!°Ïì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛!äÈú–
1.6 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚ ≠ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã!¢ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚=!úÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò

1935 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zˆòÏ Ü¶˛ò≈Óˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï «˛õì˛yñ ¢#!õì˛ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ ¢yõÌ≈ñ
üe&¶˛yÓy˛ôß¨ xyõúyì˛s˛f ~ÓÇ ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#úì˛y ≤ÃÑ˛, ì˛ fl˛∫ÈÙÈüy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ !äÈú ≤Ã!ì˛Óı˛Ñ˛–
Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã!¢ õs˛f#¢¶˛y=!ú ◊!õÑ˛ñ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ Óyõ˛ôs˛i# Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã!¢ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!äÈß¨ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú– ¶)˛fl˛∫yõ# Óy
Ó!íÑ˛ÈÙÈ!ü“˛ô!ì˛Ó˚y Ö%!ü £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ!˚ ò–
¢#õyÓk˛ì˛y ¢ˆÏ_Á ¥ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ õs˛f#¢¶˛y=!ú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ 27 õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢Ç!«˛Æ üy¢òÑ˛yˆÏú ãòÜíˆÏÑ˛ ˆõy›˛yõ%!›˛
˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ Á ãò!£ì˛Ñ˛Ó˚ ≤Ãüy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ xyfl˛∫yî !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí Á ¢õ¢ƒy ~ì˛ ã!›˛ú !äÈú ˆÎ
Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã!¢ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Óy xÌ≈ÓƒÎ˚ xyüyò%Ó*˚ ˛ô £Î˚!ò– ¢ì˛ì˛yÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ !äÈú òy– ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî# ˆúÖÑ˛Á
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚=!úÓ˚ !ò¤˛yñ ¢!îFäÈy Á î«˛ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃüÇ¢y Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò– ~Ñ˛Ìy !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã!¢ õs˛f#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú !òÉfl˛∫yÌ≈
ˆîüˆÏ≤Ã!õÑ˛ !äÈˆú Ï ò òy– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ v˛z˛ôîú#Î˚ ˆÑ˛y®ú Á îúyî!ú !äÈú– õïƒ≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏü õyÓ˚y!‡˛¶˛y°Ï# Á
!£!®¶˛y°Ï# õs˛f#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï !äÈú– ~£z¢Ó õs˛f#¢¶˛yÓ˚ xˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ x¶˛yÓ !äÈúñ !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ¢ì˛ì˛yÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ !äÈú
òy– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ Ü‡˛òõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛yãÑ˛õ≈ Óv˛¸úyˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ≤ÃüÇ¢y xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚=!ú ˆõy›˛yõ%!›˛ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ˛ôk˛!ì˛
xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏú!äÈú–

1– 1935 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛ Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
2– 1935 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
3– 1937 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ≤ÃˆîÏ ü=!úˆÏì˛ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ õs˛f#¢¶˛y Ü!‡˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú⁄
4– ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã!¢ õs˛f#¢¶˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úy˛ô Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
5– ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã!¢ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚=!úÓ˚ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
1.8 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
1– Sumit Sarkar—Modern India, 1885-1947, New Delhi, 1983.
1– Sekhar Bandopadhyay—From Plassey to Partition : A History of Modern
India, New Delhi, 2004.
3– xõˆÏúü !e˛ôy‡˛#ÈÙÙÙÈfl˛∫yï#òì˛y ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ñ 1885ÈÙÈ1947ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ
1397–
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 2  fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Á ÜíÈÙÈxyˆÏ®yúò

Ü‡˛ò
2.0 v˛zˆjÏ üƒ
2.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
2.2 ÁÎ˚yˆÏ¶˛ú ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy
2.3 Ñ˛ƒy!ÓˆÏò›˛ !õüò S1946V
2.3.1 õs˛f# !õüˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy
2.3.2 xhs˘˛Ó≈ì˛#≈Ñ˛yú#ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò ≠ «˛õì˛y £hfl˛Ïyhs˘˛Ó˚
2.4 ÜíÈÙÈxyˆÏ®yúò
2.4.1 xyãyî !£® ˆö˛ÔˆÏãÓ˚ Ó!® !Óâ˛yÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÜíÈÙÈxyˆÏ®yúò
2.4.2 ˆòÔÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏoy£
2.5 Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏoy£ Á ÜíÈÙÈx¶%˛ƒayò
2.5.1 ˆì˛¶˛yÜy xyˆÏ®yúò S1946ÈÙÈ47V
2.5.2 ˆì˛ˆÏúDyòy Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò
2.6 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
2.8 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
2.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
~£z ~Ñ˛Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôv˛¸ˆú Ï xy˛ô!ò ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÓÏ òÈÙÙÙÈ
 ¶˛yÓ˚ˆì Ï ˛Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yúy¶˛ Ö%Ó ¢£ã ˛ôˆÏÌ £Î˚!ò– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ üy!hs˘˛˛ô)í≈ «˛õì˛y £hfl˛Ïyhs˘˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ Óv˛¸
Óyïy !äÈú !£®%ÈÙÈõ¢% úõyò x˜ÏòÑ˛ƒ–
 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 18 ã%úy£z ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xy£zò xò%ÎyÎ˚# ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !Ó¶˛_´ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Á
˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò î%£!z ›˛ fl˛∫yï#ò Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ ¢,!‹T £Î˚–
 fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyE˛yˆÏú Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ Ó,£Í xyÑ˛yˆÏÓÓ ˚ ˚ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ÜíxyˆÏ®yúò ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
 !mì˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆk Ï ˛Ó˚ ˆü°Ï ÓäÈÓ= ˚ !úˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ xÓƒÓ!£ì˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ !ÓŸª Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ Á
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ £Î˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ú◊&!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ xò%Ñ˛) ú
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛–
2.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yúy¶˛ Ö%Ó ¢£ã ¢Ó˚ú ˛ôˆÏÌ £Î˚!ò– £zÇˆÏÓã ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ~ÓÇ !úˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD
î#á≈ xyúy˛ôÈÙÈxyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ¢Çeýhs˘˛ !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛Ó˚ !òfl˛ô!_ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°≈Ï
Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ¢yˆÏòÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ Î§yÓ˚y â˛â≈˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ñ ì§˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ ≤ÃŸ¿ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚
ì˛y £ú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚Óy˚ !Ñ˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y !äÈ!òˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ!˚ äÈúñ òy!Ñ˛ £z!ì˛Óyâ˛Ñ˛ !Óâ˛«˛í Ó˚y‹Tò… #!ì˛ˆÏ˘K˛Ó˚ îy!Î˚c ˛ôyúò
!£¢yˆÏÓ !Ó!›˛ü ˆfl˛∫FäÈyÎ˚ «˛õì˛y £hfl˛Ïyhs˘˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ üy!hs˘˛˛ô)í≈ «˛õì˛y £hfl˛Ïyhs˘˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óv˛¸
Óyïy !äÈú !£®%ÈÙÈõ¢% úõyò x˜ÏòÑ˛ƒ– £zÇˆÏÓã ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˙Ñ˛ƒÓk˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ «˛õì˛y £hfl˛Ïyhs˘˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y
Ñ˛yÎ≈ì˛ x¢Ω˛Ó– 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 18£z ã%úy£z ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xy£zò xò%ˆõÏ y!îì˛ £Î˚– ~£z xy£zò xò%ÎyÎ˚#
!Ó!›˛ü ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõr›˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛ «˛õì˛y £hfl˛Ïyhs˘˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !Ó¶˛_´ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Á ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò
î%£!z ›˛ fl˛∫yï#ò Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ ¢,!‹T £Î˚–
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyE˛yˆÏú Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ Ó,£ÍÈÙÈxyÑ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ÜíxyˆÏ®yúò ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ~£z Üíx¶%˛ƒayò
!Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ xyì˛!B˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ~£z¢Ó xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ !Ó!›˛ü üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ¢yˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ òy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˆòì,˛cyï#ò xyˆÏ®yúò=!ú !Ó!›˛ü üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò òì%˛ò ¢õ¢ƒy
˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú–
2.2 ÁÎ˚yˆÏ¶˛ú ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy

!mì˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%k˛ ÎÖò ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ñ ì˛Öò õïƒ≤ÃyˆÏâ˛ƒ Á î!«˛íÈÙÈ˛ô)Ó≈ ~!üÎ˚yÎ˚ !Ó!›˛ü ¢y¡ÀyˆÏãƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Ó˚«˛yÓ˚
!îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ !äÈú ¢Ó ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ xÓfl˛iyˆÏò– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ñ,˛!°Ïñ !ü“ Á õyòÓ¢¡ôî ¢õ)£ˆÏÑ˛ Î%k˛
¢Çeýhs˘˛ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyˆÏÜ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y úu˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !äÈú– £zv˛zˆÓÏ y˚ ˆÏ˛ô ãyõ≈yòˆÏîÓ˚ o&ì˛ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú
Î%ˆkÏ ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y xyÓ˚Á =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– 1940 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆõ õyˆÏ¢ v˛z£òz fi›˛ò â˛y!â≈˛ú
Î%k˛ ¢Çeýhs˘˛ ˆãy›˛ õs˛f#¢¶˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yÎ˚y!úüò ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛ƒy!ÓˆÏòˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# £ò ~ÓÇ !ì˛!ò !äÈˆú Ï ò ˆáyÓ˚
¢y¡ÀyãƒˆÏ≤Ã!õÑ˛– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ Î%k˛ ¢Çeýhs˘˛ õs˛f#¢¶˛yÎ˚ !ÓˆÏ›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆúÓyÓ˚ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï !äÈˆú Ï ò ¢ƒyÓ˚
fi›˛ƒyˆÏö˛yv≈˛ !e´˛ô¢– ˆúÓyÓ˚ ˛ôy!›≈˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ !îò ïˆÏÓ£˚ z ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ïˆ≈ ÑÏ ˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛◊&!ì˛Ók˛
!äÈú– 1942 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õyâ≈˛ÈÙÈ~!≤Ãú õyˆÏ¢ !e´˛ô¢ !õüò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ~ˆÏ¢ ≤Ã!ì˛◊&!ì˛ ˆîÎ˚ ˆÎ Î%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyd!òÎ˚s˛fˆíÏ Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÓ–
!mì˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆü°Ï ÓäÈÓ= ˚ !úˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ xÓƒÓ!£ì˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ£˚ z !ÓŸª Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ Á
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˛ô!Ó˚íyˆÏõ !Ó!›˛ˆÏüÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ xyÓ˚Á xÓò!ì˛ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# â˛y˛ô v˛z_ˆÏÓy˚ _Ó˚ Ó,!k˛
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£ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ˆÏäÈ– xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ Á ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ÖyˆÏì˛ !Ó˛ô%ú ÖÓ˚â˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ£z ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ïˆ≈ ÑÏ ˛ !òÎ˚s˛fíyï#ˆÏò Ó˚yÖy ˆÎˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚ ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ !òÎ˚s˛fí xˆÏ˛ô«˛y ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫yï#ò ãy!ì˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ Üíƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓy˚ «˛ !òÎ˚s˛fˆíÏ Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°≈Ï !Ó!›˛ü fl˛∫yÌ≈ˆÑÏ ˛ ¢Ó ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yú¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢%Ó!˚ «˛ì˛ Ó˚yÖy ÎyˆÏÓ– 1945 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ã%úy£z õyˆÏ¢ úu˛ˆÏò
ˆúÓyÓ˚ ˛ôy!›≈˛ !Ó˛ô%ú ˆ¶˛yˆÏ›˛ ãÎ˚# £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô›˛ÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%Ñ˛) ú
Óyì˛yÓÓ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ¢,!‹T £Î˚–
1945 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Óv˛¸úy›˛ Óy ¶˛y£z¢Ó˚Î˚ !äÈˆú Ï ò úv≈˛ ÁÎ˚yˆÏ¶˛ú (Lord Wavell)– ˆ¢ ¢õÎ˚
ÓyÇúyÓ˚ î%!¶≈˛«˛ S1943ÈÙÈ44V Á ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ îyÓ˚&í ã!›˛úì˛yÓ˚ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ üy!hs˘˛˛ô)í≈
«˛õì˛y £hfl˛Ïyhs˘˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óv˛¸ Óyïy !äÈú !£®%ÈÙÈõ¢% úõyò x˜ÏòÑ˛ƒ– â˛y!â≈˛ú ÁÎ˚yˆÏ¶˛úˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ÓˆÏúò– ~£z xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ úv≈˛ ÁÎ˚yˆÏ¶˛ú !Ó!›˛ü õs˛f#¢¶˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD
xyúy˛ôÈÙÈxyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ~!›˛£z ÚÁÎ˚yˆÏ¶˛ú ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÛ òyˆÏõ
˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ xâ˛ú xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ xÓ¢yò Ñ˛Ó˚y£z !äÈú ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ–
˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ ïyÓ˚y=!ú ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ úv≈˛ ÁÎ˚yˆÏ¶˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xyõs˛fˆíÏ !¢õúyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó≈îú#Î˚ ˜Ó‡˛Ñ˛ ÓˆÏ¢
1945 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ã%ò õyˆÏ¢– v˛zˆj Ï üƒ !äÈúñ !Ó!›˛ü ¢î¢ƒ !£¢yˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛õye ¶˛y£z¢Ó˚Î˚ Á Ñ˛õyu˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ£òz ÈÙÈ!â˛ö˛
äÈyv˛¸y ˛ô%ˆÓÏ y˚ ˛ô%!Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈!òÓ≈y£# ˛ô!Ó˚°îÏ Ü‡˛ò ¢¡∫ˆıÏ ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y– ~ˆÏì˛ Óí≈!£®% Á õ%¢úõyòÓ˚y
¢õyò ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïc ˛ôyˆÏÓñ ì˛˛ô!ü!ú ãy!ì˛Ó˚y xyúyîy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïc !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÓÏ ñ ~ÓÇ òì%˛ò ¢Ç!Óïyò
!òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ îÓ˚ãyÁ ˆÖyúy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ¢õì˛yÓ˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛ !ãßÿ xòv˛¸ ÌyÑ˛yÎ˚ 1945 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚
25ˆü ã%ò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 14£z ã%úy£z ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ â˛úy !¢õúy ˜Ó‡˛Ñ˛ ÓƒÌ≈ £Î˚– õ%¢!úõ !úˆÏÜÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ !ãßÿ îy!Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚
ˆÎ õs˛f#¢¶˛yÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛Ï õ%¢!úõ ¢î¢ƒˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏòyò#ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏâ˛!›˛Î˚y x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !úˆÏÜÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ~£z
îy!Ó õyòˆÏì˛ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ì˛yˆÏì˛ ~!›˛£z fl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÎ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ÷ï% Óí≈!£®%ˆîÏ Ó˚ îú– v˛z¶˛Î˚ îˆÏúÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ ¢õˆÏG˛yì˛y òy £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ !¢õúy ˜Ó‡˛Ñ˛ ÓƒÌ≈ì˛yÎ˚ ˛ôÎ≈Ó!¢ì˛ £Î˚– ÁÎ˚yˆÏ¶˛ú ˜Ó‡˛Ñ˛ Óı˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîò ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛
!úÜˆÏÑ˛ Óyî !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎÔÌ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÓÏ òy–
2.3 Ñ˛ƒy!ÓˆÏò›˛ !õüò S1946V

!ÓˆÏ›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# ~›‰˛ú# ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ Óyhfl˛ÏÓ Ó˚*˛ô v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~£z !¢k˛yhs˘˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ˆÎ
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y äÈyv˛¸y v˛z˛ôyÎ˚ ˆò£z– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyòÑ˛ˆÏ“ £zÇúƒyu˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1946
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õyˆÏâ˛≈ Ñ˛ƒy!ÓˆÏò›˛ !õüò ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓ ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚– Ñ˛ƒy!ÓˆÏò›˛ !õüò Óy õs˛f# !õüˆÏòÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒ
!äÈˆú
Ï ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢!â˛Ó ˆ˛ô!ÌÑ˛ úˆÏÓ™ ˚ ñ fi›˛ƒyˆÏö˛yv≈˛ !e´˛ô¢‰ ~ÓÇ ~. !¶˛. xyˆÏúÑ˛ãyu˛yÓ˚–
2.3.1 õs˛f# !õüˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy

¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó≈ãò@˘Ãy£ƒ ¢õyïyˆÏò xy¢yÓ˚ v˛zˆj
Ï ˆÏüƒ õs˛f# !õüò !ì˛ò õy¢ ïˆÏÓ˚
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xyˆÏúyâ˛òy â˛yúyÎ˚– õs˛f# !õüˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓ=!ú !äÈúÈÙÙÙÈ
S1V !Ó!›˛ü üy!¢ì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Á ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Î%_´Ó˚y‹T… Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ–
S2V !£®%≤Ãïyò ≤ÃˆîÏ ü=!úˆÏÑ˛ ÚÑ˛Ûñ õ%¢úõyòÈ≤Ãïyò ≤ÃˆîÏ ü=!úˆÏÑ˛ ÚÖÛ ~ÓÇ ÓyÇúy Á xy¢yõˆÏÑ˛ ÚÜÛ
ˆ◊!íˆÏì˛ !Ó¶˛_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~£z !ì˛ò xMÈ˛ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ç!Óïyò Ü‡˛ò
Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ– ÚÑ˛Û ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚¶˛% _´ ≤ÃˆîÏ ü=!ú £ˆÏÓ õyoyãñ ˆÓy¡∫y£zñ õïƒ≤ÃˆîÏ üñ Î%_´≤ÃˆîÏ üñ !Ó£yÓ˚ Á
v˛z!v˛¸°ƒÏ y– ÚÖÛ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚¶˛% _´ ≤ÃˆîÏ ü=!ú £ˆÏÓ ˛ôyOyÓñ v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ¢#õyhs˘˛ ≤ÃˆîÏ üñ ˆÓú%!â˛hfl˛Ïyò Á
!¢ı%˛– ÚÜÛ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚¶˛% _´ ≤ÃˆîÏ ü=!ú £ˆÏÓ ÓyÇúy Á xy¢yõ–
S3V ~£z !ì˛ò!›˛ ˆ◊!í¶%˛_´ ≤ÃˆîÏ ü !òã !òã ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ üy¢òì˛s˛f Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ –
S4V ≤ÃˆìÏ ˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ ˆ◊!í¶%˛_´ ≤ÃˆîÏ ü Á ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïÓ˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Î%_´Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ üy¢òì˛s˛f
Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ –
S5V òì%˛ò ¢Ç!Óïyò Ó˚!â˛ì˛ òy £ÁÎ˚y ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú=!úÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚
~Ñ˛!›˛ xhs˘˛Ó≈ì˛#≈Ñ˛yú#ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ–
õs˛f# !õüò ãyì˛#Î˚ ˙Ñ˛ƒ Á xÖ[˛ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛ ¢yõO¢ƒ !Óïyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ
˛ô,ÌÑ˛ Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ îy!Ó ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
Ï Á ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ !¶˛!_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÃˆîÏ ü=!úˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛, ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛ õ%¢!úõ !úˆÏÜÓ˚ î%£Èz ÙÈãy!ì˛ õì˛Óyî fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– Ú˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyòÛ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛
!ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õ%¢!úõ !úÜ õs˛f# !õüˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyˆÏÓ ¢¡øì˛ £ˆÏúÁ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ò#!ì˛ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃˆîÏ ü=!úˆÏÑ˛
¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ˆÏÑ˛ ¢ls˘˛‹T Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ!˚ ò– xÓüƒ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢Ç!Óïyò Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚
ãòƒ ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yÎ˚ ˆÎyÜ !îˆÏì˛ ¢¡øì˛ £ˆÏúÁ xhs˘˛Ó≈ì˛#≈Ñ˛yú#ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎyÜîyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ x¢¡øì˛ £Î˚–
x˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ õ%¢!úõ !úÜ xhs˘˛Ó≈ì˛#≈Ñ˛yú#ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ úv≈˛ ÁÎ˚yˆÏ¶˛úˆÏÑ˛ â˛y˛ô !îˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– õs˛f#
!õüˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤Ãïyò x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜ !äÈú ~£z ˆÎñ ≤Ãhfl˛Ïy!Óì˛ xhs˘˛Ó≈ì˛#≈Ñ˛yú#ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ¢Ó≈ydÑ˛
«˛õì˛y ~ÓÇ ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢yÓ≈ˆ¶Ï ˛Ôõ «˛õì˛y ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ~ˆÏì˛ !äÈú òy– õs˛f# !õüò ~Ó˚ ≤Ãì˛% ƒ_ˆÏÓ˚
£zhfl˛Ïy£yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xhs˘˛Ó≈ì˛#≈Ñ˛yú#ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Á ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yˆÏÑ˛ Îì˛î)Ó˚ ¢Ω˛Ó fl˛∫yï#ò¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
«˛õì˛y ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÓ Óúy £ˆÏú õs˛f# !õüˆÏòÓ˚ ~£z xyŸªyˆÏ¢ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy!›˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
2.3.2 xhs˘˛Ó≈ì˛#≈Ñ˛yú#ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò ≠ «˛õì˛y £hfl˛Ïyhs˘˛Ó˚
õs˛f# !õüˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ 1946 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc xhs˘˛Ó≈ì˛#≈Ñ˛yú#ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚–
Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ ˛ô«˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢î≈yÓ˚ ÓÕ‘¶˛¶˛y£z ˛ôƒyˆÏ›˛úñ v˛QÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏãw≤Ã¢yîñ xy¢ö˛ xyú#ñ Ó˚yãyˆÏÜy˛ôyúyâ˛yÓ˚#ñ
üÓ˚Íâ˛w Ó¢%ñ ãÜI#Óò Ó˚yõ ≤ÃõÖ% òì%˛ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ õs˛f#˛ôˆÏî !òÎ%_´ £ò– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî#
õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ õs˛f# ˛ôˆÏî !òÎ%_´ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ õ%¢!úõ !úÜ «%˛∏˛ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎyÜîyò Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
!Ñ˛ä%È !îò !ÓÓ˚ì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ˆÏÑ˛ !òÎ˚s˛fíyï#ˆÏò Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ úv≈˛ ÁÎ˚yˆÏ¶˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xò%ˆÓÏ y˚ ˆÏï õ%¢!úõ !úÜ ˆü°Ï
˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎyÜîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ õ%¢!úõ !úÜ ãÁ£Ó˚úyˆÏúÓ˚ ˆòì,˛c õyòˆÏì˛ x¢¡øì˛ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ !úˆÏÜÓ˚ õs˛f#Ó˚y
˛ô,ÌÑ˛ ˆÜy¤˛# !£¢yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ¢Ñ˛ú !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ õ%¢!úõ !úÜ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#ì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚
xhs˘˛Ó≈ì˛#≈Ñ˛yú#ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈y!î ¢%¤˛% ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòy Ñ˛Ó˚y x¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛– ~äÈyv˛¸y õ%¢!úõ !úÜ
¢Ç!Óïyò ˛ô!Ó˚°ˆÏ îÏ ˆÎyÜîyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ x¢¡øì˛ £ˆÏú ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ xyÓ˚Á ã!›˛ú £Î˚–
2.4 ÜíxyˆÏ®yúò
2.4.1 xyãyîÈÙÈ!£®ÈÙÈˆö˛ÔˆÏãÓ˚ Ó!® !Óâ˛yÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÜíxyˆÏ®yúò
!Ó!›˛ü ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z !äÈú õ%!_´ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ òyòy ≤Ã!ì˛m®¥#
î,!‹T¶˛!D Á Ñ˛yÎ≈¢!) â˛Ó˚ ¢õyhs˘˛Ó˚yú xÓfl˛iyò– 1946 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 4 ˆö˛Ó&Î˚y!Ó˚ xyãyî !£® Ó!® Ñ˛ƒyˆÏ≤Wzò Ó˚!üî
xyú#Ó˚ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyîyúì˛ ¢yì˛ ÓäÈˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚yî[˛ !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ~£z á›˛òyÎ˚ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ 11ÈÙÈ13 ˆö˛Ó&Î˚y!Ó˚
xyÓyÓ˚ ÜíÈÙÈxyˆÏ®yúò £Î˚ñ õ%¢!úõ !úˆÏÜÓ˚ äÈye ¢ÇÜ‡˛òñ äÈye ˆö˛v˛yˆÏÓü˚ ò Á ◊!õÑ˛Ó˚y ~ˆÏì˛ ˆÎyÜ
!îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– Ó˚!üî xyú# !îÓ¢ ˛ôy!úì˛ £Î˚– Üí!ÓˆÏ«˛y¶˛ v˛z_yú £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛!äÈúñ !Ó!›˛ü !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#ì˛y !äÈú ¢Ó≈eñ
ïõ≈á›˛ ü£Ó˚ˆÑÏ ˛ xâ˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ˛ô)Ó≈ ÓyÇúy ¢£ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ xòƒyòƒ ≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏü äÈ!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛ôv˛¸y ~£z
xyˆÏ®yúòˆÏÑ˛ Ú≤ÃyÎ˚ !Ó≤’ÓÛ ÓˆÏú Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– 1946 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 12 ˆö˛Ó&Î˚y!Ó˚ !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
!ÓˆÏ«˛y¶˛Ñ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ !ò¤%˛Ó˚ !òÎ≈yì˛ò â˛yúyÎ˚– Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ ~£z x¶%˛ƒayò â˛ˆÏú !äÈú 14£z ˆö˛Ó&Î˚y!Ó˚ ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛–
~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚£z ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ ˆòÔÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏoy£–
2.4.2 ˆòÔÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏoy£
1946 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 18 ˆö˛Ó&Î˚y!Ó˚ ÓˆÏ¡ˆ∫ ìÏ ˛ Ó˚Îƒ˚ yú £z!u˛Î˚yò ˆò!¶˛Ó˚ òy!ÓÑ˛Ó˚y ïõ≈áˆÏ›˛ ¢y!õú £ò–
!Ñ˛ä%È!îˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ Ñ˛Ó˚y!â˛ Á õyoyˆÏãÓ˚ òy!ÓÑ˛Ó˚y ïõ≈áˆÏ›˛ ˆÎyÜ ˆîò– ÖyÓ˚y˛ô ÖyÓyÓ˚ñ ˜Ó°Ïõƒõ)úÑ˛
xyâ˛Ó˚íñ v˛zFâ˛˛ôîfl˛i !Ó!›˛ü x!ö˛¢yÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ î%Óƒ≈ Ó£yÓ˚ £zì˛ƒy!î òyòy !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ãy£yˆÏãÓ˚ !ò¡¨ˆ◊ Ï !íÓ˚ õyÕ‘yˆÏîÓ˚
SˆÓ˚!›˛ÇV !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£ £zı˛ò Î%!ÜˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ¶˛yˆÏúy ÖyÓyÓ˚ñ ˆüì˛yD Á ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ òy!ÓÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õì˛y £zì˛ƒy!î
xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ îy!Ó îyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD fl˛iyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú xyãyî !£® ˆö˛Ôã ì˛Ìy ¢õhfl˛Ï Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ó!®Ó˚ õ%!_´˛ó
£zˆ®Ï yˆÏò!üÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆ¢òy ≤Ãì˛ƒy£yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ õˆÏì˛y Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îy!Ó– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆòÔÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏoy£ ¢yö˛úƒ
xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ ò– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ¢%ò#!ì˛ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆáyˆÏ°ÓÏ ˚ õì˛ò ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛Ó˚y õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ñ !Ó≤’Ó Á ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚
fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xã≈ò xˆÏ˛ô«˛y !Ó!›˛ü ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫Óy˚ ã !¶˛«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛y˛ô%Ó&˚ ˆÏ°yÏ !â˛ì˛
úyú¢y£z !äÈú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ó%ˆã Ï y≈ Î˚y ˆòì,˛Ó,ˆ®
Ï Ó˚ ú«˛ƒ– fl˛∫Óy˚ ãñ fl˛∫yÎ˚_üy¢ò ~ÓÇ ãyì˛#Î˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ÎyˆÏì˛
Ó%ˆã Ï y≈ Î˚y ïò#Ñ˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ £hfl˛Ïâ˛% ƒì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ◊õã#Ó# õyò%°ñÏ ãò¢yïyÓ˚í ~ÓÇ !Ó≤’Ó# ü!_´Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛ òy ~ˆÏ¢
˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆòì,˛ÓÈ® , !äÈˆú Ï ò ¢îy¢ì˛Ñ≈˛– !ÓˆÏoy£ ¢ö˛ú òy £ˆÏúÁ 1946 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆö˛Ó&Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚
ˆòÔÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏoy£ «˛õì˛y £hfl˛Ïyhs˘˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yú˛ôˆÏÓ≈ !Ó!›˛ü ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ xyüB˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
2.5 Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏoy£ Á ÜíÈÙÈx¶%˛ƒayò

2.5.1 ˆì˛¶˛yÜy xyˆÏ®yúò S1946ÈÙÈ47V
!mì˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%k˛ ˆü°Ï £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò fl˛ô‹T £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛–
Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ õì˛yîü≈ Óy ¢yõƒÓyî ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈˛ô)í≈ ü!_´ !£¢yˆÏÓ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛
˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc ÜíxyˆÏ®yúò ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ~£z Üíx¶%˛ƒayò !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ xyì˛!B˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈú–
ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ Á ã!õîyÓ˚Óy˚ ¶˛yÜâ˛y!°Ï Óy ÓÜ≈yîyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ v˛zÍ˛ôß¨ ö˛¢ˆÏúÓ˚ xˆÏïÑ≈ ˛ Óy ì˛yÓ˚Á Ñ˛õ
!îˆÏì˛ò– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ öœ˛yv˛zv˛ Ñ˛!õüò ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ÓÜ≈yîyÓ˚Óy˚ v˛zÍ˛ôß¨ ö˛¢ˆÏúÓ˚ î%£Èz ÙÈì˛, ì˛#Î˚yÇü áˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛úˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚ 1946 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡ˆ∫ ÓÏ ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛¢¶˛y öœ˛yv˛zv˛ Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚#
Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ îy!Ó ì%˛úˆÏú ÓÜ≈yîyÓ˚Ó˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zÍ˛ôy!îì˛ ö˛¢ˆÏúÓ˚ !ì˛ò¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ î%£¶z ˛yÜ xyîyÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ
ã!õîyÓ˚ÈÙÈˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆÎ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ÈÙÈ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò ì˛y Úˆì˛¶˛yÜy xyˆÏ®yúòÛ òyˆÏõ
˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– ¢%!õì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ õhs˘˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ ÈòÈÙÙÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ @˘ÃyõÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 60 üì˛yÇü£z
!äÈˆúÏ ò ÓÜ≈yîyÓ˚ñ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z¢Ó xMÈ˛ú£z ˆì˛¶˛yÜy xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– 1946
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡Ó∫ ˚ õy¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õyâ≈˛ õy¢ ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ v˛z!òü!›˛ ˆãúyÎ˚
!ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò äÈ!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú– ¢yÇÜ‡˛!òÑ˛ !Óhfl˛ÏyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ì˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢%îë, ˛¸ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ xyîˆÏü≈ v˛zmk% ˛ ~Ñ˛ ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˆ◊!í ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ÓD#Î˚ ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛
Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ¢¶˛y Á Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ â˛y!úÑ˛y ü!_´ !£¢yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈúñ Î!îÁ ÓÜ≈yîyÓ˚ Óy
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!òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãy˛ôƒ ö˛¢ˆÏúÓ˚ õ)ˆú Ï ƒÓ˚ ¢Ó›%˛Ñ%˛ ˆ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ì˛ òyñ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ~ÜyˆÏÓy˚ Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ xyÓÁÎ˚yÓ Óy ÓyˆÏã
xyîyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ }ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢%î !îˆÏì˛£z ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãy˛ôƒ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆÎì˛ñ ì˛yÓ˚y !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ îy!Ó xyîyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
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Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ˆòì˛y xyÓî%Õy‘ Ó˚¢ú % ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛¢¶˛yÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ÈÙÈ~ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛¢¶˛y Ó˝ ˆ«˛ˆÏe£z Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛
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÷Ó˚& Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛¢¶˛yÓ˚ ˆòì,˛c ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò !ÜˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
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õ%¢úõyò ÓÜ≈yîyÓ˚£z xyˆÏ®yúò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢ò– ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ›˛yòyˆÏ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸ò xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛
Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛¢¶˛yˆÏÑ˛ ü!_´üyú# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú ~ÓÇ Ñ˛ÖòÁ Óy î%Óú ≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú–
ˆì˛¶˛yÜyÓ˚ úv˛¸y£z ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôÓ˚y!ãì˛ £ˆÏúÁ ì˛y ˆÎ ÓƒÌ≈ £Î˚!ò ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãõyí £ú 1948ÈÙÈ49
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ £y¢òyÓyîÈÙÈ¢ˆÏ®üÖy!úÈÙÈÑ˛yÑ˛m#ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xı…˛≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ ˆì˛ˆÏúDyòyÓ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏoy£ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1960
~ÓÇ 1970ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ Óyõ˛ôs˛i# xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ü!_´üyú# !ÓÑ˛yü–
!òãyõÈÙÈüy!¢ì˛ ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ £yÎ˚oyÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆì˛ˆÏúDyòy Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ x¶%˛ƒayò òyòy !îÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ£˚ z ì˛yÓ˚ ¢õÑ˛yú#ò
xyˆÏ®yúò=!úˆÏÑ˛ äÈy!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ ≤Ãïyò Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˆòì˛y !äÈˆú Ï ò !˛ô.
¢%®Ó˚y£zÎ˚y– ì§˛yÓ˚ Telengana Peoples Armed Struggle, 1946-1951 @˘ÃˆsÏ ˛i !ì˛!ò !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ3000
@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 30 ú«˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ 16ñ000 ÓÜ≈õy£zú ~úyÑ˛y ã%ˆvÏ ˛¸ ~£z ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ xÓì˛#í≈ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚
õ)ú ˆÑ˛w !äÈú ÁÎ˚yÓ˚Dúñ òyúˆÏÜy[˛y Á Öy¡øyõ ˆãúy– ~£z @˘Ãyõ=!úˆÏì˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛Ó˚y !òãyˆÏõÓ˚ ˜fl˛∫Óì˚ ˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ hfl˛ÏΩ˛
á,íƒ ¶)˛fl˛∫yõ#ˆÏîÓ˚ !Óì˛y!v˛¸ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ã!õ=!ú îÖú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛Ó˚y @˘ÃyõÈÙÈÓy˚ ã Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
¢yõhs˘˛ì˛s˛f !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# úv˛¸y£zÈÙÈ~ ¢y!õú £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– 10 ú«˛ ~Ñ˛Ó˚ ã!õ ÜíÈÙÈÑ˛!õ!›˛ Á @˘ÃyõÈÙÈÓy˚ ˆÏãÓ˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyˆÏÜ
Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ór›˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
!òãyˆÏõÓ˚ üy¢òyï#ò £yÎ˚oyÓyî Ó˚yãƒ !äÈú ~Ñ˛ ãò!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# ¢yõhs˘˛ì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ˜fl˛∫Óü˚ y¢ˆÏòÓ˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚–
xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚ üy¢ò Á òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !äÈú ¢¡ô)í≈ xò%˛ô!fl˛iì˛– õ%¢úõyò ¶)˛fl˛∫yõ# ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ÓˆÏíÓ≈ ˚ !£®%
ˆîüõ%ÖÓ˚y Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !òÑ˛›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ ◊õ ~ÓÇ £zFäÈyõì˛ Öyãòy xyîyÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ò– Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛Ó˚y
Úxı…˛ õ£y¢¶˛yÛ òyˆÏõ Üí¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˆì˛ˆÏúDyòy xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
v˛zˆîÏ ƒyˆÏÜ ˆì˛ˆÏúDyòy xyˆÏ®yúò ã!õ Á «˛õì˛y îÖˆÏúÓ˚ úv˛¸y£zˆìÏ ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚– ~!›˛ !äÈú ≤ÃÑ˛, ì˛ xˆÏÌ≈ ~Ñ˛!›˛
õ%!_´ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ–
ˆì˛ˆÏúDyòy xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛#Óì˛y ÎÖò !òãyõ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ !ÓÓì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈúñ ì˛Öò !òãyõ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢ˆÏD 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ òˆÏ¶˛¡∫ˆÓÏ ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ â%˛!_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z â%˛!_´ˆÏì˛ xyÓ˚Á ~Ñ˛
ÓäÈÓ˚ £yÎ˚oyÓyî !òãyõÈÙÈüy!¢ì˛ Ó˚yãƒ !£¢yˆÏÓ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏú !¢k˛yhs˘˛ £Î˚– ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Î%_´Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚
¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ Óy!£ò# ˆì˛ˆÏúDyòy Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ x¶%˛ƒayò îõò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ 1948 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡ˆ∫ ÓÏ ˚ ˙ xMÈ˛ˆÏú
≤ÃˆÓÏ ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ 1951 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ xˆÏQyÓˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ≤Ãì˛ƒy£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚–
ˆì˛ˆÏúDyòyÓ˚ ¢üfl˛f Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ x¶%˛ƒayò ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ó˚yãòƒüy!¢ì˛ Ó˚yãƒ
£yÎ˚oyÓyˆÏî– «˛õì˛y £hfl˛Ïyhs˘˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Á ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò xÓƒy£ì˛ !äÈú– ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ Óy!£ò#Ó˚ îõò
ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆ≤Ï Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ 1951 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò ≤Ãì˛ƒy£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆÑ˛v˛z
õhs˘˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ xyˆÏ®yúò ≤Ãì˛ƒy£yÓ˚ !äÈú ˆì˛ˆÏúDyòyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî# õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ¢ˆÏD â)˛v˛¸yhs˘˛ !ÓŸªy¢áyì˛Ñ˛ì˛y– ~
¢ˆÏ_Á ¥ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ó≈Ï ˚ ÜíÈÙÈ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ ˆì˛ˆÏúDyòyÓ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ x¶%˛ƒayò xòƒì˛õ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ xïƒyÎ˚ !£¢yˆÏÓ
fl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛–
~£z xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ô‹T ˆÎ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ ˛ô)ÓÓ≈ ì˛#≈ ÓäÈÓ= ˚ ˆÏúyˆÏì˛ÈÙÙÙÈ!ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛!Õ‘ˆüÏ Ó˚
îüˆÏÑ˛ÈÙÙÙÈ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ ÜíxyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ òì%˛ò ~ÓÇ x¶)˛ì˛˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ~£z ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚
ÜíxyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛#Óì˛y ˆõÔ!úÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !Ó!›˛ü üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛ òy!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆîÎ˚– !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ xò%ïyÓò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆÎ ˛ôk˛!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ~ì˛!îò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò ì˛yÓ˚y Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èñ ì˛y â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y xyÓ˚ ¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚– üy¢ò Á ˆüy°ÏˆíÏ Ó˚
˛ô%ˆÓÏ y˚ ˆÏòy Ñ˛yÎ˚îy ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ó≈Ï ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ Óy!ì˛ú £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ ì˛y â˛!Õ‘ˆüÏ Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÜíxyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚eÜì˛
Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ì˛yñ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ì˛y Á ì˛#Óì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ô‹T ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚– ~£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏD õˆÏò Ó˚yÖy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ ~£z
ÜíxyˆÏ®yúò=ˆÏúy â˛!Ó˚eÜì˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ ÷ï% ˆÎ !Ó!›˛ü !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# !äÈú ì˛y£z òÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò=ˆÏúy
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆüy°ÏÑ˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛Á Ó˝úyÇˆÏü ì˛#Ó xyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈú– ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚
ú«˛ƒ !äÈú ÎÌy¢Ω˛Ó xyúy˛ôÈÙÈxyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢ˆÏD îÓ˚Ñ˛°ÏyÑ˛!°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y
xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y– õ%¢!úõ !úˆÏÜÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ !äÈú ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò Ü‡˛ò– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ~Ñ˛ ¢B˛›˛õÎ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ ¢,!‹T £Î˚– ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyîñ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî Á ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ì˛yÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ›˛yòyˆÏ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸ˆòÏ Ó˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ó≈Ï ˚
Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Á ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ Îyey 1947 ~Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏú– ÜíxyˆÏ®yúò ~£z x¶)˛ì˛˛ô)Ó≈
¢B˛›˛õÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ òì%˛ò Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ õyey ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ÷ï% !Ó!›˛ü üy¢Ñ˛ ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ£z òÎ˚ñ ~Ñ˛£z
¢ˆÏD ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆüy°ÏÑ˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¶)˛Ó˚yñ ˆÎõò ã!õîyÓ˚ñ ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ñ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÖyòyÈÙÈõy!úÑ˛ñ ˛ô%!§ ã˛ô!ì˛ ˆ◊!íñ
õ£yãòñ îyúyúÈÙÙÙÈ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏò ¶˛#!ì˛ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ xyãyî !£®% ˆö˛ÔˆÏãÓ˚ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyîÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ì%˛ˆÏD ÁˆÏ‡˛– ˆòÔÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏoy£ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢òyÓy!£ò#Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
¢î¢ƒˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !òÎ˚s˛fí ˆò£z– ˆì˛¶˛yÜy Á ˆì˛ˆÏúDyòyÓ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò
≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈfl˛∫yï#òì˛y Á fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !Ó≤’Ó# ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ Ó£õyòì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚– â˛!Õ‘ˆüÏ Ó˚
îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÜíxyˆÏ®yúò¢õ)£ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ xyÌ≈ÈÙÈ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ã!›˛úì˛y
Á Ó˝õ%Ö#òì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xˆÏòÑ˛yÇˆÏü Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢¡ô,_´–

1– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ xò%Ñ˛) ú ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛!äÈú⁄
2– ÁÎ˚yˆÏ¶˛ú ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ !Ñ˛ !äÈú⁄ ~!›˛ !Ñ˛ ¢ö˛ú £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú⁄
3– õs˛f# !õüˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zˆj Ï üƒ Ñ˛# !äÈú⁄ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ õs˛f# !õüˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú⁄
4– ›˛#Ñ˛y !úÖ%òÈÙÙÙÈSÑ˛V !¢õúy ˜Ó‡˛Ñ˛ S1945 !Öfi›˛y∑Vñ SÖV xhs˘˛Ó≈ì˛#≈Ñ˛yú#ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò–
5– !mì˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆkÏ ˛y_Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ=!úÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
6– ˆòÔÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í Ñ˛# !äÈú⁄ ~£z !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ö˛ú Ñ˛# £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú⁄
7– !mì˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆkÏ ˛y_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò=!úÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îò–
2.8 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
1– Sumit Sarkar — Modern India, 1885-1947, New Delhi, 1983.
2– Sunil Sen — Peasant Movements in India, Calcutta, 1958.
3– xõˆÏúü !e˛ôy‡˛#ÈÙÙÙÈfl˛∫yï#òì˛y ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ñ 1885ÈÙÈ1947ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ
1397 ÓDy∑–
4– !¢k˛yÌ≈ =£ Ó˚yÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ñ 1707ÈÙÈ1964ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 2012–
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 3  ˆîü¶˛yÜ ≠ îyDy Á ˛ô%òÓ≈y¢ò

Ü‡˛ò
3.0 v˛zˆjÏ üƒ
3.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
3.2 ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ≠ õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy
3.3 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ!Ó¶˛yãò
3.4 ˆîü¶˛yÜ ≠ îyDy Á ˛ô%òÓ≈y¢ò
3.4.1 ÓyÇúy Á ˛ôyOyˆÏÓ ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚y
3.5 ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD üÓ˚íyÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ xyÜõò
3.5.1 v˛zîÓ‰ yhfl˛% ˛ô%òÓ≈y¢ò
3.8 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
3.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
~£z ~Ñ˛Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôv˛¸ˆú Ï xy˛ô!ò ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÓÏ òÈÙÙÙÈ
 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 14 xyÜfi›˛ !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ ˚ ˚ «˛õì˛yÓ˚ xÓ¢yò áˆÏ›˛ ~ÓÇ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Á ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò
òyˆÏõ î%!›˛ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ Ó˚y‹T… fl˛iy!˛ôì˛ £Î˚–
 Ó˚_´«˛Î˚# ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ îyDy ~ÓÇ ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ !Ó!òõˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ fl˛∫yï#ò £Î˚–
 ˆîü¶˛yÜ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zqì ( ˛ £Î˚ üÓ˚íyÌ≈# ¢õ¢ƒy ~ÓÇ ~£z ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ !Ñ˛ä%È ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô Ü,£#ì˛
£ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– v˛zîÓ‰ yhfl˛% ˆÏîÓ˚ eyˆÏíÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iyñ òì%˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó¢Óy¢ Á ˛ô%òÓ≈y¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢£ã !äÈú
òy–
3.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆö˛Ó&Î˚y!Ó˚ õy¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˆü°Ï !ÓˆÏÎy˚ Üyhs˘˛
xïƒyÎ˚– 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 24 õyâ≈˛ úv≈˛ õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆü°Ï ¶˛y£z¢Ó˚Î˚ !£¢yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yÎ≈¶˛yÓ˚ @˘Ã£í
Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – xy£zòÈÙÈüC ) úy ¢£ ¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ !ì˛!ò v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !Ó¶˛yÜ x!òÓyÎ≈–
1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 14 xyÜfi›˛ !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ «˛õì˛yÓ˚ xÓ¢yò áˆÏ›˛ ~ÓÇ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Á ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò òyˆÏõ î%!›˛
˛ô,ÌÑ˛ Ó˚y‹T… fl˛iy!˛ôì˛ £Î˚–
xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ Ó,£_õ ~ÓÇ ˆÓîòyîyÎ˚Ñ˛ á›˛òy!›˛ £ú ˆîü¶˛yÜ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zqì( ˛
üÓ˚íyÌ≈# ¢õ¢ƒy– ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ~£z ˆîˆÏü ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú îyDy ÎyÓ˚ ãòƒ ¶˛#ì˛ñ ¢s˛fhfl˛Ï õyò%°Ï ì˛yÓ˚
¢Ó≈fl˛∫ £y!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ xòƒ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T… !ÜˆÏÎ˚ xy◊Î˚ !òˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ v˛zîÓ‰ yhfl˛% ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô%òÓ≈y¢ò ¢õ¢ƒyˆÏÑ˛
=Ó˚&c !îˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÎy˚ ¢ â˛y!úˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– v˛zîÓ‰ yhfl˛% ˆÏîÓ˚ eyˆÏíÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iyñ òì%˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó¢Óy¢ Á
˛ô%òÓ≈y¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢£ã !äÈú òy–
3.2 ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ≠ õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy

1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 20 ˆö˛Ó&Î˚y!Ó˚ !Ó!›˛ü ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# !Ñœ˛ˆÏõ›˛ xƒy›˛!ú ¢Ç¢ˆÏî ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò
ˆÎ 1948 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ã%ò õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ «˛õì˛y £hfl˛Ïyhs˘˛!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ
«˛õì˛y £hfl˛Ïyhs˘˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢¡ø%Ö#ò £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚
ãòƒ !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ î%!›˛ !¢k˛yhs˘˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃÌõì˛ñ «˛õì˛y £hfl˛Ïyhs˘˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õÎ˚¢#õy ïyÎ≈ Ñ˛Ó˚y
~ÓÇ !mì˛#Î˚ì˛ñ £hfl˛Ïyhs˘˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y o&ì˛ ¢¡ôyîˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛ãò «˛õì˛y¢¡ôß¨ òì%˛ò Óv˛¸úy›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚yÜ
Ñ˛Ó˚y–
~Ñ˛ xì˛ƒhs˘˛ Ñ˛!‡˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 22 õyâ≈˛ ¢Ó≈ˆüÏ °Ï ¶˛y£z¢Ó˚Î˚ !£¢yˆÏÓ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ~ˆÏ¢
v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ £ò úv≈˛ õyv˛zr›˛Óƒy›˛ò– õyâ≈˛ÈÙÈ~!≤Ãú õy¢ ïˆÏÓ˚ õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ñ õ%¢!úõ !úÜ Á xòƒyòƒ
Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò òy ˆõˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy v˛z˛ôyÎ˚
ˆò£z– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ˆòì,˛c ~ÈÙÈ!Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ õò!fl˛iÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !ÓˆÏü°Ï x¢%!Óïy £Î˚!ò– 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 3
ã%ò Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ Ñ˛yÎ≈!òÓ≈y£# Ñ˛!õ!›˛Ó˚ ˜Ó‡˛ˆÏÑ˛ õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ü,£#ì˛ £Î˚– Üy!ı˛!ãÁ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛
Ñ˛yÎ≈!òÓ≈y£# Ñ˛!õ!›˛Ó˚ !¢k˛yhs˘˛ ˆõˆÏò ˆòò–
õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy xò%ÎyÎ˚# 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ã%úy£z õyˆÏ¢ !Ó!›˛ü ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõr›˛ Ú¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y
xy£zòÛ (Indian Independence Act) ˛ôyü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~£z xy£zò xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Á ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò òyˆÏõ î%!›˛
˛ô,ÌÑ˛ v˛!õ!òÎ˚ò Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚– !¢ı%˛ñ Óyú%!â˛hfl˛Ïyòñ v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ¢#õyhs˘˛ ≤ÃˆîÏ üñ ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ˛ôyOyÓ Á ˛ô)Ó≈ ÓyÇúy
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò Ó˚y‹T… Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚– ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãòƒÈÙÈüy!¢ì˛ Ó˚yãƒ=!úˆÏÑ˛ xÌ≈yÍ Princely States =!úˆÏÑ˛
fl˛∫yï#ò ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ xÌÓy ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Óy ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚– Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ñ ã%òyÜv˛¸ Á
£yÎ˚oyÓyî äÈyv˛¸y ≤ÃyÎ˚ 600!›˛ ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Î%_´Ó˚yˆÏ‹T… ˆÎyÜ ˆîÎ˚– «˛õì˛y £hfl˛Ïyhs˘˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ¢¡ôß¨
£ˆÏú 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 15£z xyÜfi›˛ !Ó!›˛ü v˛!õ!òÎ˚ò !£¢yˆÏÓ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚
Ü¶˛ò≈Ó˚ ˆãòyˆÏÓú ˚ £ò úv≈˛ õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò– ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& £ò ≤Ãïyòõs˛f#– Ó˚_´«˛Î˚# ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ îyDy
~ÓÇ ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ !Ó!òõˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ fl˛∫yï#ò £Î˚–
3.3 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !Ó¶˛yãò

¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyòÑ˛ˆÏ“ !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ o&ì˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £Î˚–
xyˆÏÎü˚ y ãyúyú ì§˛yÓ˚ The Sole Spokesman : Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand
for Pakistan @˘ÃˆsÏ ˛i Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîü ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ãòƒ îyÎ˚# Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ ò– ì§˛yÓ˚ x!¶˛õì˛ £ú Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ˆòì,˛c
Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ üy¢òÎs˛f !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò ~ÓÇ
¢Ó≈¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ˚ õ%¢!úõ !úÜˆÏÑ˛ «˛õì˛y ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏì˛ Ó˚y!ã !äÈˆú
Ï ò òy– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãy!ì˛ ¢Çeýhs˘˛ ïyÓ˚íy
!£®% ïˆÏõÓ≈ ˚ xy!dÑ˛ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ myÓ˚y ˛ô!Ó˚ÓƒyÆ !äÈú– ãÎ˚y â˛ƒy›˛yã≈# ì§˛yÓ˚ Bengal Divided : Hindu
Communalism and Partition @˘ÃˆsÏ ˛iÁ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛£z ïÓ˚ˆò Ï Ó˚ Ó_´Óƒ ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ ˆÏäÈò–
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ õ%¢úõyò ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ì˛y äÈ!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú– ~Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óv˛¸ Ñ˛yÓ˚í !äÈú õ%¢úõyò
¢¡±îyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ü!_´üyú# õïƒ!Ó_ ˆ◊!í ÜˆÏv˛¸ òy Á‡˛y– !ÓÓ˚y›˛ ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ õ%¢úõyò !úˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈ˆÑÏ ˛
˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚– ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# õ%¢úõyòÓ˚y õ%¢úõyò ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚# ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˆö˛úˆÏì˛ ÓƒÌ≈ £Î˚– ö˛ˆÏú
!ãßÿÓ˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc õ%¢!úõ !úÜ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !Ó¶˛yÜ
äÈyv˛¸y ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyò ¢Ω˛Ó !äÈú òy ÓˆÏú xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ –
1946 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ õy¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ˆòì,˛c ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈ˆòÏ Ó_´Óƒ Ó˚yˆÏÖò–
ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ˆÎ Ó˚_´«˛Î˚# Ü,£Î%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîü Á ãy!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !Ó¶˛yãò
Á ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò Ü‡˛ò ˆõˆÏò ˆòÁÎ˚y ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò– ~¢.xyÓ˚.ˆõˆÏ£ˆÏÓy˚ ey ì§˛yÓ˚ Towards India’s Freedom and
Partition @˘ÃˆsÏ ˛i ÓˆÏúò ˆÎ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !Ó¶˛yãˆÏò Ó˚y!ã £ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ˆòì,˛c Ñ˛õ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ !ÓÑ˛“!›˛ @˘Ã£í
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò– ì˛y òy £ˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Ü,£Î%k˛ñ !Óü,Cúy Á !Ó!FäÈßì¨ ˛yÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ì˛– ì˛y£z xy˛ôyì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ
õˆÏò £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !Ó¶˛yÜ !äÈú x!òÓyÎ≈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ á›˛òy–
¢%ò#!ì˛ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆáy°Ï ì§˛yÓ˚ India and the Raj @˘ÃˆsÏ ˛iÓ˚ !mì˛#Î˚ ÖˆÏ[˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ õ%Í¢%!k˛
˛ô%!§ ã˛ô!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò– ¢¡ôß¨ Á ¢ö˛ú õ%¢úõyò Ó!íÑ˛ £zfl˛ôy£y!ò ~ÓÇ xy∑%ú
Ó˚£õyò !¢!j!Ñ˛ !äÈˆú Ï ò !ãßÿÓ˚ á!ò¤˛ ¢£ˆÏÎyÜ# Á õ%¢!úõ !úÜ ˆòì˛y– ~Ó˚y ÓúˆÏì˛òÈÙÙÙÈ!£®% õyˆÏv˛¸yÎ˚y!Ó˚
Óy!òÎ˚yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓyï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ õ%¢úõyòÓ˚y xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ ¢õ,!k˛ úyˆÏ¶˛ ÓƒÌ≈ £ˆÏÓò– Üy!ı˛Ó˚ á!ò¤˛ ˛ô%!§ ã˛ô!ì˛
!Óv˛¸úyÁ 1938 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ïˆÏõÓ≈ ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ˆîü ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏú!äÈˆú Ï ò– ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y ~v˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚
≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò î%£z ¢¡±îyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˛ô%!§ ã˛ô!ì˛Ó˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !Ó¶˛yãò ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò–
¢%ò#!ì˛Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆáyˆÏ°ÓÏ ˚ õì˛ò ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛Ó˚y õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ÜíxyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ fl˛∫yï#ò £Î˚!ò–
!mì˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆkÏ ˛y_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ Á õ%¢!úõ !úÜ ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ ˙Ñ˛ƒÓk˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÎyÜîyò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ ò– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ xyúy˛ôÈÙÈxyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ˆ£yÑ˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– õ%¢!úõ !úÜ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú
˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò– ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ü,£Î%k˛ ÓˆÏı˛Ó˚ xã%£yˆÏì˛ õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò ì§˛yÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ˆ˛ôü
Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – !£®% Á õ%¢úõyòˆÏÑ˛ ˙Ñ˛ƒÓk˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!›˛ü ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# úv˛¸y£zˆÑÏ ˛ ˆòì,˛c !îˆÏÎ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚
ˆòì˛yÓ˚y Î!î fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛òñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ¢Ω˛Óì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !Ó¶˛yãò ~v˛¸yˆÏòy ˆÎì˛–
3.4 ˆîü¶˛yÜ ≠ îyDy Á ˛ô%òÓ≈y¢ò

ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ~£z ˆîˆÏü îyDy ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈúñ õ,ì˛% ƒ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ú«˛ ú«˛ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ –˚
Ó˝ õyò%°Ï ~£z ºyì,˛áyì˛# îyDyÎ˚ «˛!ì˛@˘Ãhfl˛Ï £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈúñ Ü,£ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ Óyïƒ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ~Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛y!›˛Ó˚Á ˆÓ!ü
òÓ˚òyÓ˚#– ì˛yÓ˚yüÇÑ˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó˛ôyüyÈÙÈÎ˚ñ Ö%üÓhs˘˛ !¢ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ A Train to Pakistan v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ õyòÓ
£z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~£z Ó,£_õ ›˛ΔƒyˆÏã!v˛ÈÙÈÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ xyˆÏäÈ– ~£z ›˛ΔƒyˆÏã!v˛ÈÙÈÓ˚ ˆÑ˛wfl˛iˆú
Ï Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ È Ó#¶˛Í¢ îyDyñ
~£z îyDyÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ ¶˛#ì˛ñ ¢s˛fhfl˛Ï õyò%°Ï ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ó≈fl˛∫ £y!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ x!ì˛ x“ ¢õˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ õˆÏïƒ xòƒ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T… !ÜˆÏÎ˚ xy◊Î˚
!òˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– üÓ˚íyÌ≈# !ü!ÓˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ãáòƒ Á !ÓÓí≈ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏü ú«˛ ú«˛ õyò%°Ï fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ !ì˛_´ fl˛∫yî
xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ –
3.4.1 ÓyÇúy Á ˛ôyOyˆÏÓ ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚y
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚ õyÓ˚ydÑ˛ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú ÓyÇúyÎ˚ Á ˛ôyOyˆÏÓñ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ~£z î%!›˛ ≤ÃˆÏîüˆÏÑ˛ !Ó¶˛_´
Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ˆîü ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚£z î%!›˛ xMÈ˛ˆÏú£z ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ !£Ç¢y ì˛#Ó Ó˚*˛ô !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– xÑ˛“ò#Î˚
¢ÇÑ˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ¢¡ø%Ö#ò £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò áÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ â˛ˆÏú xy¢y Óy áÓ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏú â˛ˆÏú ÎyÁÎ˚y £ì˛¶˛yÜƒ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
îú– ˆîü¶˛yÜ Á ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ îyDyÓ˚ Ó#¶˛Í¢ì˛y ÓyÇúy Á ˛ôyOyˆÏÓÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ã#Óò x!¶˛üÆ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈú–
˛ôyOyÓ Á ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~£z î%!›˛ ≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ x!ïÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ õì˛yõì˛ ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚!ò– !Ó!›˛ü
¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî# ü!_´Ó˚ ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆòì,˛Ó,® !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ !¢k˛yhs˘˛ ÓyÇúy Á ˛ôyOyˆÏÓÓ˚
õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ â˛y!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò– ~£z !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ú◊&!ì˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ Ó#¶˛Í¢ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ îyDyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD
Î%_´ £Î˚ ÓyÇúy Á ˛ôyOyˆÏÓÓ˚ v˛zîÓ‰ yhfl˛% ˆÏîÓ˚ î%¶˛≈yÜƒãòÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛–
v˛zîÓ‰ yhfl˛% ˆÏîÓ˚ xy¢y ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓyÇúy Á ˛ôyOyˆÏÓÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛›˛y fl˛ô‹T ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
˛ôyOyˆÏÓ ˆîüì˛ƒyˆÏÜÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ !äÈú !m˛ôy!«˛Ñ˛ Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚– ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôyOyÓ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !£Ç¢yÓ˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˝ õ%¢úõyò
üÓ˚íyÌ≈# ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ˛ôyOyˆÏÓ â˛ˆÏú xyˆÏ¢– xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛£zÓÑ˚ ˛õ ò,üÇ¢ì˛yÓ˚ Ó!ú £ˆÏÎ˚ x¢ÇÖƒ !£®% Á !üÖ ˛ô!ÿ˛õ
˛ôyOyÓ ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôyOyˆÏÓ â˛ˆÏú xyˆÏ¢ò– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ !äÈú !Ñ˛ä%˛›˛y ˛ô,ÌÑ˛– Á˛ôyÓ˚ ÓyÇúy
xÌ≈yÍ ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí !£®% ~ˆÏîˆÏü ~ˆÏ¢!äÈˆú Ï òñ ~˛ôyÓ˚ ÓyÇúy Óy ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓD ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
õ%¢úõyò üÓ˚íyÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy !äÈú xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y Ñ˛õ– 1948 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 5 ã%ò ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ eyí Á ˛ô%òÓ≈y¢ò
Ñ˛!õüòyÓ˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y ì˛Ìƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãyòy ÎyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ1948 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ã%ò õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 10 ú«˛ 10
£yãyÓ˚ üÓ˚íyÌ≈# ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢yˆÏv˛¸ !ì˛ò ú«˛ !äÈˆú Ï ò ü˝ˆÏÓ˚
õïƒ!Ó_ñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢yˆÏv˛¸ ˛ô§yâ˛ ú«˛ @˘Ãyõ#í õïƒ!Ó_ñ 1 úˆÏ«˛Ó˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ˆÓ!ü Ñ,˛!°Ïã#Ó# ~ÓÇ 1 úˆÏ«˛Ó˚ !Ñ˛ä%È Ñ˛õ
Ñ˛y!Ó˚ÜÓ˚– !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆãúy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xy¢y üÓ˚íyÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ì˛õƒ !äÈú– Á˛ôyÓ˚ ÓyÇúy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xy¢y
e´õÓk≈˛õyò v˛zîÓ‰ yhfl˛% Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ «˛!ì˛@˘Ãhfl˛Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú–
ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôyOyÓ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ~Ñ˛ ïπÇ¢ú#úyÓ˚ ˛ô#‡˛fl˛iyò– ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôyOyˆÏÓ õ%¢úõyò ¢¡±îyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ ˆòˆÏõ xyˆÏ¢– ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ˛ôyOyˆÏÓÓ˚ !£®%Óy˚ ~Ñ˛£zÓÑ˚ ˛õ ò,üÇ¢ì˛yÓ˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ £ò– ˛ô)Ó≈
˛ôyOyÓ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛Ï õ%¢úõyò v˛zîÓ‰ yhfl˛% ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏò ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏòy £Î˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚y ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò xì˛ƒhs˘˛ ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ)˛ú
˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛Ó˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ £Î˚– ~£z v˛zîÓ‰ yhfl˛% ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚«˛íyˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ÓƒÓfl˛iy ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ˛ôyOyÏÓ Óy ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
ˆòÎ˚!ò– ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ˛ôyOyÓ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~£z ¢õhfl˛Ï v˛zîÓ‰ yhfl˛% ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ã!õ Ór›˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛◊&!ì˛ !îˆÏúÁ ˆ¢£z
≤Ã!ì˛◊&!ì˛ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚!ò–
ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛Ï !£®% Á !üÖ ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ˛ôyOyÓ ˛ô!Ó˚ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôyOyˆÏÓ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈˆÏúò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
xÓfl˛iy ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛Ï õ%¢úõyˆÏòÓ˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏò Îyò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ ¶˛yú !äÈú–
˛ô!ÿ˛õ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏò Ó¢Óy¢Ñ˛yÓ˚# !£®% Á !üÖÓ˚y !äÈˆÏúò ã!õîyÓ˚ xÌÓy Óv˛¸ Á ˆäÈy›˛ ˛ô%§!ã !Ó!òˆÏÎ˚yÜÑ˛yÓ˚#
ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚#– xyÓ˚ ~ˆÏîü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÁÎ˚y õ%¢úõyˆÏòÓ˚y !äÈˆÏúò x!ïÑ˛yÇü£z ◊!õÑ˛ñ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ Á Ñ˛y!Ó˚ÜÓ˚– ˛ô!ÿ˛õ
˛ôyOyˆÏÓÓ˚ !£®%Ó˚y Á !üÖÓ˚y ˆÎ ã!õ ˛ô!Ó˚ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈˆÏúòñ ˆ¢£z ã!õÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ˛ô)Ó≈
˛ôyOyˆÏÓÓ˚ õ%¢úõyòÓ˚y ˆÎ ã!õ ˛ô!Ó˚ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏò â˛ˆÏú !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúòñ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü !äÈú–
ö˛ˆÏú ¢#õyˆÏhs˘˛Ó˚ Á˛ôyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xy¢y !£®% Á !üÖÓ˚y ã!õÓ˚ áy›˛!ì˛ xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ã!õÓ˚ ãòƒ
≤Ã!ì˛m!®¥ì˛y ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ¢õ¢ƒyˆÏÑ˛ ã!›˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈú– ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛Ï ¢¡ôß¨ õ%¢úõyòÓ˚y ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôyOyÓ
ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ˆÎˆÏì˛ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y Ñ%˛!t˛ì˛ !äÈˆÏúò ì˛yÓ˚y !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y ¶˛#!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
ˆ˛ôˆÏu˛ˆÏÓú
˚ õ%ò ãy!òˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èò ˆÎ 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ xyÜfi›˛ õy¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1948 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õyâ≈˛ õy¢
˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 45 ú«˛ !£®% Á !üÖ v˛zîÓ‰ yhfl˛% ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ˛ôyOyÓ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôyOyˆÏÓ xyˆÏ¢ò– ~Ñ˛£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚
60 ú«˛ õ%¢úõyò ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôyOyÓ ˆäÈˆvÏ ˛¸ ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏò â˛ˆÏú Îyò– ~£z Îyì˛yÎ˚yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ¢£ã !äÈú òy–
v˛z¶˛Î˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ x!¶˛¶˛y¢òÑ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚y£z ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ !£Ç¢yÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò– 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 20 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 23
ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡Ó∫ ˚ ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôyOyˆÏÓ v˛zîÓ‰ yhfl˛% ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ›˛Δò xyeýhs˘˛ £Î˚– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓîò xò%ÎyÎ˚#
~£z ãáòƒ xye´õˆÏíÓ˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ £ò 2700 ãò õ%¢úõyò– 1948 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ãyò%Îy˚ !Ó˚ õyˆÏ¢ !¢ı%˛ xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚
v˛z_Ó˚yÇü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 184 ãò !üÖ v˛zîÓ‰ yhfl˛% ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ xy¢y £!FäÈú– xy¢yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y!â˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
=Ó˚ˆîÏ yÎ˚yÓ˚y Ó˚y!e Îy˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ õïƒÓ˚yˆÏe ì§˛yÓ˚y xyeýhs˘˛ £ò ~ÓÇ Ó˝ !üÖ !ò£ì˛ £ò–
ˆîü¶˛yÜ Á ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ îyDy ˛ôyOyˆÏÓÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛# ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚í ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ !Ñ˛°Ïyí
â˛®Ó˚ Á ¢yîyì˛ £y¢yò õyˆÏr›˛yÓ˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ– ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ˛ôyOyˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ Ü¶˛ò≈Ó˚ ¢ƒyÓ˚ ö˛y!™¢ õ%!v˛Ó˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y
ì˛ˆÏÌƒÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏu˛ˆÏÓú ˚ õ%ò !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôyOyˆÏÓ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ îyDyÎ˚ !ò£ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy !äÈú ˛ô!ÿ˛õ
˛ôyOyˆÏÓÓ˚ !m=í– ˆîü¶˛yÜ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ã#ÓˆÏòñ !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ ÓyÇúy Á ˛ôyOyˆÏÓÓ˚ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ~Ñ˛ ¶˛Î˚yÓ£
x!¶˛üy˛ô !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú–
3.5 ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD üÓ˚íyÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ xyÜõò

1950ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ x!hs˘˛õúˆÏ@¿ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ ¢Ó≈yˆÏ˛ô«˛y =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈˛ô)í≈ á›˛òy
£ú üÓ˚íyÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ xyÜõò ~ÓÇ üÓ˚íyÌ≈#ã!òì˛ ¢õ¢ƒy– ˆîü¶˛yÜ òyòy ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ¢õyïyò
¢£ã !äÈú òy– ˆÎ ¢Ó !äÈßõ¨ ú ) õyò%°Ï â˛Ó˚õ î%ÉÖñ îy!Ó˚o Á £ì˛yüy@˘Ãhfl˛Ï ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ ˆõˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï òñ
ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ì§˛yÓ˚y îyÎ˚# !äÈˆúÏ ò òy– ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛Ó˚ â˛yˆÏ˛ô Óyïƒ £ˆÏÎ˚ x≤Ãì˛ƒy!üì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ~Ó˚y ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD ~ˆÏ¢!äÈˆú Ï ò
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ó !Ñ˛ä%È ˆ˛ôäÈˆòÏ ˆö˛ˆÏú– ~£z ¢õhfl˛Ï õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !äÈú òyñ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ
£ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ !ò¡¨hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ ¢£yÎ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ¢¡∫ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
ˆÎ ú«˛ ú«˛ üÓ˚íyÌ≈# ~ˆÏîˆÏü ~ˆÏ¢!äÈˆú Ï òñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ î%¶˛≈ yÜƒãòÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy fl˛iyò ˆ˛ôˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È ÓyÇúy
¢y!£ì˛ƒ Á â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏe– !£Ó˚ß√Î˚ Óƒyòyã≈# v˛zmyhfl˛% @˘ÃˆsÏ ˛i ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD üÓ˚íyÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ xyÜõò ~ÓÇ 1955 !Öfi›˛y∑
˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓD ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ì,˛≈ Ñ˛ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô%òÓ≈y¢ˆÏòÓ˚ Óí≈òy !îˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èò– Ñ˛y!hs˘˛ ˛ôyÑ˛v˛¸y¢# (Kanti Pakrasi)
The Uprooted @˘ÃˆsÏ ˛i v˛zîÓ‰ yhfl˛% ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£y!Ó˚Ñ˛ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò– x!òú !¢ò£y
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¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî Á ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ì˛yÓyî– õˆÏò Ó˚yÖy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD
¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ì˛yÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !äÈú xì˛ƒhs˘˛ Ü¶˛#Ó˚– xˆÏòÑ˛ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ˆÎ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ü!_´Ó˚
v˛zayˆÏòÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆòÏ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî# ü!_´Ó˚ õîì˛– ˆîü¶˛yÜ ~£z Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚
î#á≈ˆõÏ Î˚y!î ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚y– 1947 ¢yˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Á ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ¢,!‹T ~£z î#á≈ˆõÏ Î˚y!î Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ö˛ú–
ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ îyDyÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ ¢¡ô,_´– !£®% Á õ%¢úõyòÈÙÙÙÈv˛z¶˛Î˚ ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ~Ñ˛yÇü
îyDy òyõÑ˛ î%ÉÖãòÑ˛ á›˛òyÓú#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ~£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏD õˆÏò Ó˚yÖy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ v˛z¶˛Î˚ ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚
õˆÏïƒ£z x!ïÑ˛yÇü õyò%°Ï !äÈˆú Ï ò ÷¶˛Ó%!k˛¢¡ôß¨– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆòì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈yˆÏß°∫ #Ï xÇüñ ¢õyã!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#
~ÓÇ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ˆâ˛ì˛òy¢¡ôß¨ õyò%°Ï îyDyÎ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Óy ˛ôˆÏÓy˚ «˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ xÇü ˆòÎ˚– ~Ó˚ö˛ˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚
fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xyˆÏ¢ Ó˚_´fl˛ÿì˛ ˛ôˆÏÌ– ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Î˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ òì%˛ò ü∑ ≠ v˛zîÓ‰ ylfl˛– !£®% Á õ%¢úõyò
v˛z¶˛Î˚ ¢¡±îyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ Ó˝ õyò%°ˆÏ ÑÏ ˛ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !üÑ˛v˛¸ÈÙÈfl˛∫ˆîÏ üÈÙÈfl˛∫ãò ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ òì%˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏü â˛ˆÏú ˆÎˆÏì˛
£Î˚ Óy Óúy ¶˛yˆÏúy ˆÎ ì§˛yÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ £ò– ˆÎ ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ õyò%°Ï ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈúñ ì˛ì˛
¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ õyò%°Ï !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏò ÎyÎ˚!ò– x!ïÑ˛yÇü õ%¢úõyò ïõ≈yÓú¡∫# õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛
!äÈú ~Ñ˛yhs˘˛ xy◊Î˚fl˛iú– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ~£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏD õˆÏò Ó˚yÖy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ x!ïÑ˛yÇü ˆ«˛ˆÏe v˛zîÓ‰ ylfl˛ ãòÜíˆÏÑ˛
xÓí≈ò#Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏ‹T ˛ôv˛¸ˆìÏ ˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈË˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ó˝ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~£z Óylfl˛£yÓ˚y x¢£yÎ˚ õyò%°= Ï ˆÏúyÓ˚
≤Ã!ì˛ ¢%!Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ÓƒÌ≈ £Î˚– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyãñ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ Á Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~£z á›˛òy ˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚yÓ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚
äÈyÎ˚y˛ôyì˛ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–

1– õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
2– xy˛ô!ò !Ñ˛ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !Ó¶˛yÜ x!òÓy˘˘Î≈ !äÈú⁄
3– ÓyÇúy Á ˛ôyOyˆÏÓ ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚y xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
4– ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD üÓ˚íyÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ xyÜõò ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô%òÓ≈y¢ò !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚&ò– üÓ˚íyÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô%òÓ≈y¢ˆÏò
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y Ñ˛# !äÈú⁄
3.8 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
1– Mushirul Hasan — India’s Partition : Process, Strategy and Mobilization,
Delhi, 1993.
2– Suranjan Das — Communal Riots in Bengal, 1905-1947, New Delhi, 1993.
3– Bass P. A. — The Politics of India since Independence, New Delhi, 1992.
4– S. K. Ghosh — India and the Raj, 1919-1947, Vol. 2, Bombay, 1995.
5– Ayesha Jalal — The Sole Spokesman : Jinnah, the Muslim League and the
Demand for Pakistan, Cambridge, 1985.
7– ¢%ˆÓÏ yï Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ õ%ˆÖÏ y˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ñ !Ó!›˛üÓ˚yã ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô)í≈ fl˛∫Óy˚ ãñ 1818ÈÙÈ1964ñ
Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÈÙÈ2009–
˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ 2 ≠ ≤Ããyì˛s˛f ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y ≠ Üí˛ô!Ó˚°îÏ

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 4  ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!Óïyò ≠ ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛y Ü‡˛òñ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xÇü Á ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ
Ü‡˛ò
4.0 v˛zˆjÏ üƒ
4.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
4.2 ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛y Ü‡˛ò
4.3 Ö¢v˛¸y Ñ˛!õ!›˛
4.4 ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xÇü
4.4.1 ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Á !òˆÏîü≈ õ)úÑ˛ ò#!ì˛
4.4.2 Î%_´Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy
4.4.3 Ó˚y‹T…˛ô!ì˛
4.4.4 ¢Ç¢î S˛ôyú≈yˆÏõr›˛V
4.4.5 !Óïyò¢¶˛y
4.4.6 ¢%!≤Ãõ ˆÑ˛y˘›˛≈
4.4.7 fl˛iyò#Î˚ fl˛∫yÎ˚_ü¥ y¢ò
4.4.8 ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ xyõúyì˛s˛f
4.5 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ
4.6 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚ ≠ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò
4.8 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
4.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
~£z ~Ñ˛Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôv˛¸ˆú
 1950 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 26 ãyò%Îy˚ !Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛∫yï#ò ¢yÓ≈ˆ¶ Ï ˛Ôõ ≤Ããyì˛ˆÏs˛f ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚ Á ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
¢Ç!Óïyò ˆáy!°Ïì˛ £Î˚–
 ¢Ç!Óïyò xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆì Ï ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Î%_´Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ üy¢òÓƒÓfl˛iy ≤ÃÓ!ì≈˛ì˛ £Î˚ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
¢ˆÏD ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚=!úÓ˚ ¢£yÓfl˛iyò fl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛ £Î˚–
 ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò ¢Ç¢î#Î˚ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ó˚yÖy £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È–

 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!Óïyò ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Ó,£_õ !ú!Öì˛ ¢Ç!Óïyòñ õ)ú ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò 395!›˛ ïyÓ˚y Á 8!›˛ ì˛˛ô!ü!ú
ïyÓ˚y !äÈú–
 ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ 12 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 35òÇ ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚=!ú fl˛iyò ˆ˛ôˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È–
 ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¡ô)í≈ e&!›˛õ%_´ òy £ˆÏúÁ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ òõò#Î˚ì˛y Á î%‹ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò#Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
¢õß∫Î˚ ¢y!ïì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È ˆ¢ˆÏ£ì%˛ ¢ÇˆÏüyïˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ e&!›˛ î)Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó–
4.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
1950 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 26 ãyò%Îy˚ !Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛∫yï#ò ¢yÓ≈ˆ¶Ï ˛Ôõ ≤Ããyì˛ˆÏs˛f ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚ Á ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
¢Ç!Óïyò ˆáy!°Ïì˛ £Î˚– ¢Ç!Óïyò Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yˆÏÑ˛ñ Îy !äÈú 1935 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xò%ÎyÎ˚# Ü!‡˛ì˛ ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ xy£zò¢¶˛yÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏÓy˚ «˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛– ì˛ˆÏÓ ¢Ç!Óïyò
¢¶˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ ≤Ãyïyòƒ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ ¢Ç!Óïyò Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ Ö¢v˛¸y Ñ˛!õ!›˛ˆÏì˛ xÑ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã!¢ v˛≠ xyˆÏ¡î∫ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ≤Ãïyò
îy!Î˚c ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚– v˛≠ xyˆÏ¡î∫ Ñ˛Ó˚ !äÈˆú Ï ò ¢Ç!Óïyò Ó˚â˛òy ˛ô!Ó˚°ˆÏ îÏ Ó˚ ¢¶˛y˛ô!ì˛– ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓòyÎ˚ òì%˛ò
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ñ ≤Ããyì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ñ ïõ≈!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ Á ¢õyãì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ â˛!Ó˚êÏ Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èñ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò
ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÕÏ !‘ Öì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èñ !òˆÏîü≈ õ)úÑ˛ ò#!ì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ÓyïƒÓyïÑ˛ì˛y òy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ xyîˆÏüÓ≈ ˚
Ñ˛Ìy Óúy £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yñ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Á ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ xy£zò¢¶˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úy˛ôñ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Á
≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ü‡˛òñ ¢%!≤Ãõ ˆÑ˛y›≈˛ñ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ xyõúyì˛s˛f ¢£ ˛ô%!úü Á ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ Óy!£ò# £zì˛ƒy!î ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈
v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò fl˛iyò ˆ˛ôˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È
¢#õyÓk˛ì˛y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ ¢Ç¢î#Î˚ Üíì˛s˛f ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ î#á≈fl˛iyÎ˚# £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È–
4.2 ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛y Ü‡˛ò

fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÓÏ ≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆòì,˛Ó,® ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒÍ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ãòƒ ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ ¢¶˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ç!Óïyò
îy!Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆúÏ ò– 1946 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 24 õyâ≈˛ õs˛f# !õüò ~£z v˛zˆj Ï ˆÏüƒ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ xyˆÏ¢– ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ
ˆ¶˛y›˛îyì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛y Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúÁ Óyhfl˛ÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ !ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õs˛f#!õüò ì˛y ˛ô!Ó˚ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ !fl˛iÓ˚ £Î˚ñ ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ xy£zò¢¶˛yÎ˚ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ¢î¢ƒÜí ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yÓ˚
≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ ò– ˆÎ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò ˛≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒÓ˚y !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú Ï òñ
ì˛yˆÏì˛ 90 üì˛yÇü !Ó_£#ò ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°ˆÏ ÑÏ ˛ ˆ¶˛y›˛y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó!MÈ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ¢#!õì˛ ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛
!òÓ≈yâ˛Ñ˛ ˛ôˆÏÓy˚ «˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒˆÏîÓ˚ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ¢î¢ƒ õˆÏòyò#ì˛
£ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆúÏ ò– ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒ¢ÇÖƒy !äÈú 389– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 296 ãò !Ó!›˛ü ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ 93
ãò ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãòƒüy!¢ì˛ Ó˚yãƒ=!ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ¢ò– 1946 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 9 !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛y ¢Ç!Óïyò
Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ Ñ˛yã ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ õ%¢!úõ !úÜ ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü !òˆÏì˛ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈúñ ö˛ˆÏú
¢¶˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# ˛ô«˛ !äÈú òy– v˛. Ó˚yˆÏãw≤Ã¢yî ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yÓ˚ fl˛iyÎ˚# ¢¶˛y˛ô!ì˛ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛
£ò ~ÓÇ ~£z ¢¶˛y fl˛∫yï#ò Á ¢yÓ≈ˆ¶Ï ˛Ôõ ÓˆÏú ˆáy!°Ïì˛ £Î˚– 1946 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 13 !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ ãÁ£Ó˚úyú
ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆj Ï üƒ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛∫yï#òñ ¢yÓ≈ˆ¶Ï ˛Ôõ
≤Ããyì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T… ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ãòÜí £ˆÏÓò ˆ¢£z ¢yÓ≈ˆ¶Ï ˛Ôõ «˛õì˛yÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ñ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á ¢%!Óâ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ– xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚ î,!‹TˆìÏ ˛ ¢Óy£z ¢õyò
£ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ !òã ïõ≈yâ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ Á fl˛∫yï#ò õì˛≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ– õ%¢!úõ !úÜ ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yÎ˚
ˆÎyÜ òy ˆîÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yÓ˚ 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 20 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 22 ãyò%Îy˚ !Ó˚ xò%!¤˛ì˛ x!ïˆÏÓüˆÏò ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚
≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓ Ü,£#ì˛ £Î˚– 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ fl˛∫yï#ò £ÓyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛y ~Ñ˛£z ¢ˆÏD ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢Ç!Óïyò
Ó˚â˛òy Á xy£zò ≤ÃíÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÇü ¢î¢ƒ !äÈˆú Ï ò fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ#– ãy!ì˛ ïõ≈ !ò!Ó≈ˆüÏ ˆÏ°Ï ¢Ó ¢¡±îyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yÎ˚ !äÈˆú Ï ò– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&ñ ¢î≈yÓ˚ ÓÕ‘¶˛¶˛y£z ˛ôƒyˆÏ›˛úñ v˛≠
xyˆÏ¡î∫ Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ üƒyõy≤Ã¢yî õ%ˆÖÏ y˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ≤ÃõÖ% ÈÙÈÓ˚ òyõ v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ– ì˛ˆÏÓ ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒÓ˚y ¢Ó≈ãò#ò
ˆ¶˛y›˛y!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ òy £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ~£z ¢¶˛y ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú Ñ˛ˆÏ‡˛yÓ˚¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢õyˆÏúy!â˛ì˛
£ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– !Ó!›˛ü ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïÓ˚y !äÈˆú
Ï ò ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ xy£zò¢¶˛yÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏÓy˚ «˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ñ
xyÓyÓ˚ ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïÓ˚y !äÈˆú Ï ò õˆÏòyò#ì˛– ÜíˆÏ¶˛yˆÏ›˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ õì˛yõì˛
@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚!ò–
~ ¢ˆÏ_Á ¥ Óúy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒˆîÏ Ó˚ ˆ¶˛y›˛y!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ¢Ç!Óïyò Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆÜˆÏú ¢Ç!Óïyò
≤ÃíÎ˚ˆòÏ xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚ úyÜì˛ñ ì˛yäÈyv˛¸y ÜíˆÏ¶˛yˆÏ›˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ãòõì˛ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛Ó˚y Óyhfl˛ÏÓ¢¡øì˛
£ì˛ òy– 1952 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ≤ÃÌõ ¢yïyÓ˚í !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ Ü!‡˛ì˛ xy£zò¢¶˛y ~£z ¢Ç!Óïyò xò%ˆõÏ yîò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò ãòõì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛ £Î˚!ò ~õò Ñ˛Ìy Óúy ÎyÎ˚ òy–
4.3 Ö¢v˛¸y Ñ˛!õ!›˛

¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛y 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 29 xyÜfi›˛ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ Ö¢v˛¸y Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛!õ!›˛ Ü‡˛ò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ v˛. !Ó. xyÓ˚. xyˆÏ¡î∫ Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢¶˛y˛ô!ì˛ˆÏc ~£z Ñ˛!õ!›˛ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ Ö¢v˛¸y Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yã ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
Ñ˛!õ!›˛Ó˚ ¢î¢ƒˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !äÈˆú Ï ò ~õ. ˆÜy˛ôyúfl˛∫yõ# xyˆÏÎD˚ yÓ˚ñ ˆÑ˛. ~õ. õ%òü#ñ ~ò. õyïÓÓ˚yÁñ !v˛. !˛ô.
˜Öì˛yòñ !Ó. ~ú. !õ◊ ≤ÃõÖ% – !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤ÃˆŸÏ ¿ ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ õì˛!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï ˆîÖy !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
¢ÇÖƒyúá% ¢¡±îyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈Ó«˚ ˛yñ Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï xÓfl˛iyòñ Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Á ì§˛yÓ˚ «˛õì˛yñ ãyì˛#Î˚ ¶˛y°Ïyñ
˛ôyÓ≈ì˛ƒ Á xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈Ó«˚ ˛y £zì˛ƒy!î ≤ÃŸ¿ !òˆÏÎ˚ !Óì˛Ñ≈˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yÓ˚ ˆõy›˛ 11!›˛
x!ïˆÏÓüˆÏò 165 !îò !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy £Î˚– ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&ñ ˆõÔúyòy xyãyîñ ¢î≈yÓ˚ ˛ôƒyˆÏ›˛ú ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛
Ó˚y‹Tˆ… òÏ ì˛yÓ˚y ~ˆÏì˛ xÇü ˆòò– 1948 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 5 òˆÏ¶˛¡∫Ó˚ Ö¢v˛¸y Ñ˛!õ!›˛ ˆÎ ¢Ç!Óïyò ˆ˛ôü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈúñ Ó˝
xyˆÏúyâ˛òyñ ¢ÇˆÏüyïò Á ¢ÇˆÏÎyãˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ 1950 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 26 ãyò%Îy˚ !Ó˚ ì˛y xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ü,£#ì˛ £Î˚–
~£z ¢Ç!Óïyò xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Î%_´Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ üy¢òÓƒÓfl˛iy ≤ÃÓ!ì≈˛ì˛ £Î˚ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢ˆÏD
≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚=!úÓ˚ ¢£yÓfl˛iyò fl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛ £Î˚–
4.4 ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xÇü

4.4.1 ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Á !òˆÏîü≈ õ)úÑ˛ ò#!ì˛
¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ !îÑ˛ £ú ~Ó˚ ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓòy– ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓòyÎ˚ Óúy £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ £ú ~Ñ˛!›˛
¢yÓ≈ˆ¶Ï ˛Ôõñ ¢õyãì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ñ ïõ≈!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ñ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ≤Ããyì˛s˛f– ~£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏD Óúy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ 1976 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ 42ì˛õ
¢ÇˆÏüyïò# xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ Ú¢õyãì˛y!s˛fÑ˛Û ~ÓÇ Úïõ≈!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛Û ü∑ î%!›˛ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓòyÎ˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓòyÎ˚ ¢Ç!Óïyò Ó˚â˛!Î˚ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ñ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ õì˛yîü≈ ~ÓÇ î,!‹T¶˛!D ≤ÃÑ˛yü
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓòyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãòÑ˛úƒyíõ)úÑ˛ Ó˚y‹TÜ… ‡˛ò ~ÓÇ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Á xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛
òƒyÎ˚ò#!ì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ xD#Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~ˆÏì˛ ˆáy!°Ïì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È ~ÓÇ ¢ÓÓ˚Ñ˛õ ˜Ó°ÏˆõÏ ƒÓ˚ xÓ¢yò Á ãy!ì˛ÈÙÈïõ≈!ò!Ó≈ˆüÏ ˆÏ°Ï
≤ÃˆìÏ ˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õyò x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÁ Óúy £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓòyÎ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ˙Ñ˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ò#!ì˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ @˘Ã£í
Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È–
¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Á â˛ì%˛Ì≈ xÇˆÏü Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ È ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Á Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ !òˆÏîü≈ õ)úÑ˛ ò#!ì˛– ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚
12 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 35òÇ ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚=!ú fl˛iyò ˆ˛ôˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ¢Ñ˛ú
òyÜ!Ó˚ˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢õyò x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ñ ïõ≈#Î˚ñ ãyì˛˛ôyì˛!¶˛!_Ñ˛ñ ãy!ì˛Üì˛ ˜Ó°ÏˆõÏ ƒÓ˚ £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢%Ó!˚ «˛ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚
x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ñ Óƒ!_´ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ¢%Ó!˚ «˛ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ñ fl˛∫yï#ò õì˛≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ñ ¢¶˛y¢!õ!ì˛ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚
x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ñ ˆüy°ÏˆíÏ Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ñ fl˛∫yï#ò ïõ≈yâ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ñ ¢ÇÖƒyúá% ¢¡±îyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈Ó«˚ ˛yÓ˚
x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ £zì˛ƒy!î ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò òyÜ!Ó˚ˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !£¢yˆÏÓ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛– ~£z x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚=!úÓ˚
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!›˛ ú!Aáì˛ £ˆÏú òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyîyúˆÏì˛Ó˚ üÓ˚íy˛ôß¨ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓò˚ –
¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ 36 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 51 òÇ ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ !òˆÏîü≈ õ)úÑ˛ ò#!ì˛=!úÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y Ó˚yÖy £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ˆîü üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚
ãòƒ ~£z ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Á xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ !òˆÏîü≈ =!ú ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ Óúy £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ì˛ˆÏÓ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
!òˆÏîü≈ õ)úÑ˛ ò#!ì˛ òy õyòˆÏú òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyîyúˆÏì˛Ó˚ !òÑ˛›˛ ¢%!Óâ˛yÓ˚ â˛y£zˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓò˚ òy– v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ
ò#!ì˛=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ È !ü«˛y Á Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ≈ ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ñ õyîÑ˛ Óã≈òñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ x!Óâ˛yÓ˚ Á ˆüy°ÏˆíÏ Ó˚ £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
õ%!_´ñ ˆÓÑ˛yÓ˚ñ Ó,k˛ Á x¢%fl˛iˆîÏ Ó˚ ãòƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛yñ òyÓ˚# Á ˛ô%Ó&˚ ˆÏ°ÓÏ ˚ ~Ñ˛£z ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ãòƒ
¢õ£yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓì˛ò £zì˛ƒy!î– @˘Ãyõ ˛ôMÈ˛yˆÏÎì˚ ˛ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ã#Óò ÎyeyÓ˚ õyò v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ñ xy!îÓy¢# ì˛˛ô!ü!ú Á
xò@˘Ã¢Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ Ñ˛úƒyí !Óïyòñ xÓ˚íƒ ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í Á ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü î)°íÏ ˆÏÓy˚ ï £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓÁ
˚ =Ó˚&c ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚–
xy£zòÜì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ òy £ˆÏúÁ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ~£z¢Ó ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zˆ˛Ï ô«˛y ¢Ω˛Ó
òÎ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ãò!≤ÃÎì˚ ˛y £…y¢ ˆ˛ôˆÏú !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò ¢ÇÖƒyÜ!Ó˚¤˛ì˛y £yÓ˚yˆÏòyÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
4.4.2 Î%_´Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Î%_´Ó˚y‹T… ÓúˆÏì˛ Ó˚yãƒ¢õ)ˆ£Ï Ó˚ ¢ÇÎ%_´Ñ˛Ó˚í Óy Union of States Ñ˛Ìy!›˛
ÓƒÓ£*ì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èñ Î%_´Ó˚y‹T… Óy Federation of States Ñ˛Ìy!›˛ ÓƒÓ£*ì˛ £Î˚!ò– Î%_´Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
˜mì˛ ¢_y ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ˆÑ˛w Á Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ «˛õì˛y Ó!r›˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶%˛_´ !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ xy£zò
˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ Ó˚yãƒ ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶%˛_´ !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ xy£zò ≤ÃíÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚# Ó˚yãƒ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚–
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Î%_´Ó˚yˆÏ‹T… ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ ≤ÃÓíì˛y fl˛ô‹T– ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ 355 Á 365 ïyÓ˚y ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ Ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
Ó˚yãƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ x¶˛ƒhs˘˛Ó˚#í !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ £hfl˛Ïˆ«Ï ˛˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓñ˚ ~õò!Ñ˛ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ v˛z˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yãƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
ˆ¶˛ˆÏàÁ !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚ Î%@¬ ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶%˛_´ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ Ó˚yãƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xy£zò ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#
£ˆÏú ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ xy£zò ÓúÓÍ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!Óïyò Î%_´Ó˚y‹T… (Federation of States) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì˛≈ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ¢ÇÎ%!_´Ñ˛Ó˚í (Union of States) Ñ˛Ìy!›˛ ˆÑ˛ò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èñ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ !îˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ¡î∫ Ñ˛yÓ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Î%_´Ó˚y‹T… ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆò£z–
4.4.3 Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò ¢Ç¢î#Î˚ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ó˚yÖy £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ~£z ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚
¢ˆÏÓy≈ Fâ˛ ˛ôîy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚# Óƒ!_´ £ˆÏúò Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛– ¢Ç¢î Á Ó˚yãƒ !Óïyò¢¶˛yÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒÜí Ñ˛ì,˛≈ Ñ˛ Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛
£ò– !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛ ˛ô§yâ˛ ÓäÈˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ãòƒ Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ ≤Ãïyò !£¢yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – üy¢òñ xy£zòñ
Ñ)˛›˛˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ñ ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ñ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Á ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ ˆáy°Ïíy ¢Çeýhs˘˛ «˛õì˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚# £ˆÏúò Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛– ≤Ãïyòõs˛f#ñ
Ó˚yãƒ˛ôyúñ ¢%!≤Ãõ Á £y£zˆÑÏ ˛yˆÏ›˛≈ Ó˚ !Óâ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ Á xòƒyòƒ v˛zFâ˛˛ôîfl˛iˆîÏ Ó˚ Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛ !òˆÏÎy˚ Ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ˆúyÑ˛¢¶˛yÓ˚
x!ïˆÏÓüò v˛yÑ˛yñ õ%úì%˛!Ó Ó˚yÖyñ Óy ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˆîÁÎ˚y Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚¶˛% _´– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò v˛z˛ôÓ˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛Ó˚
˛ôî xyˆÏäÈ– ¢Ç¢ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ¢î¢ƒÓ˚y ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – !ì˛!òÁ ˛ô§yâ˛ ÓäÈˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ãòƒ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ £ò–
Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛Ó˚ xò%˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !ì˛!ò xfl˛iyÎ˚# Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
4.4.4 ¢Ç¢î S˛ôyú≈yˆÏõr›˛V

ˆÑ˛ˆÏw Á Ó˚yˆÏãƒ ¢Ç¢î#Î˚ Ó˚#!ì˛ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ üy¢òÑ˛yÎ≈ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ £Î˚– ¢Ç¢î Óy ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ xy£zò¢¶˛y
ˆúyÑ˛¢¶˛y Á Ó˚yãƒ¢¶˛y ~£z î%£z Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛ !Ó¶˛_´– ˛ô§yâ˛ ÓäÈˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ ˆ¶˛yˆÏ›˛ ˆúyÑ˛¢¶˛yÓ˚
¢î¢ƒÓ˚y !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ £ò Á ¢ÇÖƒyÜ!Ó˚¤˛ îú Óy ˆãy›˛ÈÙÈ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ˆîü üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ õ)ú îy!Î˚c
≤Ãïyòõs˛f#Ó˚– !ì˛!ò xòƒ õs˛f#ˆÏîÓ˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ñ ¢Ñ˛úˆÏÑ˛£z !òÎ%_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛– õs˛f#¢¶˛y ¢Ç¢ˆÏîÓ˚
Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ îyÎ˚Ók˛ ~ÓÇ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ!Ó˚ˆ¤Ï ˛Ó˚ ¢õÌ≈ò £yÓ˚yˆÏú Óy ˆúyÑ˛¢¶˛yÎ˚ xòyfl˛iy ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓ Ü,£#ì˛ £ˆÏú õs˛f#¢¶˛y
˛ôîì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ Óyïƒ £Î˚–
Ó˚yãƒ¢¶˛y Óy ¢Ç¢ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛Ñ˛«˛ Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚ 250 ãò ¢î¢ƒ !òˆÏÎ–˚ ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ˚
x!¶˛K˛ 12 ãò ¢î¢ƒˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ xò%ÎyÎ˚# õˆÏòyò#ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – xÓ!ü‹T ¢î¢ƒÓ˚y
≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ !Óïyò¢¶˛yÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ £ò– Ó˚yãƒ¢¶˛yÓ˚ x!ïˆÏÓüˆÏò ¢¶˛y˛ô!ì˛c Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛–
xy£zò ≤ÃíÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ãòƒ ¢Ç¢ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛ Ö¢v˛¸y ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓ xyòy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚ ì˛y Ü,£#ì˛ £ˆÏú Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛Ó˚ ¢¡ø!ì˛ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ì˛y xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚ õÎ≈yîy úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
4.4.5 !Óïyò¢¶˛y
¢Ç¢î Óy ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ xy£zò¢¶˛y xy£zò ≤ÃíÎ˚òñ üy¢òñ xÌ≈ Á ˆîü !ÓˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢Ó =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ¢õ¢ƒy !òˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓñ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ˚ !Óïyò¢¶˛y xy£zò ≤ÃíÎ˚òñ xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ !òÎ˚s˛fí Á xòƒyòƒ ≤Ãüy¢!òÑ˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚
!¢k˛yhs˘˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ˚ Ó˚yãƒ˛ôyú !Óïyò¢¶˛yÎ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ!Ó˚¤˛
îˆÏúÓ˚ ˆòì˛yˆÏÑ˛ õ%Ö% ƒõs˛f# !òÎ%_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ~ÓÇ ì§˛yÓ˚ Á ì§˛yÓ˚ õs˛f#¢¶˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈e´ˆÏõ üy¢ò îy!Î˚c ˛ôyúò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – Ó˚yãƒ˛ôyú ≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ ≤Ãïyò– õs˛f#¢¶˛yÓ˚ ˛ôì˛ò £ˆÏú xÌÓy xy£zòÈÙÈüC ) úy ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˛ôv˛¸ˆú
Ï
¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ 356 ïyÓ˚y ãy!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛Ó˚ üy¢ò ÓúÓÍ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚yãƒ˛ôyú Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛Ó˚
≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï !£¢yˆÏÓ ¢ˆÏÓy≈ Fâ˛ ≤Ãüy¢!òÑ˛ «˛õì˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚# £ò ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ì,˛≈ Ñ˛ !òÎ%_´ v˛z˛ôˆÏî‹Tyõ[˛ú#Ó˚
¢y£yÎƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ üy¢òÑ˛yÎ≈ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ –
4.4.6 ¢%!≤Ãõ ˆÑ˛y›≈˛
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ Ó˚y‹T… ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ hfl˛ÏΩ˛ £ú fl˛∫yï#ò !òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ÓƒÓfl˛iy– !Óâ˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ü#ˆÏ°≈Ï
Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ È ¢%!≤ÃõˆÏÑ˛y›≈˛ñ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ¢ˆÏÓy≈ Fâ˛ xyîyúì˛ £ú £y£zˆÑÏ ˛y›≈˛– ¢Ç¢ˆÏî ˜ì˛!Ó˚ xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚ ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ ˜Óïì˛y
!Óâ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ îy!Î˚c ¢%!≤Ãõ ˆÑ˛yˆÏ›˛≈ Ó˚– ¢%!≤Ãõ ˆÑ˛yˆÏ›˛≈ Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò !Óâ˛yÓ˚˛ô!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òÎ%_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛ÈÙÙÙÈxòƒyòƒ
!Óâ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛Ó˚y ≤Ãïyò !Óâ˛yÓ˚˛ô!ì˛Ó˚ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü xò%ÎyÎ˚# Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛ Ñ˛ì,˛≈ Ñ˛ !òÎ%_´ £ò– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
ïyÓ˚y Óy xò%ˆFÏ äÈˆîÏ Ó˚ ÓƒyÖƒyñ Ó˚yãƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ïñ ~Ñ˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD x˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï
£zì˛ƒy!î !ò‹ô!_Ó˚ îy!Î˚c ¢%!≤Ãõ ˆÑ˛yˆÏ›˛≈ Ó˚– ¢%!≤Ãõ ˆÑ˛y›≈˛ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy õyõúyÓ˚ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓñ˚ xy!˛ôú
õyõúy @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ xy£z!ò ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚ ¢%!≤Ãõ ˆÑ˛y›≈˛ £ú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚
Ó˚«˛yÑ˛ì≈˛y–
4.4.7 fl˛iyò#Î˚ fl˛∫yÎ˚_ü¥ y¢ò
fl˛iyò#Î˚ fl˛∫yÎ˚_ü¥ y¢ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò fl˛ô‹T ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !òˆÏîü≈ òy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏîü≈ õ)úÑ˛
ò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ó˚yãƒ=!úˆÏÑ˛ @˘Ãyõ ˛ôMÈ˛yˆÏÎì˚ ˛ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏîü≈ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– Üy!ı˛!ã î#á≈!îò ïˆÏÓ˚ @˘Ãyõ ˛ôMÈ˛yˆÏÎˆ˚ ìÏ ˛Ó˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ =Ó˚&c xyˆÏÓy˚ ˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ¢Ç!Óïyò ≤ÃÓ!ì≈˛ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ xÓƒÓ!£ì˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚!ò– ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢õ!‹T v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ~Ñ˛ˆÏüy!›˛ @˘ÃyõˆÏÑ˛
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ ïˆÏÓ˚ @˘ÃyõˆÏ¢ÓÑ˛ñ Ñ,˛!°Ï !ÓˆÏü°ÏK˛ ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ Ñ˛õ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏ“ !Ñ˛ä%È ÓƒÓfl˛iy
!òˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– 1956 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ÓúÓhs˘˛Ó˚y£z ˆõ£ì˛yÓ˚ ¢¶˛y˛ô!ì˛ˆÏc ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛!õ!›˛ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ˆõ£ì˛y Ñ˛!õ!›˛Ó˚
!¢k˛yhs˘˛ xò%ÎyÎ˚# ~Ñ˛!›˛ !eÈÙÈhfl˛ÏÓ˚ !Ó!ü‹T ˛ôMÈ˛yˆÏÎ!˚ ì˛Ó˚yã Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zˆj
Ï ƒÜ ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚– 1959 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1962
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ≤ÃˆîÏ ü=!ú xy£zò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôMÈ˛yˆÏÎ!˚ ì˛ Ó˚yã â˛yú% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
4.4.8 ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ xyõúyì˛s˛f
fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆÎ ≤Ãüy¢!òÑ˛ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ì˛òˆÏ◊!íÓ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ Ñ˛õ≈â˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ¶˛yÓy
£Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈˆÑ˛w#Î˚ñ Ó˚yãƒ Á ¢Ó≈¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚– ˆÑ˛whfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ˚ xyÎ˚Ñ˛Ó˚ñ ≤Ã!ì˛Ó˚«˛yñ ÷ÕÒñ ˆÓ˚ú ˛ô!Ó˚Ó£òñ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyñ v˛yÑ˛
Á ì˛yÓ˚ñ ˛ôÓ˚Óy˚ ‹Tñ… !£¢yÓ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yñ ~ÓÇ Üíòy £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛õ≈â˛y!Ó˚ñ Ó˚yãƒhfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ˚ ˛ô%!úüñ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ñ Ñ,˛!°Ïñ
xÓ˚íƒñ !ü«˛y Á fl˛∫yfl˛iƒhfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ˚ xyõúyñ ¢Ó≈¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛õ≈â˛y!Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ≤Ãüy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò xò%ÎyÎ˚# Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy Ó˚yãƒ
xyÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xï#ˆÏò !òˆÏÎy˚ Ü Ñ˛Ó˚y–
¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ â˛ì%˛î≈ü xÇˆÏü ˆÑ˛ˆÏw Á Ó˚yˆÏãƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ â˛yÑ%˛!Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ !òˆÏÎy˚ Ü Á â˛yÑ%˛!Ó˚Ó˚ üì≈˛yÓú# ¢Çeýhs˘˛
!òÎ˚ˆõÏ Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD ÎˆÏÌFäÈ¶˛yˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏì˛ â˛yÑ%˛!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yv˛zˆÑÏ ˛ x˛ô¢yÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚y òy £Î˚ ˆ¢ãòƒ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Á
≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ xy£zò¢¶˛yˆÏÑ˛ xy£zò ≤ÃíÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ 315òÇ ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ â˛yÑ%˛!Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ !òˆÏÎy˚ ˆÏÜÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe fl˛∫FäÈì˛y Á !òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ì˛y ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÑ˛w Á Ó˚yãƒ hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ Ñ,˛ì˛ƒÑ˛ Ñ˛!õüò (Public
Service Commission) Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒÓ˚y Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛ xÌÓy Ó˚yãƒhfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ˚
Ó˚yãƒ˛ôyú myÓ˚y äÈÎ˚ ÓäÈˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ãòƒ !òÎ%_´ £ò– Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yã ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yõ)úÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !Ó!¶˛ß¨
hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ Ñ˛õ≈â˛y!Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ !òˆÏÎy˚ Ü Ñ˛Ó˚y–
4.5 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ

1952 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ ¢yïyÓ˚í !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛
üy!¢ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ xy¢ˆÏäÈ– ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ˆÎ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ì˛y £ú ~Ó˚ !Ó˛ô%ú xyÎ˚ì˛ò– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
¢Ç!Óïyò ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Ó,£_õ !ú!Öì˛ ¢Ç!Óïyòñ õ)ú ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò 395!›˛ ïyÓ˚y Á 8!›˛ ì˛˛ô!ü!ú ïyÓ˚y !äÈú–
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!Óïyò !ú!Öì˛ £ˆÏúÁ î%‹ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò#Î˚ òÎ˚– ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy ¢£ˆÏã ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛òˆÏÎyÜƒ òy
£ˆÏúÁ î%£Èz ÙÈì˛, ì˛#Î˚yÇü ¢Ç¢ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈ò ˆ˛ôˆÏú Óy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢ÇÖƒyÜ!Ó˚ˆ¤Ï ˛Ó˚ ¢õÌ≈ò ˆ˛ôˆÏú
¢Ç!Óïyò ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò á›˛yˆÏòy ÎyÎ˚–
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò ~ˆÏîüˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yÓ≈ˆ¶Ï ˛Ôõñ ¢õyãì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ñ ïõ≈!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ Á Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ≤Ããyì˛s˛f
!£¢yˆÏÓ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ¢yÓ≈ˆ¶Ï ˛Ôõ xˆÏÌ≈ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ x¶˛ƒhs˘˛Ó˚#í Á ˛ôÓ˚Óy˚ ‹Tò… #!ì˛ !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
«˛õì˛y£z â)˛v˛¸yhs˘˛ ~Ñ˛Ìy Óúy £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ¢õyãì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ !£¢yˆÏÓ ïò#ÈÙÈî!Ó˚ôÏ Ó˚ ÓƒÓïyò ¢yïƒõì˛ î)Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
¢ÇÖƒyÜ!Ó˚¤˛ õyò%°ˆÏ ÑÏ ˛ ˆüy°ÏˆíÏ Ó˚ £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏÑ˛ !ò!î≈‹T Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ïõ≈!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ì˛y xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚
≤ÃˆìÏ ˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ Óƒ!_´Üì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !òã !òã ïõ≈ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÓÏ ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ ïõ≈ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ òy– Üíì˛s˛f
ÓúˆÏì˛ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ myÓ˚y !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ããyì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ xÌ≈ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛£z Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ È ¢ˆÏÓy≈ Fâ˛
«˛õì˛y–
¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ x˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ £ú ~ÖyˆÏò «˛õì˛y !Ó¶˛yãò ò#!ì˛ ¢Ó≈yÇˆÏü Ü,£#ì˛ £Î˚!ò– xy£zò
≤ÃíÎ˚òñ ≤Ãüy¢ò Á !Óâ˛yÓ˚ !Ó¶˛yÜ ~ÖyˆÏò ~ˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)ÓÑ˚ ˛–
4.6 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚ ≠ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò

¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óv˛¸ ¢#õyÓk˛ì˛y £ú Î%_´Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy ÌyÑ˛y ¢ˆÏ_Á ¥ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
~Ñ˛y!ï˛ôì˛ƒ– ˆÑ˛ˆÏw Á Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xy£zò ≤ÃíÎ˚ò «˛õì˛y !Ó¶˛_´ £ˆÏúÁ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏïÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÑ˛wˆÏÑ˛£z
≤Ãyïyòƒ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– xyõúyì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆ°Ï ÓÏ y Á xˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ ãòƒÁ ≤ÃˆîÏ ü=!ú ˆÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú–
¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúÁ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò õˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï v˛z˛ôÎ%_´ «˛!ì˛˛ô)Óˆ˚ íÏ Ó˚
!Ó!òõˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!_´ ¢¡ô!_ x!ï@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ !òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚ Öy!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ Ñ˛yv˛zˆÑÏ ˛ !Óòy !Óâ˛yˆÏÓ˚
Ñ˛yÓ˚yÓ˚&k˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y Óy õì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˆÑ˛ˆÏv˛¸ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚Á ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ È–
¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¡ô)í≈ e&!›˛õ%_´ òy £ˆÏúÁ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ òõò#Î˚ì˛y Á î%‹ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò#Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢õß∫Î˚
¢y!ïì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È ˆ¢ˆÏ£ì%˛ ¢ÇˆÏüyïˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ e&!›˛ î)Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó– ˆîü¶˛yÜ Á îyDyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆÎ ¶˛Î˚yÓ£
˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛Ó˚ v˛zqÓ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ˆ¢£z ˛ô!Ó˚ˆ≤Ï Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ü!_´üyú# ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y£z ì˛Öò
fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ !äÈúñ !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ¢Ç!Óïyò ≤ÃˆíÏ ì˛yÓ˚y Î%_´Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ î)Óî˚ !ü≈ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˆîò– 1935
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zˆòÏ ¢¡ô!_ Á !ü«˛yÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ Ö%Ó£z ¢#!õì˛ ˆ¶˛y›˛y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y
£ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ~ÓÇ ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒÓ˚y !äÈˆú Ï ò ãò¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ õye ÓyˆÏÓy˚ üì˛yÇü ˆ¶˛yˆÏ›˛ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛– !Ñ˛ls˘˛
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò ¢õhfl˛Ï ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ òyÓ˚#˛ô%Ó&˚ °ÏˆÑÏ ˛ ˆ¶˛y›˛y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ îyò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÓÏ ≈ Á ˛ôˆÏÓ˚
¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ˆÜyúˆÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ïõ≈!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ Ó˚y‹T… !£¢yˆÏÓ ˆáy°Ïíy ¢Ç!Óïyò ≤ÃˆíÏ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
¢y£ˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òîü≈ò– Ó˚y‹TÓ… ƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãyïyòƒ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛ ~ÓÇ ¢%!≤Ãõ ˆÑ˛y›≈˛ ˆ¢£z ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ x!¶˛¶˛yÓÑ˛–

1– ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò– ¢Ç!Óïyò ≤ÃíÎ˚ˆòÏ ~£z ¢¶˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y Ñ˛# !äÈú⁄
2– ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Á !òˆÏîü≈ õ)úÑ˛ ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
3– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!Óïyò Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õÑ˛y !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
4– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï !îÑ˛=!ú Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–

5– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
6– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
4.8 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
1– Paul R. Brass — The Politics of India Since Independence, Cambridge
University Press, 1997.
2– Sabyasachi Bhattacharyya and N. N. Vohra edited — Looking Back : India
in the 20th Century, New Delhi, 2002.
3– Bipan Chandra & Others — India Since Independence, 1947-2000, Penguin,
2000.
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 5  ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç£!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ !_´

Ü‡˛ò
5.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
5.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
5.2 ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ !_´
5.2.1 ã%òyÜv˛¸
5.2.2 £yÎ˚oyÓyî
5.2.3 Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ≠ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛¶%˛!_´ Á ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò Î%k˛ S1948V
5.5 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
5.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
~£z ~Ñ˛Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏú xy˛ô!ò ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓòÈÙÙÙÈ
 fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ xÖ[˛ì˛y ~ÓÇ ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç£!ì˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãˆÏò ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛¶%˛!_´ òì%˛ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !òÑ˛›˛ ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ !äÈú–
 ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢õhfl˛Ï ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´ £ˆÏúÁ !ì˛ò!›˛ ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãòƒüy!¢ì˛ Ó˚yãˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚
¢õ¢ƒy ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– ~=!ú £ú ã%òyÜv˛¸ñ !òãyõÈÙÈüy!¢ì˛ £yÎ˚oyÓyî Á ã¡ø% Á Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚–
 ¢î≈yÓ˚ ÓÕ‘¶˛¶˛y£z ˛ôƒyˆÏ›˛ˆÏúÓ˚ î«˛ì˛yÎ˚ ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ !_´ £Î˚– ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛¶%˛!_´Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á ≤Ãüy¢!òÑ˛ ˙Ñ˛ƒ ¢¡ô)í≈ £Î˚–
 ì˛ˆÏÓ Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒy !äÈú ã!›˛ú ~ÓÇ ~ÖòÁ ~£z ¢õ¢ƒy xõ#õyÇ!¢ì˛–
5.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ òyòy ¢õ¢ƒyÈÙÙÙÈ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ îyDyñ xò@˘Ã¢Ó˚ì˛yñ xı˛ Ñ%˛¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ x¢yõƒñ îy!Ó˚o
£zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ ¢õyïyò ò)ì˛ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !òÑ˛›˛ ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ !äÈú– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ xÖ[˛ì˛y Á ˆ¶˛ÔˆÏÜy!úÑ˛ ¢Ç£!ì˛ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚
˛ôˆÏ«˛ !Ó˛ôIòÑ˛ !äÈú ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#ò xÓ!fl˛i!ì˛– ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ˆÎ !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ òãÓ˚
!îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ì˛y £ú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ó≈Ï ˚ !òÓ˚y˛ô_y ~ÓÇ !fl˛i!ì˛ü#úì˛y– ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç£!ì˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãˆÏò ˆîü#Î˚
Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛¶%˛!_´ äÈyv˛¸y ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ ¢Ó !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyÜ !òˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ˆ¢=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !äÈú
xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ v˛zß¨Î˚ò Á îy!Ó˚o î)Ó˚#Ñ˛Ó˚íñ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢%¤%˛ ¢õyïyòñ v˛zî‰Óyhfl%˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô%òÓ≈y¢òñ
xy£zòÈÙÈüC ) úy !ö˛!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ xyòy ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˜ÓˆÏî!üÑ˛ ò#!ì˛ v˛zqyÓò Ñ˛Ó˚y Îy ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y x›%˛›˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ
!ÓˆÏŸª üy!hs˘˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÎ˚ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ – ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢#õyòyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´ ¢Ñ˛ú ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒˆÏÑ˛
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ !_´Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢î≈yÓ˚ ÓÕ‘¶˛¶˛y£z ˛ôƒyˆÏ›˛ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyÜ !äÈú =Ó˚&c˛ô)í–≈ ¢î≈yÓ˚ ÓÕ‘¶˛¶˛y£z ˛ôƒyˆÏ›˛ú
ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# xyˆÏÓˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xyˆÏÓîò ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢#õyòyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´ ¢Ñ˛ú ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒˆÏÑ˛
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆÎyÜ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ xy£πyò ãyòyò–
5.2 ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ !_´

1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ !òÓ˚y˛ô_y ~ÓÇ ¢Ç£!ì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃŸ¿ ò)ì˛ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !òÑ˛›˛ !äÈú
!ÓˆÏü°Ï =Ó˚&c˛ô)í–≈ 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ‘first thing is the security and stability
of India’– ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#ò xÓ!fl˛i!ì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ xÖ[˛ì˛y Á ˆ¶˛ÔÜ!úÑ˛ ¢Ç£!ì˛ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ !äÈú
!Ó˛ôIòÑ˛– ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛¶%˛!_´ ~ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ !äÈú–
Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ !Ó!›˛ü üy¢òyï#ò ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ Á ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãòƒÓÜ≈ÈÙÈüy!¢ì˛
Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=!ú Ó˚yãƒ !äÈú– ~Ó˚y !Ó!›˛ü ¢yÓ≈ˆ¶Ï ˛ÔõˆÏcÓ˚ xï#ˆÏò !¶˛ß¨ !¶˛ß¨ õyeyÎ˚ fl˛∫üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛–
~£z ¢Ó Ó˚yãƒ=!úˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ x¶˛ƒhs˘˛Ó˚#í !ÓˆÏoy£ Á ˜ÓˆÏî!üÑ˛ xye´õí ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ îy!Î˚c
!òˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– «˛õì˛y £hfl˛Ïyhs˘˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚yãòƒüy!¢ì˛ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ !òÑ˛›˛ ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ ˆÎ ì˛yÓ˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Óy
˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÓÏ Óy !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#ò x!hfl˛Ïc ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÓÏ – õ£¡øî xyú# !ãßÿ
~ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ¢¡øì˛ !äÈˆú Ï ò– !ì˛!ò 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 18 ã%ò ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò ‘The states would
be independent sovereign states on the termination of paramountcy and were free to
remain independent if they so desired’. !Ó!›˛ü ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# xÓüƒ xyüy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò ˆÎ ˆîü#Î˚
Ó˚yãƒ=!ú î%!›˛ ˆv˛y!õ!òÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˆÎyÜ ˆîˆÏÓ–
ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ãòÜí fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚y Üíì˛s˛f ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ xy@˘Ã£# !äÈú– ì˛yÓ˚y
ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛òñ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Á xòƒyòƒ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ îy!Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢
ãyì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú ˆÎ Ó˚yãyÓ˚y òòñ ãòÜí£z £ˆÏúò Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ «˛õì˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚#ñ
ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ õì˛yõì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ ¢ÇÎ%!_´Ó˚ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ =Ó˚&c ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÓ– ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢õhfl˛Ï ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ£z
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´ £Î˚– ¢î≈yÓ˚ ÓÕ‘¶˛¶˛y£z ˛ôƒyˆÏ›˛ú ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢!â˛Ó !¶˛. !˛ô. ˆõòòÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛yÎ˚ ˆîü#Î˚
Ó˚yãƒ=!úˆÏÑ˛ î«˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ‘Instrument of Accession’ òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛
î!úˆÏúÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ~£z Ó˚yãƒ=!úˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛¶%˛!_´Ó˚ !Ó!òõˆÏÎ˚ ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãyÓ˚y
!òÎ˚!õì˛ ¶˛yì˛y ≤Ãîyò Á ˆÖì˛yÓ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛◊&!ì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò–
≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢õhfl˛Ï ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´ £ˆÏúÁ ¢õ¢ƒy ˆîÖy ˆîÎ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãòƒüy!¢ì˛
Ó˚yãƒˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ–˚ ~=!ú £ú ã%òyÜv˛¸ñ !òãyõÈÙÈüy!¢ì˛ £yÎ˚oyÓyî ~ÓÇ ã¡ø% Á Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚– ˛ôƒyˆÏ›˛ú ~ÈÙÈ!Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚
xÓÜì˛ !äÈˆú Ï ò ˆÎ ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ˙Ñ˛ƒ !Ó˛ôß¨ £ˆÏÓ– !ì˛!ò ~ÈÙÈ!Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !¶˛. !˛ô. ˆõòòˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏú!äÈˆú Ï ò ‘The situation held dangerous potentialities and that if
we did not handle it promptly and effectively, our hard earned freedom might
disappear through the state’s door’. !ì˛!ò ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢õhfl˛Ï Ó˚yãyˆÏîÓ˚ !òÑ˛›˛ xò%ˆÓÏ y˚ ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓò
˚
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ xÓ!fl˛iì˛ ¢Ñ˛ú Ó˚yãyÓ˚y ˆÎò ˜ÓˆÏî!üÑ˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !òÓ˚y˛ô_y ~ÓÇ Îyì˛yÎ˚yì˛ Óy
ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyÜ £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ ¢%!ÓïyˆÏÌ≈ Ó˚y!ã £ò– ˆfl˛∫FäÈyÎ˚ Ó˚y!ã òy £ˆÏú !ì˛!ò x!òFä%ÈÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚
ÓƒÓfl˛iy ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÁ ÓˆÏúò–
5.2.1 ã%òyÜv˛¸
ˆ¢ÔÓ˚y‹T… v˛z˛ôÑ)˛ˆÏú ã%òyÜv˛¸ !äÈú ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆäÈy›˛ ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ– ~£z Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ≤ÃãyÓ˚y x!ïÑ˛yÇü !£®% £ˆÏúÁ
üy¢Ñ˛ !äÈˆú Ï ò õ%¢!úõ– !òÎ˚õ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãyÓ˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Óy ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó˚yˆÏ‹T… ˆÎyÜ !îˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ò– ã%òyÜˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ≤ÃãyÓ˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆúÏ Á òÓyÓ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏò ˆÎyÜ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ !¢k˛yhs˘˛ ˆòò–
ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& Á ˛ôƒyˆÏ›˛ú v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ£˚ z ÜíˆÏ¶˛yˆÏ›˛Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ~£z ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyò ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆúÏ ò– ≤Ããy!ÓˆÏ«˛y¶˛ ~v˛¸yˆÏì˛
ã%òyÜˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ òÓyÓ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏò ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏú ã%òyÜˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ˆîÁÎ˚yò üy£ òÁÎ˚yã ¶%˛ˆÏRy (Nawaz Bhutto)
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ £hfl˛Ïˆ«Ï ˛˛ô ≤ÃyÌ≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆ¢òyÓy!£ò# ã%òyÜˆÏv˛¸ ≤ÃˆÓÏ ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ 1948
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ÜíˆÏ¶˛yˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ ã%òyÜv˛¸ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´ £Î˚–
5.2.2 £yÎ˚oyÓyî
ã%òyÜˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y £yÎ˚oyÓyˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÇü ≤Ããy !£®% £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÎyÜîyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
£zFä%ÈÑ˛ !äÈú– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ £yÎ˚oyÓyˆÏîÓ˚ üy¢Ñ˛ !òãyõ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Óy ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ôˆÏ«˛£z ˆÎyÜ òy !îˆÏÎ˚ fl˛∫yï#ò
ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ !¢k˛yhs˘˛ !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– !òãyˆÏõÓ˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚# üy¢ò £yÎ˚oyÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ ã#Óò x!ì˛‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈú– ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ~Ñ˛ ˆõÔúÓyî# õ%¢!úõ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ôoÓ– ¢î≈yÓ˚ ˛ôƒyˆÏ›˛ú £yÎ˚oyÓyî
¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ â˛y˛ô ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& !mïyˆÏÑ˛ x@˘Ãy£ƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 1948
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 13 ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ £yÎ˚oyÓyˆÏî ˆ¢òy ˆ≤ÃÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ £yÎ˚oyÓyîˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚
xhs˘˛¶%≈˛_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
5.2.3 Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ≠ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛¶%˛!_´ Á ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò Î%k˛ S1948V

Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒy !äÈú ¢Ó≈yˆÏ˛ô«˛y ã!›˛ú ~ÓÇ ~ÖòÁ ~£z ¢õ¢ƒy xõ#õyÇ!¢ì˛– Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ó˚yãy £!Ó˚ !¢Ç
!£®% £ˆÏúÁ x!ïÑ˛yÇü ≤Ããy !äÈú õ%¢úõyò– ì˛ˆÏÓ ã¡ø%ˆìÏ ˛ !£®%ˆîÏ Ó˚ ≤Ãyïyòƒ !äÈú ~ÓÇ úyîyˆÏÖ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È
ˆÓÔk˛ !äÈˆú Ï ò– 1944 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~ÖyˆÏò üy¢Ñ˛ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# xyˆÏ®yúò ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ¢#õyhs˘˛Óì≈˛# Ó˚yãƒ
Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆ¶˛ÔˆÏÜy!úÑ˛ xÓfl˛iy ~ÓÇ xyö˛Üy!òhfl˛Ïyòñ Ó˚y!üÎ˚yñ !â˛ò Á !ì˛Óπì˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛
Á ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò v˛z¶˛Î˚ Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ îÖú ˛ôyÁÎ˚y !äÈú xì˛ƒhs˘˛ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í–≈ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyE˛yˆÏú Ó˚yãy
£!Ó˚ !¢Ç ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó˚yˆÏãƒ ˆÎyÜ !îˆÏì˛ Ó˚y!ã !äÈˆú Ï ò òy ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò–
x˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ Ó˚yãƒ ˛ô!Ó˚°îÏ Á ì˛yÓ˚ ˆòì˛y ˆüÖ xyÓî%Õy‘ £ Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓ˚ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ÓƒÓfl˛iy ≤ÃÓì≈˛ˆÏò xy@˘Ã£#
!äÈˆú
Ï ò–
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ fl˛∫yï#ò £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD ˛ôyÑ˛ õîì˛˛ô%‹T ~Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôãyì˛#Î˚ ˆ¢òyÓy!£ò# Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ xye´õí
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z ˆ¢òyÓ˚y ÓyÓ˚yõ)úy x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yãïyò# ◊#òÜˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ x!hfl˛Ïc !Ó˛ôß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú– Ó˚yãy
£!Ó˚ !¢Ç v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ˆÎ ã¡ø%ÈÙÈÑ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ fl˛∫yï#ò x!hfl˛Ïc ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖy x¢Ω˛Ó– Ó˚yãy £!Ó˚ !¢Ç ã¡ø%ˆìÏ ˛
xy◊Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢y£yÎƒ ≤ÃyÌ≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ˛ôƒyˆÏ›˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõˆÏü≈ £!Ó˚ !¢Ç 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 26 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Á ã¡ø%ÈÙÈÑ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ õˆÏïƒ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ !_´ î!úú fl˛∫y«˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ã¡ø%ÈÙÈÑ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚
xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´ £Î˚– ~£z î!úú xò%ÎyÎ˚# ã¡ø%ÈÙÈÑ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Ó˚«˛yñ ˛ôÓ˚Óy˚ ‹T… Á ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyÜ ~£z !ì˛ò!›˛ !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ì,˛≈ c ˆõˆÏò â˛úˆÏì˛ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛ £Î˚– 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 2 òˆÏ¶˛¡∫Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ˆáy°Ïíy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ÈÙÙÙÈˆÎ õ%£ˆ) ìÏ ˛≈ Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓ˚ xy£zòÈÙÈüC
) úy ˛ô%òÉ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¶)˛Ö[˛ xye´õíÑ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ £yì˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%_´ £ˆÏÓñ Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ !_´Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ÜíˆÏ¶˛yˆÏ›˛Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛
£ˆÏÓ–
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Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Óy!£ò# £hfl˛ÏˆÏ«˛˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò Óy!£ò#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Î%k˛
ÓyˆÏï– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyòˆÏÑ˛ üy!hs˘˛¶˛DÑ˛yÓ˚# ¢yÓƒhfl˛Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ãy!ì˛˛ô%ˆÏOÓ˚ !òÓ˚y˛ô_y ˛ô!Ó˚°ÏˆÏî Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚
≤Ã¢D v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ¢!¡ø!úì˛ ãy!ì˛˛ô%O Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ Ñ˛!õüò Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ˜¢òƒÓy!£ò#
Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!ïÑ,˛ì˛ xMÈ˛ˆÏú Úxyãyî Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚Û òyˆÏõ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ ≤Ãüy¢!òÑ˛ ÓƒÓfl˛iy â˛yú% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛
ãy!ì˛˛ô%ˆÏOÓ˚ õïƒfl˛iì˛yÎ˚ 1949 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 1úy ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Î%k˛ !ÓÓ˚!ì˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚ £Î˚– 1948
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 31 !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ !òÓ˚y˛ô_y ˛ô!Ó˚°Ïî Î%k˛ !ÓÓ˚!ì˛ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~£z ¢õÎ˚ xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ !òÎ˚s˛fí
ˆÓ˚Öy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ î%!›˛ ¶˛yˆÏÜ !Ó¶˛_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚– 1951 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¢!¡ø!úì˛ ãy!ì˛˛ô%O !¢k˛yhs˘˛
!òˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ˆÎ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ì˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ,˛ì˛ xMÈ˛ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢òyÓy!£ò# ≤Ãì˛ƒy£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚
ãy!ì˛˛ô%ˆÏOÓ˚ ì˛_¥yÓïyˆÏò Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓ˚ ÜíˆÏ¶˛y›˛ xò%!¤˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ˆ¢òyÓy!£ò# ≤Ãì˛ƒy£yÓ˚ òy
Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ ÜíˆÏ¶˛y›˛ ¢Ω˛Ó˛ôÓ˚ £Î˚!ò–
Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õì˛˛ôyÌ≈ˆÑÏ ˛ƒÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Á ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ £ˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ!˚ ò– Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒyˆÏÑ˛ !òÓ˚y˛ô_y ˛ô!Ó˚°ˆÏ îÏ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ !¢k˛yhs˘˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ !äÈú òy ÓˆÏú xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚
¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Î%ˆkÏ ˛ ãÎ˚úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢%!ÓïyãòÑ˛ xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ !äÈúñ ˆ¢£z ¢õÎ˚ õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ˆÏòÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚yõˆÏü≈ !òÓ˚y˛ô_y ˛ô!Ó˚°ˆÏ îÏ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – !òÓ˚y˛ô_y
˛ô!Ó˚°ˆÏ îÏ Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& £ì˛yü £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò–
¢î≈yÓ˚ ÓÕ‘¶˛¶˛y£z ˛ôƒyˆÏ›˛ˆÏúÓ˚ î«˛ì˛yÎ˚ ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ !_´ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú !‡˛Ñ˛£z !Ñ˛ls˘˛
!Ó!òõˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎ !ÓÓ˚y›˛ xˆÏB˛Ó˚ Ó˚yãòƒ¶˛yì˛yñ v˛z_Ó˚y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ñ v˛z˛ôy!ïñ Óƒ!_´Üì˛ ¢¡ø!_Ó˚ õy!úÑ˛yòy £zì˛ƒy!î
¢%ˆÎÏ yÜÈÙÈ¢!% Óïy ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú î!Ó˚o ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ ˆÓyG˛y £ˆÏÎ˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ !äÈú
~ÓÇ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ~Ñ˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢%!ÓïyˆÏ¶˛yÜ# x!¶˛ãyì˛ ˆ◊!í ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛!äÈú ÎyÓ˚y Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãyïyòƒ
≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÎy˚ ¢# £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ÌyÁ !‡˛Ñ˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# v˛zˆ_
Ï ãòyÓ˚ õ%£ˆ) ìÏ ˛≈ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜÈÙÈ¢!% Óïy
òy !îˆÏÎ˚ Óú˛ô)ÓÑ≈ ˛ ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï ~Ñ˛ ã!›˛ú ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚ì˛– ˆîü#Î˚ ˛Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛¶%˛!_´Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎõò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á ≤Ãüy¢!òÑ˛ ˙Ñ˛ƒ
¢¡ô)í≈ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ˆì˛õ!ò ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ≤Ããy¢yïyÓ˚í ˜fl˛∫Óì˚ ˛y!s˛fÑ˛ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚# üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–

1– ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛¶%˛!_´ ≤ÃˆŸÏ ¿ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ~ÓÇ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚
¢õyïyò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
2– ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛¶%˛!_´Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢î≈yÓ˚ ÓÕ‘¶˛¶˛y£z ˛ôƒyˆÏ›˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
3– Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛¶%˛!_´ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
4– xy˛ô!ò !Ñ˛ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛¶%˛!_´ xyÓüƒÑ˛ !äÈú⁄ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ã%òyÜv˛¸ ~ÓÇ
£yÎ˚oyÓyîˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
5.5 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
2000.
3– xúÑ˛ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆáy°Ï ÈÙÙÙÈ xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ Á Óì≈˛õyò !ÓŸª S1870ÈÙÈ2006Vñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ
2007–
˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ 3 ≠ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈e´õ S1950ÈÙÈ1970 ~Ó˚ îüÑ˛V

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 6  ¶˛y°Ïy ¢õ¢ƒy Á ¶˛y°ÏyÜì˛ ≤ÃˆîÏ ü Ü‡˛ò
Ü‡˛ò
6.0 v˛zˆjÏ üƒ
6.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
6.2 ¶˛y°Ïy ¢õ¢ƒy
6.3 ¶˛y°ÏyÜì˛ ≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ò
6.6 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
6.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
~£z ~Ñ˛Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôv˛¸ˆú
 fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¶˛y°Ïy ¢õ¢ƒy ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˙Ñ˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ Óƒy£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
 ãyì˛#Î˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆŸÏ ¿ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#ì˛y ~ÓÇ ¶˛y°ÏyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!Ó ãyì˛#Î˚
¢Ç£!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ !Ó˛ôß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú–
 1967 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 16 !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõˆÏr›˛ Official Language Act ˛ôyü £Î˚– ~£z xy£zˆò Ï
ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ñ˛yãÑ˛ˆÏõ≈ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ õyïƒõ
!£¢yˆÏÓ !£!® ≤Ãïyò Ó˚y‹T¶… ˛y°Ïy ~ÓÇ £zÇˆÏÓ!˚ ãˆÏÑ˛ ¢£ˆÏÎyÜ# ¶˛y°Ïy !£¢yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y
£Î˚–
 1953 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ xyÜfi›˛ õyˆÏ¢ State Reorganization Commission Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚– ~£z
Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!Î˚c ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚–
6.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¶˛y°Ïy ¢õ¢ƒy ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˙Ñ˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ Óƒy£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú–
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈ˛ô)Ó≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˙Ñ˛ƒ Á ¢Ç£!ì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛õ)!ì≈˛ !äÈú !Ó!›˛ü !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#ì˛y– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ xÓƒÓ!£ì˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ£˚ z
¶˛y°ÏyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!FäÈßì¨ ˛yÓyî# xyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛ñ x!¶˛ß¨ ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛ Üv˛¸yÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy ¢%îÓ) ˚ ˛ôÓ˚y£ì˛
£Î˚– ãyì˛#Î˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆŸÏ ¿ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#ì˛y ~ÓÇ ¶˛y°ÏyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!Ó ãyì˛#Î˚
¢Ç£!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ !Ó˛ôß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú– ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˜Ó!â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˙Ñ˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏ¶˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢Ç£!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛
ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ õ)ú ¢)e!›˛Ó˚ xò%¢ı˛yò Óy ~ÈÙÈ!Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Á ¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˆòì,˛Ó,ˆ® Ï Ó˚ ≤ÃÎy˚ ¢ !äÈú !ÓˆÏü°Ï
=Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈–
6.2 ¶˛y°Ïy ¢õ¢ƒy

fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¶˛y°Ïy ¢õ¢ƒy ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˙ˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ≤Ã!ì˛Óı˛Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢,!‹T
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ¢õyã ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÜì˛ ˙Ñ˛ƒ ¢Ç£!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yÎ˚Ñ˛– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y Ó˝¶˛y°Ï# ˆîˆÏü ¢Ç£!ì˛Ó˚
≤ÃˆŸÏ ¿ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ =Ó˚&c xòfl˛∫#Ñ˛y˘Î–≈ fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ≤ÃÌõ î%£z îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¶˛y°Ïy ¢õ¢ƒy Óy ¶˛y°ÏyÜì˛ ˜Ó!â˛e
ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç£!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ î%£z !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ó˛ôß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú– SÑ˛V ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆŸÏ ¿ !£!®ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚y‹T¶… ˛y°Ïy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚
!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#ì˛y ~ÓÇ SÖV ¶˛y°ÏyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ò–
¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆŸÏ ¿ !£!®ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚y‹T¶… ˛y°Ïy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ î!«˛íyÇˆÏüÓ˚ õyò%°ˆÏ ÑÏ ˛ «%˛∏˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú– Ó˝
¶˛y°Ïy¶˛y°Ï# ~£z ˆîˆÏü ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ õyïƒõ !äÈú £zÇˆÏÓ!˚ ã ¶˛y°Ïyñ !Ñ˛ls˘˛ fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ !£!®ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚y‹T¶… ˛y°Ïy
Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓ xÈÙÈ!£!®¶˛y°Ï#ˆÏîÓ˚ !òÑ˛›˛ @˘Ã£íˆÏÎyÜƒ !ÓˆÏÓ!â˛ì˛ £Î˚!ò– ïõ≈!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# ˆòì,˛c ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¶˛y°ÏyˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢_y ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xì˛ƒyÓüƒÑ˛ ÓˆÏú !ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ !ò–
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Ó˝¶˛y°Ï# ˆîü !£¢yˆÏÓ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ ¢Ñ˛ú ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ x!hfl˛Ïc Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – 1937
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ~£z õˆÏõ≈ õhs˘˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúò ≠ ‘Our great provincial languages ...
are ancient languages with a rich inheritance, each spoken by many millions of
persons, each tied up inextricably with the life and culture and ideas of the massess
as well as of the upper classes. ... Therefore it is inevitable that we lay stress on the
provincial languages and carry on most of our work through them’. ãyì˛#Î˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚
!Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ !ò‹ô!_ £Î˚ ÎÖò ¢Ç!Óïyò ≤ÃˆíÏ ì˛yÜí ≤Ãïyò ¶˛y°Ïy=!úˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°Ïy Óy ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ¶˛y°Ïy
!£¢yˆÏÓ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ Ñ˛yãÑ˛õ≈ ~ì˛=!ú ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ !òÓ≈y£ Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛yò ~Ñ˛!›˛
¶˛y°ÏyˆÏÑ˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò !äÈú ÎyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yãƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚=!úÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyÜ
Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ¢«˛õ £Î˚–
1956ÈÙÈ60 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Ó˚y‹T¶… ˛y°Ïy ¢Çeýhs˘˛ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï fl˛ô‹T £Î˚– 1956 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Official Language
Commission-~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓîˆÏò ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ £zÇˆÏÓ!˚ ãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì˛≈ !£!® ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
Ñ˛yãÑ˛õ≈ e´õü ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛ ÎyˆÏì˛ 1965 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !£!® ¶˛y°Ïy Ó˚y‹T¶… ˛y°ÏyÓ˚ fl˛iyò !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚ Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓîò ˛ô%ò!Ó≈ˆÓÏ !â˛ì˛ £Î˚ ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚ ˆÎÔÌ Ñ˛!õ!›˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y– ˆÎÔÌ Ñ˛!õ!›˛Ó˚ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 1960
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛ ~!≤Ãú õyˆÏ¢ ~£z õˆÏõ≈ !òˆÏîü≈ ˆîÎ˚ ˆÎ 1965 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !£!® ≤Ãïyò Ó˚y‹T¶… ˛y°ÏyÎ˚
˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ~£z ¢ˆÏD £zÇˆÏÓ!˚ ã ¢£ˆÏÎyÜ# ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ¶˛y°Ïy !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ≤Ã!ì˛Óı˛Ñ˛ì˛y äÈyv˛¸y Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚#
£ˆÏÓ– Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛Ó˚ !òˆÏîü≈ Óyhfl˛ÏÓy!Î˚ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~=!úÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ !äÈú ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ !£!® ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúÑ˛õ[˛ú#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y (Central Hindi Directorate), =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ @˘Ãs˛i¢õ)ˆ£Ï Ó˚
!£!® ≤ÃÑ˛yüòyñ xÌÓy !£!® ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ xò%Óyîñ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ Ñ˛õ≈â˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ !£!® ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ î«˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúyñ
xy£zò Á !Óâ˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ !£!® ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ Ü £zì˛ƒy!î–
!£!® ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ fl˛∫˛ôˆÏ«˛ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~£z ¢õhfl˛Ï v˛zˆj
Ï ƒyˆÏÜÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏî õ%ÖÓ˚ £Î˚ xÈÙÈ!£!®¶˛y°Ï#
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â˛e´Ó_≈# Ó˚yãyˆÏÜy˛ôyúyâ˛yÓ˚# ≤ÃõÖ% ¶˛y°Ïy Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓîˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – !£!® ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ˛ô,¤˛ˆÏ˛ôy°ÏÑ˛
˛ô%Ó&˚ ˆÏ°yÏ _õ ›˛u˛òñ ˆÜy!Ó® îy¢ ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚ ˆÎÔÌ Ñ˛!õ!›˛Ó˚ £zÇˆÏÓ!˚ ã ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ î,!‹T¶˛!DÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ –
Ó˝ !Óì˛Ñ≈˛ñ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ 1967 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 16 !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõˆÏr›˛ Official Language Act
˛ôyü £Î˚– ~£z xy£zˆòÏ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ñ˛yãÑ˛ˆÏõ≈ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚
õyïƒõ !£¢yˆÏÓ !£!® ≤Ãïyò Ó˚y‹T¶… ˛y°Ïy ~ÓÇ £zÇˆÏÓ!˚ ãˆÏÑ˛ ¢£ˆÏÎyÜ# ¶˛y°Ïy !£¢yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚–
xÈÙÈ!£!®¶˛y°Ï# ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ !£!® â˛y!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÓ òy ÓˆÏú xD#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛
1967 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛y°Ïy ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ e´õü ¢õyïyò £ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ v˛z˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ ~£z ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚
¢õyïyò ¢Ω˛Ó £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç£!ì˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü ¢,!‹T £Î˚– ¢õ¢ƒy ¢¡ô)í¶≈ ˛yˆÏÓ ¢õyïyò ¢Ω˛Ó
òy £ˆÏúÁ ~!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈˛ô)í≈ ˆÎ !ü«˛yñ Óy!íãƒñ ˛ôÎ≈›˛òñ î)Óî˚ ü≈ò ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛Ó˚ ¢%ÓyˆÏî !£!® ¶˛y°Ïy
xÈÙÈ!£!®¶˛y°Ïy ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ ãòÜíˆÏÑ˛ e´õü xyÑ,˛‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú– ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ !mì˛#Î˚ ¶˛y°Ïy !£¢yˆÏÓ £zÇˆÏÓ!˚ ã
!£!®ÈÙÈ¶˛y°Ï# ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚Á ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
6.3 ¶˛y°ÏyÜì˛ ≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ò

fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ xÓƒÓ!£ì˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ˙Ñ˛ƒ ~ÓÇ ¢Ç£!ì˛Ó˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ ¶˛y°Ïy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤ÃˆîÏ ü Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ì˛y
ˆîÖy ˆîÎ˚– ≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈfl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ ¢#õyòy !òï≈yÓ˚ˆíÏ ¶˛y°ÏyÜì˛ ~ÓÇ ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢Ç£!ì˛Ó˚
Á˛ôÓ˚ =Ó˚&c ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚!òñ ö˛ˆÏú ≤ÃˆîÏ ü=!ú !äÈú Ó˝¶˛y°Ï# ~ÓÇ Ó˝ ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ !õúòˆÏ«˛e–
¶˛y°Ïy ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚Ñ˛ Á Óy£Ñ˛– !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ñ Üí fl˛∫y«˛Ó˚ì˛y õyì,˛¶˛y°ÏyˆÏÑ˛ xy◊Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚–
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Óyhfl˛ÏÓy!Î˚ì˛ £Î˚– ~£z ¶˛y°Ïy Óy õyì,˛¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!ú ˛ô%òÜ!‡˛ì˛ £ˆÏú ì˛ˆÏÓ£z !ü«˛yñ
üy¢òì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ !e´Î˚yÑ˛úy˛ôñ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ÓƒÓfl˛iy õyì,˛¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Óy ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ ˆÓyïÜõƒ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ £ˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚
¶˛y°Ïy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤ÃˆîÏ ü Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yÎ˚ v˛zay!˛ôì˛ £Î˚– 1948 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛y
~¢. ˆÑ˛. ïÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc The Linguistic Provinces Commission !òˆÏÎy˚ Ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ v˛zˆj Ï üƒ !äÈú
¶˛y°Ïy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤ÃˆîÏ ü Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ì˛y !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y– ïÓ˚ Ñ˛!õüò ~£z ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ≤ÃˆîÏ ü Ü‡˛ò ãyì˛#Î˚ ˙ˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚
˛ôˆÏ«˛ !Ó˛ôIòÑ˛ ~ÓÇ üy¢òì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ xâ˛úyÓfl˛iy ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¢,!‹T £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏú xyüB˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï ¢Ç!Óïyò
¢¶˛y ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò ¶˛y°Ïy ò#!ì˛ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´ òy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !¢k˛yhs˘˛ ˆòÎ˚– ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yÓ˚ ~£z !¢k˛yhs˘˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ î!«˛í
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ãòÜíˆÏÑ˛ ¢ls˘˛‹T Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ!˚ ò– ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ 1948 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ ãÁ£Ó˚úyú
ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&ñ ¢î≈yÓ˚ ˛ôƒyˆÏ›˛ú ~ÓÇ ˛ôR!¶˛ ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yõy£zÎy˚ Ó˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛!õ!›˛ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z Ñ˛!õ!›˛Á
¶˛y°Ïy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤ÃˆîÏ ü Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !¢k˛yhs˘˛ ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎ Óì≈˛õyò ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ ˙Ñ˛ƒñ
ãyì˛#Î˚ !òÓ˚y˛ô_y ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ¶˛y°Ïy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤ÃˆîÏ ü Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛yõƒ !ÓˆÏÓ!â˛ì˛ £Î˚!ò–
Ñ˛!õ!›˛ ¶˛y°Ïy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤ÃˆîÏ ü Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓ fl˛i!Üì˛ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ ˆîÎ˚–
~£z Ñ˛!õ!›˛Ó˚ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ˆüÏ Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏî ¢yÓ˚y ˆîˆÏü ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî xyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛– 1952 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 19
xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ# ˛ô!R !¢Ó˚yõyú% (Patti Siramalu) fl˛∫ì˛s˛f xı…˛≤ÃˆîÏ ü Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛
xyõÓ˚í xòüò ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ~ÓÇ xy‡˛yß¨ !îò ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ õ,ì˛% ƒ £Î˚– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f xı…˛≤ÃˆîÏ ü
Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!Ó fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 1953 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ õyˆÏ¢– ~Ñ˛£z ¢ˆÏD ì˛y!õú¶˛y°Ï# Ó˚yãƒ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ
ì˛y!õúòyv˛Y fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ ˛ôyÎ˚–
xı…˛≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ ¢yö˛ˆÏúƒ v˛zÍ¢y!£ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ xòƒyòƒ ¶˛y°ÏyˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ãòÜí !òã !òã Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚
ãòƒ xyˆÏ®yúò ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ~£z ¢õÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ x¶˛ƒhs˘˛Ó˚#í üy¢òì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ¢#õyòy ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚
˛ôˆÏ«˛ !äÈˆú
Ï ò òy– ò#!ì˛Üì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# òy £ˆÏúÁ ãyì˛#Î˚ ˙Ñ˛ƒ Óƒy£ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ xyüB˛yÎ˚ !ì˛!ò ~ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚
!òÓ˚&Í¢y£# !äÈˆú Ï ò– ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ ã#Óò#Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~¢. ˆÜy˛ôyú (S. Gopal) ~ÈÙÈ!Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ x!¶˛õì˛ ãy!òˆÏÎ˚
ˆúˆÏÖò ‘He (Nehru) felt that it would be undemocratic to smother this sentiment
which, on general grounds, he did not find objectionable. Indeed, a linguistic mosaic
might well provide a firmer base for national unity. What concerned him were the
timing, the agitation and violence with which linguistic provinces were being
demanded and the harsh antagonism between various sections of the Indian people
which underlay these demands’.
ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& 1953 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ xyÜfi›˛ õyˆÏ¢ !Óâ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ö˛ãú xyú#ñ ˆÑ˛. ~õ. ˛ôy!òE˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ £*îÎ˚òyÌ
Ñ%˛OÓ˚&ÈÙÈÓ˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc State Reorganization Commission (SRC) Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ò
!Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ îy!Î˚c ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – 1955 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ õyˆÏ¢ ~£z Ñ˛!õüò ì˛yÓ˚ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü ˆ˛ôü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ó˚
!¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ 1956 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ òˆÏ¶˛¡∫ˆÓÏ ˚ The State Reorganization Act ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõˆÏr›˛ ˛ôyü £Î˚– ~£z xy£zˆÏò
14!›˛ Ó˚yãƒ ~ÓÇ 6!›˛ ˆÑ˛wüy!¢ì˛ xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ !¢k˛yhs˘˛ Ü,£#ì˛ £Î˚– £yÎ˚oyÓyˆÏîÓ˚ xhs˘˛Ü≈ì˛ ˆì˛ˆÏúDyòy
xˆÏı˛… Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ £Î˚– õyoyã ˆ≤Ã!¢ˆÏv˛™#Ó˚ xhs˘˛Ü≈ì˛ õyúyÓyÓ˚ ˆãúy ¢£ ›˛Δy¶˛yB%˛Ó˚ÈÙÈˆÑ˛y!â˛ò !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÑ˛Ó˚yúy
Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚– õyoyãñ £yÎ˚oyÓyî ~ÓÇ Ñ%˛Ü≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ õ£#÷Ó˚ Ó˚yãƒ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛– Ñ%˛â˛ñ ˆ¢ÔÓ˚y‹T… ~ÓÇ £yÎ˚oyÓyˆÏîÓ˚
õyÓ˚y‡˛#¶˛y°Ï# ~úyÑ˛y ˆÓyˆÏ¡Ó∫ ˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ £Î˚–
SRC-Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓîˆÏò ~ÓÇ State Reorganization Act-~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏî ˆÓy¡∫y£z ü£ˆÏÓ˚
!ÓˆÏ«˛y¶˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛– äÈyeñ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ñ ◊!õÑ˛ñ !ü“# ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚# ˆÜy¤˛# ~£z !ÓˆÏ«˛yˆÏ¶˛ xÇü ˆòÎ˚–
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!›˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏÖ– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ~£z !¢k˛yˆÏhs˘˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆÓy¡∫y£zñ =ãÓ˚y›˛ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏõîyÓyˆÏî !ÓˆÏ«˛y¶˛ £Î˚– ˆÓy¡∫y£z ü£Ó˚
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Ó˚*˛ôyhs˘˛!Ó˚ì˛ £Î˚–
State Reorganizion Commission Ü!‡˛ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓD ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓ !äÈú !Ó£yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
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¢ÇÎ%!_´Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓ !ö˛!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆòò ì˛ˆÏÓ !Ó£yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È xÇü îy!Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – !Ñ˛ls˘˛ !Ó£yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ô«˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~£z
îy!ÓÁ ≤Ãì˛ƒyÖyò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– Ó˝ !Óì˛ˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ State Reorganization Commission õ£yò®y òî#Ó˚ ˛ô)Ó≈
ì˛#ˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fl˛iì˛ !Ó£yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ôy›˛òy ˆãúyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È xMÈ˛ú xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ !_´Ó˚ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ 1956 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑
The Bihar and West Bengal (Transfer of Territories) Act xò%ÎyÎ˚# !Ó£yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆâ˛y˛ôÓ˚yñ
Ñ˛Ó˚í!î!áñ £z¢úyõ˛ô%Óñ˚ ˆÜy˛ôyúˆÏ˛ôyÖÓ˚ (Chopra, Karandighi, Inlampur, Gopalpokhar) ÌyòyÓ˚
xhs˘˛Ü≈ì˛ xMÈ˛ú¢õ)£ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ £Î˚– ˛ô!ÿ˛õ !îòyã˛ô%ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ £z¢úyõ˛ô%Ó˚ õ£Ñ%˛õy xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚
x!ïÓy¢#Ó˚y ¢ls˘˛‹T £Î˚!ò Ñ˛yÓ˚í ì˛yÓ˚y fl˛∫ì˛s˛f ˆãúy îy!Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yñ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ õyò v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ñ
Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ñ fl˛∫yfl˛iƒ £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢%!Óïy ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ú«˛ƒ ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ – ~£z ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒyüy ˛ô)Óí˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!ò–
≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ ò– Ó˚y‹T!… ÓK˛yò# Rajni
¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ò ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ˙Ñ˛ƒñ ¢Ç£!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ î%Óú
Kothari ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD õhs˘˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúò ≠ ‘Inspite of leadership’s earlier reservations and
ominous forebodings by sympathetic observers, the reorganization resulted in
rationalizing the political map of India without seriously weakening its unity’.
fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°≈Ï ¶˛y°Ïy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y Îy ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ x¶˛ƒhs˘˛Ó˚#í õyò!â˛eˆÏÑ˛ñ
ãòÓ¢!ì˛Ó˚ !Óòƒy¢ˆÏÑ˛ñ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ñ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ Á ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ â˛yú!â˛eˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ¢ˆÏÓy≈ ˛ô!Ó˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛
!Ó!Óï ¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È– Ólfl˛ì˛ ¶˛y°Ïy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ Ó˚yãƒÜ‡˛ò ≤Ã!e´Î˚y Ó˝¶˛y°Ïy¶˛y°Ï# ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚
xyd˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ~ xydõÎ≈yîyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆŸÏ ¿Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ Î%_´– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ó≈Ï ˚ ≤Ãïyòì˛õ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ £ú Ú!Ó!ÓïÛ
Á Ú!õúòÛÈÙÙÙÈv˛z¶˛Î˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ◊k˛y Á ¢¡øyò ¢£Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y– ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆŸÏ ¿ Ó˚yãƒÜ‡˛ò ~£z ≤Ã!e´Î˚yˆÏÑ˛ xyÓ˚Á
Ó!ú¤˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú– ~£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏD Óúy ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò ˆÎ ¶˛y°Ïy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛òˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
≤ÃÑ˛, ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ ¢_y¢õ)£ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú î#á≈ˆõÏ Î˚y!î !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Üíì˛s˛f ü!_´üyú#
£Î˚– ~Ó˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!üñ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ˚ fl˛iyò#Î˚ Óy xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ =Ó˚&c fl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛ £Î˚– ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü ãy!ì˛Ó˚
!ÓÑ˛yˆÏü ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ !äÈú– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ˆÎ Ñ˛ì˛ ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÈÙÈ!òÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ì˛yÓ˚
≤Ãõyí ¶˛y°Ïy ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyˆÏò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ò#!ì˛ ≤ÃíÎ˚ò Á ¶˛y°Ïy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ Ó˚yãƒÜ‡˛ò–

1– fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ Ó˚y‹T¶… ˛y°Ïy ¢Çeýhs˘˛ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ¢õyïyò ¢)e Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y
£ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈúÈÙÙÙÈxyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
2– fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¶˛y°Ïy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤ÃˆîÏ ü Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ≤ÃÓı˛ !úÖ%ò–
3– ›˛#Ñ˛y !úÖ%òÈÙÙÙÈ
SÑ˛V Official Language Act (1967)
SÖV State Reorganization Act (1956)
6.6 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
1– Judith Brown — Nehru : Profiles in Power, Routledge, 2014.
2000.
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 7  Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò

Ü‡˛ò
7.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
7.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
7.2 Öyîƒ xyˆÏ®yúò S1959ÈÙÈ1966V
7.2.1 Öyîƒ xyˆÏ®yúò S1959V
7.2.3 ö˛úyö˛ú
7.3 Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ x¢ˆÏhs˘˛y°Ï ~ÓÇ òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúò S1967V
7.4 ˆÓ˚ú ïõ≈á›˛ S1974V
7.5 òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò S1974ÈÙÈ75V
7.8 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
7.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
~£z ~Ñ˛Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
 fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°≈Ï !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃyÎ˚ î%£z îüÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛y xyˆÏ®yúò=!ú ¢!e´Î˚¶˛yˆÏÓ
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú–
 1959ñ 1966 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ Öyîƒ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò xyˆÏ¢–
 1967 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛y òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ !äÈú ˆüy°Ïí ~ÓÇ xì˛ƒyâ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ◊!í£#ò ¢õyã ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy–
 1974 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˆÓ˚ú ïõ≈áˆÏ›˛Ó˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ú ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ î#á≈!îˆÏòÓ˚ x¢ˆÏhs˘˛y°Ï ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
 1974ÈÙÈ75 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ õ%!_´Ó˚ ˆâ˛ì˛òy ¢%!ò!î≈‹T
xyÑ˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
7.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ ≤ÃyÎ˚ î%£z îüÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛y ÜíxyˆÏ®yúò=!úÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ !äÈú ã#Óò ïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚
ãòƒ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ò)ƒòì˛õ â˛y!£îy ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ~£z úˆÏ«˛ƒ x!Óâ˛ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫ì˛Éfl˛≥)˛ì≈˛¶˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ®yúò
ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏú ~ÓÇ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢!e´Î˚¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï#ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ îy!Ó=!ú xyîyÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò á›˛yˆÏòy– Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ ¢ÇáÓk˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ã¢yÓ˚ áˆÏ›˛!äÈú ~ÓÇ ˆüy°Ïíñ !ò˛ô#v˛¸òñ ÓMÈ˛òyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï ~Ñ˛›˛y ¢%!ò!î≈‹T õyey ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
1959ñ 1966 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ Öyîƒ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò xyˆÏ¢ ~ÓÇ
xˆÏòÑ˛ ò)ì˛ò ¢Ω˛yÓòyÓ˚ myÓ˚ v˛zß√%_´ £Î˚– 1967 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛y òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ
!äÈú ˆüy°Ïí ~ÓÇ xì˛ƒyâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï#ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ◊!í£#ò ¢õyã ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy ÎyˆÏì˛ ã#!ÓÑ˛y
!òÓ≈yˆÏ£Ó˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ò)ƒòì˛õ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜÈÙÈ¢%!Óïy úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚– 1974 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˆÓ˚ú ïõ≈á›˛
ÜíxyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ !ÓˆÏü°Ï =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈– ~£z ïõ≈áˆÏ›˛Ó˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ú ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ î#á≈!îˆÏòÓ˚
x¢ˆÏhs˘˛y°Ï ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– 1974ÈÙÈ75 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚
õ%!_´Ó˚ ˆâ˛ì˛òy ¢%!ò!î≈‹T xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ãyì˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yãƒhfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ˆÎ=!ú
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Üíì˛s˛f !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆ¢yFâ˛yÓ˚ £Î˚– òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
¢õyˆÏã fl˛iyÎ˚# ˜Ó!üˆÏ‹Tƒ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚–
7.2 Öyîƒ xyˆÏ®yúò S1959ÈÙÈ1966V

≤ÃyÎ˚ î%£z îüÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛Ï ÜíxyˆÏ®yúò ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ !òk≈˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èñ 1959 ~ÓÇ 1966 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ Öyîƒ xyˆÏ®yúò ~ˆÏîÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ– !mì˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ÓyÇúy
ÜíxyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˆãyÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò=!ú ˆÓ!üÓ˚¶˛yÜ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ £ˆÏúÁ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò=!ú fl˛∫ì˛fl˛≥)˛ì≈˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛!äÈú– ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°Ï îˆÏúÓ˚
!Ó!ïÈÙÈ!òˆÏ°ˆÏ ïÏ Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ£˚ z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò xÇü !òˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
ì˛#Óì˛yÓ˚ !Óâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Öyîƒ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f x!hfl˛Ïc ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ !Ó!›˛ü
üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆü°Ï ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ 1943 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ î%!¶≈˛«˛ñ ˆì˛¶˛yÜy xyˆÏ®yúò ~ÓÇ â˛!Õ‘ü ~ÓÇ ˛ôMÈ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛
e&!›˛˛ô)í≈ ÜíÓ^˘›˛ò ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xò%¢ı˛yò Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚ 1959 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛y Öyîƒ xyˆÏ®yúò
1960 ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyG˛yõy!G˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 1966 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ â˛Ó˚õ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆäÏ È!äÈú– ü£Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ @˘ÃyˆÏõ
¢yÓ˚y Ó˚yãƒÓƒy˛ô# ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ xò%¶˛) ì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !Ó¶˛yãò ~ÓÇ ãò¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ e´õyÜì˛ â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛
v˛zˆmÏ ÜãòÑ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú– 1952ÈÙÈ53 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ö˛¢ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò ¢ˆÏhs˘˛y°ÏãòÑ˛ £ÁÎ˚y ¢ˆÏ_Á ¥ ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒˆÏì˛
ÖyîƒüˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ â˛y!£îy ˛ô)Óˆ˚ íÏ Ó˚ ãòƒ Öyîƒü¢ƒ õã%ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò !äÈú– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ô«˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
~ÈÙÈ!Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy v˛zˆîÏ ƒyÜ òy ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú õã%ì˛îyÓ˚Óy˚ Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓyãy!Ó˚Ó˚ xy◊Î˚ ˆòÎ˚– ö˛ˆÏú ÖyîƒüˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚
Ñ,˛!eõ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ ˆîÖy ˆîÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ÖyîƒüˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ õ)úƒ Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– 1955 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫ˆÓÏ ˚ â˛yˆÏúÓ˚ õ)úƒ !äÈú
›˛ò ≤Ã!ì˛ 382 ›˛yÑ˛y– 1956 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫ˆÓÏ ˚ ì˛y ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ î§yv˛¸yÎ˚ 532 ›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚– ÖyîƒüˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ Ñ,˛!eõ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛
~ÓÇ e´õyÜì˛ õ)úƒÓ,!k˛ î%!¶≈˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˆâ˛£yÓ˚y ˆòÎ˚–
Óyõ˛ôs˛i# ˆòì,˛c ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛Ó˚ ˆõyÑ˛y!Óúy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ î%!›˛ ˛ôs˛iy xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ ì§˛yÓ˚y Ó˚yãƒ
!Óïyò¢¶˛yÎ˚ Öyîƒ ¢ÇÑ˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ î,!‹T xyÑ˛°Ïí≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ î,!‹TˆÜÏ yâ˛Ó˚ £Î˚ñ
xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ õ)úƒÓ,!k˛ ~ÓÇ î%!¶≈˛«˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ï Ñ˛!õ!›˛ (Price Increase and Famine Resistance
Committee (PIFRC) Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# ÜíxyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛‹T £Î˚– ~£z Ñ˛!õ!›˛
Öyîƒ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
1959 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ÷Ó˚& ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# ˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úy˛ô xyÜfi›˛ÈÙÈˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡ˆ∫ ÓÏ ˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚
ˆ«˛e ≤Ãhfl˛% ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ 31 xyÜfi›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 4 ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡Ó∫ ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò ¶˛Î˚yÓ£ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– xy£zòÈÙÈüC ) úyÓ˚ â˛Ó˚õ
xÓò!ì˛ áˆÏ›˛– ˛ô%!úü# !òÎ≈yì˛ò ~ÓÇ Üí£ì˛ƒyÓ˚ ãòƒ PIFRC õ%Öƒõs˛f# !Óïyòâ˛w Ó˚yÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛
îyÎ˚# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ PIFRC 1959 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 26 ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡Ó∫ ˚ Öyîƒ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õy!Æ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ ˆõÔò !õ!äÈú Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– îy!Ó !äÈú ˛ô%!úü# !òÎ≈yì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ ü£#îˆÏîÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ «˛!ì˛˛ô)Óí˚ ~ÓÇ
Öyîƒõs˛f#Ó˚ ˛ôîì˛ƒyÜ–
PIFRC 1959 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 26 ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡Ó∫ ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ì%˛ˆÏú !òˆÏúÁ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚
!Óú%!Æ áˆÏ›˛!ò– 1966 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆö˛Ó&Î˚y!Ó˚ÈÙÈõyâ≈˛ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓD ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚Á ¶˛Î˚yÓ£ Ó˚*˛ô ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z ¢õÎ˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyíˆÏÑ˛w Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆãúy=!úˆÏì˛ fl˛iyòyhs˘˛!Ó˚ì˛ £Î˚– fl˛iyò#Î˚ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚
¢!e´Î˚ xÇü@˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú 1966 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò 1959 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyÓ˚Á
ˆÓ!ü Üíõ%Ö# ~ÓÇ fl˛∫ì˛fl˛≥)˛ì≈˛ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˆîÎ˚–
1966 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ â˛yˆÏúÓ˚ îyõ ˆÑ˛!ã ≤Ã!ì˛ 5 ›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚ ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈyÎ˚– @˘Ãyõ#í ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ x˛ô!Ó˚£yÎ≈ ˆÑ˛ˆÏÓy˚ !¢ò
ˆì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ì˛#Ó ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ xò%¶˛) ì˛ £Î˚– ü˝ˆÏÓ˚ î!Ó˚o ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ !òÑ˛›˛ Á ˆÑ˛ˆÏÓy˚ !¢ò ˆì˛ú !äÈú x˛ô!Ó˚£yÎ≈– ~£z
¢õÎ˚ !Óïyòâ˛w Ó˚yˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ õ,ì˛% ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ò)ì˛ò õ%Öƒõs˛f# ≤Ãö˛% Õ‘ ˆ¢ò ì§˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ Ó_,´ì˛yÎ˚ ãòÜíˆÏÑ˛ Óƒ!ì˛e´õ# ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈
ˆîò– â˛yˆÏúÓ˚ e´õyÜì˛ ¢ÇÑ˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ˆõyÑ˛y!Óúy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ !ì˛!ò ãòÜíˆÏÑ˛ Öyîƒy¶˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈
ˆîò– !ì˛!ò ãòÜíˆÏÑ˛ â˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì˛≈ xy›˛y Óy õÎ˚îy ÖyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏúò– xyú%Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ§˛yâ˛yÑ˛úy üÓ˚#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
˛ôˆÏ«˛ ˆÓ!ü v˛z˛ôÑ˛yÓ˚# ÓˆÏúò– 16 ã%ò fl˛∫Ó*˚ ˛ôòÜˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúòÑ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô%!úü =!ú â˛yúyÎ˚–
!òì˛ƒ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ õ)úƒÓ,!k˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛ˆÏÓy˚ !¢òÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏî xyˆÏ®yúòÑ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ò)Ó&˚ ú
£z¢úyõ ~ÓÇ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢£˛ôy‡˛# õò#w !ÓŸªy¢ ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ =!úˆÏì˛ õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~£z á›˛òy ÷ï%õye Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ òÎ˚ñ
ˆãúy ~ÓÇ @˘Ãyõ hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ˚ ãòÜí !ÓˆÏ«˛yˆÏ¶˛ ˆö˛ˆÏ›˛ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ˛ô%!úü ~ÓÇ ≤Ãüy¢ò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛yˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ õ%ˆÖÏ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸–
˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ ü£Ó˚ ~ÓÇ @˘Ãyõ=!ú !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ Ó!¢Ó˚£y›˛ñ fl˛∫Ó*˚ ˛ôòÜÓ˚ñ £yÓv˛¸yñ Ñ,˛°åòÜÓ˚ñ Ó˚yòyáy›˛ñ â˛yÑ˛îyñ
!£®ˆÏõy›˛Ó˚ñ v˛z_Ó˚˛ôyv˛¸yñ xy¢yòˆÏ¢yúñ ï)Ó!% úÎ˚yñ ˛ôúyü#ñ ˆÓúv˛yDyñ Ó£Ó˚õ˛ô%Ó˚ ¢£ xòƒyòƒ fl˛iyò xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò
õ%ÖÓ˚ £Î˚– !õ!äÈúñ Ó˚yhfl˛Ïy xÓˆÏÓy˚ ïñ ˆÓ˚ú xÓˆÏÓy˚ ïñ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ÓÎ˚Ñ˛›˛ £zì˛ƒy!î Ñ˛õ≈¢!) â˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ ¢Çá°Ï≈
â˛ˆÏú 16 ˆö˛Ó&Î˚y!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 14 õyâ≈˛ ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛–
7.3.3 ö˛úyö˛ú
Öyîƒ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò xyˆÏ¢– ÷ï%õye Ó˚yˆÏãƒ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛
ãò¢õÌ≈ò £…y¢ ˛ôyÎ˚ ì˛y£z òÎ˚ñ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !Ó¶˛yãò áˆÏ›˛– 1967 ~ÓÇ 1969
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Ó˚yãƒ !Óïyò¢¶˛y !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò Óyõ˛ôs˛i# ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ îú «˛õì˛yÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ ò)ì˛ò
¢Ω˛yÓòyÓ˚ myÓ˚ v˛zß√%_´ £Î˚– ~Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ Óy£zˆÓÏ Á ˚ xò%¶˛) ì˛ £Î˚–
7.3 Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ x¢ˆÏhs˘˛y°Ï ~ÓÇ òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúò S1967V

˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ òÑ˛üyúÓyv˛¸# @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ òyõ xò%¢Ó˚ˆíÏ òÑ˛üyú üˆÏ∑Ó˚ v˛zÍ˛ô!_ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– òÑ˛üyú ÓúˆÏì˛
ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚ xyõ)ú Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô«˛˛ôyì˛#– xˆÏòÑ˛yÇˆÏü â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛iyÎ˚ !ÓŸªy¢# ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó≤’Ó# ¢yõƒÓyî#
ˆÜy¤˛#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyG˛yˆÏòy £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èñ ÎyÓ˚y ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ fl˛iyò#Î˚ ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !Ó«%˛∏˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#ˆÏÑ˛
!òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈú– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ !äÈú ‘Rightful redistribution of
land to the working peasants’.
1967 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ãì˛ƒhs˘˛ @˘Ãyõ òÑ˛üyúÓyv˛¸#ˆÏì˛ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy £Î˚– ã˜ÏòÑ˛
xy!îÓy¢# Î%ÓÑ˛ !Óõú !Ñ˛¢yò ì§˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ã!õˆÏì˛ â˛y°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xy£zòì˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏú fl˛iyò#Î˚ ˆãyì˛îyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
=[˛yÓ˚y ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xye´õí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z á›˛òy fl˛iyò#Î˚ xy!îÓy¢# ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#ˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆ_ Ï !ãì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚y
!òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ã!õ ˛ô%òÓ˚&k˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢!£Ç¢ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ï xyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yˆÏú– òÑ˛üyúÓyv˛¸#Ó˚ ~£z
xyˆÏ®yúò o&ì˛Ü!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓDñ !Ó£yÓ˚ñ xı…˛≤ÃˆîÏ ü ~ÓÇ ì˛y!õúòyv˛Y Á v˛z_Ó˚≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xÇˆÏü
äÈ!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ Sõy:≈Óyî#V ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÜy¤˛# â˛yÓ˚& õã%õîyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yò% ¢yòƒyúÈÙÈ~Ó˚
ˆòì,˛ˆÏc 1967 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¢!£Ç¢ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– xı…˛≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏü ˆì˛ˆÏúDyòyÓ˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´ ◊#Ñ˛yÑ%˛úyõ
xMÈ˛ˆÏú â˛w˛ô%Õy‘ ˆÓ˚U˛#Ó˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛– î%!›˛ xyˆÏ®yúò£z !äÈú ¢!£Ç¢– xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò
xÇü@˘Ã£íÑ˛yÓ˚#Üí 1968 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˆõ õyˆÏ¢ All India Coordination Committee of Communist
Revolutionaries (AICCCR) Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò ˚ – ¢üfl˛f ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ xyò%Üì˛ƒ ~ÓÇ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò xÇü òy
ˆòÁÎ˚y (Allegiance to armed struggle and non-participation in the elections) !äÈú ~£z
¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ– xyõ)ú Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô«˛˛ôyì˛# ~£z !Ó≤’Ó# ˆÜy¤˛# ¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈ1949 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !â˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ¢õì%˛úƒ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~£z !¢k˛yhs˘˛ ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎ !â˛ˆÏòÓ˚
xò%Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ãòÈÙÈÜíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ !Ó≤’Ó (People’s Democratic Revolution) ¢üfl˛f ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õïƒ
!îˆÏÎ˚ á›˛yˆÏòy ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò– òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i#Ó˚y ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ ˜Ó°ÏˆõÏ ƒÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# !äÈú– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyîü≈
!äÈú ˆüy°Ïí ~ÓÇ xì˛ƒyâ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ◊!í£#ò ¢õyã Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y– ˆÓ§ˆâÏ ˛ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ò)ƒòì˛õ
¢%ˆÎÏ yÜÈÙÈ¢!% Óïy ˛ô%Óˆ˚ íÏ Ó˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒyüy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !äÈú–
òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôäÈˆÏò õ)úì˛ îyÎ˚# !äÈú x¢yõƒ ~ÓÇ ˆüy°ÏˆÏíÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛
≤Ã!ì˛Óyî– î#á≈!îò ïˆÏÓ˚ xy!îÓy¢# ãòˆÏÜy¤˛# ~£z x¢yõƒ Á ˆüy°ÏˆíÏ Ó˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– !Ó!›˛ü xyõˆÏúÓ˚
ã!õîy!Ó˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ xï#ˆÏò î!Ó˚o Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ Óy xy!îÓy¢# ãòÜí ≤Ã!ì˛!òÎ˚ì˛ ˆüy°ÏˆíÏ Ó˚ Ñ˛ÓˆÏú ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ã#Óò
ïyÓ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ò)ƒòì˛õ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò›%˛Ñ%˛ ˆõ›˛yˆÏì˛ x«˛õ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È !Ñ˛ä%È ÓòyMÈ˛ú ¢ÇÓ˚!«˛ì˛ ÓˆÏú
ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ xyÓ˚Á ã!›˛ú xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ î#á≈Ñ˛yú ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó¢Óy¢Ñ˛yÓ˚# xy!îÓy¢# ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#
¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ Ñ˛õ≈â˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y òyòy¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆüy!°Ïì˛ £Î˚ñ ã!õÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ £yÓ˚yÎ˚ñ ~ÓÇ x˜ÏÓï¶˛yˆÏÓ
xò%≤ÃˆÓÏ üÑ˛yÓ˚# !£¢yˆÏÓ !â˛!£´ì˛ £Î˚– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ ~£z ¢õhfl˛Ï ã!õ x!ï@˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
!äÈú ˜ÓK˛y!òÑ˛ ÜˆÏÓ°ÏíyÜyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yñ Ó˚yhfl˛Ïy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ !ü“ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛– ~£z ¢õhfl˛Ï Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ ã!õ
x!ï@˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì˛≈ ≤Ãy˛ôƒ «˛!ì˛˛ô)Óí˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛Ó˚y Ó!MÈ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– !ü“ ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎ ¢Ó ò)ì˛ò
¢%ˆÎÏ yÜÈÙÈ¢!% ÓïyÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈúñ ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á Ó!MÈ˛ì˛ !äÈú ~£z ¢Ó ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#– fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏú
~£z ¢Ó xMÈ˛ˆÏú Ñ,˛!°Ï ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛“ Ü,£#ì˛ £Î˚!ò– ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ òÑ˛üyú ˆòì,˛c ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚
õÎ≈yîy ~ÓÇ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°ˆÏ ÑÏ ˛ ¢ÇáÓk˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yˆÏú– ˆ◊!í£#ò ¢õyã
Ü‡˛ˆÏò ì˛Í˛ôÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô%!§ ãÓyî# ~ÓÇ !ü“˛ô!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y üe& õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Óú%Æ á!›˛ˆÏÎ˚
~£z ¢Ó xMÈ˛ˆÏú !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ üy¢ò ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y ú«˛ƒ £ˆÏÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yÎ˚–
1967 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü á›˛ˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛ xy£zòÈÙÈüC ) úy ã!òì˛
¢õ¢ƒy ÓˆÏú õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ¢ÇáÓk˛ ãòì˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏ«˛yˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ ò– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !ÓŸªy¢
!äÈú x“ ¢õˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò îõò Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏÓ– òÑ˛üyúÓyv˛¸#ˆÏì˛ ¢üfl˛f ¢Çá°Ï≈ ˆîÖy !îˆÏú
¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ fl˛∫Óy˚ ‹T… õs˛f# ÁÎ˚y£z !Ó â˛Óò 1967 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 13 ã%ò ˆúyÑ˛¢¶˛yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ ¶˛y°ÏˆíÏ ~£z á›˛òyˆÏÑ˛
!òäÈÑ˛ Úxy£zòÈÙÈüC) úyÓ˚ xÓò!ì˛Û ÓˆÏú õhs˘˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xò!ì˛!ÓúˆÏ¡∫ ~!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ îõò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏúò– ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚
Î%_´ö˛r›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚Á ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò îõò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ x!¶˛õì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ xyˆÏ®yúò ÷Ó˚&
£ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚ õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ x!ïÑ˛yÇü ˆòì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ@˘ÃÆyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ òÑ˛üyú Óy!£ò#ˆÏÑ˛ îõò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓD
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ 1970 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Prevention of Violent Activities Act ˛ôyü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ îõò ò#!ì˛
òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúòˆÏÑ˛ ¢¡ô)í≈ îõò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ!˚ ò– xyˆÏ®yúò ≤Ãü!õì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ô«˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ÈÙÈxÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ ¢%Ó«˚ ˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ñ˛Ó˚y xyÓüƒÑ˛ !äÈú–
7.4 ˆÓ˚ú ïõ≈á›˛ S1974V

fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°≈Ï ÜíxyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ 1974 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 20 !îò Óƒy˛ô# S8 ˆõÈÙÙÙÈ27 ˆõV
ˆÓ˚ú ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓˆÏ«˛y¶˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï =Ó˚&c˛ô)í–≈ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ú«˛ ˆÓ˚ú ◊!õÑ˛ ~£z ïõ≈áˆÏ›˛ ¢y!õú £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– All
India Railway Mens Federation ˆúyˆÏÑ˛yˆÏõy!›˛¶˛ Ñ˛õ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ xy›˛ ár›˛y Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ îy!Ó ~ÓÇ ˆÓì˛ò Ó,!k˛Ó˚
îy!ÓˆÏì˛ ïõ≈áˆÏ›˛Ó˚ v˛yÑ˛ ˆîÎ˚– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xòƒyòƒ !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜ Ñ˛õ≈â˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓì˛ò Ó,!k˛ £ˆÏúÁ î#á≈!îò ~£z ˆÓ˚ú
◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓì˛ò Ó,!k˛ £Î˚!ò– !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆúyˆÏÑ˛yˆÏõy!›˛¶˛ Ñ˛õ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yã ‘continuous’ Óy ~Ñ˛›˛yòy
ÓˆÏú x!¶˛!£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ xÌ≈yÍ ~£z ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ î#á≈¢õÎ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛yòy Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ £ì˛– fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ~Ó˚
Óƒ!ì˛e´õ £Î˚!ò– ˆÓ˚ú ˆÓyv≈˛ !îˆÏò xy›˛ á^˘›˛y Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Óyhfl˛ÏÓyÎ˚ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ ò– ö˛ˆÏú ˆÓ˚ú Ñ˛õ≈â˛yÓ˚#Ó˚y
!ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ ˆúyˆÏÑ˛yˆÏõy!›˛¶˛ ˛ôy£zú›˛Ó˚y x¢ls˘˛‹T £Î˚–
1960 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !v˛ˆÏãˆÏú £z!OˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ì˛#Óì˛y Ó,!k˛Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚
¢õÎ˚ !îˆÏò !îˆÏò Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ x¢ˆÏhs˘˛yˆÏ°ÓÏ ˚ õyey Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– ˆÓ˚ú ◊!õÑ˛Ó˚y ¢yÓ˚y
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ ã%ˆvÏ ˛¸ 1967ñ 1968ñ 1970ñ 1973 ~ÓÇ 1974 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ïõ≈áˆÏ›˛ ¢y!õú £Î˚– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 70
üì˛yÇü fl˛iyÎ˚# Ñ˛õ≈â˛yÓ˚# 1974 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ïõ≈áˆÏ›˛ ˆÎyÜ ˆîÎ˚–
1974 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 8 ˆõ ~£z ïõ≈á›˛ ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ ~ÓÇ 27 ˆõ ~£z ïõ≈á›˛ ≤Ãì˛ƒy£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚–
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !òõ≈õ¶˛yˆÏÓ ~£z ïõ≈áˆÏ›˛ xÇü@˘Ã£íÑ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ îõò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ £yãyÓ˚ £yãyÓ˚ ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆãˆÏú ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏòy £Î˚ñ
~Ó˚y Ñ˛õ≈â˛% ƒì˛ £Î˚– 1974 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~£z ˆÓ˚ú ïõ≈á›˛ xy˛ôyì˛ ÓƒÌ≈ £ˆÏúÁ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ îy!Ó
˛ô%Óˆ˚ íÏ Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~£z ïõ≈áˆÏ›˛Ó˚ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y xòfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈–
7.5 òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò S1974ÈÙÈ75V

¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ xyõˆÏú fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚
¢)â˛òy ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– 1936 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢yÇÜ‡˛!òÑ˛ Ó˚*˛ô ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y
òy ˆÜˆÏúÁ v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆÜyv˛¸y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zÍ˛ô!_Ó˚ ¢ı˛yò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚
õ%!_´Ó˚ ˆâ˛ì˛òy Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=!ú îy!Ó ˆÎõò ÓyÑ‰˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yñ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yñ xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õì˛yñ Óí≈
˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ¢%Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˛ôyÎ˚– òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ õ%!_´ xyˆÏ®yúò Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈˛ô)í≈ á›˛òyÓ˚
õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ e´õü ¢yÇÜ‡˛!òÑ˛ Ó˚*˛ô ˛ôyÎ˚– ~=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ £úÈÙÙÙÈ1918 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚
!ÓˆÏü°Ï x!ïˆÏÓüˆÏò òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆáy°Ïíy– 1919 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Ó˚yÁúy›˛ xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ fl˛∫ì˛fl˛≥)˛ì≈˛
!ÓˆÏ«˛y¶˛ñ !£ãú# Ñ˛yÓ˚yÜyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ó!®ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô%!úü# !òÎ≈yì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏî Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚y!ãì˛
~Ñ˛ ¢¶˛yÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ¢£ xòƒyòƒˆÏîÓ˚ Ó_,´ì˛y S1931Vñ ÎyÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ !äÈú òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ Ñ˛!õ!›˛ Ü‡˛ò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ó!®ˆÏîÓ˚ õ%_´ Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y £zì˛ƒy!î– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y
xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ 1920 ~ÓÇ 1930ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüÑ˛ !äÈú !ÓˆÏü°Ï ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈˛ô)í≈– ~£z ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛
üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ ÜíxyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü áˆÏ›˛– xúÈÙÈ£z!u˛Î˚y ˆ›˛Δv˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ñ xúÈÙÈ£z!u˛Î˚y
fi›%˛ˆÏv˛r›˛ ˆö˛v˛yˆÏÓ˚üòñ xú £z!u˛Î˚y !Ñ˛°Ïyí ¢¶˛yñ ≤ÃˆÏ@˘Ã!¢¶˛ Ó˚y£z›˛y¢≈ ~ˆÏ¢y!¢ˆÏÎ˚üò ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y £Î˚– ¢Ó≈¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ◊!õÑ˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ñ˛õ≈Ó˚ì˛ ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˙Ñ˛ƒÓk˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ü!_´ ¢MÈ˛Î˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~£z ¢õhfl˛Ï ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
1936 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 24 xyÜfi›˛ xú £z!u˛Î˚y !¢!¶˛ú !úÓy!›≈˛ã £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò (All India Civil Liberties
Union) ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyˆÏÜ ˆÓy¡∫y£zÈÙÈ~ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £Î˚– Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ !äÈˆú Ï ò ~£z ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚
¢¶˛y˛ô!ì˛– ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zˆmÏ yïò# ¢¶˛yÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ÓˆÏúò ≠ ‘The idea of civil
liberty is to have the right to oppose the government’– òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ÈÙÈfl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛ì˛òy ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°≈Ï
òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ¢%îÓ) ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚# ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˆö˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& õhs˘˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – 1942 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈäÈyˆÏv˛¸y xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ~£z ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò (ICLU) Ö%Ó£z ¢!e´Î˚ !äÈú– xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£íÑ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˛ô%!úü# !òÎ≈yì˛òñ ˆ@˘ÃÆyÓ˚ñ £Î˚Óy˚ !ò ¢õhfl˛Ï !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ì˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !òÑ˛›˛ îy!Ó
ˆ˛ôü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– !Ñ˛ä%È ¢#õyÓk˛ì˛y ¢ˆÏ_Á ¥ ~£z ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ õ%!_´ ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ v˛zˆßÏ √ˆÏ°Ï =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
@˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú–
fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ó≈Ï ˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúÁ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò õˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎõò v˛z˛ôÎ%_´ «˛!ì˛˛ô)Óˆ˚ íÏ Ó˚ !Ó!òõˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!_´ ¢¡ô!_ x!ï@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ !òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚ Öy!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ Ñ˛yv˛zˆÑÏ ˛ !Óòy !Óâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚yÓ˚&k˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y Óy õì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˆÑ˛ˆÏv˛¸
ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚Á ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xyˆÏäÈ– òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yˆÏÌ≈ ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛y ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò=!úÓ˚ ˛ô«˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ îy!Ó
Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúÁ Óy ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ îy!Ó v˛zˆ˛Ï ô«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xy◊ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´
£Î˚!ò– fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ãòÜí â˛yÑ%˛Ó˚# Óy xòƒyòƒ ã#!ÓÑ˛y !òÓ≈y£ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe õã%!Ó˚ Ó,!k˛ñ Ñ,˛!°ÏÓ˚ ãòƒ ã!õñ
Óyv˛¸#ÈÙÈáÓ˚ !òõ≈yí £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ ãòƒ fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ˆ¢yFâ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~£z ¢õhfl˛Ï îy!Ó ˛ô)Óˆ˚ íÏ
xò#£y ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ ˆÓ§ˆâÏ ˛ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È–
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ xÓƒ£!ì˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ó≈Ï ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ
ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛– 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Madras Civil Liberties Union Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚– 1949 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 1ÈÙÈ2
ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ Bombay Civil Liberties Conference xy˝ì˛ £Î˚– ~Ñ˛£z ÓäÈÓ˚ 16ÈÙÈ17 ã%úy£z All India
Civil Liberties Conference õyoyˆÏã ÓˆÏ¢– 1948 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD ~Ñ˛!›˛ Civil Liberties
Committee Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚– ˜ÓOy!òÑ˛ñ xy£zòã#Ó#ñ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó# ˆÎõò ˆõáòyî ¢y£yñ üÓ˚Í â˛w ˆÓy¢ñ ~ò. !¢.
â˛ƒy›˛yã≈#ñ !«˛!ì˛ü â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ≤ÃõÖ% ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛õ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛
x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò xÇü ˆòò–
1970ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ xïƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ¢)â˛òy £Î˚– 1972
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD Association for the Protection of Democratic Rights (APDR) ~ÓÇ
1974 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ xı…˛≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏü Andhra Pradesh Civil Liberties Committee (APCLC) Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚–
~£z xyˆÏ®yúò e´ˆÏõ !îÕ‘#ñ õ£yÓ˚y‹Tñ… xy¢yõñ ˛ôyOyÓñ Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ñ äÈ!_üÜv˛¸ñ ì˛y!õúòyv˛YˆìÏ ˛ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸–
˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD APDR ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £Î˚ ~õò ~Ñ˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ÎÖò ¢s˛fy¢ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ¢Ó≈e ÓƒyÆ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– Ó!®ˆÏîÓ˚
Á˛ôÓ˚ ò,üÇ¢ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ñ Üí£ì˛ƒy ~ÓÇ ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò ¢yÓ˚y Ó˚yˆÏãƒ !Óü,Cú xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú–
fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ~£z ¢õÎ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛y xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ îy!Ó=!ú !äÈú ¢Ó ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ xõyò!ÓÑ˛ !ò˛ô#v˛¸ò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
õ%!_´ñ x˜ÏÓï ~ÓÇ xÜíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ !e´Î˚yÑ˛úyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ xÓ¢yò á›˛yˆÏòy ~ÓÇ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ó!®ˆÏîÓ˚ õ%_´ Ñ˛Ó˚y– ~£z
xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ˛ôäÈˆòÏ Üí¢õÌ≈ò !äÈú– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ 1975 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy!°Ïì˛ £ˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚=!ú ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ !Óú%Æ £Î˚–
ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓD ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ APDR-ˆÑ˛ !ò!°Ïk˛ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛ãò
ˆòì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ@˘ÃÆyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ 1976 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ãÎ˚≤ÃÑ˛yü òyÓ˚yÎ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ v˛zÍ¢yˆÏ£ People’s Union for
Civil Liberties and Democratic Rights (PUCLDR) ¢%!ò!î≈‹T xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ~£z ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ îõòò#!ì˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ãòÜíˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÇáÓk˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ≤Ãì˛ƒy£yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¢Ó Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
Ó!®ˆÏîÓ˚ õ%!_´Ó˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛ ÜíxyˆÏ®yúò Ó!ú¤˛ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD òÓÈÙÈ!òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ Óyõö˛r›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ó!®ˆÏîÓ˚ õ%!_´ ˆîÎ˚ ~ÓÇ APDR-~Ó˚
Á˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏ°ïÏ yK˛y ì%˛ˆÏú ˆòÎ˚– ãyì˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yãƒ hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛–
òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyˆÏã fl˛iyÎ˚# ˜Ó!üˆÏ‹Tƒ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚– £yãyÓ˚ £yãyÓ˚ ãòì˛y ˙Ñ˛ƒÓk˛
xyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yˆÏú ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢õhfl˛Ï Ó˚Ñ˛õ Üíì˛s˛f!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ãòõì˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ãyì˛#Î˚hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ˆÎõò Citizens for Democracy, People’s Union for Civil
Liberties (PUCL), People’s Union for Civil Liberties and Democratic Rights
(PUCLDR) ~ÓÇ Chhatra Yuba Sangharsh Vahini õyòÓ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ¢!e´Î˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
˚ ~£z ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈCommittee for Protection for
˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Ó˚yãƒ hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ Á
Democratic Rights Sõ%¡y∫ £zVñ Association for Protection of Democratic Rights (APDR)
~ÓÇ Andhra Pradesh Civil Liberties Committee S£yÎ˚oyÓyîV ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ õyòÓÈÙÈx!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÎ˚
¢ˆÏâ˛‹T £Î˚–
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ó≈Ï ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xòƒì˛õ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ £ú Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü– ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ Ó˚y‹Tñ… ì˛y£z ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ üy!hs˘˛˛ô)í≈ ¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#
xyˆÏ®yúò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚ !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ~›˛yÁ õˆÏò Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢õhfl˛Ï ÜíxyˆÏ®yúò üy!hs˘˛˛ô)í≈ ˛ôˆÏÌ
£Î˚!ò– xyõÓ˚y ~£z xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ!˚ äÈ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆòÏ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ñ
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ Óí≈Üì˛ ~ÓÇ !úDÜì˛ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ò#!ì˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ !òÓ˚¢ˆÏò v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
!òˆÏì˛ ÓƒÌ≈ £Î˚– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# õˆÏòy¶˛yÓˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ç£ì˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò Ó˚*˛ôyhs˘˛!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ xòƒyòƒ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
îú¢õ)£ SÎyÓ˚y ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ ˆò£zVñ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôeñ ˆ◊!íñ Óí≈ Á !úDÜì˛ ¢yÎ%ãƒ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò=ˆÏúyÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆòÏ ˆÎõò Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú ì˛yÍ«˛!íÑ˛ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚í Óy
oÓƒõ)úƒ Ó,!k˛ñ ÖyîƒüˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ ˆÎyÜyò òy ÌyÑ˛yñ x¶˛yÓ ~Ó˚ ì˛yv˛¸òy SˆÎõò Öyîƒ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆòÏ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚
Óv˛¸ Ñ˛yÓ˚í !äÈú ÖyˆÏîƒÓ˚ñ !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ â˛yˆÏúÓ˚ x¶˛yÓVñ ˆì˛õò Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ õì˛yîü≈ñ ã!õÓ˚ ãòƒ
úv˛¸y£z Á Ó˚y‹T«… ˛õì˛y îÖˆÏúÓ˚ fl˛∫≤¿ SòÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸ xyˆÏ®yúò ˆÎÈÙÈïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó â˛y£zˆìÏ ˛ Óv˛¸
ò!ãÓ˚V– Ó˚y‹T… ì˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ õì˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~£z ¢Ñ˛ú xyˆÏ®yúò=!úˆÏÑ˛ îõò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èó !òˆÏãÓ˚
üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢˛ôˆÏ«˛ ˜Óïì˛y fl˛iy˛ôˆÏò ≤ÃÎy˚ ¢# £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ó≈Ï ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ ~£z ›˛yòyˆÏ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸òÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ.˚
~!ÜˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È–

1– 1959 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD Öyîƒ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛ Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò– 1959 ~ÓÇ 1966
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛!äÈú–
2– òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃÓı˛ !úÖ%ò–
3– 1974 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˆÓ˚ú ïõ≈áˆÏ›˛Ó˚ !ÓÓÓ˚í !îò–
4– 1974ÈÙÈ75 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛ Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò– ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò
ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ˆ˛ôäÈˆòÏ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò=!úÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y Ñ˛# !äÈú⁄
7.8 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
1– Suranjan Das and Premansukumar Bondyopadhyay — Food Movement of
1959 : A comprehensive collection of documents, K. P. Bagchi & Company,
Kolkata.
2– Sunil Kumar Sen — Peasant Movements in India : Mid-nineteenth and
Twentieth centuries, K. P. Bagchi & Company, Kolkata.
3– Prakash Singh — The Naxalite Movement in India, Rupa & Co., New Delhi,
1999.
4– Stephen Sherlock — The Indian Railway Strike of 1974 : A study of Power

and Organised Labour, Rupa & Co., Mumbai, 2001.
5– Christopher M. Richardson ed. — Historical Dictionary of the Civil Rights
Movement, 2nd edition, Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 8  xMÈ˛ú ~ÓÇ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ ¢_yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò

Ü‡˛ò
8.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
8.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
8.2 fl˛∫üy¢ò Á fl˛∫ì˛s˛f Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛ xyˆÏ®yúò
8.3 G˛yv˛¸Ö[˛ xyˆÏ®yúò
8.4 v˛z_Ó˚yÖ[˛ xyˆÏ®yúò
8.5 äÈ!_üÜv˛¸ xyˆÏ®yúò
8.6 òyÜy xyˆÏ®yúò
8.7 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚ ≠ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú=!úÓ˚ v˛zqÓ
8.9 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
8.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
~£z ~Ñ˛Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
 fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ v˛zßÎ¨ ˆ˚ òÏ Ó˚ ≤ÃˆŸÏ ¿ ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛Ï ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢¡ø%Ö#ò £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈúñ ˆ¢=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !äÈú
¶˛y°Ïy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!Ó ~ÓÇ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ x¢ˆÏhs˘˛y°Ï ì˛Ìy xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ì˛yÓyî–
 1950ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫üy¢ò ~ÓÇ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛ xyˆÏ®yúò £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !äÈú
G˛yv˛¸Ö[˛ xyˆÏ®yúòñ v˛z_Ó˚yÖ[˛ xyˆÏ®yúòñ äÈ!_üÜv˛¸ xyˆÏ®yúò ~ÓÇ òyÜy xyˆÏ®yúò ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛–
 fl˛∫yï#òì˛y úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïcõ)úÑ˛ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ ≤Ãy!ì˛¤˛y!òÑ˛ ÓƒÓfl˛iy ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy
£Î˚ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe îú ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ xy!Ó¶≈˛yÓ áˆÏ›˛–
 xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú=!ú ÷ï%õye xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ òÎ˚ñ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛Á
=Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ !Óhfl˛ÏyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢«˛õ £Î˚–
8.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ v˛zß¨Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿ ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛Ï ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢¡ø%Ö#ò £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ ˆ¢=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !äÈú
¶˛y°Ïy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!Óñ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òyòy ˆ«˛ˆÏe x¢yõƒ Á ÓMÈ˛òyÓ˚
xò%¶)˛!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ x¢ˆÏhs˘˛y°Ï ì˛Ìy xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ì˛yÓyî– x¢yõƒ Á ÓMÈ˛òyÓ˚ xò%¶)˛!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Î%_´Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ x¶˛ƒhs˘˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!Ó ãyòyˆÏì˛
v˛zÍ¢y!£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ Ó˚yãƒ Ü!‡˛ì˛ £ˆÏú ¢%üy¢ò ~ÓÇ v˛zß¨Î˚ò ¢Ω˛Ó
¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓÈÙÙÙÈ~£z !ÓŸªy¢ !äÈú– 1950 ~Ó˚ îüÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫üy¢ò ~ÓÇ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛
xyˆÏ®yúò £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !äÈú G˛yv˛¸Ö[˛ xyˆÏ®yúòñ v˛z_Ó˚yÖ[˛ xyˆÏ®yúòñ äÈ!_üÜv˛¸ xyˆÏ®yúò
~ÓÇ òyÜy xyˆÏ®yúò ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛–
fl˛∫yï#òì˛y úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïcõ)úÑ˛ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ ≤Ãy!ì˛¤˛y!òÑ˛ ÓƒÓfl˛iy ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy £Î˚ñ
ˆÎÖyˆÏò Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe îúÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ xy!Ó¶≈˛yÓ áˆÏ›˛– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ îú ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ
˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ £ú xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ x!hfl˛Ïc– xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú=!ú ÷ï%õye xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛
Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ òÎ˚ñ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛Á =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ !Óhfl˛ÏyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢«˛õ £Î˚–
8.2 fl˛∫üy¢ò Á fl˛∫ì˛s˛f Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛ xyˆÏ®yúò

fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ òyòy!Óï ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢¡ø%Ö#ò £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ˆÎ=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ÓˆÏü°Ï v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ !äÈú
Ó˚y‹T¶… ˛y°Ïy ¢õ¢ƒy ~ÓÇ ¶˛y°Ïy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!Óñ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òyòy ˆ«˛ˆÏe x¢yõƒ
~ÓÇ ÓMÈ˛òyÓ˚ xò%¶˛) !ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ x¢ˆÏhs˘˛y°Ï ì˛Ìy xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ì˛yÓyî– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Ó˝¶˛y°Ïy¶˛y°Ï# õyò%°Ï
Á ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ˆîü £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛y°Ïy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!Ó ÁˆÏ‡˛– v˛zßÎ¨ ˆ˚ òÏ Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ !äÈú– x¢yõƒ Á ÓMÈ˛òyÓ˚ xò%¶˛) !ì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#ˆÏÑ˛ ˙Ñ˛ƒÓk˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ
˛ô,ÌÑ˛ Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!Ó ãyòyˆÏì˛ v˛zÍ¢y!£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ xyˆÏ®yúòÑ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢ !äÈú ˆÎ ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛
Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ Ó˚yãƒ Ü!‡˛ì˛ £ˆÏú ¢%üy¢ò ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ– xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ x¢yõƒ
ì˛Ìy xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ì˛yÓyî ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãy!ì˛ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ !äÈú ~Ñ˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y ≤Ã!ì˛Óı˛Ñ˛– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ô«˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x¢õ
v˛zß!¨ ì˛ Óy xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ã!òì˛ ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ v˛zîy¢#òì˛y xyˆÏ®yúòÑ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛
Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!ÓˆÏÑ˛ v˛zÍ¢y!£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ 1950ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛ xyˆÏ®yúò
£ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– A. K. Singh ì§˛yÓ˚ Federal Perspective, Constitutional Logic and Reorganisation
of States’ (2009) @˘ÃˆsÏ ˛i ˆúˆÏÖòñ ‘There are more than thirty statehood and autonomy
movements in India.
~Ñ˛ Óy ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ xhs˘˛¶%≈˛_´ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ÓˆÏü°Ï xMÈ˛ˆÏú fl˛∫üy¢ò Á fl˛∫ì˛s˛f Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛
xyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ì˛ˆÏÓ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xMÈ˛ˆÏú Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ îy!ÓÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ !äÈú–
fl˛∫üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ÓúˆÏì˛ ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚ ÎÖò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ÓˆÏü°Ï xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ãòÜí !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ
fl˛∫ì˛s˛f ~ÓÇ fl˛∫yï#ò üy¢òÓƒÓfl˛iy ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒyüyÎ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏ®yúò=!ú
˙!ì˛£ƒñ fl˛iyò#Î˚ Óy xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ ¢_y !›˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢ˆÏâ˛‹T £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí fl˛iyò#Î˚ ~ÓÇ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛
ˆòì,˛c ≤Ãüy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ !òÑ˛›˛ ~£z õˆÏõ≈ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢%ˆÏÎyÜÈÙÈ¢%!Óïyñ ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í ~ÓÇ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ îy!Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– fl˛∫yï#òì˛y
~ÓÇ xyd!òÎ˚s˛fˆÏíÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢¡ô,_´– fl˛∫üy¢ò ~ÓÇ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚
xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !îÑ˛ v˛z˛ôú!∏˛Ó˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ˆÎõò G˛yv˛¸Ö[˛ xyˆÏ®yúòñ v˛z_Ó˚yÖ[˛
xyˆÏ®yúòñ äÈ!_üÜv˛¸ xyˆÏ®yúò ~ÓÇ òyÜy xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
8.3 G˛yv˛¸Ö[˛ xyˆÏ®yúò

î!«˛í !Ó£yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆãúy=!ú !òˆÏÎ˚ 2000 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 15 òˆÏ¶˛¡∫Ó˚ G˛yv˛¸Ö[˛ Ó˚yãƒ Ü!‡˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È–
î#á≈!îˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ~£z Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ~£z xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#ñ ≤Ãïyòì˛ xy!îÓy¢#ñ
ÎyÓ˚y ÓMÈ˛òyÓ˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛ xyˆÏ®yúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢ !äÈú
ò)ì˛ò Ó˚yãƒ Ü!‡˛ì˛ £ˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãy˛ôƒ õÎ≈yîy úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ – fl˛∫üy¢ò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛yÜƒ !òï≈yÓ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜ
ˆîˆÏÓ–
1921 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˆäÈy›˛òyÜ˛ô%Ó˚ Úv˛zß¨!ì˛ ¢õyãÛ òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ˆäÈy›˛òyÜ˛ô%Ó˚ xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xÓˆÏ£!úì˛
ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ v˛zß¨Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ~£z ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ú«˛ƒ !äÈú fl˛∫ì˛s˛f Ó˚yãƒ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y–
G˛yv˛¸Ö[˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy ~£z ¢õÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ÷Ó˚& £Î˚– G˛yv˛¸Ö[˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ãÎ˚˛ôyú !¢ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc
ü!_´ ¢MÈ˛Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ãÎ˚˛ôyú !¢Ç !äÈˆÏúò !òˆÏã ~Ñ˛ãò xy!îÓy¢#– !ì˛!ò !äÈˆÏúò î!«˛í !Ó£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yòyÜ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ õ%[˛y v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛Ó˚ õyò%°Ï– !ì˛!ò xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã xyd!òˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
v˛z˛ôãyì˛#Î˚ ˆÜy¤˛#=!ú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ v˛z˛ôõ£yˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ xy!îõì˛õ Óy!¢®y˛ó ˆ¢ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí£z ì˛yÓ˚y xy!îÓy¢#ÈÙÙÙÈ~
ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– 1939 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !ì˛!ò Úxy!îÓy¢# õ£y¢¶˛yÛ òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yˆÏúò–
~£z ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò !Ó£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy!îÓy¢# xï%ƒ!°Ïì˛ xMÈ˛ú=!úˆÏÑ˛ !Ó£yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!FäÈß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ G˛yv˛¸Ö[˛ Ó˚yãƒ
Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!Ó ˆì˛yˆÏú– 1946 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 19 !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yÎ˚ ãÎ˚˛ôyú !¢Ç ÓˆÏúò Ú!ÓÜì˛
6000 ÓäÈÓ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ xy!îÓy¢#Ó˚y ~ÖyˆÏò xÓˆÏ£!úì˛ñ Ú~Ñ˛ãò ãÇ!úÛ !£¢yˆÏÓñ Ú~Ñ˛ãò xy!îÓy¢#Û
!£¢yˆÏÓ– !ì˛!ò xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛yÎ˚ ¢î¢ƒˆÏîÓ˚ !òÑ˛›˛ xyˆÏÓîò ãy!òˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ 46òÇ xò%ˆFÏ äÈˆîÏ Óúy £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ˆÎ Ó˚y‹T… xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ fl˛∫yÌ≈ x«%˛]
Ó˚yÖˆÏÓñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛y @˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜ ˆîˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xy!îÓy¢#Ó˚y ÎyˆÏì˛ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ òƒyÎ˚ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyÎ˚ ˆ¢ !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚
òãÓ˚ ˆîˆÏÓ– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á xyÌ≈ÈÙÈ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ñ˛õ≈Ñ˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ õ)ú ˆfl˛Àyì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xy!îÓy¢#
¢õyã !Ó!FäÈß¨ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!Ó Ó!ú¤˛ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
ãÎ˚˛ôyú !¢ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆòì,˛cyï#ò Úxy!îÓy¢# õ£y¢¶˛yÛ G˛yv˛¸Ö[˛ îú !£¢yˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ G˛yv˛¸Ö[˛
îˆÏúÓ˚ îy!Ó !äÈú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Î%_´Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ£˚ z fl˛∫üy¢ò ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y– ~£z îú ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ˆÎ ¢Ó xMÈ˛ˆÏú
xy!îÓy¢#Ó˚y ¢ÇÖƒyÜ!Ó˚¤˛ñ ˆ¢ ¢Ó xMÈ˛ú !òˆÏÎ˚ xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ò– ~£z Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚
ãòƒ !ÓˆÏü°Ï xy£zò ~ÓÇ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ !òÎ˚õÑ˛yò%ò Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢%Ó!˚ «˛ì˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏÓ– 1950 ~Ó˚
îüˆÏÑ˛ G˛yv˛¸Ö[˛ xyˆÏ®yúò xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈Ó«˚ ˛yÓ˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛ v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆúÏ Á 1963
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ãÎ˚˛ôyú !¢Ç !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ G˛yv˛¸Ö[˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!FäÈß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï ˆÎyÜ !îˆÏú G˛yv˛¸Ö[˛
xyˆÏ®yúò !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y !Ó˛ôÎ≈hfl˛Ï £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸–
1970ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò òì%˛ò v˛zîƒˆÏõ ÷Ó˚& £Î˚– ~£z ¢õÎ˚ !üÓ% ˆ¢yˆÏÓò˚ òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛ Î%ÓÑ˛
G˛yv˛¸Ö[˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòì,˛c ˆîò– !üÓ% ˆ¢yˆÏÓò˚ ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚ ÚG˛yv˛¸Ö[˛ õ%!_´ ˆõyâ≈˛yÛ– ~£z
¢ÇÜ‡˛ò xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫yÎ˚_üy¢ò îy!Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÖyˆÏò xy!îÓy¢# ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á ¢yÇÜ‡˛!òÑ˛ ˙Ñ˛ƒ ¢¡ô)í¶≈ ˛yˆÏÓ
ÓãyÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ– G˛yv˛¸Öy[˛ õ%!_´ ˆõyâ≈˛y ¶)˛!õ ¢ÇflÒyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛Á xyˆÏ®yúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ !üÓ% ˆ¢yˆÏÓò˚ ì§˛yÓ˚
xò%Üyõ#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓyG˛yò ˆÎ !îÑ%˛ Óy !ÓˆÏî!üÓ˚y Ñ,˛!°Ïˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏe ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ö˛úyˆÏòy ö˛¢ú xyd¢yÍ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~›˛y Óı˛ £ÁÎ˚y
≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò– ~£z ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ xÓ˚ˆíÏ ƒÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ Á˚ ì˛Í˛ôÓ˚ !äÈú– 1980
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡Ó∫ ˚ õyˆÏ¢ Ñ˛õ˛ôˆÏ«˛ 15 ãò xy!îÓy¢# !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ îy!Ó xyîyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ xyˆÏ®yúò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛
!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ =!úˆÏì˛ õyÓ˚y ˆÜˆÏú ~£z á›˛òy G˛yv˛¸Ö[˛ Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!ÓˆÏÑ˛ xyÓ˚Á ü!_´üyú# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
ˆü°Ï˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ 2000 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ G˛yv˛¸Ö[˛ Ó˚yãƒ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ ˛ôyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó£yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ 18!›˛ ˆãúy !òˆÏÎ˚ G˛yv˛¸Ö[˛
Ó˚yãƒ Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚–
8.4 v˛z_Ó˚yÖ[˛ xyˆÏ®yúò

v˛z_Ó˚yÖ[˛ S˛ô)Óì≈ ˛ò òyõ v˛z_Ó˚yMÈ˛úV £ú ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ v˛z_Ó˚yMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚yãƒ– 2009 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 9
òˆÏ¶˛¡∫Ó˚ v˛z_Ó˚≤ÃˆîÏ ü Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ !£õyúÎ˚ Á ì˛Í¢Çú@¿ ˆãúy=!ú !òˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ≤Ããyì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ 27ì˛õ Ó˚yãƒ
!£¢yˆÏÓ v˛z_Ó˚yÖ[˛ Ó˚yãƒ ¢,!‹T £Î˚– v˛z_Ó˚yÖ[˛ Ó˚yãƒ!›˛ î%!›˛ !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜ !Ó¶˛_´– ~=!ú £ú ÜyˆÏv˛¸yÎ˚yú Á Ñ%˛õyÎ˚ò)
!Ó¶˛yÜ– ~£z î%£z !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ xhs˘˛Ü≈ì˛ ˆõy›˛ ˆãúyÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 10!›˛– ≤Ãyâ˛#òÑ˛yú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~£z î%£z ˛ôyÓ≈ì˛ƒ
~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ÓÓyî ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛ ~£z î%£z xMÈ˛ú ˙Ñ˛ƒÓk˛¶˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ˆÎyÜ
ˆîÎ˚–
v˛z_Ó˚yÖ[˛ Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í !£¢yˆÏÓ ~£z xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛zß¨Î˚ò ~ÓÇ ˆÓÑ˛y!Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒy Óy Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚
¢%ˆÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ x¶˛yÓˆÏÑ˛ îyÎ˚# Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~äÈyv˛¸y v˛z_Ó˚≤ÃˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ~£z xÇˆÏüÓ˚ ãòÜíˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yãïyò# ü£ˆÏÓ˚
xy¢yÓ˚ ãòƒ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y ˛ôÌ x!ì˛e´õ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ì˛ñ ¢õhfl˛Ï !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚y xÓˆÏ£!úì˛ñ ~£z ïyÓ˚íy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
!äÈú– ò)ì˛ò Ó˚yãƒ Ü!‡˛ì˛ £ˆÏú ~£z ÓòyMÈ˛ú ˛ôyÓ≈ì˛ƒ ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ xÓˆÏ£!úì˛ õyò%°Ï v˛zß¨Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–
1930 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ~£z ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ ãòÜí fl˛∫ì˛s˛f Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢k˛yhs˘˛ ˆòÎ˚ ~£z ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ò)ì˛ò Ó˚yˆÏãƒ
xò%ß¨Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy î)Ó˚#¶)˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓñ îy!Ó˚oÓ˚ xÓ¢yò á›˛ˆÏÓ–
v˛z_Ó˚yÖ[˛ Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ 1957 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ~ÓÇ 1973 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Úv˛z_Ó˚yÖ[˛ Ó˚yãƒ
˛ô!Ó˚°ÏîÛ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ~£z xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ãòÜí v˛z_Ó˚yÖ[˛ Ó˚yãƒ ˛ô!Ó˚°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ xï#ˆÏò fl˛∫ì˛s˛f Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚
îy!ÓˆÏì˛ ˙Ñ˛ƒÓk˛¶˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yˆÏú– 1979 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ã%úy£z Úv˛z_Ó˚yÖ[˛ eý!hs˘˛ îˆÏúÓ˚Û
≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y £ˆÏú ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ =Ó˚&c Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– 1994 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ äÈyeÓ˚y xÇü !òˆÏú fl˛∫ì˛s˛f
Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò ~Ñ˛ â)˛v˛¸yhs˘˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈyÎ˚– v˛z_Ó˚yÖ[˛ eý!hs˘˛ îú xyõÓ˚í xòüò
÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ Ñ˛õ≈â˛yÓ˚#Ó˚y ïõ≈áˆÏ›˛ ˆÎyÜ ˆîÎ˚– !ì˛ò õy¢ ïˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛òyÜyˆÏv˛¸ ~£z ïõ≈á›˛ â˛úyÓ˚
ö˛ˆÏú üy¢òÓƒÓfl˛iy ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– v˛z_Ó˚≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ ¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ õ%Öƒõs˛f# õ)úyÎ˚õ !¢Ç ÎyîÓ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚
!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# !äÈˆú
Ï ò– Ó˚yãƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò îõò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢ˆÏâ˛‹T £Î˚– 1994 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡ˆ∫ ÓÏ ˚
v˛z_Ó˚≤ÃˆîÏ ü ˛ô%!úü Ö!ì˛õy (Khatima) xMÈ˛ˆÏú üy!hs˘˛˛ô)í≈ !õ!äÈˆú Ï Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ =!ú Ó°Ïí≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ !òÓ˚fl˛f ãòì˛yÓ˚
Á˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ =!ú Ó°Ïˆ≈ íÏ Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú xyˆÏ®yúòÑ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛£z !ò£ì˛ £ò– ö˛ˆÏú
xyˆÏ®yúò xyÓ˚Á Ó!ú¤˛ Ó˚*˛ô ˆòÎ˚– 1994 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 2 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúòÑ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò Ú¢ÇÎ%_´
ˆõyâ≈˛yÛ !îÕ‘#ˆÏì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî !õ!äÈú ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ 1998 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Úv˛z_Ó˚yMÈ˛ú
!ÓúÛ ˛ôyü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ 2000 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 9 òˆÏ¶˛¡∫Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ò)ì˛ò Ó˚yãƒ !£¢yˆÏÓ v˛z_Ó˚yMÈ˛ú Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚
!¢k˛yhs˘˛ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ 2000 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ v˛z_Ó˚yMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ òyõ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ Úv˛z_Ó˚yÖ[˛Û òyõÑ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚y
£Î˚–
8.5 äÈ!_üÜv˛¸ xyˆÏ®yúò

2000 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 1 òˆÏ¶˛¡∫Ó˚ õïƒ≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ 16!›˛ ˆãúy !òˆÏÎ˚ äÈ!_üÜv˛¸ Ó˚yãƒ Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚– õïƒ≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏüÓ˚
~£z xMÈ˛ú!›˛ !äÈú xÓˆÏ£!úì˛ñ õïƒ≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ x˛ôÓ˚ xMÈ˛ú!›˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ÷ï% òÎ˚ñ ˆÑ˛w myÓ˚yÁ ˆüy!°Ïì˛ £ì˛– ~£z
xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xÓ˚íƒ¶)˛!õñ Ö!òã ¢¡ôîñ ¢Ó£z !äÈú ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fˆíÏ –
1920ÈÙÈÓ˚ îüÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ~£z xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ãòÜí ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ îy!Ó ˆì˛yˆÏú– ì˛ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛ä%È !Ó!«˛Æ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyîñ
!õ!äÈúñ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy £zì˛ƒy!î äÈyv˛¸y 1990ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÜ ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ Ó˚*˛ô ˆòÎ˚!ò– ~£z
˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ÚäÈ!_üÜv˛¸ Ó˚yãƒ !òõ≈yí õMÈ˛Û äÈ!_üÜv˛¸ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòì,˛c ˆîÎ˚– ¢õhfl˛Ï Óí≈ ~ÓÇ ¢¡±îyÎ˚ !ò!Ó≈ˆüÏ ˆÏ°Ï
fl˛∫ì˛s˛f Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛ ˆ¢yFâ˛yÓ˚ £Î˚– ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ 2000 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Madhya Pradesh
Reorganization Act ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ò)ì˛ò Ó˚yãƒ !£¢yˆÏÓ äÈ!_üÜv˛¸ Ó˚yãƒ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
8.6 òyÜy xyˆÏ®yúò

v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛ô)Ó≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ òyÜy ãòãy!ì˛Ó˚ õyò%°Ï îy!Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆúÏ ò ˆÎ ì§˛yÓ˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ õ)úˆÏfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢¡ô)í≈
Óy£zˆÓÏ ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ fl˛∫yï#ò Á ¢yÓ≈ˆ¶Ï ˛Ôõ Ó˚y‹T–… v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛ô)Ó≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ òyÜyÓ˚y äÈyv˛¸yÁ Öy!¢ñ ÜyˆÏÓy˚ ñ
ãÎ˚!hs˘˛Î˚y ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛ ãòãy!ì˛Ó˚ Óy¢– x¢ˆÏõÓ˚ ¢õì˛ú ≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏü xyˆÏäÈò x¢!õÎ˚y ¶˛y°Ïy¶˛y°Ï# ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È !£®%–
Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛ô)Ó≈ xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛Ó˚ !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ üy¢Ñ˛Ó˚y !äÈˆú
Ï ò v˛zîy¢#ò–
1946 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ òyÜyˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ £ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ñ˛îú !ü!«˛ì˛
òyÜy !Öfi›˛yò ‘Naga National Council’ òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ~£z ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò The Naga
Nation òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛y ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ òyÜy ãy!ì˛Ó˚ xyd!òÎ˚s˛fˆíÏ Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ îy!Ó
ˆáy!°Ïì˛ £Î˚– òyÜyÓ˚y ¢¡ô)í≈ fl˛∫yï#ò ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ îy!Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ñ ˆÎ Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ òyÜyˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛
£ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ì˛y òyÜyˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ £ˆÏÓ– òyÜy ãyì˛#Î˚ ˛ô!Ó˚°ˆÏ îÏ Ó˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í ¢¡ôyîÑ˛ ¢yÖ!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y
~Ñ˛!›˛ !â˛!‡˛Ó˚ v˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& 1946 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˆúˆÏÖòñ òyÜyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
≤ÃŸ¿£z ˆò£z– ì˛ˆÏÓ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Î%_´Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ fl˛∫yÎ˚_üy¢ò ˆîÁÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚ !Ñ˛ls˘˛
xˆÏ˛ô«˛yÑ,˛ì˛ ì˛Ó˚&í ≤ÃãˆÏß√Ó˚ Ó˚ƒy!v˛Ñ˛yú ˆòì˛yÓ˚y fl˛∫yï#ò òyÜyúƒyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛ xòv˛¸ !äÈˆú Ï ò– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
!Ó!FäÈß¨ £ˆÏÎ˚ òyÜy fl˛∫yï#òì˛y Á ¢yÓ≈ˆ¶Ï ˛Ôõc ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢yFâ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ_ý !äÈˆú Ï ò ˆÖyˆÏòõy£‰ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚
xDy!õ òyÜyÓ˚y– ~£z xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ# ˙!ì˛£ƒ !äÈú– 1879ÈÙÈ80 !Öfi›˛y∑ òyÜyî ì§˛yÓ˚y !Ó!›˛ü
¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ Óy!£ò#Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ¢üfl˛f ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ï ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈˆú
Ï ò– 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ì§˛yÓ˚y ÚãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y
!úÜÛ òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ~ÓÇ ~£z ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ì§˛yÓ˚y ˛ô)í≈ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚
â˛yúyÎ˚–
1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 15 xyÜfi›˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ fl˛∫yï#ò £ˆÏúÁ òyÜyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyò £Î˚!ò– òyÜyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆòì,˛c
!îˆÏì˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢ò xDy!õ ãy˛ô% !ö˛ˆÏãy– !mì˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏãy òyÜy ãyì˛#Î˚ ˛ô!Ó˚°ˆÏ îÏ ˆÎyÜ ˆîò–
!ì˛!ò Á ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢£ˆÏÎyÜ#Ó˚y òyÜy fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛ ˆ¢yFâ˛yÓ˚ £ò– ~Ñ˛ !ÓÓ˚y›˛ ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ òyÜy ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛∫yï#ò òyÜy
Ó˚y‹T… Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ fl˛∫˛ôˆÏ«˛ !ö˛ˆÏãyÓ˚ ˆòì,˛c ˆõˆÏò ˆòò– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ òyÜyˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫yì˛s˛f Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ ¢£yò%¶˛) !ì˛Ó˚
¢ˆÏD !ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛◊!ì˛ !îˆÏúÁ fl˛∫yï#ò òyÜy Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ îy!Ó fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ Ó˚y!ã !äÈú òy– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ !ö˛ˆÏãy
Á ì§˛yÓ˚ xò%Üyõ#Ó˚y fl˛∫yï#ò òyÜy Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛ xòv˛¸ !äÈˆúÏ ò–
òyÜy fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ îy!ÓˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈÓy˚ ‹T… Á òyÜyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛ Î%k˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛Ó˚ ¢,!‹T £Î˚–
1954 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛Ó˚ o&ì˛ xÓò!ì˛ £Î˚– ˙ ÓäÈˆÓÏ ˚ ~Ñ˛ ˆ¢òy x!ö˛¢yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆõy›˛Ó˚ ¢y£zˆÑÏ ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xyáyˆÏì˛
ˆÑ˛y!£õyˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛ ˛ôÌâ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ õ,ì˛% ƒ £Î˚– ãòì˛y ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï !Ó«%˛∏˛ ãòì˛yÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ =!ú Ó°Ïˆ≈ íÏ Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆÓü
Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛ãò !ò£ì˛ £ò– !ò£ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛ãò ¢¡øy!òì˛ !Óâ˛yÓ˚˛ô!ì˛ Á ~Ñ˛ãò òyÜy ãyì˛#Î˚ ˛ô!Ó˚°ˆÏ îÏ Ó˚
¢î¢ƒ !äÈˆú Ï ò– ~£z á›˛òy òyÜyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~ì˛›˛y£z ˆ«˛yˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ¢MÈ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !Ó˛ô%ú ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ òyÜy x!ïÓy¢#
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢ˆÏD xyúy˛ô xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ˛ôÌ ˆÖyúy Ó˚yÖy xÌ≈£#ò õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ òyÜy ãyì˛#Î˚ ˛ô!Ó˚°ˆÏ îÏ Ó˚
ˆòì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fí ¢¡ô)í¶≈ ˛yˆÏÓ â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ â˛ˆÏú ÎyÎ˚– òyÜyÓ˚y ¢üfl˛f xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ ≤Ãhfl˛% !ì˛ !òˆÏì˛
÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ 1954 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡ˆ∫ ÓÏ ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛ãò òyÜy !ÓˆÏoy£# ÚòyÜyúƒyu˛ Î%_´Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚Û (Federal
Government of Nagaland) Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓò ˚ –
1955 !Öfi›˛y∑ ã%ˆvÏ ˛¸ òyÜy ãyì˛#Î˚ ˛ô!Ó˚°ˆÏ îÏ Ó˚ x¶˛ƒhs˘˛ˆÏÓ˚ òyÜyˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒÍ !òˆÏÎ˚ !Óì˛Ñ≈˛ â˛ˆÏú– !ö˛ˆÏãy
fl˛∫yï#ò Á ¢yÓ≈ˆ¶Ï ˛Ôõ òyÜy Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛ xòv˛¸ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚y‹TÎ… ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ Î%k˛ â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚
˛ô«˛˛ôyì˛# !äÈˆú Ï ò– x˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ !ö˛ˆÏãyÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ ¢£ˆÏÎyÜ# ¢yÖ!Ó˚Ó˚ !ÓŸªy¢ !äÈú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ Óy!£ò#ˆÏÑ˛
˛ôÓ˚yhfl˛Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#ò òyÜy Ó˚y‹T… Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏÓ òy– ¢yÖ!Ó˚ ~£z õˆÏõ≈ òyÜy xï%ƒ!°Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ≈ì˛ƒ @˘Ãyõ=!úˆÏì˛
≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï ò ˆÎ òyÜyˆÏîÓ˚ !£Ç¢yÓ˚ ˛ôÌ ˛ô!Ó˚ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈÓy˚ ˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ ¢ˆÏD xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛–
1956 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ãyò%Îy˚ !Ó˚ õyˆÏ¢ ¢yÖ!Ó˚ˆÑÏ ˛ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
1956 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ Óy!£ò# ~ÓÇ òyÜy ˆÜy!Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Î%k˛ ÷Ó˚& £Î˚– òyÜy
!ÓˆÏoy£#ˆÏîÓ˚ îõò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ 1953 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Assam Maintenance of Public Order
Regulation Act òyˆÏõ xy£zò ≤ÃíÎ˚ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z xy£zˆò Ï Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xy¢yˆÏõÓ˚ Ó˚yãƒ˛ôyú ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢¶˛yñ
¢!õ!ì˛ Á !õ!äÈˆú Ï Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ !òˆÏ°ïÏ yK˛y xyˆÏÓy˚ ˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆ@˘ÃÆy!Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓy˚ Î˚yòy äÈyv˛¸y£z
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óƒ!_´ˆÏÑ˛ xy›˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – 1958 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ã%úy£z õyˆÏ¢ ¢üfl˛f ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛
Óy!£ò#Ó˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï «˛õì˛y xy£zò ≤Ãí#ì˛ £Î˚– ~£z xy£zò òyÜy !ÓˆÏoy£# îõò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ
¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !ö˛ˆÏãyÓ˚ ˆòì,˛cyï#ò ã!D òyÜy ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ãò!≤ÃÎì˚ ˛y £…y¢ ˛ôyÎ˚–
xˆÏ˛ô«˛yÑ,˛ì˛ òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i# òyÜy ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyˆÏÜ ‘Naga People’s Convention’ òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò
˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Î˚– 1960 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ã%úy£z õyˆÏ¢ ~£z ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ !òÑ˛›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyˆÏÓîò ˛ôe
˛ôy‡˛yÎ˚– ~£z xyˆÏÓîò˛ôˆÏe ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Î%_´Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ òyÜy Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!Ó ãyòyˆÏòy £Î˚–
ˆü°Ï˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ 1963 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ òyÜyúƒyu˛ Ó˚yãƒ Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚–
ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& xy!îÓy¢# ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï Á ¢¡ô)í≈ ¢ö˛ú £ò!ò– ì˛ˆÏÓ fl˛∫yï#ò òyÜy Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚
¢Ω˛yÓòy !Óò‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ xÖ[˛ì˛y ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏÖò– 1960 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ x¢õ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ x£!õÎ˚y ¶˛y°ÏyˆÏÑ˛
¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ¶˛y°Ïy ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ ˛ôyÓ≈ì˛ƒ xy!îÓy¢#Ó˚y «%˛∏˛ Á x¢ls˘˛‹T £Î˚– ˛ôyÓ≈ì˛ƒ xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛Ï Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
îú ~Ñ˛!eì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ó≈îú#Î˚ ˛ôyÓ≈ì˛ƒ ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ¡øúò Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚
îy!ÓˆÏì˛ ïõ≈á›˛ Á !ÓˆÏ«˛yˆÏ¶˛ ˆ¢yFâ˛yÓ˚ £Î˚– 1962 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !Ó!FäÈßì¨ ˛yÓyî#Ó˚y xy¢yõ !Óïyò
¢¶˛y ÓÎ˚Ñ˛›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yúe´ˆÏõ ˆõáyúÎ˚ñ !õˆÏãyÓ˚yõ £zì˛ƒy!î ≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ xy!Ó¶≈˛yÓ áˆÏ›˛–
8.7 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚ ≠ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú=!úÓ˚ v˛zqÓ

1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ üy¢ò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïcõ)úÑ˛
Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ ≤Ãy!ì˛¤˛y!òÑ˛ ÓƒÓfl˛iy ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy £Î˚ ˆÎÖyˆÏò Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ˛˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
îú ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í áˆÏ›˛– ¢õyã Á ˆÜy¤˛#=!úÓ˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈ Ó˚«˛yˆÏÌ≈ îú=!ú ¢!e´Î˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˆòÎ˚– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
îú ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ £ú xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ x!hfl˛Ïc– xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îú
ÓúˆÏì˛ ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚ ÎÖò ~Ñ˛!›˛ îú ¢yïyÓ˚í¶˛yˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢#!õì˛ ˆ¶˛ÔˆÏÜy!úÑ˛ ¢#õyˆÏÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yãÑ˛õ≈
˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ !e´Î˚yÑ˛úy˛ô ~Ñ˛ Óy ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢#õyÓk˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ãyì˛#Î˚ îú=!úÓ˚
Ó,£Í ˛ô!Ó˚¢ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ òyòy ˆ«˛ˆÏe !e´Î˚yÑ˛úy˛ô ¢¡±¢y!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏúÁ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îú=!úÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ò!î≈‹T
~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ !e´Î˚yÑ˛úy˛ô ¢#õyÓk˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ~ÖyˆÏò ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy=!ú ≤Ãyïyòƒ ˛ôyÎ˚– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ ãyì˛#Î˚
hfl˛ÏˆÏÓ˚ îú=!úÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îú=!úÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü ~ÓÇ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚yãƒ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îú=!úÓ˚
myÓ˚y üy!¢ì˛–
ì˛ˆÏÓ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îú=!úÓ˚ !e´Î˚yÑ˛úy˛ô !ò!î≈‹T ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢#õyÓk˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ Óy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ ¢#!õì˛
˛ô!Ó˚¢ˆÏÓ˚ xyÓk˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ îú=!ú Ó˚yãƒ ~ÓÇ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛Á =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È–
xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú=!ú xˆÏòÑ˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ò#!ì˛ Á ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyˆÏÑ˛
Óyhfl˛ÏÓy!Î˚ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛‹T £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛Ï Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú=!ú Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢«˛õ
£ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !äÈú ì˛y!õúòyv˛YˆìÏ ˛ DMK ~ÓÇ ADMK, ã¡ø% ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓ˚ National
Conference, xı…˛≤ÃˆÏîˆÏü Telegu Desam, xy¢yˆÏõ Asom Gana Parishad, ˆÜyÎ˚yÎ˚
Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party, !õˆÏãyÓ˚yõÈÙÈ~ Mizo National Front, !¢!Ñ˛ˆÏõ Sikkim
Sangram Parishad, ˆõáyúÎ˚ÈÙÈ~ All Party Hill Leaders Conference ~ÓÇ £!Ó˚Î˚yòyÎ˚ Indian
National Lok Dal (INLD) ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛– 1967 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ¢yïyÓ˚í !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ
xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛yÎ˚ ˆãy›˛ÈÙÈ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú– ~Ñ˛£z ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw Á ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛
îú=!ú Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ˆÏò =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– 1969 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îú DMK
£z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõˆÏr›˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ!Ó˚¤˛ì˛y ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢õÌ≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛
îú=!úÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïÓ˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy=!úÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚ î,!‹T xyÑ˛°Ïí≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ò#!ì˛ !òï≈yÓ˚ˆíÏ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ !Óhfl˛ÏyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ¢ˆÏÓy≈ ˛ô!Ó˚ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îú=!ú ãyì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú=!úˆÏÑ˛
≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢«˛õ £Î˚ ö˛ˆÏú ãyì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú=!ú xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ xò#£y ≤Ãîü≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛ˆÏ“ !¢k˛yhs˘˛ !òˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ £Î˚– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
îú=!ú ÷ï%õye xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ òÎ˚ñ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛Á =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ !Óhfl˛ÏyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛
¢«˛õ £Î˚– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛f Î%_´Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyˆÏÑ˛ ü!_´üyú# Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îú=!úÓ˚ xÓîyò
xòfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈–

1– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Î%_´Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛ Óí≈òy
Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
2– Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ G˛yv˛¸Ö[˛ Ó˚yãƒ Ü!‡˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú⁄
3– Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛z_Ó˚yÖ[˛ Ó˚yãƒ Ü!‡˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú⁄
4– Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ òyÜyúƒyu˛ Ó˚yãƒ Ü!‡˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú⁄ ~£z Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ˛ôäÈˆòÏ !ö˛ˆÏãyÈÙÈÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
5– 1967 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ xyˆÏÜ ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú=!úÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ›˛#Ñ˛y !úÖ%ò–
8.9 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
1– Richard L. Park and Bueno De Mesquita — Indian Political System,
Prentice Hall, 1979.
2– Ruchi Tyagi — ‘Role of Regional Political Parties in India’, Journal South
Asian Politics, July, 2016.
3– A. K. Sen — Development as Freedom, Oxford, New Delhi, 2001.
4– Bombwall K. R. — The Foundations of Indian Federation, Bombay, 1967.
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 9  ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛f ãy!ì˛

Ü‡˛ò
9.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
9.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
9.2 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyã ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ãy!ì˛ÈÙÈÓí≈
9.3 Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ xyõú ≠ ãy!ì˛ñ Óí≈ Á Ó˚yãò#!ì˛
9.4 Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ÈÙÈ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ ≠ ãy!ì˛ÈÙÈÓí≈ Á Ó˚yãò#!ì˛
9.5 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚ ≠ î!úì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛
9.7 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
9.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
~£z ~Ñ˛Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆúÏ xy˛ô!ò ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÓÏ òÈÙÙÙÈ
 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyã ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ãy!ì˛ÈÙÈÓˆÏíÓ ≈ ˚ xÓfl˛iyò Ñ˛# !äÈú–
 ¢õˆÏÎÓ ˚ ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD ãy!ì˛ÈÙÈÓí≈ ÓƒÓfl˛iy òyòy ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È–
 Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ üy¢Ñ˛Ó˚y xfl˛ô,üƒˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ Ú¢%Ó« ˚ ˛yõ)úÑ˛ ˜Ó°ÏˆõÏ ƒÓ˚Û !ÓˆÏü°Ï ò#!ì˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
 fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ xy£zˆòÏ ãy!ì˛!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ !ò!°Ïk˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È–
 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xMÈ˛ˆÏú !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 1980ÈÙÈÓ˚ îüÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ò¡¨ Á õïƒ ãy!ì˛=!úÓ˚
=Ó˚&c Ó,!k˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È–
 xyï%!òÑ˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í ÓƒÓfl˛iy ãy!ì˛ !Óú%!ÆÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì˛≈ ãy!ì˛Üì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
e´õÓk≈˛õyò !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ì˛y ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !Ó¶˛yãòˆÏÑ˛ !›˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ ˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛òy ~£z ≤ÃŸ¿–
9.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
!£®% ïˆÏõÓ≈ ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ ãy!ì˛ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ xÓfl˛iyò !òï≈yÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ hfl˛ÏÓ˚ !Óòƒhfl˛Ï ¢õyã
ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ãyì˛˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ÈÙÈò#â˛ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ xÓfl˛iyò ¢yõƒ Á Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ≤Ã!ì˛Óı˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yÎ˚–
÷k˛ì˛y ~ÓÇ x÷k˛ì˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy ãy!ì˛ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ xyîü≈Üì˛ !¶˛!_– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyˆÏã ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛ xfl˛ô,üƒ
ãy!ì˛Ó˚y x!ì˛ü)oñ î!úì˛ ~ÓÇ Óì≈˛õyˆÏò xy£z!ò ˛ô!Ó˚¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ì˛˛ô!ü!ú ãy!ì˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛– xy£zòì˛
!ò!°Ïk˛ £ˆÏúÁ ì˛ÌyÑ˛!Ìì˛ xfl˛ô,üƒ ãy!ì˛¶%˛_´ õyò%°ˆÏ ÑÏ ˛ òyòy ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ xõyò!ÓÑ˛ xyâ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !ò˛ô#!v˛¸ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ Ú¢%Ó«˚ ˛yõ)úÑ˛ ˜Ó°ÏˆõÏ ƒÓ˚Û !ÓˆÏü°Ï ò#!ì˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È– fl˛∫yï#ò
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ xy£zˆòÏ ãy!ì˛!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ !ò!°Ïk˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ¢Ç¢î#Î˚ Üíì˛s˛f ˆ¶˛y›˛yÓ˚ ì˛Ìy ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ãyì˛˛ôyì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ ˆÜy¤˛#Üì˛ !¢k˛yˆÏhs˘˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãy¢!DÑ˛ £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨
Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !òã !òã ãyì˛!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ˆ¶˛y›˛ ÓƒyB˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÎ˚ ¢ˆÏâ˛‹T £Î˚– 1970ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüÑ˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ !˛ô!äÈˆÎÏ ˚ ˛ôv˛¸y ãy!ì˛ ü!_´üyú# ˆ¶˛y›˛ ÓƒyˆÏB˛Ó˚ ¢%ÓyˆÏî !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ õÎ≈yîy ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛yÇˆÏü
¢«˛õ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ì˛ˆÏÓ ãy!ì˛!¶˛!_Ñ˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ Óy ãy!ì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ á!ò‹T ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚
!òÑ˛›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óv˛¸ â˛ƒyˆÏúO– Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ ãy!ì˛Ó˚ v˛zˆkÏ ˛≈ ÌyÑ˛y ¢õ#â˛#ò ~ÓÇ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛!ÓîˆÏîÓ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ˙ˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚
≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãˆÏò ¢ÇÑ˛#í≈ fl˛∫yˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ v˛zˆïÏ π≈ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò ÓˆÏú ¢õyã!ÓK˛yò#ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛yÇü õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ –
hfl˛ÏÓ!˚ Óòƒhfl˛Ï ¢õyã ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ !ò¡¨ ˆÜy¤˛#¶%˛_´ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ õÎ≈yîy Ó,!k˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏúÁ xyˆÏ¡î∫ Ñ˛Ó˚ ˆÎ xyîü≈!ò¤˛
¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ!äÈˆú Ï ò ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò î!úì˛Ó˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xÓˆÏ£!úì˛ xÓfl˛iy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%!_´ ˛ôyˆÏÓ– xyˆÏ¡î∫ Ñ˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ñ§˛y!¢Ó˚yõ ÚÓ˝ãò ¢õyã ˛ôy!›≈˛Û Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ î!úì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ ¢y!Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ~ˆÏò!äÈˆú Ï ò ~ÓÇ õyò!¢Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ
!Ñ˛ä%È›˛y £ˆÏúÁ î!úì˛Ó˚y £#òõòƒì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%!_´Ó˚ xyfl˛∫yî úyˆÏ¶˛ ¢«˛õ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ !ò¡¨ÓÜ≈#Î˚ ~£z
ˆÜy¤˛#¶%˛_´ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò ïõ≈!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !òãfl˛∫ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢_y Óy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ô,ÌÑ˛
Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îü≈ò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ!˚ ò ÓˆÏú ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆÑ˛v˛z õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – xyï%!òÑ˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í ÓƒÓfl˛iy
ãy!ì˛ !Óú%!ÆÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì˛≈ ãy!ì˛Üì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ e´õÓï≈õyò !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ì˛y ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !Ó¶˛yãòˆÏÑ˛ !›˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ ˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏú ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛yÇü õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ –
9.2 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyã ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ãy!ì˛ÈÙÈÓí≈

ò,ì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ Á ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ Óí≈ Á ãy!ì˛ ~£z î%!›˛ ¢õyhs˘˛Ó˚yú ïyÓ˚íy£z £ú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ x!¶˛òÓ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ– õ)úì˛ !£®% ïˆÏõÓ≈ ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ ~£z ÓƒÓfl˛iy Óƒ!_´Ó˚ Óƒ!_´Üì˛ Á
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ xÓfl˛iyò !òï≈yÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ãy!ì˛ÈÙÈÓí≈ ÓƒÓfl˛iy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó!â˛e hfl˛ÏÓ˚ !Óòƒy¢ ÎyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ãyì˛˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÜy¤˛#=!úÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ÈÙÈò#â˛ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ xÓfl˛iyò !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ £Î˚ñ ¢yõƒ Á Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ Óyïy
£ˆÏÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yÎ˚– !Ó¶˛_´ ãy!ì˛ÈÙÈxyò%Üì˛ƒ ˆòüò Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ xhs˘˛Ó˚yÎ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yÎ˚– ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ ãy!ì˛
ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãyïyòƒ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– ¢õˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD ãy!ì˛ÈÙÈÓí≈ ÓƒÓfl˛iy òyòy ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
!îˆÏÎ˚ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Öy˛ô Öy£zˆÎÏ ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ x!hfl˛ÏcˆÏÑ˛ ÓãyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ–
≤ÃÌy xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyã â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ÓˆÏíÈ≈ ÙÙÙÈÓy·˛íñ «˛!eÎ˚ñ ˜Óüƒñ ü)o !Ó¶˛_´ £ˆÏúÁ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ Óí≈ òÎ˚ñ
Óyhfl˛ÏÓ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛ üì˛ ãy!ì˛Ó˚ x!hfl˛Ïc ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– Óyhfl˛ÏÓ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ãy!ì˛Ó˚ x!hfl˛Ïc ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ñ
â˛ì%˛ÓˆÏíÓ≈ ˚ òÎ˚– ì˛ˆÏÓñ ˜Ó!üˆÏ‹TƒÓ˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛_¥Üì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢yî,üƒ ÌyÑ˛yÎ˚ ãy!ì˛ Á Óí≈ˆÑÏ ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y
¢õyÌ≈Ñ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ãy!ì˛¢õ)ˆ£Ï Ó˚ x!hfl˛Ïc xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !ò!î≈‹T– ~Ñ˛!›˛ xMÈ˛ˆÏú ˆÎ
òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãy!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ xòƒ xMÈ˛ˆÏú òyÁ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ ãy!ì˛ ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ e´ˆÏõyFâ˛ !ÓòƒyˆÏ¢ ãyì˛˛ôyì˛ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò– v˛zFâ˛ì˛õ ãy!ì˛ Óy·˛ˆÏíÓ˚ xÓfl˛iyò
ü#ˆÏ°≈Ï ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !òâ%˛ˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ì˛ÌyÑ˛!Ìì˛ xfl˛ô,üƒ ãy!ì˛– !Ö‹T#Î˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ üì˛Ñ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ °Ï¤˛
üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ¢õyˆÏã xfl˛ô,üƒì˛y !ÓÑ˛!üì˛ £ˆÏú xfl˛ô,üƒˆÏîÓ˚ òyòy òyˆÏõ v˛yÑ˛y £ì˛ ≠
˛ôMÈ˛õãy!ì˛ñ x!ì˛ü)oñ Óy â˛[˛yú– ~£z î%£Èz ÙÈãy!ì˛ ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ïyˆÏ˛ô ïyˆÏ˛ô ¢yãyˆÏòy xyÓ˚Á Ó˝ ãy!ì˛ ˆÜy¤˛#
xyˆÏäÈ– ˆ˛ôüy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ˆÜy¤˛# !£¢yˆÏÓ ãy!ì˛Ó˚ xy!Ó¶≈˛yÓñ ÓˆÏíÓ≈ ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü áˆÏ›˛!äÈú– ˆ˛ôüy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚
!¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ãy!ì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ xyÓyÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!Ó¶˛yÜ ¢,!‹T £Î˚– ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ò,ì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ÓˆÏúò v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛–
v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ƒñ Ú÷k˛ì˛yÛ ~ÓÇ Úx÷k˛ì˛yÛÈÙÈÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy ãy!ì˛ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ xyîü≈Üì˛ !¶˛!_– ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏã
v˛zâ§ ˛% ~ÓÇ !òâ%˛ ãy!ì˛Ó˚ !Óòƒy¢ £Î˚– Óy·˛íˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ó ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷k˛ õˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛ ˆÎ ãy!ì˛=!ú
xyˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚y e´õyß∫ˆÎÏ ˚ Ñ˛õ ÷k˛ Óy xÈÙÈ˛ô!Óe Óúy £Î˚– ¢õyˆÏã ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛ xfl˛ô,üƒ ãy!ì˛Ó˚y x!ì˛ü)oñ
î!úì˛ ~ÓÇ Óì≈˛õyˆÏò xy£z!ò ˛ô!Ó˚¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ì˛˛ô!ü!ú ãy!ì˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– xy£zòì˛ !ò!°Ïk˛ £ˆÏúÁ
ì˛ÌyÑ˛!Ìì˛ xfl˛ô,üƒ ãy!ì˛¶%˛_´ õyò%°ˆÏ ÑÏ ˛ òyòy ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ xõyò!ÓÑ˛ xyâ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
9.3 Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ xyõú ≠ ãy!ì˛ñ Óí≈ Á Ó˚yãò#!ì˛

Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ üy¢ò Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏÓÓ≈ ˚ ˛ô)ˆÓÏ Ñ≈ ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆ≤Ï Ã!«˛ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãy!ì˛ˆÏ¶˛î ≤ÃÌyˆÏÑ˛
!Ó!FäÈß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ò)ì˛ò K˛yòñ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò Á ò#!ì˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ~£z ≤ÃÌy!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ
≤Ãyí ¢MÈ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ !îˆÏÑ˛ xò£hfl˛Ïˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ òyòy Ó˚Ñ˛õ ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜ
¢,!‹T Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ˆÎ=!ú ì˛_¥Üì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ãy!ì˛ˆÏ¶˛î ≤ÃÌy õ%_´– ã!õ !Óe´Î˚ˆÎÏ yÜƒ ˛ôˆÏíƒ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚ñ xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚
ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ¢õì˛y !Óâ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ!Ó¶˛yÜ#Î˚ ≤Ãüy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ ò#!ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yÎ˚– !ü«˛y ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò Á ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ â˛yÑ˛!Ó˚Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ãy!ì˛ÈÙÈïõ≈ÈÙÈ!ò!Ó≈ˆüÏ ˆÏ°Ï ˆõïyÓ#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xÓy!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ~ÓÇ !Óü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
ˆÜyv˛¸yÎ˚ õ£#÷Ó˚ Óy ˆÑ˛yú£y˛ô%ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ õˆÏì˛y ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!ú ≤ÃÌõ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ â˛yÑ˛!Ó˚ˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È xÇü
ãy!ì˛!¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ¢ÇÓ˚!«˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ v˛zˆj Ï üƒ !äÈúñ ãß√¢)êÏ xÓy·˛í õyò%°ˆÏ îÏ Ó˚ xì˛#ˆÏì˛ ˆÎ¢Ó «˛!ì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È
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xfl˛ô,üƒˆÏîÓ˚ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ Ú!ò˛ô#!v˛¸ì˛ ˆ◊!íÛ ÓˆÏú Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏì˛yñ ÓƒÓïyò Ö%ˆ§ ã Ï ˛ôyò– !ò˛ô#!v˛¸ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ú¢%Ó«˚ ˛yõ)úÑ˛ ˜Ó°ÏˆõÏ ƒÓ˚Û !ÓˆÏü°Ï ò#!ì˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ xÌ≈yÍ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï
!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ñ˛ˆÏÓñ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ â˛yÑ˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ≤ÃyÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ xy¢ò ¢ÇÓ˚!«˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
¢ˆÏÓy≈ ˛ô!Ó˚ 1919 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚!Ó!ïˆÏì˛ õˆÏòyòÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ~ÓÇ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ 1932 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛
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Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
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!ò®y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï Á ~ÓÇ xfl˛ô,üƒì˛y î)Ó#˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óí≈!£®%ˆîÏ Ó˚ õ!®ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÓÏ ü xyˆÏ®yúò ~ÓÇ xydÓ!úîyòÑ˛yÓ˚#
Ü,£¶,˛ì˛ƒ G˛yv˛YîyÓ˚ Ú¶˛yD#ÛÈÙÈÓ˚ xyîü≈yÎ˚ò xfl˛ô,üƒì˛yÓ˚ Úxy!Ì≈Ñ˛ Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ õ)ˆú Ï Û ˆÑ˛yò ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˆö˛úˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ!˚ ò ÓˆÏú !¶˛Ö% ˛ôyˆÏÓÖ˚ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – î!úì˛ ˆòì˛yÓ˚y õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ˆÎ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÎ%_´ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏí xy!Ì≈Ñ˛
Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ «˛õì˛yÓ˚ xÇü#îyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏú îÓ˚ãy !òˆÏã ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z Ö%ˆú Ï ÎyˆÏÓ– Üy!ı˛Óyî# î,!‹T¶˛!DˆÏì˛
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¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ ≤ÃˆÓÏ üy!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢õyïyò ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò– î!úì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢_yÓ˚ îy!ÓÓ˚
!Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ î!úì˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Óì˛!Ñ≈˛ì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚
î§yv˛¸yÎ˚–
1931 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˆÜyúˆÏ›˛!Óú ˜Ó‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !mì˛#Î˚ x!ïˆÏÓüˆÏò î!úì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚
Üy!ı˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD xyˆÏ¡î∫ Ñ˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ õì˛!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï £Î˚– õì˛˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÎ˚ ÎÖò 1932 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ xfl˛ô,üƒˆÏîÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈÎyÓ˚y
ì˛˛ô!ü!ú ãy!ì˛ òyˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £Î˚ñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ˛ô%òy â%˛!_´
xò%ÎyÎ˚# ˆÎÔÌ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ì˛˛ô!ü!ú ãy!ì˛Ó˚ ãòƒ 151!›˛ xy¢ò ¢ÇÓ˚!«˛ì˛ Ó˚yÖy £Î˚– ˛ô%òyâ%˛!_´Ó˚
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ ÓƒÓfl˛iy ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú 1935 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´ £Î˚– 1936 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑
xyˆÏ¡î∫ Ñ˛Ó˚ £zò!v˛ˆÏ˛ôòˆÏv˛r›˛ ˆúÓyÓ˚ ˛ôy!›≈˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ !äÈú î!Ó˚o Á xfl˛ô,üƒˆÏîÓ˚ ãy!ì˛ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y
Ó,£_Ó˚ Ñ˛õ≈¢!) â˛ˆÏì˛ ◊!õÑ˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ õDú ¢yïˆÏò ¢õy!Ó‹T Ñ˛Ó˚y– 1937 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò xyˆÏ¡î∫ Ñ˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ îú
!Ó˛ô%ú ˆ¶˛yˆÏ›˛ ˆÓy¡∫y£zˆìÏ ˛ ãÎ˚úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ 1942 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 18ÈÙÈ20 ã%úy£z òyÜ˛ô%ˆÓÏ ˚ ~Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏ¡øúˆÏò
xyˆÏ¡î∫ Ñ˛Ó˚ ¢Ó≈¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ì˛˛ô!ü!ú ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò (All India Scheduled Caste Federation) ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚
~ÓÇ îy!Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ î!úì˛Ó˚y !£®%ˆîÏ Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyúyîy Á !Ó!ü‹T £ˆÏÓ–
î!úì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xydãyÜÓ˚í ˆÓ!ü î)Ó˚ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £Î˚!ò– î!úì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ 1940ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
ˆü°Ï !îˆÏÑ˛ xyd¢yÍ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ì˛˛ô!ü!ú ¢¡±îyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜñ ¢¡ôî Óy ¢õÎ˚ !äÈú òy Îy !îˆÏÎ˚
Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ Üí¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ì˛– ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ «˛õì˛y £hfl˛Ïyhs˘˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y!›˛ î!úì˛
ˆòì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó˚Ñ˛õ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜ Ó˚yˆÏÖ!ò– ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ î!úì˛Ó˚y Óyïƒ £Î˚
Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD £yì˛ ˆõúyˆÏì˛– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyE˛yˆÏú Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ î!úì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyîˆÏÑ˛ xydfl˛i Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ v˛zˆîÏ ƒÜ#
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ˆâ˛Î˚yÓ˚õƒyò !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
9.4 Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓüÈÙÈ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ ≠ ãy!ì˛ñ Óí≈ Á Ó˚yãò#!ì˛

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!ÓˆÏü°Ï ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ £ú ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ òƒyÎ˚ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ì˛˛ô!ü!ú
ãy!ì˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !˛ô!äÈˆÎÏ ˚ ˛ôv˛¸yñ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#úñ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ «˛õì˛y£#òñ ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
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¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò 46òÇ xò%ˆFÏ äÈˆîÏ Óúy £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È Ó˚yãƒ=!ú ì˛˛ô!ü!ú ãy!ì˛ñ v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yñ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛
v˛zßÎ¨ ˆ˚ òÏ Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ î,!‹T ˆîˆÏÓ– ¢Ó Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ xòƒyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆüy°Ïí ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ – 330òÇ
xò%ˆFÏ äÈˆîÏ ˆúyÑ˛¢¶˛yÎ˚ ì˛˛ô!ü!ú ãy!ì˛ñ v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ xy¢ò ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ ~ÓÇ 332òÇ xò%ˆFÏ äÈˆîÏ
~ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ !Óïyò ¢¶˛yÎ˚ xy¢ò ¢ÇÓ˚!«˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
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x˛ôÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ !ò¡¨ÓˆÏíÓ≈ ˚ ãy!ì˛=!úÓ˚ ˛ô«˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛y ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Óy â˛ƒyˆÏúO Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty– ~£z
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¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ãyì˛ÈÙÈ˛ôyì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ ˆÜy¤˛#Üì˛ !¢k˛yˆÏhs˘˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãy¢!DÑ˛ £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !òã !òã ãy!ì˛!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ˆ¶˛y›˛ ÓƒyB˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÎ˚ ¢ˆÏâ˛‹T ÌyˆÏÑ˛– !Ó!¶˛ß¨
!òÓ≈yâ˛ò# ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃyÌ≈# õˆÏòyòÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆ¶˛y›˛yÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ãy!ì˛Üì˛ xÓfl˛iyò ≤ÃyÌ≈#Ó˚ ãy!ì˛Üì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˆö˛ˆÏú–
1950ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ «˛õì˛y v˛zFâ˛ÓˆÏÜÓ≈ ˚ !£®%ˆîÏ Ó˚ £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ!Ó˚ˆ¤Ï ˛Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛
fl˛iyòyhs˘˛!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– 1970 ~Ó˚ îüÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ !˛ô!äÈˆÎÏ ˚ ˛ôv˛¸y ãy!ì˛ ü!_´üyú# ˆ¶˛y›˛ ÓƒyB˛ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢%ÓyˆÏî
xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zß!¨ ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢«˛õ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ Ó,£Í ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ !˛ô!äÈˆÎÏ ˚ ˛ôv˛¸y ãy!ì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ
!äÈú v˛z_Ó˚≤ÃˆîÏ ü ~ÓÇ !Ó£yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÎyîÓñ £!Ó˚Îy˚ òy ~ÓÇ ˛ôyOyˆÏÓ ãy‡˛ñ õ£yÓ˚yˆÏ‹T… õyÓ˚y‡˛#ñ Ñ˛í≈y›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛E˛y!úÜy
~ÓÇ ì˛y!õúòyv˛YˆìÏ ˛ Ü[˛y¢≈ ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛– ˆ¶˛y›˛y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ =Ó˚&c Ó,!k˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È– ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÎ˚
ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ÌyÑ˛y õyò%°Ï ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜì˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– xˆÏòÑ˛
Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Óy ˛ôˆÏÓy˚ «˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ãy!ì˛!¶˛!_Ñ˛–
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xMÈ˛ˆÏú !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 1980ÈÙÈÓ˚ îüÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ò¡¨ Á õïƒ ãy!ì˛=!úÓ˚
=Ó˚&c Ó,!k˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– 1990ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~!›˛ xyÓ˚Á fl˛ô‹T £Î˚– v˛z_Ó˚ ≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏü Ú¢õyãÓyî# ˛ôy!›≈˛Û
ÎyîÓ ˛ôy!›≈˛ òyˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– ÚÓ˝ãò ¢õyã ˛ôy!›≈˛Û î!úì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ îú !£¢yˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– õ£yÓ˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ Ú!üÓˆÏ¢òyÛ
õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ îú òyõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– úyú%≤Ã¢yî ÎyîÓñ õ)úyÎ˚õ !¢Ç£ñ ò#!ì˛ü Ñ%˛õyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ õì˛ õïƒ ãy!ì˛¶%˛_´ ˆòì˛yÓ˚
˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ î!úì˛ ˆòe# õyÎ˚yÓì˛#Ó˚ v˛zayò áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ– !ò¡¨ñ xÓî!õì˛ ãy!ì˛Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyò
e´ˆÏõ£z ~Ñ˛ ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ fl˛∫y!¶˛õyò Á ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛Ó˚ !¶˛!_ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ˆÏäÈ– !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ãy!ì˛Ó˚ ˙!ì˛£ƒ ˆòì˛yÈÙÈˆòe#ˆÏÑ˛
xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È–
ì˛ˆÏÓ ãy!ì˛!¶˛!_Ñ˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ Óy ãy!ì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ~£z á!ò‹T ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ !òÑ˛›˛
~Ñ˛!›˛ Óv˛¸ â˛ƒyˆÏúO– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆÎ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ Èñ ì˛y õ)úì˛ ¢yõƒñ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ~ÓÇ òƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛– Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ ãy!ì˛Ó˚ v˛zˆkÏ ˛≈ ÌyÑ˛y ¢õ#â˛#ò– ãyì˛#Î˚ ˙ˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãˆÏò Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆòì,˛cˆÏÑ˛
¢ÇÑ˛#í≈ fl˛∫yˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ v˛zˆïÏ π≈ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ ¢Ó≈¢yïyÓ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ v˛zßÎ¨ ˆ˚ òÏ Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ú«˛ƒ ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢õ#â˛#ò– ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ !¶˛!_
£ÁÎ˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛ ¢yõƒ Á ¢õyò õÎ≈yîy–
9.5 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚ ≠ î!úì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛

hfl˛ÏÓ!˚ Óòƒhfl˛Ï ¢õyãÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !ò¡¨ˆÜÏ y¤˛#¶%˛_´ õyò%°Ï î#á≈Ñ˛yú ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ xÌ≈
~ÓÇ ïõ≈#Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xÓˆÏ£!úì˛ ãy!ì˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ £Î˚ î!úì˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ¢õˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
¢ˆÏD ~£z ˆÜy¤˛#¶%˛_´ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ õÎ≈yîy Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– ãy!ì˛Üì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ !£®% ïˆÏõÓ≈ ˚ x¶˛ƒhs˘˛Ó˚#í !Ó°ÏÎ˚
õˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ì˛ñ !£®% ïˆÏõÓ≈ ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ¢yïò ¢Ω˛Ó– xyˆÏ¡î∫ Ñ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyîü≈!ò¤˛ñ v˛zîyÓ˚˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛
¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò ˆÎ ¢õyã £ˆÏÓ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ñ !ò˛ô#v˛¸ò ~ÓÇ ˆüy°Ïíõ%_´– 1956 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 15
xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ xyˆÏ¡î∫ Ñ˛Ó˚ ˆÓÔk˛ïˆÏõ≈ î#!«˛ì˛ £ò– ~£z ïõ≈yhs˘˛Ó˚ @˘Ã£íˆÏÑ˛ !£®%ïˆÏõÓ≈ ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüƒ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#ì˛yÓ˚
ò!ãÓ˚ !£¢yˆÏÓ ïÓ˚y £Î˚– !ì˛!ò ˆÓÔk˛ïõ≈ˆÑÏ ˛ ˛ô%òÓ≈ƒyÖƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò– ~£z ïˆÏõÓ≈ ˚ ≤ÃÜ!ì˛ü#ú Ó_´Óƒ=!úˆÏÑ˛ ì%˛ˆÏú
ïˆÏÓò˚ ÎyˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyˆÏã ïˆÏõÓ≈ ˚ ˆÎ ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy !ì˛!ò ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ!äÈˆú Ï ò ì˛yÓ˚ xò%Üyõ# £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ £z ˆÓÔk˛ ïõ≈ ¢¡∫ˆıÏ ˛ xyˆÏ¡î∫ Ñ˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ïƒyòïyÓ˚íyˆÏÑ˛ î!úì˛Ó˚y ãÜÍ ¢¡∫ˆıÏ ˛ òì%˛ò ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚ !¶˛!_
õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚y õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ xyˆÏ¡î∫ Ñ˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ õì˛yîü≈ !äÈú ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ Á ≤Ã¶˛yÓüyú# ïõ≈#Î˚ áÓ˚yòy=!úÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛m®¥#–
xyˆÏ¡î∫ Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ñ˛!“ì˛ ¢õyãÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ î!úì˛Ó˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xÓˆÏ£!úì˛ xÓfl˛iy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%!_´ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ òì%˛ò
¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚Ñ˛ÈÙÈÓy£Ñ˛ £ˆÏÓñ ¢õyˆÏã î!úì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õÎ≈yîy ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ– Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ xˆÏÌ≈ xyˆÏ¡î∫ Ñ˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ v˛zˆj Ï üƒ
!äÈú ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !Ó≤’Ó á›˛yˆÏòy ˆÎÖyˆÏò ãy!ì˛ òyõÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò!›˛Ó˚ !Óú$!Æ á›˛ˆÏÓñ ¢õyˆÏã xfl˛ô,ˆüÏ ƒÓ˚ òì%˛ò
òyõÑ˛Ó˚í £ˆÏÓ òyñ ¢yˆÏõƒÓ˚ õ)úƒ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ !òÑ˛›˛ ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈˆÓÏ – ì§˛yÓ˚ xyüy !äÈú Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛
Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îü≈ò ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓñ !£Ç¢yñ ˆüy°Ïíñ ÓMÈ˛òyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì˛≈ ¢õyˆÏã ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ÈÙÈ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢%¢¡ôÑ≈˛
ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ–
xyˆÏ¡î∫ Ñ˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ î!úì˛ õ%!_´ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò x@˘Ãí# ¶)˛!õÑ˛y @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ Ñ§˛y!¢Ó˚yõ !Î!ò ÚÓ˝ãò ¢õyã
˛ôy!›≈˛Û Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ î!úì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò ~ˆÏò!äÈˆú Ï ò– 1995 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Ó˝ãò ¢õyã
˛ôy!›≈˛ v˛z_Ó˚≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏü «˛õì˛yÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢– ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î!úì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ òì%˛ò ïõ≈#Î˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛–
õyò!¢Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y £ˆÏúÁ £#òõòƒì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%!_´Ó˚ xyfl˛∫yî úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓñ˚ ~Ñ˛ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ !òãfl˛∫ ¢_y Ö%ˆ§ ã Ï ˛ôyÎ˚–
ì˛ˆÏÓ ~¢ˆÏ_Á ¥ !ò¡¨ÓÜ≈#Î˚ ~£z ˆÜy¤˛#¶%˛_´ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ÈÙÈ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ ¢,!‹T
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢¡ô)í≈ ¢ö˛ú £Î˚!ò ˆÎÖyˆÏò ¢õhfl˛Ï xÓˆÏ£!úì˛ ãy!ì˛Ó˚ xyüyÈÙÈxyÑ˛yCy Óyhfl˛ÏÓy!Î˚ì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ïõ≈!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛
Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !òãfl˛∫ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢_y Óy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îü≈ò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ!˚ ò– xyï%!òÑ˛
Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í ÓƒÓfl˛iy ãy!ì˛ !Óú%!ÆÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì˛≈ ãy!ì˛Üì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ e´õÓï≈õyò !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ì˛y
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !Ó¶˛yãòˆÏÑ˛ !›˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ ˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛òy ~£z ≤ÃŸ¿Á v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ˆÏäÈ– ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ~Ó˚ v˛z_Ó˚ ˆîˆÏÓ–

1– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyã ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ãy!ì˛ÈÙÈÓí≈ ÓúˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚⁄
2– Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ xyõˆÏú ì˛˛ô!ü!ú ãy!ì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ î,!‹T¶˛!D Ñ˛# !äÈú⁄
3– xfl˛ô,üƒì˛y ~ÓÇ ãy!ì˛Üì˛ ≤ÃˆŸÏ ¿ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ î,!‹T¶˛!D xyˆÏ¡î∫ Ñ˛Ó˚ !Ñ˛ ¢õÌ≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò⁄
4– Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ÈÙÈ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !ò¡¨ Á õïƒ ãy!ì˛=!úÓ˚ =Ó˚&c Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó,!k˛
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈú⁄
5– î!úì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ›˛#Ñ˛y !úÖ%ò–
9.7 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
1– A. R. Dutta ed. — Politics in India, Issues, Institutions, Processes, Arun
Prakastan, Guwahati, 2013.
2– Rajani Kothari — Caste in Indian Politics, Orient Longman, New Delhi,
1970.
3– Zoya Hasan ed. — Parties and Party Politics in India, New Delhi, 2002.
4– Zelliot, E — From Untouchable to Dalit : Essays on Ambedkar Movement,
New Delhi, 2001.
5– Ram Nandu — Beyond Ahmedkar : Essays on Dalits in India, New Delhi,
1995.
6– Ó˚*˛ô Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ Óõ≈íÈÙÙÙÈãy!ì˛ÈÙÈÓy˚ ãò#!ì˛ñ ãyì˛˛ôyì˛ Á î!úì˛ ≤Ãì˛Ñ≈˛ ≠ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛
ì˛˛ô!ü!ú ãy!ì˛Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyòñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 2019–
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 10  ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛f ïõ≈˛≠ fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛

~ÓÇ !£®%ÈÙÈõ¢% úõyò ¢¡ôÑ≈˛
Ü‡˛ò
10.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
10.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
10.2 ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛
10.3 fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ !£®%ÈÙÈõ¢% úõyò ¢¡ôÑ≈˛
10.4 fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏú !£®%ÈÙÈõ¢% úõyò ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ îyDy
10.5 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
10.7 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
10.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
~£z ~Ñ˛Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï xy˛ô!ò ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÓÏ òÈÙÙÙÈ
 fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆì Ï ˛ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ fl˛∫Ó*˚ ˛ôñ !£®%ÈÙÈõ¢% úõyò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ ïÓ˚ò ˆÑ˛õò
!äÈú–
 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢# ~Ñ˛ ïõ≈!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ¢Ç!Óïyò @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ xyï%!òÑ˛ Î%!_´Óyî Á !ÓK˛yòÈÙÈ!ò¶≈˛Ó˚
Ó˚y‹T… Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !¢k˛yhs˘˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢ˆÏ_Á
¥ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ x!ÓŸªy¢ñ á,íy Á !Ó!FäÈß¨ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛y ˆü°Ï
˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ¢ÇáˆÏ°≈Ï ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚–
 1960ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛òy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z !£®% õ%¢úõyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ó ≈Ï ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xMÈ˛ˆÏú îyDyÓ˚
á›˛òy áˆÏ›˛–
 1980ÈÙÈÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ Ú!£®%cÛ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ì˛yÎ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏú ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆÑ˛v˛z õˆÏò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ –
10.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏú !ÓÜì˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ äÈÎ˚ îüÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ !£®%ÈÙÈõ¢% úõyò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ ≤ÃŸ¿!›˛ !Óâ˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~£z ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ Ö%Ó ~Ñ˛›˛y ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ £Î˚!ò– ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ x!ÓŸªy¢ñ á,íy Á !Ó!FäÈß¨ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚
õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛y Îy ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ ¢ÇáˆÏ°≈Ï ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈúñ ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò áˆÏ›˛!ò– !òÓ˚y˛ô_yñ ¢õì˛y ~ÓÇ
xyd˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ¢Çeýhs˘˛ ≤ÃˆŸÏ ¿ ~Ñ˛ ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ x!fl˛iÓì˚ ˛y !äÈú– 1961ÈÙÈ62 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚
¢õÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï xÓò!ì˛ áˆÏ›˛– ïõ≈#Î˚ v˛zˆ_ Ï ãòy ~ì˛›˛y£z ã!›˛ú xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆÎ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ îyDy !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˜Ó!üˆÏ‹Tƒ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚– !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜÈÙÈ¢!% Óïyñ !òÓ˚y˛ô_yñ v˛zßÎ¨ ˆ˚ òÏ Ó˚ ≤ÃŸ¿ñ
Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ «˛õì˛y îÖˆÏúÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎˆ˚ ÑÏ ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓñ˚ ¢ÇáÓk˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓíì˛y Ó,!k˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– 1980ÈÙÈÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛
Ú!£®%cÛ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ì˛yÎ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏú ¢õyã!ÓK˛yò#ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛yÇü õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ –
10.2 ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛

¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚ ãy!ì˛Üì˛ xÌÓy ¢¡±îyÎ˚Üì˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛– xÌ≈yÍ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ïõ≈#Î˚
¢¡±îyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ¢î¢ƒˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛£z ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ñ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ fl˛∫yÌ≈ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ì˛y
¢yïyÓ˚í¶˛yˆÏÓ xòƒ ïõ≈#Î˚ ¢¡±îyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ v˛zqì( ˛ x!ÓŸªy¢ñ ¢ˆÏ®£ ¢%¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ
≤Ã!ì˛Óı˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yÎ˚– ì%˛úòyõ)úÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛õ ¢%!ÓïyˆÏ¶˛yÜ# ¢ÇÖƒyúá% ¢¡±îyÎ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜÈÙÈ¢!% Óïyñ
!òÓ˚y˛ô_yñ v˛zßÎ¨ ˆ˚ òÏ Ó˚ ≤ÃŸ¿ñ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ «˛õì˛yñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ «˛õì˛y îÖˆÏúÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎˆ˚ ÑÏ ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
¢ÇáÓk˛ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãß√ ˆòÎ˚ á,íy ~ÓÇ !£Ç¢yÓ˚ Îy v˛zîyÓ˚ì˛y ~ÓÇ Üíì˛s˛f !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#–
Óì≈˛õyˆÏò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y xyï%!òÑ˛ñ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ñ ïõ≈!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ Á Ó˝cÓyî# ¢õyˆÏã Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
!£®%c ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆü°Ï !îˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ !Óü
üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆÜyv˛¸yÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛iyÓ˚ v˛zayˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛yÓÜì˛ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !£®%cÓyî
v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– xõˆÏúü !e˛ôy‡˛#Ó˚ õì˛ò xˆÏòÑ˛ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ˆÎ ˛ôyOyˆÏÓ
îÎ˚yò® ¢Ó˚fl˛∫ì˛#Ó˚ xyÎ≈ ¢õyãñ õ£yÓ˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ Óyú ÜDyïÓ˚ !ì˛úˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !üÓyã# v˛zÍ¢Ó Óy Üí˛ô!ì˛ v˛zÍ¢Ó
ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyîˆÏÑ˛ !£®%ˆcÏ Ó˚ xyÓÓ˚ˆíÏ xyÓ,ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– Óì≈˛õyò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ¢Çá ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛Ï
!£®%ˆÑÏ ˛ ˙Ñ˛ƒÓk˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏÓîò ãyòyˆÏFäÈñ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ≤ÃÎy˚ ¢ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y !ÜˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú !¶˛. !v˛. ¢y¶˛yÓ˚Ñ˛Ó˚
Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Essentials of Hindutva @˘ÃˆsÏ ˛i S1922 !Öfi›˛y∑V– 1980ÈÙÈÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ !£®%c ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ì˛yÎ˚
ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈ– ~£z îüˆÏÑ˛ ¢Çá ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ xˆÏÎyïƒyÎ˚ õ¢!ãˆÏîÓ˚ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ Ó˚yõõ!®Ó˚ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚
îy!ÓˆÏì˛ ˆ¢yFâ˛yÓ˚ £Î˚– ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ xyõˆÏú ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ_ý !äÈú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãò¢Çá– Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚
fl˛∫ÎÇ˚ ˆÏ¢ÓÑ˛ ¢ÇˆÏáÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãò¢ÇˆÏáÓ˚ á!ò‹T ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyÜ !äÈú– !Ó˛ôyò â˛w !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈãò¢Çá
Ñ˛õ≈#Ó˚y ò#â%˛hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòì˛yÓ˚y Ó_,´ì˛y Á ˛ôe˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ ˆúÖyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ õ%¢úõyò ¢¡±îyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ x!ÓŸªy¢ Á !ÓˆÏm°Ï ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ò– ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !£®% õ%¢úõyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ÓƒÓïyò Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ ü!_´üyú# £Î˚– ~£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏD õˆÏò Ó˚yÖy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ fl˛∫ÎÇ˚ ˆ¢ÓÑ˛ ¢Çáñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
ãò¢Çá Óy ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãòì˛y îú !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛, ì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Á x¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ÓˆÏú õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
10.3 fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ !£®%ÈÙÈõ¢% úõyò ¢¡ôÑ≈˛

1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 15 xyÜfi›˛ !Ó!›˛ü ü!_´ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ «˛õì˛y £hfl˛Ïyhs˘˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Ó˚_´«˛Î˚#
¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ îyDyñ ˆîü¶˛yÜ Á ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ !äÈú ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y≤Ãy!Æ– fl˛∫yï#òì˛y≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú ˆÎñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈÓy˚ ‹T… ïõ≈!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ì˛yÓ˚ ò#!ì˛ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ – !Ñ˛ls˘˛ Óyhfl˛ÏˆÓÏ
ì˛y ˛ô)íÓ≈ *˚ ˆÏ˛ô £Î˚!ò– !£®% Á xÈÙÈ!£®% òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó¶˛yãò xyòy £ú– !üÖ ¢ˆÏõì˛
¢õhfl˛Ï !£®%Ó˚ ãòƒ !£®% xy£zò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ú ~ÓÇ ì˛y ¢õÓ˚*˛ô ˆîÁÎ˚y!ò !Ó!ï (Uniform Civil Code) òyˆÏõ
˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ú– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ Óƒ!_´Üì˛ xy£zò (Personal Law) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÜú– î%£z ïõ≈#Î˚
¢¡±îyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ãòƒ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚ x!hfl˛Ïc ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ xÓ¢yò á›˛yú òy–
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏú !ÓÜì˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ äÈÎ˚ îüÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ !£®%ÈÙÈõ¢% úõyò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ ≤ÃŸ¿!›˛ !Óâ˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆúÏ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~£z ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ Ö%Ó ~Ñ˛›˛y ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ £Î˚!ò– ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ x!ÓŸªy¢ñ á,íy Á !Ó!FäÈß¨ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚
õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛y Îy ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ ¢ÇáˆÏ°≈Ï ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈúñ ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò áˆÏ›˛!ò– !òÓ˚y˛ô_yñ ¢õì˛y ~ÓÇ
xyd˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ¢Çeýhs˘˛ ≤ÃˆŸÏ ¿ ~Ñ˛ ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ x!fl˛iÓì˚ ˛y !Óîƒõyò !äÈú– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛Ï õ%¢úõyò
˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏò !ÜˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò ì˛yÓ˚y !äÈˆúÏ ò ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ õÎ≈yîyÎ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ Ó˚ ñ˚ !ü!«˛ì˛ ~ÓÇ
Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆòì,˛c îyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ v˛z˛ôÎ%_´– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÓ˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÜˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛yÇü
!äÈˆú
Ï ò Ñ,˛!°Ï ◊!õÑ˛ñ î!Ó˚o fl˛∫“ÈÙÈ!ü!«˛ì˛ õ%¢úõyò– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛yÇˆÏüÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢,!‹T £Î˚
Ó˚«˛íü#ú õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ– ~£z¢Ó ¢yïyÓ˚í õ%¢úõyò ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏò ÎyÁÎ˚y ¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚!òñ ì˛yÓ˚y
ˆòì,˛c!Ó£#ò xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÓÏ ≈ Á ˛ôˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ îyDy Á ú%‡˛˛ôy‡˛ ã!òì˛ ïò≤Ãyí òyˆÏüÓ˚ xyì˛ˆÏB˛ ¶)˛ˆÏÜˆÏäÈò–
˛ô)Ó≈ Á ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !òÉfl˛∫ñ x˛ôõy!òì˛ñ ï!°Ïì≈ ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ãúˆÏfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y xy¢y ú«˛ ú«˛ !£®% Á
!üˆÏÖÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ ãμyúy Á ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ xy=ò ~ÓÇ v˛z˛ôÎ%_´ ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ xyï%!òÑ˛ õòflÒ õ%¢!úõ ˆòì˛yÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
¢õyˆÏã ~Ñ˛ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ x!fl˛iÓì˚ ˛y ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú ÓˆÏú õˆÏò £Î˚–
ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ïõ≈!òÓ˚ˆÏ˛ô«˛ì˛yÓ˚ Óyì˛yÓÓ˚ˆÏí ïõ≈#Î˚ ¢¡±îyÎ˚=!úÓ˚ üy!hs˘˛˛ô)í≈ ¢£yÓfl˛iyˆÏòÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ¢,!‹TˆÏì˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛‹T !äÈˆÏúò– 1950ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆÜyv˛¸yÎ˚ x¶˛ƒhs˘˛Ó˚#í ~ÓÇ ˜ÓˆÏî!üÑ˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ñ˛ä%È
v˛zß¨Î˚òõ%Ö# ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ v˛zß¨!ì˛ á›˛yÎ˚– ¢î≈yÓ˚ ˛ôƒyˆÏ›˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒ ~ÓÇ xòƒyòƒ
¢£ˆÏÎyÜ# ˆòì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãfl˛iyˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ Ñ˛ì,˛≈ c ¢%≤Ã!ì˛¤˛ £Î˚– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãò¢Çá Óy
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãòì˛y îú !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛, ì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Á x¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ÓˆÏú õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õÌ≈ò
òy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Î%!_´@˘Ãy£ƒ !¶˛!_ !äÈú òy– ¢yïyÓ˚í¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ~Ñ˛
ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xyfl˛iyÓ˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Î˚– ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ v˛zß¨!ì˛Ó˚ !îÑ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏÓ!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò 25òÇ xò%ˆÏFäÈˆÏî Óúy £Î˚ ‘all persons are equally entitled to freedom of
conscience and the right freely to profess, practice and propagate religion’. ~äÈyv˛¸y
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y v˛zß¨!ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ v˛zß¨!ì˛ £Î˚– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î%!›˛ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyúá% ¢¡±îyÎ˚ îˆÏú îˆÏú â˛ˆÏú ˆÎˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏò xÈÙÈõ%¢!úõ
¢¡±îyÎ˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !òõ≈õ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏú ˆ¢ÖyòÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyúá% ¢¡±îyÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛
˛ô!ÿ˛õÓyÇúyÎ˚ â˛ˆÏú xyˆÏ¢– ö˛ˆÏú î%ˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ÓˆÏm°Ï¶˛yÓ Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– 1950 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 8 ~!≤Ãú
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~£z ˆüy¶˛yÎyey !Óì˛!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ˛ôÌ ïˆÏÓ˚ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ õ%¢úõyòÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# ïπ!ò v˛zFâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛ £Î˚– ~Ó˚
ö˛ˆÏú ≤Ãâ%˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ õ%¢úõyò @˘ÃyõÓy¢# ~£z ˆüy¶˛yÎyeyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ â˛v˛¸yÁ £Î˚ñ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ x!@¿Ü¶≈˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛–
1970ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆÜyv˛¸yÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y üyhs˘˛ !äÈú– ~£z îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyG˛yõy!G˛ xyÓyÓ˚ v˛zˆ_
Ï ãòy
Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– 1977 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 22ÈÙÈ21 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ ≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏü ÓyÓ˚yí¢#ˆÏì˛ õ%¢úõyò xï%ƒ!°Ïì˛ ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ õïƒ
!îˆÏÎ˚ î%Üy≈ ˛ô)ãy v˛z˛ôúˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆüy¶˛yÎyeyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛zˆ_ Ï ãòyÓ˚ ¢,!‹T £Î˚– õ%¢úõyòÓ˚y ~ˆÏì˛ Óyïy !îˆÏú
≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ï !£Ç¢yÓ˚ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– v˛z¶˛Î˚˛ô«˛ xˆÏfl˛fÓ˚ ¢y£yÎƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏï xÇü ˆòÎ˚– 1978 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 29
õyâ≈˛ v˛z_Ó˚≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏü ¢Ω˛ˆÏú îyDyÓ˚ á›˛òy áˆÏ›˛– fl˛iyò#Î˚ !£®% Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ˆòì˛y ˆ£y!ú v˛z˛ôúˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆüy¶˛yÎyeyÓ˚
xyˆÏÎy˚ ãò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ~ÓÇ ~£z ¢ˆÏD ˆ¢Ô®Î≈ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÓ˚Á xyˆÏÎy˚ ãò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ˆÎÖyˆÏò î%£z ãò õ%¢úõyò
Óy!úÑ˛y xÇü ˆòÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ã˜ÏòÑ˛ õ%¢!úõ !úÜ ˆòì˛y õòãÓ˚ ü!ö˛ e´k˛ £ò– fl˛iyò#Î˚ ¢õyã!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#ˆÏîÓ˚
¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÎ˚ õòãÓ˚ ü!ö˛ ïõ≈áˆÏ›˛Ó˚ v˛yÑ˛ ˆîò– îyDyÓ˚ á›˛òy áˆÏ›˛ ÎÖò ã˜ÏòÑ˛ !£®% ˛ôyò ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚# ~£z
ïõ≈á›˛ ˛ôyúò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ –
1979 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 11 ~!≤Ãú !Ó£yˆÏÓ˚ ãyõˆÏüî˛ô%ˆÓÏ ˚ îyDy £Î˚– 1964 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ v˛zˆ_ Ï ãòyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚
¢!ÓÓ˚òÜÓ˚ ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ õ%¢úõyòÓ˚y Ó¢Óy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z ¢õÎ˚ !£®%ÈÙÈãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò=!ú
fl˛iyò#Î˚ !£®% xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ !£®%Ñ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !£®% ˆîÓÈÙÈˆîÓ#ñ !£®% xyâ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈxò%¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ãâ˛úò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ 1979 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ RSS Ó˚yõòÓõ# v˛z˛ôúˆÏ«˛ƒ !£®% ˆüy¶˛yÎyeyÓ˚ xyˆÏÎy˚ ãò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛‹T £Î˚–
1 ~!≤Ãú RSS ≤Ãïyò Óyúy¢yˆÏ£Ó ˆîÁÓ˚y¢ Ó_,´ì˛y ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ü£ˆÏÓ˚ v˛zˆ_ Ï ãòy ¢,!‹T £Î˚ ÓˆÏú ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆÑ˛v˛z
õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – fl˛iyò#Î˚ !Óïyò¢¶˛yÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒ !îòòyÌ ˛ôyˆÏ[˛ ¢!ÓÓ˚òÜˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆüy¶˛yÎyey ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ~ÓÇ 11 ~!≤Ãú ãòÜíˆÏÑ˛ ¢õˆÏÓì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏúò– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 15000 ãòˆÏÑ˛
!òˆÏÎ˚ ~£z ˆüy¶˛yÎyey ~Ñ˛!›˛ õ¢!ãˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈˆú Ï õ%¢úõyòÓ˚y Óyïy ˆîÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~£z ˆüy¶˛yÎyeyˆÏÑ˛
äÈe¶˛D Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– xy!îÓy¢#Ó˚y ãyõˆÏüî˛ô%ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ¢¡ôß¨ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ xye´õˆÏí ¢!e´Î˚¶˛yˆÏÓ xÇü ˆòÎ˚– ~£z
îyDyÓ˚ á›˛òyÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 79 ãò õ%¢úõyò ~ÓÇ 25 ãò !£®% õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Jitendra Narayan Commission
~£z îyDyÓ˚ ãòƒ RSS Ñ˛õ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ fl˛iyò#Î˚ !ÓïyÎ˚Ñ˛ !îòòyÌ ˛ôyˆÏ[˛ˆÏÑ˛ îyÎ˚# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
10.5 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
~£z xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ô‹T ˆÎ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°≈Ï Üíì˛s˛fˆÑÏ ˛ Ó˝ ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÈÙÈ!òÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õïƒ
!îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ~Ñ˛!›˛ v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ü#ú Ó˚y‹T… !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ òyòy ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ã!›˛ú ¢#õyÓk˛ì˛y ~£z ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ !äÈú–
¢õyãñ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ Á ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈïòì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ v˛z˛ôyîyò !Ó!â˛e ¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢!e´Î˚ !äÈú– Ó˚y‹TÈ… ÙÈÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyñ ãòã#Óò
~ÓÇ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ˜â˛ì˛ˆÏòƒ ì˛y xì˛ƒhs˘˛ ã!›˛ú ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú îy!Ó˚oƒñ £ì˛yüyñ
ˆ«˛y¶˛ñ ã#Óò Á ¢õyã ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ˆÓîòy Á xyüy¶˛Dñ ˜Ó°Ïõƒã!òì˛ xÓ¢yîÈÙÙÙÈÎy ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ xyÌ≈ÈÙÈ¢yõy!ãÑ˛
¶˛yˆÏÓ !˛ô!äÈˆÎÏ ˚ ˛ôv˛¸y ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˆ◊!í=ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛#Ó ¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– !Ó!›˛ü Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚
˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ì˛yÓyˆÏîÓ˚ Ó#ã ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyˆÏã Ü¶˛#Ó˚ «˛ì˛ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈË˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛
¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yˆÏú ~£z «˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ !òÓ˚yõÎ˚ £ÁÎ˚y ˆì˛y î)Ófl˚ ˛iyòñ üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏ◊!íÓ˚ !Ó!Óï î%Óú ≈ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ
¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ !ÓˆÏ¶˛î Ó˝=í ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– Ö%Ó fl˛ô‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~£z Ñ˛Ìy õˆÏò Ó˚yÖy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ !£®% Á õ%¢úõyò
¢¡±îyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÇü õyò%°Ï ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ !Ó˛ôˆÏ«˛ ≠ ì§˛yÓ˚y îyDyñ ú%‡˛˛ôy›˛ñ òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ñ ¢¡ô!_ ò‹T ¢£ ¢Ñ˛ú ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ xüy!hs˘˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛– îyDy Á xüy!hs˘˛Ó˚ ãòƒ ¢Ó≈îy£z îyÎ˚# v˛z¶˛Î˚
¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÈÙÈ£z x“ !Ñ˛ä%È fl˛∫yÌ≈yı˛ õyò%°Ï– ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°Ïñ ≤Ãüy¢òñ Ó˚y‹T…ÈÙÈÓƒÓfl˛iyñ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#
ˆ◊!íÈÙÙÙÈ¢Ñ˛úˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ˆÏÎyˆÏÜ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ £ˆÏÓ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ì˛yÓyîÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ãòƒ– ~Ó˚
˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò !ü«˛yÓ˚ !Óhfl˛ÏyÓ˚ Á ≤ÃÜ!ì˛ü#ú ¢õyã ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü– xyÓ˚Á õˆÏò Ó˚yÖy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢¡±îyÎ˚ñ ˆÑ˛Ôõñ ïõ#≈Î˚ ˆÜy¤˛#ñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˆ◊!íñ ÓÜ≈ñ !úDÈÙÙÙÈˆÑ˛v˛zÈÙÈ£z ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈÓy˚ ˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ |ˆÏïπ≈ òÎ˚– Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚
~Ñ˛ì˛y Á ˆâ˛ì˛òy ¢Ó≈îy£z ¢yÓ≈ˆ¶Ï ˛Ôõ–

1– ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚⁄ fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ÈÙÈ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ â˛!Ó˚e
!ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
2– fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ !£®%ÈÙÈõ¢% úõyò ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
3– 1960 ~ÓÇ 1970ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ !£®%ÈÙÈõ¢% úõyò îyDy !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃÓı˛ !úÖ%ò–
10.7 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
1– T. Basu, P. Datta, S. Sarkar, T. Sarkar & S. Sen — Khaki Shorts Saffron
Flags, New Delhi, 1993.
2– R. Bhargava — Liberal Secular Democracy and Explanation of Hindu

Nationalism, Oxford, 2002.
3– P. R. Brass — The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary
India, Washington Press, 2003.
4– A. A. Engineer — Communalism in India, A Historical and Empirical Study,
New Delhi, 1995.
5– Bipan Chandra & Others — India Since Independence, 1947-2000, Penguin
Press.
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 11  !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ îú ÓƒÓfl˛iy

Ü‡˛ò
11.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
11.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
11.2 !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ îú ÓƒÓfl˛iy
11.2.1 !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛
11.2.2 ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# Ó˚yãò#!ì˛
11.3 îúÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ !ÓÓì≈˛ò
11.3.1 ≤ÃyÑ˛ÈÙÈâ˛ì%˛Ì≈ ¢yïyÓ˚í !òÓ≈yâ˛ò
11.3.2 1967 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚
11.4 ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD Î%_´ö˛r›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò
11.4.1 Î%_´ö˛r›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¶˛yàò
11.5 ˆãy›˛ÈÙÈ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xyõˆÏú xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îú=!úÓ˚ v˛zqÓ
11.6 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
11.8 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
11.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ üy¢ò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%!_´úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïcõ)úÑ˛ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ
≤Ãy!ì˛¤˛y!òÑ˛ ÓƒÓfl˛iy ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy £Î˚–
 !Ó!›˛ü üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ¢yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¢Ç¢î#Î˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yòñ Î%_´Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyñ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïcõ)úÑ˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ
!òÓ≈yâ˛ò# ≤Ã!e´Î˚yñ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îúÓƒÓfl˛iy ~ˆÏîˆÏü üy¢ò ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛ˆÏì˛ fl˛iyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚–
 ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ õ,ì˛% ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# £yÁÎ˚y Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó˝ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# îú ˜ì˛!Ó˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# îú=!ú xˆÏòÑ˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ 1967 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆãy›˛ÈÙÈ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
 1967 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ xÈÙÈÑ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã!¢ îú=!úÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈ˆòÏ Ó˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD ≤ÃÌõ Î%_´ö˛r›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚–
 «˛õì˛yÓ˚ m®¥ñ xyîü≈Üì˛ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒñ îú#Î˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ v˛zˆkÏ ˛≈ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ Ñ˛yã òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ Î%_´ö˛r›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
¢yö˛úƒúy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ!˚ ò–
11.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ üy¢ò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%!_´úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïcõ)úÑ˛ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ
≤Ãy!ì˛¤˛y!òÑ˛ ÓƒÓfl˛iy ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy £Î˚ ˆÎÖyˆÏò Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ îú ÓƒÓfl˛iy¢£ xòƒyòƒ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢!e´Î˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í á›˛ˆÏÓ– ¢õyã Á Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ â˛y!ÓÑ˛y!‡˛ !äÈú Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
îú=!úÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚e Á ≤ÃÑ˛, !ì˛– ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÜy¤˛#=!úÓ˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈ Ó˚«˛yˆÏÌ≈ îú=!ú ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛– !Ó!›˛ü üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚
xÓ¢yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ¢Ç¢î#Î˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yòñ Î%_´Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyñ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïcõ)úÑ˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# ≤Ã!e´Î˚yñ
Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îúÓƒÓfl˛iy ~ˆÏîˆÏü üy¢òÈÙÈ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛ˆÏì˛ fl˛iyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– 1950 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 26 ãyò%Îy˚ !Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
¢Ç!Óïyò Ü,£#ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ~£z ÓƒÓfl˛iy ˛ô%òfl˛iy≈ !˛ôì˛ £Î˚– ¢Ç!Óïyò xò%ÎyÎ˚# ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛∫yï#ò Á !òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛
!òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛!õüò ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy £Î˚ ÎyÓ˚ îy!Î˚c !òÓ≈yâ˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòy ~ÓÇ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò ¢Çeýhs˘˛ ¢õhfl˛Ï Ñ˛yã
Ñ˛Ó˚y–
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xy!ï˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚# fl˛iyÎ˚# ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
Ü‡˛ˆÏò ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÜˆÏúÁ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ õ,ì˛% ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ xy!ï˛ôì˛ƒ £…y¢ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢
!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# £yÁÎ˚y Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó˝ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# îú ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓñ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÎ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# îú=!ú
xˆÏòÑ˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ 1967 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆãy›˛ÈÙÈ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ 1967 ~ÓÇ 1969ÈÙÈ70 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑
˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD Î%_´ö˛r›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢ÇÑ˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚
Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ ˆãy›˛ÈÙÈ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ fl˛iyÎ˚# £Î˚!ò– «˛õì˛yÓ˚ m®¥ñ xyîü≈Üì˛ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒñ îú#Î˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ v˛zˆkÏ ˛≈ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ Ñ˛yã òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛
˛ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ Î%_´ö˛r›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢yö˛úƒúy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ!˚ ò– Î!îÁ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îú=!ú !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ @˘Ãyõ#í Á ≤Ãy!hs˘˛Ñ˛ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ î,!‹T xyÑ˛°Ïí≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È ~ÓÇ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È–
11.2 !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ îú ÓƒÓfl˛iy
11.2.2 !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛

!Ó!›˛ü üy¢òÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ˙!ì˛£ƒ Á v˛z_Ó˚y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy £Î˚–
1889 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ fl˛iyò#Î˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò ~ÓÇ 1892 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚°ˆÏ îÏ ≤ÃÌõ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# ò#!ì˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚ £Î˚–
1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ !Ó!›˛ü üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ¢yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ¢Ç¢î#Î˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yòñ Î%_´Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyñ
≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïcõ)úÑ˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# ≤Ã!e´Î˚yñ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îúÓƒÓfl˛iy ~ˆÏîˆÏü üy¢òÈÙÈ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛ˆÏì˛ fl˛iyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚–
1950 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 26 ãyò%Îy˚ !Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!Óïyò Ü,£#ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ~£z ÓƒÓfl˛iy ˛ô%òfl˛iy≈ !˛ôì˛ £Î˚–
≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïcõ)úÑ˛ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ !¶˛!_ !äÈú ¢Ó≈ãò#ò ≤ÃyÆ ÓÎ˚ˆflÏ ÒÓ˚ ˆ¶˛y›˛y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚– 21 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚flÒ ¢Ó≈ãò#ò
ˆ¶˛y›˛y!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ 1951ÈÙÈ52 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ≤ÃÌõ ¢yïyÓ˚í !òÓ≈yâ˛ò !äÈú ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ Óv˛¸ ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y– ¢Ç!Óïyò xò%ÎyÎ˚# ãyì˛#Î˚ Á Ó˚yãƒ xy£zò ¢¶˛y=!úˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ ˛ô§yâ˛
ÓäÈÓ˚ xhs˘˛Ó˚ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛∫yï#ò Á !òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛!õüò ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy £Î˚ ÎyÓ˚ îy!Î˚c
£ˆÏÓ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòy Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò ¢Çeýhs˘˛ ¢õhfl˛Ï Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y– ~£z Ñ˛yã=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !äÈú ˆúyÑ˛¢¶˛y
Á !Óïyò¢¶˛yÓ˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ô%ò!Ó≈òƒy¢ñ ˆÎyÜƒ ˆ¶˛y›˛îyì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶%˛_´Ñ˛Ó˚íñ ãyì˛#Î˚ Á xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛
îú=!úˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛îyò ~ÓÇ ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛ ≤Ãîyòñ ≤ÃyÌ≈#Ó˚ õˆÏòyòÎ˚ò ¢Çeýhs˘˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛–
11.2.2 ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# Ó˚yãò#!ì˛
ˆÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛ îüÑ˛ ã%ˆvÏ ˛¸ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ¢)â˛#ì˛ £Î˚– 1990ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ ~£z
˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò fl˛ô‹T¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢yõˆÏò xyˆÏ¢– 1960ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyG˛yõy!G˛ ¢õÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yúˆÏÑ˛ ÚòÎ˚y !òÓ≈yâ˛ò#
ÓƒÓfl˛iy òyˆÏõ â˛!Ó˚ey!Î˚ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ~£z òÎ˚y !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ £ú ˆ¶˛y›˛yÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ !òÑ˛›˛ Ó˝
˛ôäÈˆ®
Ï Ó˚ v˛z˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛– ˛ô)ˆÓÏ Ó≈ ˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò=!úˆÏì˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ¶˛yÓòy !äÈú ˛ôäÈˆ®
Ï Ó˚ õ)ú ˆÑ˛w–
Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ xÌÓy !Ó˛ôˆÏ«˛ ˆ¶˛y›˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôäÈ®£z !äÈú– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú Ó˝ xÈÙÈÑ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã!¢ îˆÏúÓ˚
v˛zayˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ì˛y òyòy !ÓÑ˛“ ¢yõˆÏò ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈ– ~£z xˆÏÌ≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚
Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ òyõ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
11.3 îúÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ !ÓÓì≈˛ò

11.3.1 ≤ÃyÑ˛ÈÙÈâ˛ì%˛Ì≈ ¢yïyÓ˚í !òÓ≈yâ˛ò
v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ü#ú ˆîü=!úÓ˚ õì˛£z fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ Ó˝ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ x!hfl˛Ïc ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ≤ÃÌõ
¢yïyÓ˚í !òÓ≈yâ˛ò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Á Ó˚yãƒ xy£zò¢¶˛y=!úˆÏì˛ xy¢ò ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ !Óâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ îú ≤ÃyïyòƒÑ˛yÓ˚#
¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ¢yÇÜ‡˛!òÑ˛ ü!_´Ó˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛Öò Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ~Ñ˛õye ãyì˛#Î˚ îú !£¢yˆÏÓ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ îˆÏúÓ˚ ≤Ãyïyòƒ ÷ï% üy¢Ñ˛ îú ì˛Ìy ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò !Ñ˛ÇÓy ¢yÇÜ‡˛!òÑ˛ ü!_´ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛!ò– ÓÓ˚Ç ãyì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò !Ó!›˛ü Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ü!_´Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˙!ì˛£ƒñ
ïõ≈!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ì˛yñ Üíì˛s˛fñ ãyì˛#Î˚ ˙Ñ˛ƒ ~ÓÇ ¢ˆÏÓy≈ ˛ô!Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ ˆòì,˛c ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ !ÜˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– 1951ÈÙÈ52
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ≤ÃyïyòƒÑ˛yÓ˚# îˆÏúÓ˚ õÎ≈yîy ˆ˛ôˆÏúÁ e´ˆÏõ Ó˝îú#Î˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy £Î˚ Î!îÁ
â˛ì%˛Ì≈ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# îú=!ú =Ó˚&ì˛Ó˚ â˛ƒyˆÏúO ãyòyˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ!˚ ò–
ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yˆÏú Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ !äÈú Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã¶˛yÓüyú#– ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢Ó
Ó˚yãƒ=!úˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ì˛yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ÷Ó˚& ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˝îú#Î˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ v˛zqÓ áˆÏ›˛!äÈú– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ñ ¢õyãì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ñ ¢yõƒÓyî#ñ
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãò¢Çáñ !Ñ˛°Ïyí õãî%Ó˚ ≤Ããy ˛ôy!›≈˛ ¢!e´Î˚¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ x!hfl˛Ïc ÓãyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ !äÈú– !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# îú=!ú
ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ î%Óú ≈ £ˆÏúÁ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚
¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ õ%ÖÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– üy¢Ñ˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ îú ˙Ñ˛ƒõˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ îú !£¢yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– îúÜì˛ xÓfl˛iyˆÏò
!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#ì˛y Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ xy¢ˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyÓ˚ˆú
Ï Á !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ õˆÏïƒÑ˛yÓ˚
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆÜy¤˛#ˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏÎy≈ k˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
~Ñ˛Ìy !‡˛Ñ˛ ˆÎ xÑ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã!¢ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# îú=!úÓ˚ î%Óú ≈ ì˛y ì˛Ìy Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ ≤ÃyïyòƒˆÏÑ˛ â˛ƒyˆÏúO ãyòyˆÏòyÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe x˛ôyÓ˚Üì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛Ìy £ˆÏúÁ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# ˆãy›˛ ¢ÇÎ%!_´Ó˚ !ò!Ó˚ˆÖÏ Óúy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ 1967 !Ö‹Tˆ∑ Ï Ó˚ ˛ô)ˆÓÏ Ó≈ ˚
ˆúyÑ˛¢¶˛y !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò xÈÙÈÑ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã!¢ ≤ÃyÌ≈#Ó˚y üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y 50ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü ˆ¶˛y›˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èò– Ó˚yãƒ !Óïyò ¢¶˛y
!òÓ≈yâ˛ò=!úˆÏì˛ xÑ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã!¢ îú=!úÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ ˆ¶˛yˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ¢!¡ø!úì˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ üì˛yÇˆÏüÓ˚ !Óâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏïˆ≈ ÑÏ ˛Ó˚Á ˆÓ!ü
!äÈú– !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe fl˛iyò#Î˚ ¢õ¢ƒy ~ÓÇ ˆòì,˛c =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ≤ÃÌõ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
!òÓ≈yâ˛ò# Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ¶˛y›˛ ¶˛yÜy¶˛y!Ü Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ xy¢ò úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ¢%!Óïy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
11.3.2 1967 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚

¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ â˛â≈˛yÎ˚ !mì˛#Î˚ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ S1967ÈÙÈ1977VÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îú ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü !äÈú ãúÈÙÈ!Ó¶˛y!ãÑ˛y
fl˛∫Ó*˚ ˛ô– ≤ÃÌõ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˆîü ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
xy!ï˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚# fl˛iyÎ˚# ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ˆÏò ¶)˛!õÑ˛yñ !mì˛#Î˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ õ,ì˛% ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ xy!ï˛ôì˛ƒ £…y¢ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛
ÌyˆÏÑ˛– 1967 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ¢)e ïˆÏÓ˚ 1977 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¢yïyÓ˚í
ˆúyÑ˛¢¶˛y !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚ ì˛y ¢¡ô)í≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ xy!ï˛ôˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ e´õü xÓ«˛Î˚ îˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&ÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚˛ôˆÏÓ≈ òì%˛ò ïyÓ˚y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ õ,ì˛% ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚
ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ î%ò#≈ !ì˛ñ ã#Óò ÎyeyÎ˚ !Óúy!¢ì˛yñ ˆòì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ¢Çáyì˛ñ v˛z˛ôîú#Î˚ ˆÑ˛y®ú Ó,!k˛
˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ãòÜí ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ !ÓÓ˚*˛ô ïyÓ˚íy ˆ˛ôy°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z ¢õÎ˚ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– 1967 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò 61.1% ˆ¶˛y›˛yÓ˚ ˆ¶˛y›˛îyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈúñ Îy ˛ô)ˆÓÏ Ó≈ ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚
ˆÓ!ü– ì˛ˆÏÓ ãòÜí ~Á õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì˛≈ xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy îú «˛õì˛yÎ˚ xy¢yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÎ%_´ £ˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# îú=!ú !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# ≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ãò¢õÌ≈ò xyîyÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
!Ó°ÏÎ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò–
1964 !Öfi›˛yÏ∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ xÓ«˛Î˚ fl˛ô‹T £ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# £yÁÎ˚y Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó˝ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# îú ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓñ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# îú=!ú xˆÏòÑ˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ 1967
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆãy›˛ÈÙÈ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎõò m®¥ !äÈú ˆì˛õ!ò Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ îˆÏúÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛“
îú=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒÁ ì˛Öò m®¥ !äÈú– 1967 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ îúì˛ƒyÜ !äÈú =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ !Ó°ÏÎ–˚
£z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛Ó˚ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f#cÑ˛yˆÏú ~£z ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ≤ÃÓíì˛y xyÓ˚Á Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ xˆÏ˛ô«˛yÑ,˛ì˛ ÓÎ˚ÉˆÏãƒy‹T
xÇü Üy!ı˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#ì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï ¶˛yàò £Î˚–
1969 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ S£zV Á Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ SÁV ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Î˚– 1967 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚
≤ÃyïyòƒÑ˛yÓ˚# ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÓ˚ xÓ¢yò £ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛ì,˛≈ c îˆÏúÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚
!òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ˆòe#Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – Ó˚yãƒ ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# îú=!úÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏ‡˛yÓ˚
õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – !ì˛!ò òì%˛ò ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y â˛yú% Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ Îy !äÈú xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü ˆÑ˛w#¶)˛ì˛ñ
Óƒ!_´ˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Á îˆÏúÓ˚ ò#!ì˛ !òï≈yÓ˚ˆíÏ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò=!úˆÏÑ˛ î%Óú ≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛
v˛z˛ôˆÏÎyÜ#– 1971 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¢yïyÓ˚í !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò !ì˛!ò ãÎ˚úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – îúì˛ƒyˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~£z ¢õÎ˚
î%ÈÙÈïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ≤ÃÓíì˛y ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ≤ÃÌõì˛ñ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y ˆÎõò áˆÏ›˛ !‡˛Ñ˛ ˆì˛õ!ò Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï
xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ !_´Á !äÈú– !mì˛#Î˚ì˛ñ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ~£z ¢õÎ˚ v˛yò Á Óyõ xò%¢ì, ˛ ò#!ì˛ Óyî !îˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ü!_´üyú#
õì˛yîü≈ˆÑÏ ˛!wÑ˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛‹T £Î˚– £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛Z˛ˆÏÓy˚ ï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ ãÓ˚&!Ó˚
xÓfl˛iy â˛yú% Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ~£z ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ Ñ˛yã Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Üíì˛s˛f!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛
!Ñ˛ä%È›˛y £ˆÏúÁ ~ˆÏò ˆîÎ˚–
1977 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¢yïyÓ˚í !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ îˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yãˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ≤ÃÌõ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw
xÈÙÈÑ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã!¢ ãòì˛y ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢– ãòì˛y îú !äÈú ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ ˆãy›˛– ~£z îˆÏúÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ !äÈú !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# ˆÜy¤˛# ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈ˛ô%ˆÓÏ y˚ ˆÏòy Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ SÁVñ ãò¢Çáñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆúyÑ˛îúñ ¢õyãì˛y!s˛fÑ˛
îú– õì˛yîü≈Üì˛ñ ˆòì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ xÓfl˛iyòÜì˛ ˆì˛õò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢yïyÓ˚í ˆÎyÜ¢)e ~ÖyˆÏò !äÈú òy– ãòì˛y
îˆÏúÓ˚ ~£z !Ó°Ïõïõ≈# Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆãy›˛ ˆÓ!ü!îò fl˛iyÎ˚# Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ!˚ ò– ~£z ¢õÎ˚
ˆÑ˛w Ó˚yãƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ Á î%Óú ≈ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È–
ãòì˛y ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ 1979 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õyG˛yõy!G˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ~£z¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ S£zV îú ãyì˛#Î˚ hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ˚ fl˛iyÎ˚#
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÓÏ ÓˆÏú õˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ S£zV îú 1980 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ãòì˛y ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚
≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚y fl˛∫Ó*˚ ˛ô «˛õì˛yÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢–
11.4 ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD Î%_´ö˛r›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò

1967 ~ÓÇ 1969ÈÙÈ70 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD Î%_´ö˛r›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y îÖú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ 1967 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚
˛ô)ˆÓÏ ≈ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# îú=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ x˜ÏòÑ˛ƒ !äÈú– !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ú ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#
îú=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆãy›˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Î˚– ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ 1969 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ õïƒÓ_≈#Ñ˛yú#ò !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#
îú=!ú ˙Ñ˛ƒÓk˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ !mì˛#Î˚ Î%_´ö˛r›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ fl˛iyÎ˚# £Î˚!ò– !Ó!¶˛ß¨
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢ÇÑ˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ÎyˆÏÑ˛ Myron weiner ‘Politics of
Scarcity‘ ÓˆÏú õhs˘˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ ÈòÈÙÙÙÈˆãy›˛ÈÙÈ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ fl˛iyÎ˚# £Î˚!ò– ˆãy›˛Ók˛ îú=!ú ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ˆÏÑ˛
«˛õì˛yâ%˛ƒì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ «˛õì˛y îÖú Ñ˛Ó˚y– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ îú=!úÓ˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˜Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ƒ !äÈú– Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ îú ˆãyˆÏ›˛Ó˚
õˆÏïƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yÇÜ‡˛!òÑ˛ ü!_´ Ó,!k˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ì˛Í˛ôÓ˚ !äÈú– fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ îú=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xhs˘˛Ñ≈˛ú£
ˆãy›˛ÈÙÈ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ !›˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ôs˛i# !äÈú–
1967 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ xÈÙÈÑ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã!¢ îú=!úÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈ˆÏòÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD ≤ÃÌõ Î%_´ö˛r›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ fl˛iy!Î˚c !äÈú õye 10 õy¢– ~£z ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ü£Ó˚yMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈ò !äÈú–
Ó˚yãƒ˛ôyú ïõ≈y¶˛#Ó˚ ~£z ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ÓÓ˚Öyhfl˛Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñÈÙÙÙÈˆÎ!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆfl˛∫FäÈyÑ,˛ì˛ñ x¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ õˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
14!›˛ îú ≤ÃÌõ Î%_´ö˛r›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– !mì˛#Î˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ 12!›˛ îú õïƒÓì≈˛#Ñ˛yú#ò !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò
Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ îˆÏúÓ˚ ˆõyÑ˛y!Óúy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ Î%_´ö˛r›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !¢k˛yhs˘˛ ˆòÎ˚– Î%_´ö˛r›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚
xÇü@˘Ã£íÑ˛yÓ˚# îú=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ì%˛úòyõ)úÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢õˆÏG˛yì˛y ˆÓ!ü ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏí £ˆÏúÁ
ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ïÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!ò– ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ fl˛∫yÌ≈ñ xyîü≈ ~ÓÇ ¢õÌ≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ ˜Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ƒ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y
!ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
11.4.1 Î%_´ö˛r›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¶˛yàò

˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD Î%_´ö˛r›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ £‡˛yÍ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!ò– ö˛r›˛ ¢õÌ≈Ñ˛ îú=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xhs˘˛Ñ≈˛ú£ ~ÓÇ
¢!¡ø!úì˛ îy!Î˚cˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ !äÈú– ≤ÃÌõ !îˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛ xö˛ £z!u˛Î˚y S~õV ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛
¢£yò%¶˛) !ì˛õ)úÑ˛ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ ˛ôˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ~£z îú xòƒyòƒ îú=!úÓ˚ xyüB˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í £Î˚– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚
ò#!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ïñ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛ xö˛ £z!u˛Î˚y S~õV ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ !Óì˛◊k˛ £ÁÎ˚yñ ~äÈyv˛¸y õ%Öƒõs˛f#
xãÎ˚ õ%Öyã≈#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y Î%_´ö˛r›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ì˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôäÈˆòÏ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ Ñ˛yÓ˚í !äÈú– ÓyÇúy Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ îˆÏúÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ xãÎ˚ õ%Öyã≈#Ó˚ õÎ≈yîy x›%˛›˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ Î%_´ö˛r›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ x!hfl˛ÏˆcÏ Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ î,!‹T¶˛!D !äÈú
ˆîyî%úƒõyò– ¢ˆÏÓy≈ ˛ô!Ó˚ «˛õì˛yÓ˚ m®¥ñ xyîü≈Üì˛ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒñ îú#Î˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ |ˆÏk˛≈ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ Ñ˛yã òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚yÎ˚
Î%_´ö˛r›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢yö˛úƒúy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ!˚ ò–
11.5 ˆãy›˛ÈÙÈ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xyõˆÏú xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îú=!úÓ˚ v˛zqÓ

fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ v˛zqÓ áˆÏ›˛– ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ÓˆÏü°Ï xMÈ˛ˆÏú Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
fl˛∫yÌ≈ ¢%Ó«˚ ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãˆÏò xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ xy!Ó¶≈˛yÓ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– î,!‹T¶˛!D ~ÓÇ fl˛∫yÌ≈Ó«˚ ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ ~ÓÇ
ãyì˛#Î˚ îˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ú«˛ƒí#Î˚– Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îú=!ú üy¢òÈÙÈ«˛õì˛y x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È–
xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îú=!ú ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ò!î≈‹T ˆ¶˛ÔˆÏÜy!úÑ˛ xMÈ˛ú Óy ¢#õyˆÏÓÖ˚ yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úy˛ô ¢#õyÓk˛ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚
õyò!¢Ñ˛ ˛≤Ãhfl˛% !ì˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏúÁ xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈˛ô)í≈ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È– ~£z
˛ôˆÏÓ≈ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îú=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ £ú ì˛y!õúòyv˛YˆìÏ ˛ DMK ~ÓÇ ADMK, ã¡ø% Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓ˚
National Conference, xı…˛≤ÃˆÏîˆÏü Telegu Desam, xy¢yˆÏõ Asom Gana Parishad, ˆÜyÎ˚yÎ˚
Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party, !õˆÏãyÓ˚yˆÏõ Mizo National Front, !¢!Ñ˛ˆÏõ Sikkim
Sangram Parishad, ˆõáyúˆÏÎ˚ All Party Hill Leaders Conference, £!Ó˚Îy˚ òyÎ˚ Indian
National Lok Dal ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛– ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD 1967 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆãy›˛ÈÙÈ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú
ˆÎ ¢Ó xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !äÈú Bangla Congress, Communist Party of India
(Marxist), Forward Block (Marxist), Revolutionary Communist Party of India, Lok
Sevak Sangh ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛– ˆÑ˛ˆÏw DMK îú £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È– xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îú=!ú
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ @˘Ãyõ#í Á ≤Ãy!hs˘˛Ñ˛ xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ î,!‹T xyÑ˛°Ïí≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È ~ÓÇ
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È–
11.6 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ¢Ó≈yˆÏ˛ô«˛y Óv˛¸ ›˛yòyˆÏ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸ò !äÈú ¢Ó≈¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ îú !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ
!ÓÑ˛!üì˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ãyïyòƒ¢,!‹TÑ˛yÓ˚# ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îú¢õ)ˆÏ£Ó˚ ≤Ãyïyòƒ!Óhfl˛ÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚
›˛yòyˆÏ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸ò Á m®¥– ≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈfl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ !äÈú ¢Ó≈yˆÏ˛ô«˛y ≤Ã¶˛yÓüyú# Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
îú Îy ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ Ñ˛ì,˛≈ cˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃˆŸÏ ¿Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏò ˆö˛ˆÏú!äÈú– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢
äÈyv˛¸yÁ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛ñ ö˛Ó˚ÁÎ˚yv≈˛ ÓœÑ˛ñ õ%¢!úõ !úÜ ≤ÃõÖ% Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ x!hfl˛Ïc ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ !äÈú–
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ òì%˛ò ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ ¢_yÓ˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ !ÓÑ˛!üì˛ £Î˚– xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îú=!úÓ˚ v˛zayò
xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ Á fl˛iyò#Î˚ hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ xyüyÈÙÈxyÑ˛yA«˛y Á ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛úò !äÈú– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ÈÙÈˆÑ˛
ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢Ó xÇˆÏüÓ˚ õyò%°Ï xyÓ˚ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï ÓˆÏú õyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚!äÈú òy– fl˛iyò#Î˚ ¶˛yÓyˆÏÓÜñ
ÓMÈ˛òyñ ˜Ó°Ïõƒñ !ü«˛y !Óhfl˛ÏyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xyò%˛ôy!ì˛Ñ˛ £yÓ˚ñ ˆÑ˛wÈÙÈÓy˚ ãƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ñ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ò#!ì˛ñ ˆÑ˛Ôõ hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛
¢_yÈÙÙÙÈ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ v˛z˛ôyîyò£z Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆâ˛ì˛òy ~ÓÇ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚
!˛ôäÈˆòÏ –

1– !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ›˛#Ñ˛y !úÖ%ò–
2– fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ îú ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ›˛#Ñ˛y !úÖ%ò–
3– ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD Î%_´ö˛r›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ Ü!‡˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú⁄ ~£z ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !Ñ˛ ¢ö˛ú £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú⁄
4– ˆãy›˛ÈÙÈ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xyõˆÏú xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îú=!úÓ˚ v˛zqÓ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
11.8 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
1– Rajni Kothari — Politics in India, New Delhi, 1970.
2– Partha Chatterjee ed. — State and Politics in India, New Delhi, 2009.
3– Sally Ray — Coalition and Conflict : The United Front Government of West
Bengal, 1969 and 1969-70, Phd. Thesis, Australian National University,
April, 1974.
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 12  ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ ≠ ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°Ïíy ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛

Ü‡˛ò
12.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
12.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
12.2 ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ
12.2.1 xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ xÓfl˛iy
12.2.2 =ãÓ˚y›˛ ~ÓÇ !Ó£yˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò
12.2.3 !Óâ˛yÓ˚ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD m®¥˛
12.2.4 ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°Ïíy
12.2.5 ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛
12.3 1977ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆúyÑ˛¢¶˛y !òÓ≈yâ˛ò
12.4 ãòì˛y ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
12.5 42ì˛õ ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ ¢ÇˆÏüyïò# S1976V
12.5.1 44ì˛õ ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ ¢ÇˆÏüyïò#
12.6 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
12.8 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
12.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
~£z ~Ñ˛Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
 1975 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 25 ã%ò ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ 352òÇ ïyÓ˚y xò%ÎyÎ˚# ¶˛yÓ˚ˆì Ï ˛ ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛Ó˚y
£Î˚– ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛ Ñ˛# !äÈú–
 Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆòì,˛Ó,ˆ® Ï Ó˚ ˆ@˘ÃÆyÓ˚ñ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fí xyˆÏÓy˚ ˛ô äÈyv˛¸yÁ ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy
â˛úyÑ˛yú#ò ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°ˆÏ ÑÏ ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü !òÎ≈yì˛ò ¢£ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ £Î˚–
 ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ xÓ¢yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ 1977 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò ãòì˛y îú ¢ÇÖƒyÜ!Ó˚‹T xy¢ò ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
 1980 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˆúyÑ˛¢¶˛y !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò ãòì˛y îú ˛ôÓ˚y!ãì˛ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛Ó˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc
˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ îú ãÎ˚úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
 1977 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò ãÎ˚úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãòì˛y ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ 1977 ~ÓÇ 1978 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚
43 ~ÓÇ 44ì˛õ ¢ÇˆÏüyïò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyòˆÏÑ˛ 1976 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y !ö˛!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ !îˆÏì˛
¢«˛õ £Î˚–
12.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
1967 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛
1975 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 25 ã%ò x¶˛ƒhs˘˛Ó˚#í !ÓüCúyÓ˚ xyüB˛yÎ˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ 352òÇ ïyÓ˚y xò%ÎyÎ˚# ˆîˆÏü ãÓ˚&!Ó˚
xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôäÈˆòÏ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ô«˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xy£zòÈÙÈüC
) úy !ö˛!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚
xyòyñ îy!Ó˚o î)Ó#˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ Ñ˛õ≈¢!) â˛ Ó˚*˛ôyÎ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y òyòy!Óï ≤ÃÑ˛“ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúÁ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y
≤Ã!ì˛◊&!ì˛Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÇü£z x˛ô)í≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÜˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò¢£ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ «˛õì˛yÓ˚ x˛ôÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆòì,˛Ó,ˆ® Ï Ó˚ ˆ@˘ÃÆyÓ˚ñ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fí xyˆÏÓy˚ ˛ô äÈyv˛¸yÁ ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy
â˛úyÑ˛yú#ò ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°ˆÏ ÑÏ ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü !òÎ≈yì˛ò ¢£ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ £Î˚–
ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ xÓ¢yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ 1977 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ õyâ≈˛ õyˆÏ¢ ˆúyÑ˛¢¶˛y !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò ãÎ˚úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãòì˛y
îú ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ãòì˛y îú ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ¢£ˆÏÎyÜ# îú 542!›˛ xy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 330!›˛ xy¢ˆÏò ãÎ˚úy¶˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ãòì˛y îˆÏúÓ˚ ú«˛ƒñ ˆòì,˛c ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ !äÈú– ò#!ì˛Üì˛ ≤ÃˆŸÏ ¿ ãòì˛y îú Ü!‡˛ì˛
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ ˆì˛õò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ !äÈú òy– ãòì˛y îˆÏú ¶˛yàˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú 1980 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑
òì%˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆúyÑ˛¢¶˛y !òÓ≈yâ˛ò xò%!¤˛ì˛ £Î˚– ~£z !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò ãòì˛y îú ˛ôÓ˚y!ãì˛ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛Ó˚
ˆòì,˛ˆÏc ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ îú ãÎ˚úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
25 ã%òñ 1975 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 21 õyâ≈˛ñ 1977 !Öfi›˛y∑ ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ãyÓ˚# !äÈú– ~£z ¢õÎ˚ 1976
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ 42ì˛õ ¢ÇˆÏüyïò# xy£zò ≤ÃíÎ˚ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢%!≤Ãõ ˆÑ˛yˆÏ›˛≈ Ó˚
«˛õì˛y £…y¢ñ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛yâ˛ò ¢£ òyòy!Óï ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ 1977 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑
!òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò ãÎ˚úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãòì˛y ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ 1977 ~ÓÇ 1978 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ 43 ~ÓÇ 44ì˛õ
¢ÇˆÏüyïò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyòˆÏÑ˛ 1976 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y !ö˛!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ !îˆÏì˛ ¢«˛õ £Î˚–
12.2 ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ

1967 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !Ñ˛ä%È ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛
~Ñ˛ãò ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ ˆòe# !£¢yˆÏÓ xy!Ó¶)˛≈ ì˛ £ò– xyÓyÓ˚ ~£z ¢õÎ˚ îúÜì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y ì˛#Óì˛Ó˚ £Î˚– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
~ÓÇ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ v˛zˆ_ Ï ãòy Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ô«˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ç!Óïyò xõyòƒ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ î,‹Tyhs˘˛
¢%!≤Ãõ ˆÑ˛yˆÏ›˛≈ Ó˚ î,!‹TˆÜÏ yâ˛Ó˚ £Î˚– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ îú ¢%!≤Ãõ ˆÑ˛yˆÏ›˛≈ Ó˚ ~£z î,!‹T¶˛!D Üíì˛s˛f ~ÓÇ ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛
!Ó˛ôIòÑ˛ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜ xyˆÏò ˆÎ ¢%!≤Ãõ ˆÑ˛y›≈˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚«˛íü#ú ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
Üíõ%Ö# ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ó˚*˛ôyÎ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ôs˛i#– !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# îú=!ú Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜ !äÈú Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì˛≈ Óƒ!_´fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ £ˆÏFäÈ ~ÓÇ
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ñ˛ì,˛≈ c Óƒ!_´!ÓˆÏüˆÏ°ÓÏ ˚ Ñ˛ì,˛≈ ˆÏc ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ~£z xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ ¶˛yàò £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛ ~ÓÇ
ì§˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ xÓò!ì˛ ì˛#Óì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È–
12.2.1 xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ xÓfl˛iy
1971ÈÙÈ72 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Á xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛ £Î˚!ò– ÓyÇúyˆÏîü ¢ÇÑ˛›˛
ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ â˛y˛ô ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˝ üÓ˚íyÌ≈# ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ xyˆÏ¢– ~Ó˚ ¢)e ïˆÏÓ˚
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Î%k˛ £Î˚– Î%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ õy!Ñ≈˛ò Î%_´Ó˚y‹T… ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó Ó˚Ñ˛õ ¢y£yÎƒ ˆîÁÎ˚y Óı˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ ÓyãyˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õ)úƒ Ó,!k˛Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú oÓƒõ)úƒ Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– ö˛ˆÏú ãò¢yïyÓ˚í î%îü≈ yÓ˚ Ñ˛ÓˆÏú ˛ôˆÏv˛¸–
!üˆÏ“ õ®y ˆîÖy ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆÓÑ˛yÓ˚c Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– ÓƒÎ˚¢ÇˆÏÑ˛yâ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ v˛zˆj Ï ˆÏüƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ Ñ˛õ≈â˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚
ˆÓì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí £…y¢ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– 1972ÈÙÈ73 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Ó,!‹T˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ x¶˛yˆÏÓ ÖyîƒüˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò £…y¢ ˛ôyÎ˚–
xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ î%Óy˚ Ófl˛iyÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ ¢yÓ˚y ˆîˆÏü x¢ˆÏhs˘˛y°Ï ˆîÖy ˆîÎ˚– ~£z xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# îú=!ú
≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ï xyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yˆÏú– !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ õy:≈ÓyˆÏî !ÓŸªy¢# ˆÜy¤˛#¢õ)£ ÎyÓ˚y ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõr›˛#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛
!ÓŸªy¢# !äÈú òyñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úy˛ô Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– ~Ó˚y ïòì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ v˛zˆFÏ äÈî ¢yïˆÏò ¢ˆÏâ‹T £ˆÏÎ˚ xfl˛fïyÓ˚í ¢£
!Ó≤’Ó# Ñ˛õ≈¢!) â˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ó˚y òÑ‰˛üyú òyˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £Î˚– !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ü!_´ Ó,!k˛ ú«˛ƒ
Ñ˛Ó˚y !ÜˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
12.2.2 =ãÓ˚y›˛ ~ÓÇ !Ó£yˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò
=ãÓ˚y›˛ ~ÓÇ !Ó£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ üy!¢ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ~£z î%£z Ó˚yˆÏãƒ ¢Çá!›˛ì˛ äÈye xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ãyì˛#Î˚
Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú– 1974 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ =ãÓ˚yˆÏ›˛ äÈyeÓ˚y Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓyãy!Ó˚ñ ÖyîƒüˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚
õ)úƒÓ,!k˛ñ ˆ¶˛yãƒ ˆì˛ú ¢£ xòƒyòƒ xì˛ƒyÓüƒÑ˛ !ã!ò¢˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ õ)úƒÓ,!k˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ xyˆÏ®yúò ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Ó,£Í
!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú=!ú äÈyeÈÙÈxyˆÏ®yúò ¢õÌ≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛#Óì˛y Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~£z
xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛ üy¢ò ãy!Ó˚ £Î˚– !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# îú=!ú Ó˚yãƒ xy£zò¢¶˛yÓ˚ ò)ì˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!Ó ãyòyÎ˚–
Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ SÁV îˆÏúÓ˚ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ˆòì˛y ˆõyÓ˚yÓ˚!ã ˆîüy£z !äÈˆúÏ ò £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# !Î!ò ò)ì˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛ ˆ¢yFâ˛yÓ˚ £ò– !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# îú=!úÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈ò ˛ô%‹T äÈyeÈÙÈxyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ â˛yˆÏ˛ô ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ 1975
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ã%ò õyˆÏ¢ =ãÓ˚y›˛ !Óïyò¢¶˛yÓ˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~£z !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ îú ˛ôÓ˚y!ãì˛ £Î˚–
1974 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ õyâ≈˛ õyˆÏ¢ !Ó£yˆÏÓ˚ äÈyeÓ˚y ¢õˆÏÓì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ oÓƒõ)úƒ Ó,!k˛ñ Öyîƒ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ñ ˆÓÑ˛yÓ˚c £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ !Ñ˛ä%È !îò ˛ôÓ˚ ãÎ˚≤ÃÑ˛yü òyÓ˚yÎ˚í !˘Î!ò ¢!e´Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ ˆäÈˆvÏ ˛¸ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã
!úÆ !äÈˆú Ï òñ !ì˛!ò äÈyeˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢ò– !ì˛!ò xyˆÏ®yúò ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòyÓ˚
îy!Î˚c ˆòò ~£z üˆÏì˛≈ ˆÎ xyˆÏ®yúò x!£Ç¢ ˛ôˆÏÌ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò ÷ï%õye !Ó£yˆÏÓ˚
¢#õyÓk˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ òy– ãÎ˚≤ÃÑ˛yü òyÓ˚yÎ˚í !Ó£yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ v˛zˆFÏ äÈî ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÑ˛, ì˛ Üíì˛s˛f ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚
úˆÏ«˛ƒ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyõ)ú ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò îy!Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò ãyì˛#Î˚
Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ 1975 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !îÕ‘#ˆÏì˛ !Óüyú ãò¢¶˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÎy˚ ãò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ~£z ¢õÎ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú ˆÎõò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãò¢Çáñ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ SÁVñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆúyÑ˛îúñ
¢õyãì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ îú ãÎ˚≤ÃÑ˛yü òyÓ˚yÎ˚íˆÏÑ˛ ¢õÌ≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z ¢õhfl˛Ï Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú ãÎ˚≤ÃÑ˛yü òyÓ˚yÎ˚íˆÏÑ˛
£z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛“ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
12.2.3 !Óâ˛yÓ˚ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD m®¥˛
~£z ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yˆÏú ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ üy¢Ñ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !Óâ˛yÓ˚ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ õì˛˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ¢%!≤Ãõ
ˆÑ˛yˆÏ›˛≈ Ó˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ xò%ÎyÎ˚# ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ õ)ú ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ xyˆÏäÈ ˆÎ=!ú ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõr›˛ ¢ÇˆÏüyïò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– ~äÈyv˛¸y Ó˚#!ì˛ xò%ÎyÎ˚# ¢Ó≈yˆÏ˛ô«˛y x!¶˛K˛ !Óâ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ¢%!≤Ãõ ˆÑ˛yˆÏ›˛≈ Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò !Óâ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ˛ôˆÏî !òÎ%_´
£ˆÏÓò– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~ˆÏì˛ !¶˛ß¨õì˛ ˆ˛ôy°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ 1973 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !ì˛ò ãò ¢Ó≈yˆÏ˛ô«˛y x!¶˛K˛
!Óâ˛yÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛yv˛zˆÑÏ ˛ !òˆÏÎy˚ Ü òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Óâ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ~. ~ò. Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ≤Ãïyò !Óâ˛yÓ˚˛ô!ì˛ ˛ôˆÏî !òˆÏÎy˚ Ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ –
~ˆÏì˛ !Óâ˛yÓ˚!Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï ~õò ˛ô˘˘Îy≈ ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈyÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ú◊&!ì˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ £y£zˆÑÏ ˛y›≈˛
£z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛Ó˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò x˜ÏÓï ÓˆÏú ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
12.2.4 ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°Ïíy
1975 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 12 ã%ò ~úy£yÓyî £y£zˆÑÏ ˛yˆÏ›˛≈ Ó˚ !Óâ˛yÓ˚˛ô!ì˛ ãÜˆÏõy£òúyú !¢ò‰£y ˆúyÑ˛¢¶˛y !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò
£z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛Ó˚ ãÎ˚úy¶˛ˆÏÑ˛ x˜ÏÓï ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ã˜ÏòÑ˛ ¢õyãì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ˆòì˛y Ó˚yãòyÓ˚yÎ˚í 1971
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛m!®¥ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò– !ì˛!ò ~úy£yÓyî £y£zˆÑÏ ˛yˆÏ›˛≈ ~£z !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚
˜Óïì˛y â˛ƒyˆÏúO Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÓîò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï !Óâ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ~£z Ó˚yÎ˚ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – Ó˚yãòyÓ˚yÎ˚í ì§˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÓîˆÏò v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘
Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ˆÎ £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ â˛úyÑ˛yú#ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ Ñ˛õ≈â˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò–
£y£zˆÑÏ ˛yˆÏ›˛≈ £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ~£z Ó˚yÎ˚îyˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈ £ú ˆÎ £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛ xyÓ˚ ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚ ¢î¢ƒ òò ~ÓÇ
~£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ !ì˛!ò xyÓ˚ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# ˛ôˆÏî ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÓÏ ò òy Î!î òy äÈÎ˚ õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !ì˛!ò ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚
¢î¢ƒ ˛ôˆÏî !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ £ò– 24 ã%ò ¢%!≤Ãõ ˆÑ˛y›≈˛ £y£zˆÑÏ ˛yˆÏ›˛≈ Ó˚ ~£z Ó˚yˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ xÇü !ÓˆÏü°Ï fl˛i!Üì˛ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ !¢k˛yhs˘˛
ˆòÎ˚– Óúy £Î˚ ˆÎ £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÓîò !ÓˆÏÓ!â˛ì˛ òy £ÁÎ˚y ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛ ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚ ¢î¢ƒ ˛ôˆÏî
Ó£yú ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÓÏ ò !Ñ˛ls˘˛ !ì˛!ò ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÓÏ ò òy–
1975 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 25 ã%ò x¶˛ƒhs˘˛Ó˚#í !Óü,CúyÓ˚ xyüB˛yÎ˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ 352òÇ ïyÓ˚y xò%ÎyÎ˚# ˆîˆÏü
ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú Î%_´Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy xò%ÎyÎ˚# «˛õì˛y !Ó¶˛yãò
Óy!ì˛ú £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ¢õhfl˛Ï «˛õì˛y ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fíyï#ò £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ~äÈyv˛¸y ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy â˛úyÑ˛yú#ò
ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÖÓ≈ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~£z ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ !ÓˆÏü°Ï «˛õì˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚# £Î˚– Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛
ö˛Ñ˛Ó˚&j#ò xyú# xy£ˆÏõî ≤Ãïyòõs˛f#Ó˚ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü xò%ÎyÎ˚# ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï ¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏeÓ˚
îÆÓ˚=!úˆÏì˛ ˜Óî%ƒ!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜ !äÈß¨ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# îˆÏúÓ˚ ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ@˘ÃÆyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
12.2.5 ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛
ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy!°Ïì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# xyˆÏ®yúò Óı˛ £Î˚ñ ïõ≈á›˛ !ò!°Ïk˛ £Î˚ñ xˆÏòÑ˛
!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# ˆòì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ@˘ÃÆyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ñ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ v˛zˆ_
Ï ãòy xˆÏòÑ˛yÇˆÏü ≤Ãü!õì˛ £Î˚– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏeÓ˚
fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ÖÓ≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xò%õ!ì˛ äÈyv˛¸y ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢ÇÓyî ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÓ òy Óúy £Î˚– ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ~ÓÇ
¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ x!fl˛iÓì˚ ˛yÓ˚ xyüB˛yÎ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ î%!›˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ fl˛∫ÎÇ˚ ˆÏ¢ÓÑ˛ ¢Çáñ SxyÓ˚.~¢.~¢.V ~ÓÇ
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~£z õˆÏõ≈ Ó˚yÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚ ˆÎ ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy â˛úyÑ˛yú#ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚
x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏv˛¸ !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚
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ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆúÖyÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆ@˘ÃÆyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– Ñ˛yòyv˛¸# ˆúÖÑ˛ !üÓÓ˚yõ Ñ˛Ó˚s˛i Ú˛ôp¶)˛°ÏíÛ ˛ô%Ófl˚ ÒyÓ˚
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Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õã%Ó#˚ Ó,!k˛ñ â%˛!_´¶%˛_´ ◊!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xÓ¢yò £zì˛ƒy!î– ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌˆÏõÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ü˝ˆÏÓ˚
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xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yïõ)úÑ˛ xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ÓˆÏú ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛£z ˆ@˘ÃÆyÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
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£ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏ‡˛yÓ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fí xyˆÏÓ˚y˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ~£z ¢õÎ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ «˛õì˛yÓ˚
x˛ôÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ≤Ãïyòõs˛f#Ó˚ Ñ˛!ò¤˛ ˛ô%e ¢OÎ˚ Üy!ı˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏî òy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚
Ñ˛yãÑ˛ˆÏõ≈ £hfl˛ÏˆÏ«˛˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆòì,˛Ó,ˆÏ®Ó˚ ˆ@˘ÃÆyÓ˚ñ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fí xyˆÏÓ˚y˛ô
äÈyv˛¸yÁ ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy â˛úyÑ˛yú#ò ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü !òÎ≈yì˛ò ¢£ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
12.3 1977ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆúyÑ˛¢¶˛y !òÓ≈yâ˛ò

ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ xÓ¢yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ 1977 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ãyò%Îy˚ !Ó˚ õyˆÏ¢ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !¢k˛yhs˘˛ ˆòÎ˚–
¢Ó Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆòì˛y ~ÓÇ Ñ˛õ≈â˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚yÜyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%_´ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– 1977 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õyâ≈˛ õyˆÏ¢
!òÓ≈yâ˛ò xò%!¤˛ì˛ £Î˚– ≤Ãïyò !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# îú=!ú !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyE˛yˆÏú ~Ñ˛!eì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ Úãòì˛y îúÛ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
~£z òì%˛ò îú ãÎ˚≤ÃÑ˛yü òyÓ˚yÎ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ˆòì,˛c fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛ãò =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆòì˛y ÎyÓ˚y ãÓ˚&!Ó˚
xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ !Ó˛ôˆÏ«˛ !äÈˆú Ï òñ ì˛yÓ˚yÁ ~£z òì%˛ò îˆÏú ˆÎyÜîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛ãò x˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ˆòì˛y
ÎyÓ˚y Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ îú Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆúÏ ò ì˛yÓ˚y ãÜã#Óò Ó˚yˆÏõÓ˚ ˆòì,˛c ˆõˆÏò
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!òˆÏÎy˚ !ãì˛ £ò– ãòì˛y ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ Ü‡˛ò ~ÈÙÈ!Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ xÈÙÈÑ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã!¢ ˆ¶˛y›˛ !Ó¶˛_´ £ˆÏÓ òy– ~£z
xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò ãÎ˚úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y x¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸–
fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ~£z ≤ÃÌõ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ îú ˆúyÑ˛¢¶˛yÎ˚ 35 üì˛yÇˆÏüÓ˚Á Ñ˛õ ˆ¶˛y›˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ õye 154!›˛
xy¢ò îÖú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ãòì˛y îú ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ¢£ˆÏÎyÜ# îú 542!›˛ xy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 330!›˛ xy¢ˆÏò ãÎ˚úy¶˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ãòì˛y îú ~Ñ˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ 295!›˛ xy¢ò úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ!Ó˚¤˛ì˛y ˛ôyÎ˚– £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÓÏ !Ó˚!úˆÏì˛
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12.4 ãòì˛y ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚

1977 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò ãòì˛y îú ¢ÇÖƒyÜ!Ó˚¤˛ xy¢ò ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛% !ì˛ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚
¢õÎ˚ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f#Ó˚ ˛ôî !òˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛ò ãò ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎyÜ#Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ úv˛¸y£z ÷Ó˚& £Î˚– ~Ó˚y !äÈˆú
Ï ò ˆõyÓ˚yÓ˚ã# ˆîüy£z !Î!ò
1966ÈÙÈ67 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛m®¥#˛ó v˛z_Ó˚≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏü Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ˆòì˛y ~ÓÇ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆúyÑ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚
ˆòì˛y â˛Ó˚í !¢Ç ~ÓÇ ãÜã#Óò Ó˚yõ !Î!ò Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~Ñ˛ãò x!¶˛K˛ õs˛f# !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ¢%˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– ˆü°Ï
˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ ˆõyÓ˚yÓ˚!ã ˆîüy£z ≤Ãïyòõs˛f#c úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ !Ñ˛ls˘˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ «˛õì˛yÓ˚ mˆÏ®Ó¥ ˚ xÓ¢yò áˆÏ›˛!ò–
¢õyˆÏúyâ˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#ì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãˆÏò !Ñ˛ä%È ¢õÎ˚ ãòì˛y îˆÏúÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!eÑ˛Ó˚í
¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú !Ñ˛ls˘˛ Óyhfl˛Ï!ÓÑ˛˛ôˆÏ«˛ ãòì˛y îˆÏúÓ˚ ú«˛ƒñ ˆòì,˛c ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ !äÈú– ò#!ì˛Üì˛ ≤ÃˆŸÏ ¿
ãòì˛y îú Ü!‡˛ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ ˆì˛õò ˆÑ˛yò ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˘ÎyÎ˚!ò– ãòì˛y
îˆÏúÓ˚ ¶˛yàˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆõyÓ˚yÓ˚ã# ˆîüy£z ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ 18 õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ£z ¢ÇÖƒyÜ!Ó˚¤˛ì˛y £yÓ˚yÎ˚– ~Ó˚
˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ îˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈ˆòÏ Ó˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ â˛Ó˚í !¢ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú
Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ îú ¢õÌ≈ò ì%˛ˆÏú ˆòÁÎ˚yÎ˚ â˛Ó˚í !¢ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ õye â˛yÓ˚õy¢ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ !äÈú–
~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú 1980 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ãyò%Îy˚ !Ó˚ õyˆÏ¢ òì%˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆúyÑ˛¢¶˛y !òÓ≈yâ˛ò xò%!¤˛ì˛ £Î˚– ~£z !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò ãòì˛y
îú ˛ôÓ˚y!ãì˛ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛Ó˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ îú ãÎ˚úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ îú 353!›˛
xy¢ò îÖú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ «˛õì˛y !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyÎ˚–
12.5 42ì˛õ ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ ¢ÇˆÏüyïò# S1976V

ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ S25 ã%òñ 1975 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 21 õyâ≈˛ñ 1977V ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ S42ì˛õ ¢ÇˆÏüyïò#V
xy£zòñ 1976 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ãí#ì˛ £Î˚– ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓòy
¢£ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xÇü ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ ò)ì˛ò xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚ ïyÓ˚y Á xò%ˆFÏ äÈî Î%_´ £Î˚– ¢ÇˆÏüyïò#
xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚ 59ì˛õ ïyÓ˚y xò%ÎyÎ˚# ¢%!≤Ãõ ˆÑ˛yˆÏ›˛≈ Ó˚ «˛õì˛y £…y¢ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ%˛!â˛ì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f#Ó˚ îÆˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ «˛õì˛y Ó,!k˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ¢ÇˆÏüyïò# xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚ ÓˆÏú ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xÇˆÏüÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò !Óâ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ!Ó¶˛yÜ#Î˚ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òy äÈyv˛¸y ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚ «˛õì˛yÓ˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´ £Î˚– Î%_´Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚
Á˛ôÓ˚ xyáyì˛ ˆ£ˆÏò Ó˚yãƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~!e´Î˚yÓ˚¶˛% _´ xˆÏòÑ˛ «˛õì˛y ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !òÑ˛›˛ £hfl˛Ïyhs˘˛!Ó˚ì˛ £Î˚–
¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓòyÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ú¢yÓ≈ˆ¶Ï ˛Ôõ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ≤Ããyì˛s˛fÛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ¢ÇˆÏüyïò#
xy£zˆòÏ ì˛y ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ú¢yÓ≈ˆ¶Ï ˛Ôõñ ¢õyãì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ïõ≈!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ≤Ããyì˛s˛fÛ !£¢yˆÏÓ
Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ~£z ¢ˆÏD ãy!ì˛Ó˚ ˙Ñ˛ƒ (Unity of the nation) Ñ˛Ìy!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Úãy!ì˛Ó˚ ˙Ñ˛ƒ
~ÓÇ xÖ[˛ì˛yÛ (Unity and integrity of the nation) Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ˙ˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xÖ[˛ì˛y ü∑!›˛ Î%_´
£ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È–
ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ !òÑ˛›˛ @˘Ã£íˆÏÎyÜƒ !äÈú òy– 42ì˛õ ¢ÇˆÏüyïò# xy£zò !äÈú !Óì˛!Ñ≈˛ì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ–˚
òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô%!ú!ü £hfl˛Ïˆ«Ï ˛˛ô ãòÜíˆÏÑ˛ xüyhs˘˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú– ãòì˛y îú ¢Ç!ÓïyòˆÏÑ˛
≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ !ö˛!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ xD#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ 1977 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò ãÎ˚úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ 1977 ~ÓÇ
1978 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ 43 ~ÓÇ 44ì˛õ ¢ÇˆÏüyïò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãòì˛y ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyòˆÏÑ˛ 1976
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y !ö˛!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ !îˆÏì˛ ¢«˛õ £ˆÏúÁ ¢¡ô)í¶≈ ˛yˆÏÓ ¢ö˛ú £Î˚!ò–
12.5.1 44ì˛õ ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ ¢ÇˆÏüyïò#

¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ 352òÇ ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ– 44ì˛õ
¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ ¢ÇˆÏüyïˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyE˛yˆÏú ~ÈÙÈ!Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ Óúy £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ˆÎ Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛ Î!î õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ˆÎ ¢õ@˘Ã ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛
Óy ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xMÈ˛ˆÏú Î%k˛ñ Ó!£Éüe& xye´õí xÌÓy x¶˛ƒhs˘˛Ó˚#í !Óü,CúyÓ˚ ¢,!‹T £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È Îy ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚
!òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ !Ó˛ôIòÑ˛ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú !ì˛!ò ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓò˚ – 44ì˛õ ¢ÇˆÏüyïˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÓÏ ≈
352òÇ ïyÓ˚y!›˛ !äÈú !Ó!ïÓ!£¶)˛≈ ì˛ ~ÓÇ xfl˛ô‹T– ~£z ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# ~ÓÇ ì§˛yÓ˚ õs˛f#¢¶˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ x!ì˛!Ó˚_´
«˛õì˛y x˛ô≈í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ!Ó˚‹T ¢î¢ƒ Ñ˛ì,˛≈ Ñ˛ ¢õ!Ì≈ì˛ £ˆÏú ≤Ãïyòõs˛f#
Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ò– ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚ !¢k˛yhs˘˛ äÈyv˛¸y ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy
≤Ãì˛ƒy£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎì˛ òy–
ãòì˛y îú «˛õì˛yÎ˚ xy¢yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ 44ì˛õ ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢ÇˆÏüyïò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 352òÇ ïyÓ˚y!›˛ fl˛ô‹T Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ~ÓÇ
ãyì˛#Î˚ ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy â˛úyÑ˛yú#ò ¢Ç!Ÿ’‹T ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ îy!Î˚c Ó,!k˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– 352òÇ ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy
ˆáy°Ïíy ¢Çeýhs˘˛ !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ ~£z õˆÏõ≈ ¢ÇˆÏüy!ïì˛ £Î˚ ˆÎ Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛ ì˛Öò£z ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓò˚
Î!î !ì˛!ò ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# ~ÓÇ ì§˛yÓ˚ õs˛f#¢¶˛y Ñ˛ì,˛≈ Ñ˛ !ú!Öì˛ ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyˆÏÓ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ãòÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈
!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ £ò– ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ!Ó˚ˆ‹Ï TÓ˚ õì˛ ÎˆÏÌ‹T òÎ˚ñ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
˛ôyú≈yˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ¢îˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ î%£Èz ÙÈì˛, ì˛#Î˚yÇü ¢îˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ¶˛y›˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ãÓ˚&!Ó˚
xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ ¢õ!Ì≈ì˛ £ÁÎ˚y ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò– ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ£z î%£Èz ÙÈì˛, ì˛#Î˚yÇü
¢îˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ ¢¡ø!ì˛ òy ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÜˆÏú ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy Óy!ì˛ú ÓˆÏú Üíƒ £ˆÏÓ– ~äÈyv˛¸y ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ äÈÎ˚
õy¢ ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõr›˛ xò%ˆõÏ yîò ˆîˆÏÓ òˆÏâ˛Í ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy fl˛i!Üì˛ Ó˚yÖy £ˆÏÓ–
xyÓ˚Á Óúy £Î˚ ˆÎ ˆúyÑ˛¢¶˛yÓ˚ 10 üì˛yÇü ¢î¢ƒ ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ≤Ãì˛ƒy£yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xò%ˆÓÏ y˚ ï ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
!ÓˆÏü°Ï x!ïˆÏÓüò xy£πyò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓò˚ ~ÓÇ ~£z !ÓˆÏü°Ï x!ïˆÏÓüˆÏò ¢ÇÖƒyÜ!Ó˚¤˛ ¢î¢ƒ
¢õÌ≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ≤Ãì˛ƒy£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ–
12.6 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ xì˛ƒhs˘˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Óì˛!Ñ≈˛ì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ–˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÈÙÈ!òÓ˚#«˛y
1950 ~Ó˚ îüÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈúñ Ó˝ â˛v˛¸y£zÈÙÈv˛zÍÓ˚y£z ˛ôyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y 1970 ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏ¢ ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈÎñ˚
ì˛y xÑ˛fl˛øyÍ ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛!‡˛ò ≤ÃˆŸÏ ¿Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏò ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ãòƒ– Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yñ õ)úƒˆÏÓyïñ ¶˛yÓòy
Á ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúò ˛ôk˛!ì˛ ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ≤ÃÓú ïyE˛y ÖyÎ˚– !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛õ#≈ñ ¢õyãÑ˛õ#≈ñ õyòÓy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛õ#≈ñ ¢yÇÓy!îÑ˛ñ ~õò!Ñ˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°Á Ï ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ îõòÈÙÈ˛ô#v˛¸ˆòÏ Ó˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy
ãy!Ó˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Î%!_´ÈÙÈ£z ÎˆÏÌ‹T !äÈú òy– ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°Ï ~£z îõòÈÙÈ˛ô#v˛¸ò ˆõˆÏò ˆòÎ˚!ò– 1977 ~Ó˚
¢yïyÓ˚í !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛Ó˚ ˆüyâ˛ò#Î˚ ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ ãÎ˚ ÓˆÏú õˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈Ñ˛ì˛y ~£zÖyˆÏò–

1– 1975 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛Ó˚ xyõˆÏú ˆîˆÏü ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
2– ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
3– 1977 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˆúyÑ˛¢¶˛y !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò ãòì˛y îˆÏúÓ˚ ¢yö˛ˆÏúƒÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í Ñ˛# !äÈú⁄ ãòì˛y ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓú# !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
4– 42ì˛õ ~ÓÇ 44ì˛õ ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ ¢ÇˆÏüyïò# xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
12.7 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
1– Bipan Chandra and Others — India Since Independence, Penguin, 1999.
2– Tarlo Emma — Unsettling Memories : Narratives of Emergency in Delhi,
University of California, 2001.
3– R. C. Bhardwaj ed. — Constitutional Amendment in India, (sixth edn.) New
Delhi, 1995.
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 13  ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ~ÓÇ !ÓŸª

Ü‡˛ò
13.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
13.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
13.2 ˆãy›˛!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ xyˆÏ®yúò
13.3 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓü# Ó˚y‹T…
13.3.1 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ!â˛òÈÙÈ¢#õyhs˘˛ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï S1962V
13.3.2 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ≠ Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒy
13.3.3 Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛
13.3.4 Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ã!›˛úì˛y
13.3.5 ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ õ%!_´Î%k˛ ≠ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
13.3.6 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈˆò˛ôyú â%˛!_´ S1950V
13.3.6.1 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈˆò˛ôyú â%˛!_´Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛
13.4 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
13.6 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
13.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
~£z ~Ñ˛Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
 fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛∫yï#òñ ¢%!â˛!hs˘˛ì˛ñ Ó!£Éü!_´
≤Ã¶˛yÓõ%_´ !ÓˆÏîüò#!ì˛ ≤ÃíÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆãy›˛!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ì˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚ xÓì˛yÓ˚íy Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ –
 Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !äÈú ÷Ó˚& ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ õì˛!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï Á
¢Çáyì˛˛ô)í≈–
 1971 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ õyâ≈˛ õyˆÏ¢ xyÁÎ˚y!õ !úÜ ˆòì˛y ˆüÖ õ%!ãˆÏÓÓ˚ Ó˚£õyòÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò
fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ fl˛∫yï#ò ÓyÇúyˆÏîü Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚–
 1950 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 31 ã%úy£z ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Á ˆò˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !m˛ôy!«˛Ñ˛ üy!hs˘˛â%˛!_´ fl˛∫y«˛!Ó˚ì˛ £Î˚–
13.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛∫yï#òñ ¢%!â˛!hs˘˛ì˛ñ ˛ôÓ˚ˆîÏ !ü ≤Ã¶˛yÓõ%_´
!ÓˆÏîüò#!ì˛ ≤ÃíÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆãy›˛!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ì˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚ xÓì˛yÓ˚íy Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – !ì˛!ò v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ˆÎ
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ¢îƒfl˛∫yï#ò ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò ú«˛ƒ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ñ x¶˛yÓ Á xò@˘Ã¢Ó˚ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%!_´ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z
úˆÏ«˛ƒ v˛z˛ôò#ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ Ó,£Í ü!_´=!úÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !ÓÓyîÈÙÈ!Ó¢ÇÓyˆÏî ã!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛ôv˛¸y «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛– ì§˛yÓ˚ Î%!_´Ó˚
≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó˝¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ Ó˚y‹T… !òˆÏãy≈ ›˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ xÇü#îyÓ˚ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆòì,˛fl˛iyò#Î˚ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢%ÓyˆÏî
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ó≈Ï ˚ xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ õÎ≈yîy Á =Ó˚&c Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚–
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓü# Ó˚y‹T=
… !úÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ fl˛iy˛ôˆÏò üy!hs˘˛ Á !òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ˆÏì˛ x@˘Ãy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚–
Üí≤Ããyì˛s˛f# !â˛ˆÏòÓ˚ x¶%˛ƒmˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ~Ñ˛îüÑ˛Ñ˛yú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ!â˛ò ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ˆõy›˛yõ%!›˛ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ !äÈú– !Ñ˛ls˘˛
˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú !â˛ò Á ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢#õyhs˘˛ ¢õ¢ƒyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï ÷Ó˚& £Î˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ ¢_ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ îüÑ˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !â˛òÈÙÈ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ £ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !äÈú
÷Ó˚& ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ õì˛!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï Á ¢Çáyì˛˛ô)í–≈ ~£z ¢Çáyì˛˛ô)í≈ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏòÓ˚
x¶˛ƒhs˘˛Ó˚#í ãy!ì˛!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï 1970ÈÙÈ71 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ÓyÇúyˆÏîü fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˆâ˛£yÓ˚y !òˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ì˛yÓ˚
¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ Ñ)˛›˛ò#!ì˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#ò ÓyÇúyˆÏîü Ü‡˛ˆÏò ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ~£z ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢yö˛úƒ
ˆîˆÏü ~Ñ˛ ò)ì˛ò ãyì˛#Î˚ v˛zj#˛ôòyÓ˚ ¢MÈ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ ¢#õyˆÏhs˘˛ xÓ!fl˛iì˛ ˆò˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ xÓfl˛iyò
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !òÓ˚y˛ô_y Á ¢%!fl˛i!ì˛Ó˚ ãòƒ !ÓˆÏü°Ï =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ !ÓˆÏÓ!â˛ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ 1950 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 31 ã%úy£z ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛
ˆò˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !m˛ôy!«˛Ñ˛ üy!hs˘˛â%˛!_´ ¢¡ôyîò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ õˆÏì˛ ˆò˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ !òÓ˚y˛ô_y xyÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚
!òÓ˚y˛ô_y ~ˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)ÓÑ˚ ˛– ¶)˛≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ñ ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ ˆò˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ˆÏÑ˛
v˛zˆ˛Ï ô«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚!ò–
13.2 ˆãy›˛!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ xyˆÏ®yúò

¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ !ÓˆÏîüò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ô!ÌÑ,˛Í Óúy £Î˚– ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛∫yï#òñ
¢%!â˛!hs˘˛ì˛ñ ˛ôÓ˚ˆîÏ !ü ≤Ã¶˛yÓõ%_´ !ÓˆÏîüò#!ì˛ ≤ÃíÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ ì§˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï xÓîyò £ú ˆãy›˛!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ì˛yÓ˚
ïyÓ˚íyñ Îy î%£z !ü!ÓˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ úv˛¸y£zˆÑÏ ˛ x!ì˛e´õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ xò%¢Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó≈y!ïÑ˛ =Ó˚&c ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ¢îƒfl˛∫yï#ò ˆîü=!úÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò ú«˛ƒ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ñ x¶˛yÓ Á xò@˘Ã¢Ó˚ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%!_´– ˆ¢£z
úˆÏ«˛ƒ v˛z˛ôò#ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏú Ó,£Í ü!_´=!úÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !ÓÓyîÈÙÈ!Ó¢ÇÓyˆÏî ã!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛ôv˛¸y xòÌ≈Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛–
Ñ˛yÓ˚íñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ ü!_´ˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ xò%Üyõ# £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ xÌ≈£z fl˛∫yï#ò xÓfl˛iyòˆÏÑ˛ «%˛] Ñ˛Ó˚y– ˆãy›˛!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ì˛yÓ˚
xÌ≈ !òfl˛ô,£ì˛y òÎ˚ Óy !ÓŸª Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ !Óì˛!Ñ≈˛ì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ= ˚ !ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î,!‹T ¢!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆòÁÎ˚y òÎ˚– ÓÓ˚Ç ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ õ%ÖyˆÏ˛ô«˛# òy £ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ˆÏÑ˛ !òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ î,!‹T¶˛!D ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y£z fl˛∫yï#ò
!ÓˆÏîüò#!ì˛Ó˚ xy¢ú !â˛£´– ~£z ïyÓ˚íy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ˆãy›˛Ók˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ~ÓÇ ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
î!«˛íÈÙÈ˛ô)Ó≈ ~!üÎ˚y ã%ˆvÏ ˛¸ ÓyÜîyî â%˛!_´ñ õƒy!òúy â%˛!_´ñ !¢Î˚yˆÏ›˛yñ ˆ¢ˆÏr›˛y ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛ ˆãy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò !Ó˛ôIòÑ˛
õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ì§˛yÓ˚ Î%!_´Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó˝¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ Ó˚y‹T… !òˆÏãy≈ ›˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ xÇü#îyÓ˚ £ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ !òˆÏãy≈ ›˛
xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòì,˛c x!˛ô≈ì˛ £Î˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ó≈Ï ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚– ˆãyˆÏ›˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !¶˛ß¨õÖ% # ˆãy›˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ~£z
xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zˆj Ï üƒ òy £ˆÏúÁ ~Ñ˛Ìy xòfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈ ˆÎ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ î%!òÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆîü=!úˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛
x¶)˛ì˛˛ô)Ó≈ ¢ÇáÓk˛ì˛yÎ˚ xyÓk˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆòì,˛cfl˛iyò#Î˚ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢%ÓyˆÏî ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ó≈Ï ˚ xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛
õÎ≈yîy Á =Ó˚&c Ó,!k˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È–
ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ~!üÎ˚y Á xy!ö˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !õ!úì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆãy›˛!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛
Ñ)˛›˛˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ÓƒÓfl˛iy ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛‹T £ò– 1951 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ xˆÏQyÓˆÏÓ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛
x!ïˆÏÓüˆÏò Ü,£#ì˛ ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyˆÏÓ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ Óy xòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆãy›˛Ók˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%_´ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ò#!ì˛
ˆáy!°Ïì˛ £Î˚– 1954 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 29 ~!≤Ãú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Á !â˛ò ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !òk≈˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ãòƒ ˛ô§yâ˛!›˛ ¢)e
v˛z˛ôfl˛iy!˛ôì˛ £Î˚– ~£z ¢)e=!ú ~Ñ˛ˆÏe Ú˛ôMÈ˛ü#úÛ òyˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– ~£z ¢)e=!ú £úÈÙÙÙÈ≤ÃˆìÏ ˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛
xÖ[˛ì˛y ~ÓÇ ¢yÓ≈ˆ¶Ï ˛ÔõˆÏcÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ õÎ≈yîyˆÏÓyïñ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ xy@˘Ãy¢ò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓÓ˚ì˛ ÌyÑ˛yñ xˆÏòƒÓ˚
x¶˛ƒhs˘˛Ó˚#í ˆ«˛ˆÏe £hfl˛Ïˆ«Ï ˛˛ô ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓÓ˚ì˛ ÌyÑ˛yñ ¢õõÎ≈yîy ~ÓÇ üy!hs˘˛˛ô)í≈ ¢£yÓfl˛iyò– !â˛ò Á ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛
v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎÓ˚ £˚ z ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ÌyÑ˛y ¢ˆÏ_Á
¥ ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y Á ¢¡±#!ì˛Ó˚
î,‹Tyhs˘˛ fl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
1955 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~!≤Ãˆú Ï ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ~!üÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛Ôj!›˛ Ó˚y‹T… òì%˛ò !î!Õ‘ˆìÏ ˛ !õ!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˙Ñ˛ƒ
ü!_´üyú# Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî# xy@˘Ãy¢ò ≤Ã!ì˛£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ üy¢ò Á Óí≈˜ÓÏ °ÏˆõÏ ƒÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛
¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ ¢Ç£!ì˛ K˛y˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ xD#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ 1955 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 18ÈÙÈ26 ~!≤Ãú £zˆ® Ï yˆÏò!üÎ˚yÓ˚ Óy®%ÇÈÙÈ~
26!›˛ ~!üÎ˚yÈÙÈxy!ö˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆîü ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyˆÏÜ !õ!úì˛ £Î˚– Óy®%Ç ¢ˆÏ¡øúˆÏò Ü,£#ì˛ !¢k˛yhs˘˛
!ÓˆÏŸª xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆãy›˛!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
13.3 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓü# Ó˚y‹T…

13.3.1 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ!â˛ò ¢#õyhs˘˛ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï S1962V
!mì˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏò Üí≤Ããyì˛s˛f# ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y S1949 !ÖÉV Á ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚
xÓ¢yò ~!üÎ˚y ì˛Ìy xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ òì%˛ò õyey ¢ÇˆÏÎyãò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Üí≤Ããyì˛s˛f# !â˛ˆÏòÓ˚ x¶%˛ƒmˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ~Ñ˛îüÑ˛ Ñ˛yú ïˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ!â˛ò ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ˆõy›˛yõ%!›˛ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ !äÈú– ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ õˆÏì˛ ¢yõƒÓyî# !â˛ˆÏòÓ˚
x¶%˛ƒîÎ˚ ¢%îÓ) ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏâ˛ƒ Á !ÓŸªÓ˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈ– ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ !ÓŸªüy!hs˘˛Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛Á ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ!â˛ò
!õeì˛y x˛ô!Ó˚£yÎ≈– 1954 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 29 ~!≤Ãú ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !òï≈yÓ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ãòƒ Ú˛ôMÈ˛ü#úÛ xÌÓy
˛ô§yâ˛!›˛ ¢)e ˆáy!°Ïì˛ £Î˚–
1959 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !â˛ò Á ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÙÙÈ~£z î%£z ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓü# Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ xÓò!ì˛ áˆÏ›˛–
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD !â˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢#õyhs˘˛ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï ÷Ó˚& £Î˚– ˛ôÓ˚Óy˚ ‹T… ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyˆÏÜ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Á !â˛ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÎÔÌ ≤ÃˆâÏ ˛‹TyÎ˚ xyhs˘˛ÈÙÈ~!üÎ˚ ˙Ñ˛ƒñ ˆãy›˛!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ xyˆÏ®yúò Á !ÓŸªüy!hs˘˛ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ ˛ôk˛!ì˛ xò%¢Ó˚í
Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y «%˛ß¨ £Î˚– 1958 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !â˛ò ÎÖò v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈúñ Ó˚y‹T¢… Çá !â˛ˆÏòÓ˚
xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ !_´Ó˚ !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy õ)úƒ ˆò£zñ ì˛Öò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Óı%˛cˆÏÑ˛ xyÓ˚ ˆ¢ =Ó˚&c
ˆîÎ˚!ò– !â˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !òÑ˛›˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü õ)úƒ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ¢#õyˆÏhs˘˛Ó˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈– !â˛òÈÙÈ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢#õyˆÏhs˘˛Ó˚ õƒyÑ˛ˆÏõy£ò
ˆÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ ˜Óïì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛!äÈú– !â˛ò ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ ˛ô)ÓÈ≈ ÙÈ¢#õyˆÏhs˘˛Ó˚ ¶)˛›˛yòÈÙÈ¢#õyhs˘˛ ì˛yÁÎ˚yÇ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ˛ô)Ó≈ ¢#õyˆÏhs˘˛ Ó·˛˛ô%eÈÙÈˆúy!£ì˛ òî# ˆ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛ô)Ó≈ ¢#õyˆÏhs˘˛ !v˛ö%˛ Ód≈ ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ Ñ%˛õãyÁà‰ Ód≈ñ
!£˛ô%Dí Ód≈ ~ÓÇ â˛yv˛záò Ód≈ ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ îy!Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– 1957 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !â˛ò úyîyˆÏÖÓ˚ xhs˘˛Ü≈ì˛ xyÑ˛¢y£z !â˛ˆÏò
Óv˛¸ Ó˚yhfl˛Ïy Óy!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢Ç!Ÿ’‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ úyîyÖ# xMÈ˛ú îÖú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– !â˛òÈÙÈ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ Î%k˛ ÓyˆÏï
1962 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ xˆÏQyÓˆÏÓ–˚ Î%ˆkÏ ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛£z !äÈú xy£ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÎ˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ 21 òˆÏ¶˛¡∫Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ì˛Ó˚ö˛y¶˛yˆÏÓ Î%k˛
Ìy!õˆÏÎ˚ !â˛ò ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛ ¢#õyòyÎ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
!â˛òÈÙÈ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏïÓ˚ ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò !â˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD á!ò‹T ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ fl˛iy˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜ ˆòÎ˚– 1965
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˛ôyÑ˛ÈÙÈ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Î%ˆkÏ ˛Á 1971 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ÓyÇúyˆÏîü fl˛∫yï#òì˛y Î%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ !â˛ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#ì˛y
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ¢_ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆü°Ï ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !â˛òÈÙÈ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ £ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ 1977ÈÙÈ8È0
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ãòì˛y ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ 1980ÈÙÈ84 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ £z!®Ó˚y ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ ˛ô%òÉfl˛iy˛ôˆÏò
v˛zˆîÏ ƒyÜ# £Î˚–
13.3.2 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ≠ Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒy
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ÷Ó˚& ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ õì˛!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï Á ¢Çáyì˛˛ô)í–≈ ~£z ¢Çáyì˛˛ô)í≈ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚
v˛zÍ¢ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈfl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˛ôˆÏÓÓ≈ ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z !ò!£ì˛ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ È– !£®% Á õ%¢!úõ ~£z î%£z ïõ≈ Á ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f
â˛!Ó˚e ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ õ£¡øî xyú# !ãßÿ õhs˘˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú Ï òñ ‘It is a dream that the Hindus and
Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality ..... The Hindus and Muslims belong
to two different religious philosophies, social customs and literature’. ˆîü !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚
!Ó!òõˆÏÎ˚ òÓãyì˛ ~£z ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓü# Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏîˆÏü üy!hs˘˛˛ô)í≈ ¢£yÓfl˛iyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì˛≈ xhs˘˛£#ò ˜Ó!Ó˚ì˛y
≤Ãyïyòƒ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È–
13.3.3 Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Á ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢õhfl˛Ï !m˛ôy!«˛Ñ˛ ¢õ¢ƒy=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xòƒì˛õ £ú Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒy–
1947ÈÙÈ49 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 601!›˛ ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 555!›˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ˆv˛y!õ!òÎ˚ˆòÏ ˆÎyÜîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ !Ñ˛ls˘˛
ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ !_´Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãïyòì˛õ Óƒ!ì˛e´õ £ú Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ Ó˚yãƒ– Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ õ£yÓ˚yãy £!Ó˚ !¢Ç
Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !¢k˛yhs˘˛ ˆòò– £z!ì˛õˆÏïƒ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÓÏ y˚ â˛òyÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛yò
v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛Ó˚y Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ õˆÏïƒ ≤ÃˆÓÏ ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ õ£yÓ˚yˆÏãÓ˚ ≤Ãüy¢ò ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
Óy!£ò# £hfl˛Ïˆ«Ï ˛˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xò%Üyõ# ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò Óy!£ò#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Î%k˛ ÷Ó˚&
£Î˚–
1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ õyˆÏ¢ õ%¢!úõ v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ¢üfl˛f Óy!£ò#Ó˚ Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ x!¶˛ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú
o&ì˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò áˆÏ›˛– î%!›˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚í Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~£z ¢üfl˛f õ%¢!úõ x!¶˛ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ˛ôäÈˆòÏ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚
!äÈú– ≤ÃÌõì˛ñ õ£yÓ˚yãy £!Ó˚ !¢ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ üy¢ˆÏò !£®% ¶)˛fl˛∫yõ# ˆÜy¤˛# ÎˆÏÌ‹T xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚# £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ õ%¢!úõ ¢yïyÓ˚í
õyò%°Ï ~£z !£®% üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !Ó«%˛∏˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛!äÈú– Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ ˆÜy¤˛# ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ
~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏüyï ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ !mì˛#Î˚ì˛ñ Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ô!ÿ˛õ xÇˆÏü ~£z ¢õÎ˚ =ãÓ Ó˚›˛yˆÏòy £Î˚
ˆÎ £!Ó˚ !¢Ç !ÓˆÏ«˛y¶˛ îõò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Óy!£ò#ˆÏÑ˛ xyõs˛fí ãy!òˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èò– ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛
Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ˆ¢ˆÏ£ì%˛ñ ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã úy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ã!D
v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ ˆÜy¤˛#=!úˆÏÑ˛ üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ x!¶˛Îyò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢ ≤ÃˆÓÏ y˚ â˛òy ˆîÎ˚ Á ¢!e´Î˚ ¢y£yÎƒ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 22 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ xye´õí á›˛ˆÏú £!Ó˚ !¢Ç Óyïƒ £ˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚
¢y£yÎƒ â˛yò– 27ˆü xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ~ÓÇ £!Ó˚ !¢ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# ˆõˆÏ£Ó˚
â§˛yî õ£yãˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ú¢õˆÏG˛yì˛y ˛ôeÛ Óy ‘Instrument of Accession’ fl˛∫y«˛!Ó˚ì˛ £Î˚– Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Î%_´Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆÎyÜ ˆîÎ˚– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ Óúy £Î˚ ˆÎ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f x!hfl˛Ïc ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ãòƒ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚
Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ õÎ≈yîy ˆ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ – xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ñ !ÓˆÏîüò#!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛Ó˚«˛y äÈyv˛¸y xòƒyòƒ !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚
Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓ˚ fl˛∫yÎ˚_üy¢ò ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖy £ˆÏÓ– ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÜíˆÏ¶˛yˆÏ›˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÎy˚ ãˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !¢k˛yhs˘˛
ˆòÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÓ ˆÎ Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ xÌÓy ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ˆÑ˛yò‰ Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ £ˆÏÓ– ~£z ÜíˆÏ¶˛y›˛ òy £ÁÎ˚y ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛
Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ õÎ≈yîy ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓ˚ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f#Ó˚ ¢¡øyòÁ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÓ–
Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~£z fl˛∫yì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ 370òÇ ïyÓ˚yÓ˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´ £Î˚–
1948 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ£z Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ î%£Èz ÙÈì˛, ì˛#Î˚yÇü ¶)˛Ö[˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Óy!£ò#Ó˚ !òÎ˚s˛fíyï#ò £Î˚– !Ñ˛ls˘˛
xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ â˛yˆÏ˛ô Î%k˛!ÓÓ˚!ì˛ ˆáy!°Ïì˛ £ˆÏúÁ ˆ¢£z ¢õÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ÈÙÈì,˛ì˛#Î˚yÇü ¶)˛Ö[˛ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ¢õ!Ì≈ì˛
£yòyîyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ !òÎ˚s˛fˆíÏ !äÈú– ˆ¢£z xÇü!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £Î˚ xyãyî Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ òyˆÏõ– ~£z xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò îy!Ó
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ!Ó˚¤˛ õ%¢!úõ x!ïÓy¢#Ó˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆ¢£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ
˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢ÇÎ%!_´ ~Ó˚ ~Ñ˛õye Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢õyïyò– x˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ˛ô«˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
Óúy £Î˚ ˆÎ Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆòÁÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓñ˚ !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ x!ïÑ,˛ì˛
~Ñ˛ÈÙÈì,˛ì˛#Î˚yÇü xMÈ˛ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ì˛yÓ˚ ¢õ!Ì≈ì˛ £yòyîyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ö˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ£˚ z ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Á ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò î%£z Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ã!›˛ú ¢õ¢ƒy !£¢yˆÏÓ ˆîÖy
ˆîÎ˚–
13.3.4 Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ã!›˛úì˛y

Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ã!›˛úì˛y Ó,!k˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xòƒì˛õ Ñ˛yÓ˚í !äÈú ~£z Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒÍ ò#!ì˛ !òï≈yÓ˚í
¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ î,!‹T¶˛!D– Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xhs˘˛¶%≈˛!_´ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ !äÈú Ñ˛yÓ˚í
Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ¶)˛ÖˆÏ[˛ x!ïÑ˛yÇü ã!õ !£®% ¶)˛fl˛∫yõ#ˆÏîÓ˚ îÖˆÏú ÌyÑ˛yÎ˚ ˙ ¢Ó ¶)˛fl˛∫yõ# Á Ñ˛yŸ¬#!Ó˚ ˛ô![˛ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ˆãyÓ˚yˆÏúy â˛y˛ô !äÈú– ì˛yäÈyv˛¸y Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÇü ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°Ï õ%¢!úõ
¢¡±îyÎ˚¶˛% _´ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ !_´ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚y‹Tâ… ˛!Ó˚êÏ Ó˚ ïõ≈!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ì˛yÓ˚ !îÑ˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ü!_´üyú#
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ ÈÙÙÙÈ~£z !ÓŸªy¢ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚y‹Tˆ… òÏ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò î,ë˛¸õú ) !äÈú– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏòÓ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî#
ˆòì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ õˆÏì˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ õ%¢!úõ xï%ƒ!°Ïì˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ !_´ ˆõˆÏò ˆòÁÎ˚y ¢Ω˛Ó
!äÈú òy–
Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# ˆòì˛y ˆüÖ xyÓî%Õy‘ Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛¶%˛!_´ ¢õÌ≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò Ñ˛yÓ˚í !ì˛!ò
õˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ò ˆÎ Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆÎyÜ !îˆÏú ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛ãò üy¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˜fl˛∫Óy˚ â˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy ¢¡ô)í≈
ò‹T £ˆÏÓ– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ üy¢ò ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ˛ô)í≈ xyfl˛iy ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ !äÈú– ˆüÖ xyÓî%Õy‘ Ó˚ !ÓŸªy¢ !äÈú ~Ñ˛õye
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆÎyÜ !îˆÏú ~ÓÇ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !Óüyú ÓyãyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢ˆÏD xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Î%_´ £ˆÏú Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°ˆÏ ÑÏ ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢%fl˛i fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ã#ÓˆÏò ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– !ì˛!ò ì§˛yÓ˚ îˆÏúÓ˚ òì%˛ò òyõÑ˛Ó˚í
Ï ò National Conference ÎyˆÏì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôäÈˆòÏ !£®% Á õ%¢!úõ v˛z¶˛Î˚ ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ¢õÌ≈ò ÓãyÎ˚
ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆÎyÜîyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆüÖ xyÓî%Õy‘ ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# !£¢yˆÏÓ
fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚–
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òõò#Î˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò– 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# !úÎ˚yÑ˛Í xyú#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y
!â˛!‡˛ˆÏì˛ !ì˛!ò ãy!òˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò ˆÎ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Ó˚y‹T¢… ÇˆÏáÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓˆÏÑ˛ =Ó˚&c ˆîˆÏÓ– Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ˆ¢ÖyòÑ˛yÓ˚
õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ ˆõˆÏò ˆòˆÏÓ– ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ÓˆÏú!äÈˆú Ï òñ ‘We want no forced marriage, no forced
union’. !Ñ˛ls˘˛ 1955ÈÙÈ56 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ £Î˚– Ñ˛yÓ˚í £z!ì˛õˆÏïƒ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò
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≤Ã!ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏ‡˛yÓ˚ £Î˚–
£z!ì˛õˆÏïƒ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì˛≈ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏò ˆÑ˛wõ%Ö# ~Ñ˛òyÎ˚Ñ˛ì˛s˛f Óy ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆG§˛yÑ˛ ú«˛ƒ
Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~£z ~Ñ˛òyÎ˚Ñ˛üy¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢yö˛ˆÏúƒÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ üì≈˛ !äÈú ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !ÓˆÏîüò#!ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòy
Ñ˛Ó˚y– fl˛∫¶˛yÓì˛£z ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xòƒì˛õ xÓú¡∫ò !äÈú Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢#õyhs˘˛ ¢õ¢ƒy– 1958 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆ¢òy≤Ãïyò xy£zÎÓ%˚ Öyò Ó˚y‹T… «˛õì˛y îÖú Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !ì˛ò!›˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ xyì˛!B˛ì˛ ˆÓyï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ≤ÃÌõì˛ñ
÷ï% ˛ôyÑ˛¢#õyhs˘˛ òÎ˚ñ Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆ¶˛ÔÜ!úÑ˛ xÓfl˛iyò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ!â˛ò ¢#õyˆÏhs˘˛Ó˚ ãòƒ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ !äÈú– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ
!â˛òÈÙÈ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ¢õˆÏG˛yì˛y ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó˛ôIòÑ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~£z xyüB˛y ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛
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üy¢òõ%_´ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fí £yÓ˚yˆÏòyÓ˚ ¶˛Î˚ !äÈú– ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ì˛ñ ~Ñ˛£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ ˆãy›˛!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚
ˆòì,˛c £yÓ˚yˆÏòyÓ˚ xyüB˛y !äÈú– !â˛òˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ v˛zˆj Ï ˆÏüƒ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& !â˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ÇáyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ôÌ ˆÓˆÏäÈ
!òˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ £ò– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ 1962 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !â˛òÈÙÈ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Î%ˆkÏ ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎõò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
ˆ¢òyÓy!£ò#Ó˚ î%Óú ≈ ì˛y ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓñ˚ xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆì˛õ!ò ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyòˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ Î%ˆkÏ ˛ òyõyÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚
v˛zÍ¢y£ ˆîÎ˚– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú 1965 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢òyÓy!£ò# ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ xye´õí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyÑ˛ÈÙÈ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Î%k˛
÷Ó˚& £Î˚– ~£z Î%ˆkÏ ˛ xÓüƒ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ¢ö˛ú £Î˚!ò– !òÎ˚s˛fí ˆÓ˚Öy x!ì˛e´õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyÑ˛ x!ïÑ,˛ì˛ Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y xMÈ˛ú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆ¢òyÓy!£ò# îÖú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚–
˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò Á ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ¢Çá°Ï≈ £Î˚ 1971 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y Î%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚– ~£z
Î%ˆkÏ ˛ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò ¢¡ô)í¶≈ ˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôÓ˚y!ãì˛ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ¢yò áˆÏ›˛– !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ˛ôyÑ˛
≤Ãïyòõs˛f# ã%ú!ö˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ xyú# ¶%˛ˆÏRyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛Ó˚ !¢õúyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˜Ó‡˛Ñ˛ xò%!¤˛ì˛
£Î˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¢¡ôy!îì˛ £Î˚ !¢õúy â%˛!_´ S3 ã%úy£zñ 1972V– ~£z â%˛!_´Ó˚ üì≈˛ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ˆÑÏ ˛
!ò!î≈‹T¶˛yˆÏÓ !m˛ôy!«˛Ñ˛ ¢õ¢ƒy !£¢yˆÏÓ Üíƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ~ÓÇ !mì˛#Î˚ì˛ñ ˛ô)ˆÓÏ Ñ≈ ˛yÓ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fíˆÏÓÖ˚ y x!ì˛e´õ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ 354 ÓÜ≈õy£zú ~úyÑ˛y ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆ¢òyÓy!£ò# îÖú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ˆ¢£z ~úyÑ˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´ ÓˆÏú ˆõˆÏò !òˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– 1980 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛ !mì˛#Î˚ÓyÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ ˆö˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚
Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ˆÓ!ü v˛z@˘Ã ò#!ì˛ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ –
13.3.5 ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ õ%!_´Î%k˛ ≠ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏòÓ˚ x¶˛ƒhs˘˛Ó˚#í ãy!ì˛!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï 1970ÈÙÈ71 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ÓyÇúyˆÏîü fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˆâ˛£yÓ˚y
ˆòÎ˚– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ˆ¢£z ¢%ˆÎÏ yˆÏÜ ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ Ñ)˛›˛ò#!ì˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏòÓ˚ Ö[˛#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ cÓ˚y!ß∫ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ˛ô)Ó≈
˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏò ÓyÇúyˆÏî!ü õ%!_´ˆÏö˛ÔãˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆ¢òyÓy!£ò# ˆãòyˆÏÓú ˚ xˆÏÓy˚ Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc
˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïy!ò ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ï ≤Ã!ì˛£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ 1971 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ õyâ≈˛ õyˆÏ¢ xyÁÎ˚y!õ !úÜ ˆòì˛y ˆüÖ õ%!ãÓÓ˚ Ó˚£õyò
fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ~ÓÇ fl˛∫yï#ò ÓyÇúyˆÏîü Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚–
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¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ≤Ãhfl˛% !ì˛ Á Ñ)˛›˛˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ~£z ¢yö˛úƒ 1962 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !â˛òÈÙÈ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Î%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚
˛ôÓ˚yãˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ @’y!ò õ%ˆäÏ È ÎyÎ˚– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆ¢òyÓy!£ò#Ó˚ î«˛ì˛y ≤Ãõy!íì˛ £Î˚– £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛Ó˚ ¢yö˛úƒ ˆîˆÏü ~Ñ˛
ò)ì˛ò ãyì˛#Î˚ v˛zj#˛ôòyÓ˚ ¢MÈ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏòÓ˚ xDˆÏFäÈî Á fl˛∫yï#ò ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ xyd≤ÃÑ˛yü ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
!Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ¢)â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛ £zÎy˚ £zÎy˚ Ö§y «˛õì˛yâ%˛ƒì˛ £ò– ã%ú!ö˛Ñ˛Ó˚ xyú# ¶%˛Ry ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# ˛ôˆÏî xy¢#ò
£ò– ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛Ó˚ â˛yˆÏ˛ô ¶%˛ˆÏRy ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD üy!hs˘˛ fl˛iy˛ôˆÏò xy@˘Ã£# £ò– ï,ì˛ !ì˛Ó˚yòÓπ£z £yãyÓ˚
˛ôyÑ˛ Ó!® ˆ¢òyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒ˛ô≈í ¢¡ôß¨ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏòÓ˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãâ˛[˛ ì˛y!Üî !äÈú– 1972 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑
28 ã%ò ã%ú!ö˛Ñ˛Ó˚ xyú# ¶%˛ˆÏRy ~ÓÇ ◊#õ!ì˛ £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !¢õúy â%˛!_´ fl˛∫y«˛!Ó˚ì˛ £Î˚– ~£z â%˛!_´
xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ î%£z ˆîü ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢yÓ≈ˆ¶Ï ˛Ôõ xÖ[˛ì˛y ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖyñ Î%ˆkÏ ˛y_Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛, ì˛ !òÎ˚s˛fí ˆÓ˚Öy úAáò òy Ñ˛Ó˚y
Óy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty òy Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒˆÏì˛ ÎyÓì˛#Î˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏïÓ˚ üy!hs˘˛˛ô)í≈ õ#õyÇ¢y ˆÑ˛Óúõye
!m˛ôy!«˛Ñ˛ hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ £˚ z xyÓk˛ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛◊&!ì˛ ˆîÎ˚– ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD üy!hs˘˛â%˛!_´ ¢¡ôß¨ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ üˆÏì˛≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó!® ≤Ãì˛ƒy˛ô≈í Á ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
13.3.6 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈˆò˛ôyú â%˛!_´ S1950V
1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ fl˛∫yï#ò £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ ¢#õyˆÏhs˘˛ xÓ!fl˛iì˛ ˆò˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ xÓfl˛iyò Ñ)˛›˛˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
!îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !òÓ˚y˛ô_y Á ¢%!fl˛i!ì˛Ó˚ ãòƒ !ÓˆÏü°Ï =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ !ÓˆÏÓ!â˛ì˛ £Î˚– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Á !â˛ò ~£z î%£z
!Óüyú ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓü# Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ õïƒÓ_≈# ˆò˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ x!fl˛iÓ˚ì˛y î!«˛í ~!üÎ˚y !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚
!òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ !Ó˛ôIòÑ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ Á‡˛yÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy !äÈú– 1950 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 11 ã%úy£z ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Á ˆò˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ !m˛ôy!«˛Ñ˛ üy!hs˘˛â%˛!_´ ¢¡ôy!îì˛ £Î˚– ~£z â%˛!_´Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y Á ¢¡±!ì˛
Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü v˛z¶˛Î˚ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ˜ÓˆÏî!üÑ˛ xye´õˆÏíÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy ˆîÖy !îˆÏú ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒÓ˚
xD#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ õˆÏì˛ñ ˆò˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ !òÓ˚y˛ô_y xyÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !òÓ˚y˛ô_y ~ˆÏÑ˛
xˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛–
13.3.6.1 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈˆò˛ôyú â%˛!_´Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ˆò˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ x¶˛ƒhs˘˛Ó˚#í !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ £hfl˛ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# !äÈú !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ˆò˛ôyú Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc
Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ¢ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ îy!ÓÓ˚ ¢˛ôˆÏ«˛ õì˛yõì˛
Óƒ_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ≤Ã¶˛yÓüyú# Ó˚yòy üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ãòÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# Á xÜíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ì˛#Ó
¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆò˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ Ó˚yãy !e¶)˛Óò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ xyˆÏ¢ò– ˆü°Ï˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ 1951 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ òˆÏ¶˛¡∫ˆÏÓ˚
ˆò˛ôyú Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆòì˛y ~õ !˛ô ˜Ñ˛Ó˚yúyÓ˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc õs˛f#¢¶˛y «˛õì˛yÎ˚ ÓˆÏ¢ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yòy ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ
ÖÓ≈ £Î˚–
ˆò˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢£yÓfl˛iyòõ)úÑ˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü !â˛ò !ì˛ÓπˆÏì˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
!òÎ˚s˛fí Ñ˛yˆÏÎõ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ 1954 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~!≤ÃˆúÏ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ!â˛ò â%˛!_´Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !ì˛ÓπˆÏì˛ !â˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãyïyòƒ
ˆõˆÏò ˆòÎ˚– ~Ó˚ !Ó!òõˆÏÎ˚ !â˛ò !¢!Ñ˛õñ ¶%˛›˛yò Á ˆò˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï fl˛∫yÌ≈ˆÑÏ ˛ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ ãyòyÎ˚–
~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆò˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ ˜ÓˆÏî!üÑ˛ ò#!ì˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓy˚ «˛ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £Î˚–
1960 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆò˛ôyú !â˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢%¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛‹T £Î˚– !â˛ò ˆò˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD
¢#õyhs˘˛ !Ó°ÏÎÑ˚ ˛ â%˛!_´ ¢¡ôß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜÈÙÈ¢!% Óïy ˆîÎ˚– 1962 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !â˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !òÑ˛›˛
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚ £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆò˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¶˛yÓõ)!ì≈˛ «%˛] £Î˚– ˆò˛ôyú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ!â˛ò
õì˛y˜ÏòˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~£z î%£z ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ !òÑ˛›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜÈÙÈ¢!% Óïy xyîyÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ˆò˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈ ¢%Ó˚ òÓ˚õ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ Óyïƒ £Î˚– ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈˆò˛ôyú
¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ !Óòƒy¢ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ!â˛ò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ì˛yú !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ– ì˛ˆÏÓ ¶)˛≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ñ ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á
xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ ˆò˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆ˛Ï ô«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚!ò–
13.4 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
~£z ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ó≈Ï ˚ ˜ÓˆÏî!üÑ˛ ò#!ì˛ ≤ÃíÎ˚ò Á
!ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ xòƒyòƒ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛# ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈúñ ~£z ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ÈÙÈ!ÓòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !˛ôäÈˆòÏ
Ñ˛# ãyì˛#Î˚ v˛z˛ôyîyò Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú ~ÓÇ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ !ÓÓì≈˛ò Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ~£z
¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˜ÓˆÏî!üÑ˛ ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ xhs˘˛Ó≈lfl˛ £ú ˆãy›˛!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ì˛y Îy ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f
˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ Á õÎ≈yîy îyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– xyˆÏõ!Ó˚Ñ˛y Á ˆ¢y!¶˛ˆÏÎì˚ ˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚òÈÙÙÙÈv˛z¶˛Î˚ ˆãyˆÏ›˛Ó˚ Óy£zˆÓÏ ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚
!ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ ¢îƒÈÙÈfl˛∫yï#ò v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ü#úˆÏîü¢õ)£ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ˆÏãy›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ ÓúÎ˚ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ö%Ó
¢£ã !äÈú òyó ~£z Ñ˛!‡˛ò îy!Î˚c ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ!ü ˆîü¢õ)£ ˆÎõò !â˛ò Óy ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏòÓ˚
¢ˆÏD ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó≈îy£z ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È üy!hs˘˛˛ô)í≈ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ñ xyúy˛ôÈÙÈxyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢#õyhs˘˛ ¢£
xòƒyòƒ !ÓÓyîÈÙÈõ#õyÇ¢y ¢£ xòƒyòƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óy˚ ‹T… ò#!ì˛Ó˚ õ)ú v˛zˆj Ï üƒ !äÈú üy!hs˘˛˛ô)í≈ v˛z˛ôyˆÏÎ˚
¢õ@˘Ã î!«˛í ~!üÎ˚yÓ˚ õyòÓÈÙÈv˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ~£z ≤ÃˆâÏ ˛‹Ty ¢Ó ¢õÎ˚ ¢ö˛ú £Î˚!ò– !â˛ò Á
˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%k˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãõyí– ~£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏD xyÓ˚Á õˆÏò Ó˚yÖy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Ó!ú¤˛ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ õ%!_´ Î%k˛ˆÏÑ˛ ì˛Ó˚y!ß∫ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óy˚ ‹T… ò#!ì˛ ˆò˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ õì˛ò ˆäÈy›˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ!ü
ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ˆÏÑ˛ ì˛y£z üy!hs˘˛ñ v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ Á ¢%!fl˛i!ì˛Ó˚
î,!‹TˆìÏ ˛ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚y ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò–

1– ˆãy›˛!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú⁄
2– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ!â˛ò ¢#õyhs˘˛ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï S1962V ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ›˛#Ñ˛y !úÖ%ò–
3– Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú⁄ Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò
¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ Óí≈òy !îò–
4– ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ õ%!_´Î%ˆkÏ ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îò–
5– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ˆò˛ôyú â%˛!_´ S1950V ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
13.6 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
1– ˛Ó˚yïyÓ˚õí â˛e´Óì≈˛# Á ¢%Ñ˛“y â˛e´Óì≈˛# ÈÙÙÙÈ ¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 2006–
2– xúÑ˛Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆáy°Ï ÈÙÙÙÈ xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ Á Óì≈˛õyò !ÓŸª S1870ÈÙÈ2006Vñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 2007–
3– ≤ÃíÓ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 2010–
4– Harish Kapur — India’s Foreign Policy, 1947-92, Sage Publications, 1994.
˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ 4 ≠ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ñ ¢õyã Á ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛ S1950ÈÙÈ1970 ~Ó˚ îüÑ˛V

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 14  fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy
Ü‡˛ò
14.0 v˛zˆÏjüƒ
14.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
14.2 fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy
14.2.1 ¶)˛!õÈÙÈ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ Á ã!õîy!Ó˚ ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ v˛zˆÏFäÈî
14.2.2 ¶)˛îyò Á @˘Ãyõîyò xyˆÏ®yúò
14.2.3 ¢õÓyÎ˚ Á ¢õ!‹T v˛zß¨Î˚ò ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy˛
14.3 Ñ,˛!°Ïã v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Ó,!k˛ Á ¢Ó%ã !Ó≤’Ó
14.4 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
14.6 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
14.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
 fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ˆì
Ï ˛ Ñ,˛!°Ï v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Ó,!k˛Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãˆÏò Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÎ˚ Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=!ú ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò
xyòy £Î˚–
 Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÎ˚ xyòy ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !äÈú ¶)˛!õÈÙÈ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ ¢õÓyÎ˚ Ñ˛õ≈¢!) â˛ ì˛Ìy ˆÜy¤˛#ÈÙÈv˛zßÎ ¨ ò˚
≤ÃÑ˛“ñ }í ~ÓÇ Ñ,˛!°ÏˆìÏ ˛ v˛zßì¨ ˛ ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ≤ÃÎ!% _´Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚–
 1955 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÓ!üÓ˚ ¶˛yÜ ≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏü ã!õîy!Ó˚ v˛zˆFÏ äÈî Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚ £Î˚–
 Üy!ı˛Óyî# ˆòì˛y xyâ˛yÎ≈ !ÓˆÏòyÓy ¶˛yˆÏÓ Óƒ!_´Üì˛ ≤ÃˆâÏ ˛‹TyÎ˚ @˘Ãyõ#í ¶)˛!õ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò xyòˆÏì˛
¢ˆÏâ˛‹T £ò– ì§˛yÓ˚ ~£z ≤ÃÎy˚ ¢ ¶)˛îyò xyˆÏ®yúò òyˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛–
 ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyˆÏÜ Ñ,˛!°Ï Á Ñ,˛°ÏˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛Ó˚ ãòƒ ¢õÓyÎ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò Á ¢õ!‹T v˛zßÎ ¨ ò˚ Óy
ˆÜy¤˛#Üì˛ v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚–
 80ÈÙÈÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ÖyˆÏîƒ fl˛∫ÎÇ˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ £ÁÎ˚y äÈyv˛¸yÁ Öyîƒü¢ƒ !ÓˆÏîˆÏü Ó˚Æy!ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢«˛õ £Î˚–
14.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ú«˛ƒ !äÈú fl˛i!ÓÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !˛ô!äÈˆÎÏ ˚ ˛ôv˛¸y xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò xyòy ~ÓÇ
~ÈÙÈ!Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ £ÁÎ˚y ˆÎ ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%ö˛ú ˆÎò ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢#õyÓk˛
òy ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ~£z !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ˆÏÑ˛ =Ó˚&c !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ xyõˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò xyˆÏò– Ñ,˛!°Ï
v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Ó,!k˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ˆõˆÏò ¶)˛!õÈÙÈ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ ¢õÓyÎ˚ Ñ˛õ≈¢!) â˛ñ }íñ Ñ,˛!°ÏˆìÏ ˛ xyï%!òÑ˛ ˆÑ˛Ôüú
ì˛Ìy v˛zßì¨ ˛ ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ≤ÃÎ!% _´Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ =Ó˚&c xyˆÏÓy˚ ˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
14.2 fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy

Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy £ú Ñ,˛!°Ï v˛zÍ˛ôyîòñ Ñ,˛!°ÏÈÙÈ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ~ÓÇ Ñ,˛!°ÏÓ˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛ ¢Çeýhs˘˛ !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ Îy
¢õÎ˚ !ÓˆÏüˆÏ°Ï ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– fl˛iyï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÎ˚ Óv˛¸ ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò xyˆÏ¢– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛
Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ ≤Ãïyò ú«˛ƒ !äÈú fl˛i!ÓÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !˛ô!äÈˆÎÏ ˚ ˛ôv˛¸y xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò xyòy ~ÓÇ ~ÈÙÈ!Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ £ÁÎ˚y
ˆÎ ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%ö˛ú ˆÎò ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢#õyÓk˛ òy ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ~£z
!Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ˆÏÑ˛ =Ó˚c !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ xy£zò ≤ÃíÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ñ,˛!°ÏˆìÏ ˛ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÜì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò xyòˆÏì˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛‹T £Î˚–
~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !äÈú ¶)˛!õÈÙÈ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ ¢õÓyÎ˚ Ñ˛õ≈¢!) â˛ñ }íñ ˆÜy¤˛#ÈÙÈv˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ~ÓÇ ¢Ó%ã !Ó≤’Ó ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛–
14.2.1 ¶)˛!õÈÙÈ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ Á ã!õîy!Ó˚ ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ v˛zˆFÏ äÈî
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD£z ¶)˛!õ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÓòy!â˛hs˘˛y ÷Ó˚& £Î˚– 1949 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Ü!‡˛ì˛ Ñ,˛!°Ï
¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛!õ!›˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓîˆÏò ~£z x!¶˛õì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ˆÎ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ ¶)˛!õÈÙÈ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ äÈyv˛¸y Ñ,˛!°Ï v˛zÍ˛ôyîò
Ó,!k˛ ¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚– ~Á Óúy £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Á Ñ,˛°ÏˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ õïƒ¢_¥ˆ¶Ï ˛yÜ# xÌ≈yÍ
ã!õîyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy fl˛iyò ˆò£z ~ÓÇ Ñ,˛°ÏˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛ ã!õÓ˚ õy!úÑ˛yòy ÌyÑ˛y ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò– Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÎyˆÏì˛ ã!õ
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆFÏ äÈî Ñ˛Ó˚y òy £Î˚ ˆ¢ãòƒÁ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– Óƒ!_´õy!úÑ˛yòyï#ò ã!õÓ˚ ¢ˆÏÓy≈ Fâ˛ ¢#õyÁ !fl˛iÓ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
~£z Ñ˛!õ!›˛Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÇü ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ xyõˆÏú ¶)˛!õÈÙÈ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚# òy £ˆÏúÁ
¶)˛!õÈÙÈ¢ÇflÒyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ã!õîy!Ó˚ ≤ÃÌy v˛zˆFÏ äÈˆîÏ Ó˚ ãòƒ ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô ˆòÎ˚– 1949
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Î%_´≤ÃˆîÏ üñ !Ó£yÓ˚ñ õïƒ≤ÃˆîÏ üñ õyoyãñ ˆÓy¡∫y£zñ x¢õ ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛ xMÈ˛ˆÏú ã!õîy!Ó˚ ≤ÃÌy
!Óú%!ÆÓ˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyÜ ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚– 1951 Á 1955 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò ≤ÃÌõ Á â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ¢ÇˆÏüyïò# ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ã!õîy!Ó˚ v˛zˆFÏ äÈˆîÏ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £Î˚– 1955 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÓ!üÓ˚ ¶˛yÜ ≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏü ã!õîy!Ó˚ v˛zˆFÏ äÈî
Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚ £Î˚– ¶)˛!õ ¢Çeýhs˘˛ ò!Ì Á ì˛ˆÏÌƒÓ˚ x¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓyïyÓ˚ ¢,!‹T £ˆÏúÁ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛
ú«˛ ú«˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ≤Ããy ã!õÓ˚ õy!úÑ˛yòy úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ã!õ £yÓ˚yˆÏòyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ã!õîyÓ˚Óy˚ Ö%Ó ˆÓ!ü «˛!ì˛˛ô)Óí˚
˛ôyÎ˚!ò ~ÓÇ ˆ˛ôˆÏúÁ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆî!Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD 1953 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚# ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛Ï ~ÓÇ
ã!õîy!Ó˚ ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ xÓ¢yò áˆÏ›˛– v˛zm_ , ã!õ î!Ó˚o â˛y°Ï# Á ˆ«˛ì˛õã%Óˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Ó^˘›˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚–
ÓÜ≈îyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ãòƒ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ 60 üì˛yÇü ö˛¢ˆÏúÓ˚ ¶˛yÜ ïyÎ≈ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
ã!õîy!Ó˚ v˛zˆFÏ äÈˆîÏ Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ã!õîyÓ˚Óy˚ «˛!ì˛@˘Ãhfl˛Ï £ˆÏúÁ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y£z Ñ˛y!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ˆÜyâ˛yÓ˚íñ
˛ô%Ñ˛% Ó˚ £zì˛ƒy!î xÑ,˛!°Ï ã!õ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ !äÈú– ~äÈyv˛¸y Óƒ!_´Üì˛ â˛yˆÏ°ÓÏ ˚ ã!õÁ ì˛yÓ˚y Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ì˛– ~£z
Óƒ!_´Üì˛ ã!õÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí xˆÏòÑ˛ ≤ÃˆÏîˆÏü ≤ÃÌˆÏõ !fl˛iÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚!ò– ≤Ã¶˛yÓüyú# ã!õîyÓ˚Ó˚y
≤Ãüy¢òˆÏÑ˛Á ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ã!õîy!Ó˚ ≤ÃÌy v˛zˆFÏ äÈˆîÏ Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˛ô)Óì≈ ˛ò ã!õîyˆÏÓÓ˚ y˚ ˆÎ «˛!ì˛˛ô)Óí˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú
ì˛y ì˛yÓ˚y Ñ,˛!°ÏˆìÏ ˛ !Ó!òˆÏÎy˚ Ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ïò# Á ¢¡ôß¨ Ñ,˛°ÏˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚y v˛zßì¨ ˛ Îs˛f˛ôy!ì˛ Á xyï%!òÑ˛ ≤ÃÌyÎ˚ â˛y°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
Ñ,˛!°Ï v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Ó,!k˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú–
fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÎ¢Ó ≤Ããyfl˛∫c xy£zò ≤ÃíÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ !äÈú ã!õÓ˚ õy!úÑ˛ ~ÓÇ
≤ÃãyˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢yõO¢ƒ!Óïyò– ¶)˛!õÈÙÈ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xMÈ˛ˆÏú Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ Á
≤ÃãyÓ˚y v˛z˛ôÑ,˛ì˛ £ˆÏúÁ ≤Ããyfl˛∫c xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ xfl˛∫FäÈì˛yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ !òˆÏÎ˚ Óy Óú≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Á ¶˛#!ì˛≤Ãîü≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
Ó˝ ≤ÃãyˆÏÑ˛ ã!õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zÍÖyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ≤ÃãyˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ «%˛o xÇü ã!õÓ˚ fl˛∫_¥ ˆ˛ôˆÏúÁ x!ïÑ˛yÇü
≤Ããy£z Ó˚*˛ôyhs˘˛!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ˆ«˛ì˛õã%Ó˚ Óy ¶˛yÜâ˛y°Ï#ˆÏì˛– 1961 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ xyîõ¢%õy!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãyòy ÎyÎ˚
ˆÎ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y 82 ãò ≤Ããy£z !òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ ˆÓyï Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛– ¶)˛!õÈÙÈ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ_¥Á ¶˛yÜâ˛y!°Ï Á
ˆ«˛ì˛õã%Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ fl˛∫yFäÈ® !äÈú òy ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚y òyòy¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆüy°ÏˆÏíÓ˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ £ì˛– 1951 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚
˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÜâ˛y!°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ÎyˆÏì˛ fl˛∫c òy ãß√yÎ˚ ˆ¢ãòƒ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛£yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛ì˛õã%Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÓíì˛y ˆîÖy
ˆîÎ˚– 60ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°ÏÁ ˆÓ!üÓ˚ ¶˛yÜ Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ã!õÓ˚ õy!úÑ˛yòy fl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛ £Î˚!òñ 1977 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑
˛ô!ÿ˛õÓyÇúyÎ˚ Óyõö˛r›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ 1978 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ÓÜ≈yîyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ òyõ ò!Ì¶%˛_´ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚
v˛zˆÏîƒyÜ ˆòÎ˚– Úx˛ôyˆÏÓ˚üò ÓÜ≈yÛ Î!îÁ Ó,£Í ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ ÓÜ≈yîyÓ˚ Óy ¶˛yÜâ˛y!°ÏÓ˚ ã!õÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆ¶˛yÜîÖˆÏúÓ˚
!òÓ˚y˛ô_y ¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ~£z ≤Ã!e´Î˚y!›˛Á ¢¡ô)í≈ ¢ö˛ú £Î˚!ò– ˆÑ˛Ó˚yúy Á ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD ¢ö˛ú
£ˆÏúÁ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤ÃˆÏîˆÏü ≤Ããyfl˛∫_¥ ˆÓ!üÓ˚ ¶˛yÜ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢%Ó˚!«˛ì˛ £Î˚!ò– Ó˚yãƒ=!úˆÏì˛
â˛y°ÏyÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚ Ó˚yãˆÏfl˛∫Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí !òï≈yÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy£zò ≤Ãí#ì˛ £Î˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ x!ïÑ˛yÇü
Ó˚yˆÏãƒ v˛zÍ˛ôß¨ ö˛¢ˆÏúÓ˚ 20 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 25 üì˛yÇü Ó˚yãfl˛∫ !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏúÁ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈ˛ôyOyÓñ
£!Ó˚Î˚yòyñ ì˛y!õúòyv˛Yñ xı…˛≤ÃˆÏîˆÏü 33.3 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 40 üì˛yÇü ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ Ó˚yãfl˛∫ ïyÎ≈ £Î˚– 1960ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
õyG˛yõy!G˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !Ñ˛ä%È xÇˆÏü ¢Ó%ã !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy £ˆÏú Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!ì˛!Ó˚_´ Ó˚yãˆÏfl˛∫Ó˚
â˛y˛ô ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ˛ôyOyˆÏÓÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È xÇˆÏü Ó˚yãˆÏfl˛∫Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí 70 üì˛yÇˆÏü ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈyÎ˚– ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ¢¡ôß¨
Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ã!õÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆ¶˛yÜîÖˆÏúÓ˚ !òÓ˚y˛ô_y !äÈú ì˛yÓ˚y !ò!î≈‹T ˛ô!Ó˚õyí Ó˚yãfl˛∫ ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
¢%!ÓïyãòÑ˛ xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ !òÓ˚y˛ô_y£#ò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ Óy ¶˛yÜâ˛y°Ï# x¢£yÎ˚ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú– ~
¢ˆÏ_¥Á ã!õîy!Ó˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ xÓú%!Æñ ≤Ããy¢_¥ xy£zò ì˛Ìy ¶)˛!õ ¢ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ £z!ì˛Óyâ˛Ñ˛ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
xÌ≈ò#!ì˛!Óî Danial Tharner õhs˘˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ‘despite all the evasions, leakages, loopholes,
and so on, many millions of cultivators who had previously been weak tenants or
tenants at will were enabled to become superior tenants or virtual owners’. ˆÎ ¢Ó
Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ¶˛yÜâ˛y°Ï# ÎyÓ˚y ã!õ ˆ¶˛yÜ îÖˆÏúÓ˚ fl˛∫c úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú ~ÓÇ !ò!î≈‹T Ó˚yãfl˛∫ ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛˛ó
¶)˛!õ£#ò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ÎyÓ˚y ã!õÓ˚ v˛zk≈˛¢#õy !òï≈yÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢%ÓyˆÏî x!ì˛!Ó˚_´ ã!õÓ˚ õy!úÑ˛yòy úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú˛ó ˆÎ
¢Ó xò%˛ô!fl˛iì˛ ã!õîyÓ˚ ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúÈÙÙÙÈ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ ~ÓÇ ¢Ω˛yÓòy !äÈú
!òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡ôîˆÏÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ!ì˛ü#ú Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚– ~Ó˚y ≤Ãy!ì˛¤˛y!òÑ˛ v˛zÍ¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ }í
¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú ˆÎ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ e´õü î!Ó˚o Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ òyÜyˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xy¢yÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy
˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
14.2.2 ¶)˛îyò Á @˘Ãyõîyò xyˆÏ®yúò
¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyÜ Á ≤ÃˆâÏ ˛‹TyÎ˚ ã!õîyÓ˚ Á xòƒyòƒ õïƒfl˛∫_ˆ¥ ¶Ï ˛yÜ#ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zm_ , ã!õ ¶)˛!õ£#ò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ Á
≤ÃãyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ór›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy!›˛ v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ ¢yö˛úƒ ˛ôyÎ˚!ò– ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Üy!ı˛Óyî# ˆòì˛y xyâ˛yÎ≈
!ÓˆÏòyÓy ¶˛yˆÏÓ Óƒ!_´Üì˛ ≤ÃˆâÏ ˛‹TyÎ˚ @˘Ãyõ#í ¶)˛!õ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò xyòˆÏì˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛‹T £ò– ì§˛yÓ˚ ~£z ≤ÃÎy˚ ¢ ¶)˛îyò
xyˆÏ®yúò òyõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢õyˆÏã ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò £Î˚ òyÈÙÙÙÈ~£z ¶˛yÓòy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò ¶)˛fl˛∫yõ#ˆÏîÓ˚
£*îˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ~ˆÏò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆfl˛∫FäÈyÎ˚ ã!õîyò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã Óì˛# £ò– xyâ˛yÎ≈ ¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ !äÈú Ú¢yõƒÓyî#Û
¢õyã Ü‡˛ò– !ì˛!ò ÓúˆÏì˛ò Óyì˛y¢ñ ãú Óy ¢)Î!≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎõò Ñ˛yÓ˚Á ˛ô)í≈ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚
òy ˆì˛õ!ò ã!õÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓÁ ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚&Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆò£zñ ÓÓ˚Ç ã!õ Á ¢¡ô!_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚
xyˆÏäÈ– ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ¶)˛!õ£#ò õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ãòƒ !ì˛!ò ã!õ ¢Ç@˘Ãˆ£Ï v˛zˆîÏ ƒyÜ# £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò ~ÓÇ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò õyò%°Ï ì˛yÓ˚
≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓü#ˆÏÑ˛ ã!õ !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚&Ñ˛–
xyâ˛yÎ≈ !ÓˆÏòy¶˛y ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Óyhfl˛ÏÓy!Î˚ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ ¢ˆÏÓy≈ îÎ˚ ¢õyã Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – !ì˛!ò Á ì§˛yÓ˚
xò%Üyõ#Ó˚y @˘ÃyˆÏõ @˘ÃyˆÏõ á%ˆÓÏ ˚ ïò# ¶)˛fl˛∫yõ#ˆÏîÓ˚ xò%ˆÓÏ y˚ ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ î!Ó˚o â˛y°Ï#ˆÏîÓ˚ ã!õ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ– 1952
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1954 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 30 ú«˛ ~Ñ˛Ó˚ ã!õ ¶)˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y !ÜˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÓ!ü›˛y£z
!äÈú !Ó£yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– !Ó£yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÜÎ˚y ˆãúy !äÈú xyâ˛yÎ≈ ¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò ˆÑ˛w– 1956 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚
õˆÏïƒ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 40 ú«˛ ~Ñ˛Ó˚ ã!õ ¶)˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ì˛ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ Ü!ì˛
õs˛iÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
¶)˛îyò xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yö˛úƒ !äÈú ¢#!õì˛– ¢yÓ˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ã%ˆvÏ ˛¸ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò äÈ!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!ò– !Ó£yˆÏÓ˚
¢ÇÜ,£#ì˛ ã!õÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y£z !äÈú xò%ÓÓ≈ ˚ ~ÓÇ Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛yˆÏÎÓ≈ ˚ xò%˛ôÎ%_´– õyõúy â˛úyÎ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ã!õ !äÈú !Óì˛!Ñ≈˛ì˛–
~£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ ¢õhfl˛Ï ã!õ Ó^˘›˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚!ò– 1961 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆÜyv˛¸yÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 8 ú«˛ 72 £yãyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛Ó˚
ã!õ Ór›˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
xyâ˛yÎ≈ ¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ Üí¢õÌ≈ò úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!ò– ã!õîyì˛yÜí x!ïÑ˛yÇü ˆ«˛ˆÏe v˛zÓ≈Ó˚
ã!õ £yì˛äÈyv˛¸y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!ò– Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈ ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆÑ˛v˛z ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò xÇü !òˆÏúÁ ¢yïyÓ˚í¶˛yˆÏÓ
Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ~ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyhs˘˛!Ó˚Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ !äÈú– ¶)˛fl˛∫yõ#Ó˚y ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!ò–
ì˛ˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛Ìy xòfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈ ˆÎ v˛zm,_ ã!õ Ór›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ v˛zˆÏîƒyÜ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ¢ö˛ú £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò
¶)˛îyò Óy @˘Ãyõîyò xyˆÏ®yúò ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓÑ˛“ ˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢ı˛yò !îˆÏÎ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y xyüy v˛zj#˛ôòyÓ˚
¢MÈ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– !ÓˆÏòy¶˛y ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˛ôk˛!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ¢õyã ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
xyhs˘˛!Ó˚Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ !äÈú òy–
14.2.3 ¢õÓyÎ˚ Á ¢õ!‹T v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyˆÏÜ Ñ,˛!°Ï Á Ñ,˛°ÏˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛Ó˚ ãòƒ ¢õÓyÎ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò Á ¢õ!‹T
v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ Óy ˆÜy¤˛#Üì˛ v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚– ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ñ,˛!°ÏÓ˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛ ~ÓÇ îy!Ó˚o
î)Ó#˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í ¢Ω˛Ó ~£z ¶˛yÓòy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢õÓyÎ˚ Ñ˛õ≈¢!) â˛ ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚– 1949 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Üy!ı˛Óyî# ˆòì˛y Ñ%˛õyÓ˚yØyÓ˚
¢¶˛y˛ô!ì˛ˆÏc Ü!‡˛ì˛ Ñ,˛!°Ï ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛!õ!›˛ ˆäÈy›˛ Óv˛¸ ¢Ó ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛yˆÏÎÓ≈ ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢õÓyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ xyîü≈ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ˆÏÜÓ˚
¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõ ¢õÓyÎ˚ ¢!õ!ì˛ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ }í¢Ç@˘Ã£ Á ˛ôíƒ!Óe´Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆäÈy›˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚
ˆÎÔÌ¶˛yˆÏÓ ã!õ â˛yˆÏ°ÓÏ ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ~ˆÏì˛ Óúy £Î˚– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛yˆÏÎ≈ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ Îs˛f˛ôy!ì˛ Á Ó#ˆÏãÓ˚ ãòƒ
Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ã!õîyÓ˚ Óy õ£yãˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚fl˛i £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò !äÈú òy– ≤ÃÌõ ˛ôMÈ˛Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÎ˚ ˆäÈy›˛ Á
õyG˛y!Ó˚ Ñ,˛!°Ïˆ«Ï ˛e=!úˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛e Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢õÓyÎ˚ ¢!õ!ì˛Ó˚ xï#ˆÏò xyòyÓ˚ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– 1952 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑
2 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ ¢õ!‹T v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy £Î˚– ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ ¢ö˛ú Ó˚*˛ôyÎ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ñ,˛!°Ïñ
˛ô÷˛ôyúòñ fl˛∫yfl˛iƒñ ¢õÓyÎ˚ ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛yãÑ˛ˆÏõÓ≈ ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢õß∫Î˚ ¢yïò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ â˛yÁÎ˚y £Î˚– ≤ÃyÎ˚
300!›˛ @˘Ãyõ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ≤ÃÑ˛“ Ü!‡˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ~£z ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˆõy›˛ 55!›˛ v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ≤ÃÑ˛“ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy
Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛_¥yÓïyˆÏò ≤ÃÌõ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÎ˚ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚– ˆÎ ¢Ó ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ ˆ¢â˛ Óy !ò!î≈‹T ˛ô!Ó˚õyí Ó,!‹T˛ôyì˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãˆÏúÓ˚ ¢Ó˚ÓÓ˚y£ ˆõy›˛yõ%!›˛ ¢ˆÏhs˘˛y°ÏãòÑ˛ !äÈúñ ˆ¢£z ¢õhfl˛Ï ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ ~£z ¢õ!‹T v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ Ñ˛yã
÷Ó˚& £Î˚– ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ~úyÑ˛y 100!›˛ @˘Ãyõ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜ !Ó¶˛_´ !äÈú– 20!›˛ !Ó¶˛yÜ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛
~Ñ˛!›˛ @˘Ãyõ Ü!‡˛ì˛ £ì˛– !¢k˛yhs˘˛ £Î˚ v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ~úyÑ˛y=!úˆÏì˛ Ó#ãñ ¢yÓ˚ñ Ñ˛#›˛òyüÑ˛ñ Ñ,˛!°Ï ¢Ó˚Oyõ £zì˛ƒy!î
¢Ó˚ÓÓ˚y£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛zßÎ¨ ˆ˚ òÏ Ó˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ–
1959 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ãyò%Îy˚ !Ó˚ õyˆÏ¢ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ òyÜ˛ô%Ó˚ x!ïˆÏÓüˆÏò @˘Ãyõ ˛ôMÈ˛yˆÏÎì˚ ˛ Á ¢õÓyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ
@˘Ãyõ#í v˛zßÎ¨ ˆ˚ òÏ Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ =Ó˚&c ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚– !¢k˛yhs˘˛ ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚ ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛Ï ã!õ ~Ñ˛!eì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢õÓyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
õyïƒˆÏõ ˆÎÔÌ¶˛yˆÏÓ â˛y°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ– ã!õÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚ õy!úÑ˛yòy fl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ã!õÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ £yˆÏÓ˚
Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ v˛zÍ˛ôß¨ ö˛¢ˆÏúÓ˚ ¶˛yÜ ˛ôyˆÏÓ– ˆÎ¢Ó ¶)˛!õ£#ò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ˆÎÔÌ ÖyõyˆÏÓ˚ â˛y°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ ì˛yÓ˚yÁ ˛ô!Ó˚◊ˆÏõÓ˚ õ)úƒ
!£¢yˆÏÓ ö˛¢ˆÏúÓ˚ !ò!î≈‹T ¶˛yÜ ˛ôyˆÏÓ– ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ó˚*˛ôy!Î˚ì˛ £Î˚!ò Ñ˛yÓ˚í Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á Óy£zˆÓÏ ˚ ~£z
!¢k˛yˆÏhs˘˛Ó˚ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– Ó˚yãyˆÏÜy˛ôyúyâ˛yÓ˚#ñ â˛Ó˚í !¢Ç ≤ÃõÖ% ˆòì˛y õhs˘˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ˆÎ ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛!›˛
~Ñ˛òyÎ˚Ñ˛ì˛s˛f# ¢yõƒÓyî# ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ˆãyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîüÓy¢#Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ â˛y!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚y ˆõˆÏò ˆòˆÏÓ òy–
ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ¢Ç¢ˆÏî ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ó˚*˛ôy!Î˚ì˛ òy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ö˛ˆÏú ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï
¢yö˛úƒúy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ!˚ ò–
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢õÓyÎ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò v˛zÍ¢y£ Á xy@˘Ã£ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏúÁ Ñ˛yÎ≈ˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏe ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚
Ñ˛yˆÏÎ!˚ õ fl˛∫yÌ≈Ó«˚ ˛yÓ˚ ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ≤Ã¶˛yÓüyú# ¢¡ôß¨ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛Ó˚y ¢õÓyÎ˚ ¢!õ!ì˛ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ã!õÓ˚ v˛zïπ≈ì˛õ
¢#õy¢Çeýhs˘˛ xy£zò Óy ≤Ããy¢_¥ xy£zò=!úˆÏÑ˛ úAáò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ @˘Ãyõ ¢õyˆÏã !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ «˛õì˛y x›%˛›˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ !äÈú–
ã!õÓ˚ õy!úÑ˛yòyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe e´õÓk≈˛õyò x¢yõƒñ xÑ,˛!°Ïã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ ã!õ â˛ˆÏú ÎyÁÎ˚yñ Ñ,˛!°Ïã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚
ü£Ó˚yMÈ˛ˆÏú â˛ˆÏú xy¢y ~ÓÇ @˘Ãyõ#í ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ fl˛∫yˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ m®¥ £zì˛ƒy!î !äÈú o&ì˛ v˛zßÎ¨ ˆ˚ òÏ Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ôs˛i#– ì˛yäÈyv˛¸y
≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ÓÓ˚yj xˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí Á v˛zßÎ¨ ˆ˚ òÏ Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢Ç!Ÿ’‹T Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy ÎˆÏÌ‹T !äÈú
òy– Óhfl˛% ì˛ v˛z_õí≈ Á xïõí≈ñ ã!õÓ˚ õy!úÑ˛ Á ÓÜ≈yîyÓ˚ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ fl˛∫yˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ ¢õß∫Î˚ á!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚
Ñ˛Ó˚y !äÈú Ñ˛!‡˛ò !Ó°ÏÎ–˚ ˆÜy¤˛#ÈÙÈv˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ ö˛ú◊&!ì˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ }í ¢õÓyÎ˚ ¢!õ!ì˛ñ ˛ôMÈ˛yˆÏÎì˚ ˛ £zì˛ƒy!î
≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏúÁ ~£z ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò=!ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÓì˛#Î˚ ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜÈÙÈ¢!% Óïy xyîyÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòò ã!õîyÓ˚ Á
õ£yãˆÏòÓ˚y– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãî_ ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜÈÙÈ¢!% Óïy ¢!‡˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ£*ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì˛≈ ¢¡ôß¨ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ñ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛
~ÓÇ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã¶˛yÓüyú# Óƒ!_´ñ xÑ,˛!°ÏÑ˛yˆÏã Î%_´ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚#Ó˚y v˛z˛ôÑ,˛ì˛ £Î˚– 1969 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !Ó˚ãy¶≈˛
ÓƒyÇÑ˛ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓîò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãyòy ÎyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ‘tenant cultivators agricultural labourers and others’
secured only 4 to 6 percent of the total credit disbursed’.
1951ÈÙÈ52 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ @˘Ãyõ hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ¢õÓyÎ˚ ¢!õ!ì˛ Primary Agrucultural Credit Societies
(PACS) 23 ˆÑ˛y!›˛ ›˛yÑ˛y }í !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ~£z ïÓ˚ˆò Ï Ó˚ ¢!õ!ì˛=!ú 1960ÈÙÈ61 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 200 ˆÑ˛y!›˛ ›˛yÑ˛y
~ÓÇ 1992ÈÙÈ93 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 4ñ900 ˆÑ˛y!›˛ ›˛yÑ˛y }í ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú–1951ÈÙÈ52 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¢õÓyÎ˚
¢!õ!ì˛=!ú Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ }ˆÏíÓ˚ õye 3.3 üì˛yÇü ˛ô)Óí˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– 1980 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ì˛y ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆäÏ È!äÈú
30 üì˛yÇˆÏüÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ– ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ,˛!°Ïã#Ó#Ó˚y Óyïƒ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú õ£yãòñ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚# ~ÓÇ ¶)˛fl˛∫yõ#ˆÏîÓ˚
!òÑ˛›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ }í @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛–
Ñ,˛!°Ïã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ }ˆÏíÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛zÍ¢ S1951ÈÙÈ1981V
üì˛yÇˆÏüÓ˚ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ
1951ÈÙÈ52 1971 1981
õ£yãòñ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚#ñ ¶)˛fl˛∫yõ# ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛ 92.7 68.3 36.8
¢õÓyÎ˚ ¢!õ!ì˛ 3.3 22.0 29.9
Óy!í!ãƒÑ˛ ÓƒyÇÑ˛ 0.9 2.6 29.4
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ 3.1 7.1 3.9
Source : All India Debt and Investment Survey, 1961-62, 1981 cited in Bipan Chandra and
others, India After Independence Penguin, 1999, p. 550.
14.3 Ñ,˛!°Ïã v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Ó,!k˛ Á ¢Ó%ã !Ó≤’Ó

fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ôyhs˘˛Ó˚ á›˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ≤ÃÎy˚ ¢ ÷Ó˚&
£ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ú«˛ƒ !äÈú Ñ,˛!°Ï v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Ó,!k˛– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏü ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãˆÏòÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ Ñ,˛!°Ï
v˛zÍ˛ôyîò ÎˆÏÌ‹T !äÈú òy– ÖyˆÏîƒÓ˚ â˛y!£îy ~ÓÇ ˆÎyÜyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yˆÏõƒÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ !äÈú– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
Ñ,˛!°ÏˆìÏ ˛ ≤ÃÎ!% _´Üì˛ ¢ÇflÒyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢)â˛òy £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚ñ ¢Ó%ã !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ xyÜõò áˆÏ›˛– ¢Ó%ã !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚
¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ¢õÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ !˛ôäÈˆòÏ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚í Ñ˛# !äÈú ì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ !Óì˛Ñ≈˛ xyˆÏäÈ– Ñ,˛!°Ï
v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Ó,!k˛¢£ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ñ,˛!°Ïã#Ó# ˆ◊!í !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ î!Ó˚o Ñ,˛°ÏˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ¢Ó%ã !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ !òˆÏÎÁ ˚
xyˆÏúyâ˛òy xyˆÏäÈ–
ˆò£Ó˚&Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yˆÏú xÌ≈yÍ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1964 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ì§˛yÓ˚ õ,ì˛% ƒ ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ñ,˛!°ÏˆìÏ ˛
≤Ãy!ì˛¤˛y!òÑ˛ ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ äÈyv˛¸y ≤ÃÎ!% _´Üì˛ ˆÑ˛ÔüˆÏúÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Ó,!k˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï =Ó˚&c ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚!ò–
ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ãy!ì˛¤˛y!òÑ˛ ¢ÇflÒyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü xyï%!òÑ˛ Ñ,˛!°ÏÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ì˛y ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& v˛zˆ˛Ï ô«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ !ò–
¶˛yÑ˛Ó˚yÈÙÈòyDyú-~Ó˚ v˛zßì¨ ˛ ˆ¢â˛ ~ÓÇ !Óî%ƒÍ ≤ÃÑ˛“ñ Ñ,˛!°Ï !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ñ Ñ,˛!°Ï ÜˆÏÓ°Ïíyõ)úÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÜyÓ˚ñ ¢yÓ˚ñ
v˛z!qîñ ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚# !üˆÏ“Ó˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü fl˛iyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ¢Ó%ã !Ó≤’Ó !ÓˆÏü°ÏK˛ G. S. Bhalla õhs˘˛Óƒ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ñ ‘The qualitative technological transformation in India—the Green Revolution
... came about not during his lifetime but soon after his death. But the foundations
for the technological development were laid during Nehru’s time’.
1949 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1965 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ,˛!°Ïã v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Ó,!k˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏúÁ 50ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
õyG˛yõy!G˛ ¢õÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Öyîƒ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ ì˛#Ó £Î˚– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ e´õyÜì˛ ãò¢ÇÖƒy Ó,!k˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ ÖyˆÏîƒÓ˚
â˛y!£îy Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ ˆÎyÜyò ˆîÁÎ˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ÓyãyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ x¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– 1947ÈÙÈ48 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ !ÓˆÏîü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 3 !õ!úÎ˚ò ›˛ò Öyîƒü¢ƒ xyõîy!ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– 1963 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑
~£z xyõîy!òÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí e´õyÜì˛ Ó,!k˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ 4.5 !õ!úÎ˚ò ›˛ˆÏò ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆäÏ È!äÈú– ~£z ¢õÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ!â˛ò Î%k˛
S1962V ~ÓÇ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛Ïyò Î%k˛ S1965V äÈyv˛¸y 1965ñ 66 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˛ôÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ î%£z ÓäÈÓ˚ î%!¶≈˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú
Ñ,˛!°Ïãyì˛ üˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ ö˛úò 17 üì˛yÇü ~ÓÇ ÖyîƒüˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ ö˛úò 20 üì˛yÇü £…y¢ ˛ôyÎ˚–
~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ 60ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyG˛yõy!G˛ Öyîƒ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò ~ÓÇ xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ !îÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ fl˛∫ÈÙÈ!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ £ÁÎ˚y
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò !ÓˆÏÓâ˛ƒ !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚– Ñ,˛!°Ïã v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Ó,!k˛Ó˚ ãòƒ ò)ì˛ò ˆÑ˛Ôüú xÓú¡∫ò
Ñ˛Ó˚y ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# úyúÓy£yî%Ó˚ üyfl˛f#ñ Öyîƒ õs˛f# !¢. ¢%Óõ!òÎ˚õ ~ÓÇ
úyúÓy£yî%Ó˚ üyfl˛f#Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú£z ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Ñ,˛!°Ï ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ v˛zßÎ¨ ˆ˚ òÏ Ó˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ˆ¢â˛ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ¢%!Óïy xyˆÏäÈ ~õò ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ v˛zFâ˛ ö˛¢òü#ú Ó#ãñ Ó˚y¢yÎ˚!òÑ˛ ¢yÓ˚ñ Ñ˛#›˛òyüÑ˛ oÓƒñ
Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛yˆÏã ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ˆÎÏ yÜƒ Îs˛f˛ôy!ì˛ ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈ›˛ΔyQÓ˚ñ ˆ¢ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ãòƒ ˛ôy¡ôñ Ñ,˛!°Ï ã!õ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iyñ Ñ,˛!°Ï
!ü«˛í ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!ì˛¤˛y!òÑ˛ }íÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ 32 !õ!úÎ˚ò ~Ñ˛Ó˚ ã!õ ~ÓÇ
¢õ@˘Ã Ñ˛!°Ïì≈ ˛ ã!õÓ˚ 10 üì˛yÇü ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yõ)úÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ~ãòƒ !òï≈yÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ !Ó!òˆÏÎy˚ Ü Ñ,˛!°ÏˆìÏ ˛
v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– 1968 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1973 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !Ó!òˆÏÎy˚ ˆÏÜÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí !m=í
Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚–
Ñ,˛!°ÏˆìÏ ˛ ò)ì˛ò ˆÑ˛Ôüú ~ÓÇ !Ó!òˆÏÎy˚ ˆÏÜÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÎ˚ Ö%Ó x“ ¢õˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ õˆÏïƒ ö˛¢ú
v˛zÍ˛ôyîˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– 1967ÈÙÈ68 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1970ÈÙÈ71 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ÖyîƒüˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚
v˛zÍ˛ôyîò ≤ÃyÎ˚ 35 üì˛yÇü Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– 1966 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ÖyîƒüˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ xyõîy!òÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí 10.3 !õ!úÎ˚ò ›˛ò
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ £…y¢ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ 3.7 !õ!úÎ˚ò ›˛ˆÏò ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈÎ–˚ ~Ñ˛£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ÖyîƒüˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ Ó,!k˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí 73.5 !õ!úÎ˚ò ›˛ò
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 99.5 !õ!úÎ˚ò ›˛ˆÏò ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈÎ–˚ 80ÈÙÈÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ÷ï%õye ÖyˆÏîƒ fl˛∫ÎÇ˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ òÎ˚ñ Öyîƒü¢ƒ !ÓˆÏîˆÏü
Ó˚Æy!ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛Á ¢«˛õ £Î˚–
¢Ó%ã !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢_ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆÜyv˛¸yÎ˚ ~£z ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ x!¶˛õì˛ ˆ˛ôy°Ïí
Ñ˛yÓ˚ £Î˚ ˆÎ ¢Ó%ã !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú @˘ÃyõyMÈ˛ˆÏú ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˆõÓ˚&Ñ˛Ó˚í ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È– ïò# Óy ¢¡ôß¨ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ î!Ó˚o
Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ Óy Ñ,˛!°Ïã#Ó#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆüy°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ü!_´üyú# £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– Ñ˛yÓ˚í î!Ó˚o Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ Ñ,˛!°ÏˆìÏ ˛ xyï%!òÑ˛ ≤ÃÎ!% _´Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ òy ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ¶)˛!õ£#ò Ñ,˛°ÏˆÑÏ ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ~äÈyv˛¸y Ñ,˛!°ÏˆìÏ ˛ ÎˆÏs˛fÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ó,!k˛Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú Ñ,˛!°Ï ◊!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
â˛y!£îy £…y¢ñ ˆÓÑ˛yÓ˚c Ó,!k˛ ~ÓÇ Ñ,˛!°Ï ◊!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õã%Ó#˚ £…yˆÏ¢Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y á›˛òy áˆÏ›˛– ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛
x¢ˆÏhs˘˛yˆÏ°ÓÏ ˚ ¢,!‹T £Î˚–
˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ á›˛òy ~ÓÇ xyï%!òÑ˛ ÜˆÏÓ°ÏíyÎ˚ ~£z ïyÓ˚íy ºyhs˘˛ ≤Ãõy!íì˛ £Î˚– 60 îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆü°Ï ~ÓÇ
70ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛Ó˚ ÚÜ!Ó˚Ó# £›˛yÁÛ (Garibi hatao) x!¶˛ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ !äÈú @˘ÃyõyMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ î!Ó˚oñ
«%˛o Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ¶)˛!õ£#òˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ – ~ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ˆÎõò Rural Works Programme,
Small Farmers Development Agency, Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers
Scheme, Cash Scheme for Rural Employment, The Employment Gurantee Scheme in
Maharasthra ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛òy £Î˚– Small Farmers Development Agency ~ÓÇ Marginal
Farmers and Agricultural Labourers Scheme ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ 1.5 !õ!úÎ˚ò «%˛o ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˘˛Ñ˛
Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫“ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î#á≈ˆõÏ Î˚y!î }í ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚– ~äÈyv˛¸y Ó˝¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ î!Ó˚o Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õÓyÎ˚ ¢!õ!ì˛ñ ¶)˛!õ
v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ÓƒyÇÑ˛ñ Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ Óy!í!ãƒÑ˛ ÓƒyÇÑ˛ }í ˆîÎ˚– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ «%˛o Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶)˛!õ£#ò Ñ,˛!°Ïã#Ó#
ò)ì˛ò ≤ÃÎ!% _´ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ î%ÓÓ˚ fl˛iy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y ˛ôyÎ˚–
@˘Ãyõ#í îy!Ó˚o î)Ó#˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ ¢Ó%ã !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y xòfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈– v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Ó,!k˛Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ÖyîƒüˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚
ˆÎyÜyò Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚ñ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ÖyîƒüˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ õ)úƒ £…y¢ ˛ôyÎ˚ñ Ñ,˛!°Ï ~ÓÇ xÑ,˛!°Ï ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ñ˛õ≈¢Çfl˛iyò ¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚ñ
◊!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õã%Ó#˚ Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ x¢ˆÏhs˘˛yˆÏ°ÓÏ ˚ á›˛òy á›˛ˆÏúÁ ì˛y ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !ò¡¨hfl˛ÏÓ¶˚ ˛% _´ Ñ,˛°ÏˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y
¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚!ò– «%˛o Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó,£Í Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ÎyÓ˚y ò)ì˛ò xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ v˛z˛ôÑ,˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈúñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ â˛y!£îy
Ó,!k˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~£z ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ x¢ˆÏhs˘˛y°Ï ˆîÖy !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
14.4 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ó≈Ï ˚ Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !îÑ˛ Á ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ ~£z ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Á
!ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ¢)e ïˆÏÓ˚ 1947 ¢yˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !˛ô!äÈˆÎÏ ˚ ˛ôv˛¸y xÌ≈ò#!ì˛
úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÇü õyò%°Ï !äÈú Ñ,˛!°Ï!ò¶≈˛Ó˚– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy !äÈú ˜Ó°ÏˆõÏ ƒ ¶˛Ó˚y– @˘Ãyõ#í
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !Óhfl˛Ï#í≈ xMÈ˛ˆÏú ã!õîyÓ˚ÈÙÈˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ÈÙÈ¶˛) fl˛∫yõ#ÈÙÈÑ˛% úyÑ˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ x≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ïƒ ≤Ãyïyòƒ !äÈú– fl˛∫yï#ò
ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ˆòì,˛ÓÜ≈ xò%ïyÓò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú ˆÎ Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ ~£z ˜Ó°Ïõƒ î)Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ òy ˛ôyÓ˚ˆú Ï ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í
x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏÓ òy– ¶)˛!õÈÙÈ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ ò#!ì˛ ≤ÃíÎ˚ò !äÈú ~£z !â˛hs˘˛yÓ˚ ö˛¢ú– xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~›˛y fl˛ô‹T ˆÎ
÷ï% xy£zò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~£z ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã ¢yö˛úƒ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y Ñ˛!‡˛ò– ~Ó˚ãòƒ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò !äÈú î,ë˛¸ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢!îFäÈyñ
Ñ˛ÖòÁ Ñ˛ÖòÁ ÎyÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ÓˆÏú õˆÏò £Î˚– ö˛ˆÏú fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓÁ ˚ ˆîˆÏü
¶)˛!õÈÙÈ¢ÇflÒyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ñ˛yã ¢¡ô)í≈ £Î˚!ò– xyõ)ú ¶)˛!õÈÙÈ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ Óƒì˛#ì˛ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Ó,!k˛ Óy îy!Ó˚o î)Ó#˚ Ñ˛Ó˚íÈÙÙÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy›˛y£z
¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚–

1– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
2– ¶)˛!õ ¢ÇflÒyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ö˛ˆÏú Ñ,˛!°Ïã#Ó#Ó˚y Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ¢%Ó!˚ «˛ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú⁄
3– ˆÜy¤˛#ÈÙÈv˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ≤ÃÑ˛“ !Ñ˛ ¢ö˛ú £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú⁄
4– ¢Ó%ã !Ó≤’Ó ÓúˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚⁄ ~£z !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú «%˛o ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˘˛Ñ˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôÑ,˛ì˛
£ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú⁄
14.6 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
2– A. H. Hanson — The Process of Planning : A Study of India’s Five year
Planning, 1950-1964, Clarendon Press, 1966.
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 15  Ñ,˛!°ÏÈÙÈ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ~ÓÇ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ

Ü‡˛ò
15.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
15.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
15.2 Ñ,˛!°ÏÈÙÈ¢¡ôÑ≈˛
15.3 Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ
15.3.2 ˛ôy!ì˛Î˚yúy õ%ãyÓ˚y xyˆÏ®yúò
15.3.3 ◊#Ñ˛yÑ%˛úyõñ xı…˛≤ÃˆîÏ ü xy!îÓy¢# Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏoy£
15.4 Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
15.5 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
15.7 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
15.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
~£z ~Ñ˛Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
 fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Ó,!k˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúÁ ~£z
˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Ñ,˛!°Ï ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ xyüyò%Ó*˚ ˛ô v˛zß!¨ ì˛ á›˛yˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ!˚ ò– ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛ ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ã!D
Á ˆ◊!í ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚–
 Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ Î%_´ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò òì%˛ò õyey úy¶˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
 Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ xyõˆÏúÓ˚ ˆü°Ï ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛y xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ Ó˚õí# ˛ô%Ó&˚ °ÏˆîÏ Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢õyò¶˛yˆÏÓ
ˆÎõò úv˛¸y£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èòñ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓÁ
≈ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ=!úˆÏì˛Á ~Ñ˛£z ¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛
Ó˚õí#ˆÏîÓ˚ î%É¢y£!¢Ñ˛ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÜˆÏäÈ–
15.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈË˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ,˛!°Ï
¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Ó,!k˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò
Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Ñ,˛!°Ï ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ xyüyò%Ó*˚ ˛ô v˛zß!¨ ì˛ á›˛yˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ!˚ ò– ö˛ˆÏú Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ x¢ˆÏhs˘˛y°Ï ˜ì˛!Ó˚
£Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛ ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ã!D Á ˆ◊!í ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚– ≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈfl˛∫yï#òì˛y
˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛y Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò=!úÓ˚ ¢)e ïˆÏÓ˚ xòƒyÎ˚ñ x!Óâ˛yÓ˚ Á ˆüy°ÏˆíÏ Ó˚
≤Ã!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ˆÏ“ ~Ñ˛ì˛yñ ¢y£¢ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛ˆÏ‡˛yÓ˚ ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛K˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ òyòy ≤ÃyˆÏhs˘˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈
Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ á›˛òy áˆÏ›˛ñ õ£ydy Üy!ı˛Ó˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ 1921 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ x!£Ç¢ x¢£ˆÏÎyÜ
xyˆÏ®yúò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ xyõˆÏúÓ˚ ˆü°Ï ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛y xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ Ó˚õí# ˛ô%Ó&˚ °ÏˆîÏ Ó˚
¢ˆÏD ¢õyò¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÎõò úv˛¸y£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èòñ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓÁ ≈ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ=!úˆÏì˛Á ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ
Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ Ó˚õí#ˆÏîÓ˚ î%É¢y£!¢Ñ˛ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÜˆÏäÈ–
15.2 Ñ,˛!°ÏÈÙÈ¢¡ôÑ≈˛
≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈË˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ,˛!°Ï
¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– !Ó!›˛ü Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ üy¢òÎˆÏs˛fÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò v˛zˆj Ï üƒ !äÈú ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢Ó≈e Öyãòy Óy
Ó˚yãfl˛∫ xyîyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ã!õÓ˚ v˛zm_ , xyd¢yÍ Ñ˛Ó˚y– !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ!ì≈˛ì˛ ¶)˛!õ Ó˚yãfl˛∫ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛
ì˛yÓ˚ì˛õƒ !äÈú– !Ó!›˛ü üy¢òyï#ò ÓyÇúyÎ˚ !â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚# ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛Ï Óy ã!õîy!Ó˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iyñ õyoyã Á ÓˆÏ¡∫
ˆ≤Ã!¢ˆÏv˛™#ˆÏì˛ Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ÁÎ˚yÓ˚# ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛Ïñ v˛z_Ó˚ Á v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ õ£úÁÎ˚yÓ˚# ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛Ï ~ÓÇ xˆÏÎyïƒy
xMÈ˛ˆÏú ì˛yú%Ñ˛îyÓ˚# ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛Ï ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ã!õîy!Ó˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ã!õîyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ v˛zm_ , xyîyÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y
£ˆÏì˛y– !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ¶)˛!õ ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛ÏÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ó˚yãfl˛∫ â˛y!£îyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò áˆÏ›˛!äÈú ~ÓÇ ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛òü#ú
Ó˚yãfl˛∫ â˛y!£îyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆ≤Ï Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛ ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ x!òÿ˛Î˚ì˛y ˆîÖy !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ Ñ,˛!°Ï v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Ó,!k˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò xyòy £Î˚–
Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÎ˚ ˆÎ ¢Ó ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Óy ¢ÇflÒyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ñ˛õ≈¢!) â˛ Ü,£#ì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ˆ¢=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !äÈú ¶)˛!õÈÙÈ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ
¢õÓyÎ˚ Ñ˛õ≈¢!) â˛ñ }íñ ˆÜy¤˛#ÈÙÈv˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ≤ÃÑ˛“ñ Ñ,˛!°ÏˆìÏ ˛ xyï%!òÑ˛ ≤ÃÎ!% _´Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚– ¶)˛!õ ¢ÇflÒyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ ≤Ãy!ì˛¤˛y!òÑ˛ ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ ˆÎõò õïƒfl˛∫cˆÏ¶˛yÜ# ˆÎõò ã!õîy!Ó˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ v˛zˆFÏ äÈîñ ¶)˛!õ Ó˚yãˆÏfl˛∫Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí
£…y¢ñ ã!õÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚ õy!úÑ˛yòyÓ˚ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ñ x!ïÑ,˛ì˛ ã!õÓ˚ ¢ˆÏÓy≈ Fâ˛ ¢#õy !òï≈yÓ˚í ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈
Ü,£#ì˛ £Î˚– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ¶)˛!õ ¢ÇflÒyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ¢¡ô)í≈ ¢ö˛ú òy £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚
v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò áˆÏ›˛!ò– ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ,˛!°Ï ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛ xyüyò%Ó*˚ ˛ô òy £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛
x¢ˆÏhs˘˛yˆÏ°ÓÏ ˚ á›˛òy áˆÏ›˛– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú ¢Ó%ã !Ó≤’Óñ Ñ,˛!°ÏÓ˚ Óy!í!ãƒÑ˛#Ñ˛Ó˚íñ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ,!k˛
~Ñ˛ ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ã!D Á ˆ◊!í ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ã!õîyÓ˚ Á õ£yãˆÏòÓ˚y Óy xÑ,˛!°ÏÑ˛yˆÏã
Î%_´ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚#Ó˚y ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãî_ ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜÈÙÈ¢!% Óïy ˆ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°≈Ï ÜíxyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚
òì%˛ò ì˛Ó˚D ú!«˛ì˛ £Î˚– Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ Î%_´ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò
ò)ì˛ò õyey úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
15.3 Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ

≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈfl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛y Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò=!úÓ˚ ¢)e ïˆÏÓ˚ xòƒyÎ˚ñ
x!Óâ˛yÓ˚ Á ˆüy°ÏˆíÏ Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ˆÏ“ ~Ñ˛ì˛yñ ¢y£¢ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛ˆÏ‡˛yÓ˚ ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛K˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ òyòy ≤ÃyˆÏhs˘˛
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ á›˛òy áˆÏ›˛– ≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈfl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ÷Ó˚& £ÁÎ˚y ˆì˛ˆÏúDyòy Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛
xyˆÏ®yúò ~ÓÇ Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚&
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 60ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúò ~ÓÇ 80ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ Úòì%˛ò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛Û (New Farmers)
xyˆÏ®yúò ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛ !Ó!â˛e Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ â˛ˆÏú!äÈú òyòy á›˛òyÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ–˚ ~äÈyv˛¸y ~£z ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ˆÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛
fl˛∫“ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ xyˆÏ®yúò !äÈú 1957ÈÙÈ58 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ õïƒ≤ÃˆîÏ ü ~ÓÇ !Ó£yˆÏÓ˚ ÖyÓ˚ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ xy!îÓy¢# Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚
¢Ç@˘Ãyõñ 1967ÈÙÈ75 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ õ£yÓ˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ ï)!úÎ˚y ˆãúyÎ˚ ¶˛#úˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõñ 1978 !Öfi›˛yÏ∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ£yÓ˚yˆÏ‹T…
ÁÎ˚yÓ˚!ú Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏoy£– ˛ôyOyÓ ~ÓÇ xı…˛≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏü Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛Ó˚y ˆ¢â˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏî ~ÓÇ !Óe´Î˚ãyì˛
ö˛¢ˆÏúÓ˚ õ)úƒ Ó,!k˛ ¢£ Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ îy!ÓˆÏì˛ !ÓˆÏoy£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›˛≈ (CPI) 1968 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ≤ÃÌõ
¢Ó≈¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ñ,˛!°Ï ◊!õÑ˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò Ú¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆÖì˛ õãî%Ó˚ £zv˛z!òÎ˚òÛ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ì˛yˆÏOyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛Ó˚yúy¢£
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xMÈ˛ˆÏú Ñ,˛!°Ï ◊!õÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛–
fl˛∫yï#òì˛y úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒyüyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ñ,˛!°Ï ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ 1945ÈÙÈ47 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¢yÓ˚y
ˆîˆÏü Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ õyey Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– ~=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ˆì˛¶˛yÜy xyˆÏ®yúò ~ÓÇ ˛ôyOyˆÏÓ Canal
Colonies Tenants’ xyˆÏ®yúò ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ xyÓˆÏ£ ~ÓÇ ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ ¶˛yàò ïˆÏÓ–˚ !Ñ˛ls˘˛ î%!›˛
xyˆÏ®yúò ≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈfl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˛ôÓ≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏú ¢!e´Î˚ !äÈú– ~Ñ˛!›˛ £ú £yÎ˚oyÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆì˛ˆÏúDyòyÎ˚
Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏoy£ ~ÓÇ x˛ôÓ˚!›˛ PEPSUÙÈÓ˚ ˛ôy!ì˛Î˚yúy ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò– v˛z¶˛Î˚ xyˆÏ®yúò£z
¢yõƒÓyî#ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ~ÓÇ ¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˆö˛ˆÏú!äÈú–
£yÎ˚oyÓyî Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ˆì˛ˆÏúDyòy Óy ˆì˛ˆÏú=¶˛y°Ï# xMÈ˛ú !äÈú ~Ñ˛ ãò!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# ¢yõhs˘˛ì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ˜fl˛∫Óü˚ y¢ˆÏòÓ˚
!üÑ˛yÓ˚– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚ üy¢ò Á òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !äÈú òy– õ%¢úõyò ¶)˛fl˛∫yõ# ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ÓˆÏíÓ≈ ˚ !£®%
ˆîüõ%ÖÓ˚y Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !òÑ˛›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óú˛ô)ÓÑ≈ ˛ Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ ◊õ Sˆ¶˛!RV xyîyÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ò– Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
£zˆFÏ äÈõì˛ ÖyãòyÁ xyîyÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ì˛– Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ ¢î¢ƒ Á ¢õÌ≈Ñ˛Ó˚y fl˛iyò#Î˚ !Ó°ÏÎ= ˚ !ú !òˆÏÎ˚
ˆì˛ˆÏúDyòy xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛‹T £ò– Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛Ó˚y Úxı…˛ õ£y¢¶˛yÛ òyˆÏõ Üí¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚
õyïƒˆÏõ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yã ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyˆÏÜ ˆì˛ˆÏúDyòy xyˆÏ®yúò ã!õ Á «˛õì˛y îÖˆÏúÓ˚ úv˛¸y£zˆÎÏ ˚
˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚– Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ Úxı…˛ õ£y¢¶˛yÛÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈#Ó˚y !òãyõ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !òãyˆÏõÓ˚ Óy!£ò# Ó˚yãyÑ˛yÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ xÓì˛#í≈ £ò– 1945 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛Ó˚y Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ fl˛∫yÌ≈ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏú
Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò o&ì˛ Ü!ì˛ˆÏì˛ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– @˘ÃyõÓy¢#Ó˚y Î%Ó ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xfl˛f ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò–
≤ÃÌˆÏõ ˆãúy hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ñ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ˚ ¢üfl˛f ˆÜ!Ó˚úy Óy!£ò# ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ¢)Îˆ≈ ˛Ï ô›˛ñ òyúˆÏÜy[˛yñ
£ã%Óò˚ ÜÓ˚ ì˛yú%Ñ˛=!úˆÏì˛ ¢üfl˛f Óy!£ò# Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚– x“ ¢õˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆì˛ˆÏúDyòyÓ˚ @˘ÃyõyMÈ˛ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
!òÎ˚s˛fí ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £Î˚– ˆÎ¢Ó ã!õ }ˆÏíÓ˚ îyˆÏÎ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !òÑ˛›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 30ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ õ£yõ®yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚
ã!õîyÓ˚Óy˚ }ˆÏíÓ˚ îyˆÏÎ˚ îÖú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈúñ ˆ¢=!ú Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !ö˛!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚– Ñ,˛!°Ï ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õã%!Ó˚ Ó,!k˛ñ
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ,˛ì˛ ˛ô!ì˛ì˛ ã!õñ ÓòyMÈ˛ú ¶)˛!õ£#òˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !Óì˛Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ã!õîyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ !òÑ˛›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ
500 ~Ñ˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ 100 ~Ñ˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ x!ì˛!Ó˚_´ ã!õ ÓyˆÏãÎ˚yÆ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ x!ì˛!Ó˚_´ ã!õ ¶)˛!õ£#ò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ
«%˛o â˛y°Ï#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ó^˘›˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
1948 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 13 ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡ˆ∫ ÓÏ ˚ !òãyõ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ ¢!e´Î˚ì˛y v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Óy!£ò# £yÎ˚oyÓyˆÏî x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £Î˚– ãòÜí ~£z Óy!£ò#ˆÏÑ˛ x¶˛ƒÌ≈òy ãyòyÎ˚– x“ ¢õˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ õˆÏïƒ !òãyõ
~ÓÇ ì§˛yÓ˚ Óy!£ò# xyd¢õ˛ô≈í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ˆì˛ˆÏúDyòy xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyˆÏÜ 1949 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑
ãyÎ˚!ÜÓ˚îy!Ó˚ v˛zˆFÏ äÈî xy£zò (Jagirdari Abolition Act) ~ÓÇ £yÎ˚oyÓyî ≤Ããyfl˛∫_¥ ~ÓÇ Ñ,˛!°Ï xy£zò
(Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Act) òyˆÏõ î%!›˛ xy£zò ≤Ãí#ì˛ £Î˚– äÈÎ˚ úˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü
Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢%Ó!˚ «˛ì˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ (Protected Tenants) !£¢yˆÏÓ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ~£z¢Ó Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢£ã üˆÏì˛≈
ã!õ e´Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚– Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ ¶)˛!õÈÙÈ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈¢!) â˛
xˆÏ˛ô«˛yÑ,˛ì˛ ¢%¤˛% ¶˛yˆÏÓ Óyhfl˛ÏÓy!Î˚ì˛ £Î˚– ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆì˛ˆÏúDyòyÎ˚ ¶)˛fl˛∫yõ#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆõÓ˚&î[˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà
!ÜˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ ≤Ãïyò ˆòì˛y !˛ô. ¢%®Ó˚y£zÎy˚ Telengana People’s Armed
Struggle 1946-1951 @˘ÃˆsÏ ˛i !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ3000 @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 30 ú«˛ õyò%°Ï ≤ÃyÎ˚ 16ñ000 ÓÜ≈õy£zú
~úyÑ˛y ã%ˆvÏ ˛¸ ~£z ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ xÓì˛#í≈ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò– ÁÎ˚yÓ˚Dúñ òyúˆÏÜy[˛y Á ÖyßÿõÈÙÙÙÈ~£z !ì˛ò!›˛ ˆãúy
!ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ õ)ú ˆÑ˛w !äÈú– Ú~£z @˘Ãyõ=!úˆÏì˛ @˘ÃyõyMÈ˛ˆÏú !òãyˆÏõÓ˚ ˜fl˛∫Óì˚ ˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ hfl˛ÏΩ˛ á,íƒ ¶)˛fl˛∫yõ#ˆÏîÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
î)ˆÜÏ Ó≈ ˚ õˆÏì˛y ¢%Ó!˚ «˛ì˛ Óy!v˛¸ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Óì˛y!v˛¸ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ~ÓÇ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛Ó˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ã!õ=!ú îÖú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòòÛ–
15.3.2 ˛ôy!ì˛Î˚yúy õ%ãyÓ˚y xyˆÏ®yúò
˛ôyOyˆÏÓÓ˚ Ó,£Í ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ ˛ôy!ì˛Î˚yúyÎ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yˆÏú õ%ãyÓ˚y Óy Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛
£ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈúñ ÎyÓ˚ v˛zÍ˛ô!_ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆü°Ï !îˆÏÑ˛– ~ÖyòÑ˛yÓ˚ ã!õîyÓ˚Óy˚ ÎyÓ˚y !ÓˆÏŸªîÓ˚ òyˆÏõ
˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ !äÈˆú
Ï ò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÌˆÏõÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ÷ï%õye Ó˚yãfl˛∫ xyîyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !äÈú– ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú üy¢ò ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ã!õÓ˚ õy!úÑ˛yòy îy!Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ≤ÃyÎ˚ 800!›˛ @˘ÃyˆÏõ ÓÇüyò%e´!õÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ
ˆãyÜîÖú Ñ˛Ó˚y Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ îÖúîyÓ˚# Ñ,˛°ÏˆÑÏ ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚– ~£z Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛Ó˚y ã!õîyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ îy!Ó x˜ÏÓï ÓˆÏú õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~£z ˛ô%!O¶)˛ì˛ x¢ˆÏhs˘˛y°Ï !ÓˆÏüÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ xyÑ˛y!ú ~ÓÇ ≤Ããyõ[˛ú xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Óƒ_´ £Î˚–
!eˆÏüÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ ≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏü Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ õs˛f#¢¶˛y Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%ÓyˆÏî xyˆÏ®yúò ü!_´üyú# £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜ úy¶˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z ¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛Ó˚y ¢!e´Î˚ £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò v˛zÍ¢y!£ì˛ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ x“ ¢õˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z ~ÓÇ
õ%ãyÓ˚y xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ˆòì,˛cîyˆÏò ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢– 1939 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ü!_´ Ó,!k˛ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ
1945 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%ãyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏŸªîÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ ¢ÇáˆÏ°Ó≈Ï ˚ á›˛òy áˆÏ›˛–
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï ˛ôy!ì˛Î˚yúy ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ£vz ˛z!òÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ £Î˚– õ£yÓ˚yãy ¢Ó !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#
Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆÜy¤˛# ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!FäÈß¨ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸yÎ˚ õ%ãyÓ˚yˆÏîÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ îõòò#!ì˛ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – 1948 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑
˛ôyOyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Patiala and East Pubjab States Union (PEPSU) Ü!‡˛ì˛ £ˆÏú
˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛Ó˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛ £Î˚– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ PEPSU-Ó˚ Ñ˛ì,˛≈ c ¢%≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ òy £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ ã!õîyÓ˚ ¢üfl˛f Óy!£ò#Ó˚
¢y£yˆÏÎƒ õ%ãyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ xye´õí â˛yúyÎ˚– 1948 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆü°Ï !îˆÏÑ˛ Úúyú Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ îúÛ (Lal
Communist Party) õ%ãyÓ˚yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢–
1951 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ õs˛f#¢¶˛y Ü!‡˛ì˛ £ˆÏú ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ ¢¡ô)í¶≈ ˛yˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ £Î˚– 1952
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ãyò%Îy˚ !Ó˚ õyˆÏ¢ PEPSU Tenancy Act ≤Ãí#ì˛ £Î˚ ÎyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢%Ó«˚ ˛y ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚–
£z!ì˛õˆÏïƒ ¢yïyÓ˚í !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ PEPSU-ˆì˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ!Ó˚¤˛ì˛y xã≈ˆòÏ ÓƒÌ≈ £ˆÏú ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛
üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yˆÏú Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛ PEPSU Occupancy Tenants Act (1953) ≤ÃíÎ˚ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ~£z xy£zò
ÓˆÏú îÖ!úfl˛∫cÓyò ≤Ããy ¶)˛!õ Ó˚yãˆÏfl˛∫Ó˚ 12 =í «˛!ì˛˛ô)Óí˚ îyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!òõˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ã!õÓ˚ õy!úÑ˛yòy úy¶˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z xy£zò Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ls˘˛‹T Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ!˚ ò Ñ˛yÓ˚í ì˛yÓ˚y «˛!ì˛˛ô)Óí˚ äÈyv˛¸y ã!õÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚
îy!Ó ≤Ãì˛ƒyüy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛Ó˚y ~£z xy£zò ¢õÌ≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏïÓ˚
á›˛òy áˆÏ›˛!ò–
15.3.3 ◊#Ñ˛yÑ%˛úyõñ xı…˛≤ÃˆîÏ ü xy!îÓy¢# Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏoy£
xı…˛≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ v˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ ◊#Ñ˛yÑ%˛úyõ ˆãúyÎ˚ fl˛iyò#Î˚ xy!îÓy¢# ãòˆÏÜy¤˛# ˆÎõò ãyì˛y˛ô% ~ÓÇ ¢y¶˛yÓ˚y !äÈú
ˆÓ!üÓ˚¶˛yÜ£z !òÓ˚«˛Ó˚– ~Ó˚y Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ãDˆÏú Ó¢Óy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛– ˛ôMÈ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÷Ó˚& ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛Ó˚y
~ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– 1957 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1967 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ó˚y ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚
õyïƒˆÏõ ¶)˛fl˛∫yõ# ~ÓÇ õ£yãòˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y x˜ÏÓï¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛ˆÏv˛¸ ˆòÁÎ˚y ã!õ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyÎ˚ñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õã%!Ó˚ Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚ñ
xÓ˚ˆíÏ ƒ v˛zÍ˛ôy!îì˛ ˛ôíƒ ˆÓ!ü õ)ˆú Ï ƒ !Óe´Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢«˛õ £Î˚ñ }ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí £…y¢ ˛ôyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xÓ˚ˆíÏ ƒ Óyv˛¸#
˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛y‡˛ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ ¢£ !òì˛ƒ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ !ã!ò¢˛ôe ¢Ç@˘Ãˆ£Ï Ó˚ ãòƒ xÓ˚ˆíÏ ƒ ≤ÃˆÓÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ xò%õ!ì˛ úy¶˛
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¢ÇÜ‡˛òÛ S1979VÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúòˆÏÑ˛ ü!_´üyú# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò– ~£z ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyˆÏÜ
xyˆÏÎy˚ !ãì˛ 1981 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Úfl˛f#õ%!_´ ˆõúyÎ˚Û Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛ £yãyÓ˚ òyÓ˚# !õ!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ õîƒ˛ôyò !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# xyˆÏ®yúò
~ÓÇ ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆüy°ÏˆíÏ Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ !äÈˆú Ï ò– Óúy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓñ˚ ~£z ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ xyˆÏ®yúò=!ú
Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ Á xy!îÓy¢# Ó˚õí#ˆÏîÓ˚ xòƒyÎ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ˆâ˛ì˛òy ~ÓÇ ¢üfl˛f xyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
«˛õì˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ¢%fl˛ô‹T ïyÓ˚íy ˆîÎ˚–
15.5 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÎ˚ ¶)˛!õÈÙÈ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ ¢£ ˆÎ ¢Ó ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ~ˆÏ¢!äÈúñ ì˛y xˆÏòÑ˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ
Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ Ñ,˛!°Ï ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ v˛zß¨!ì˛ xyüyò%Ó˚*˛ô £Î˚!ò– ~£z
˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ã!D Á ˆ◊!í ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚– Ñ˛!õv˛z!ò‹T ˛ôy!›≈˛
Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ Î%_´ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ò)ì˛ò õyey ˛ôyÎ˚– Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ=!úÓ˚
ˆ˛ôäÈˆÏò Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=!ú ~Ñ˛£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !äÈú Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ¶)˛fl˛∫yõ#ˆÏîÓ˚
â˛Ó˚õ ˆüy°Ïí Á xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ñ ÓÜ≈yîyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ã!õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ò!Ó≈â˛yˆÏÓ˚ v˛zˆÏFäÈîñ
ˆÓÈÙÈxy£z!ò Öyãòy xyîyÎ˚ñ òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï !ò!Ó≈ˆÏüˆÏ°Ï Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ ◊õîyòñ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÎ%_´ ˛ôy!Ó˚◊!õÑ˛
≤Ãîyò òy Ñ˛Ó˚yñ â˛v˛¸y ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ñ ˆ◊!íñ ãyì˛ÈÙÈ˛ôyì˛ñ ïõ≈ Á ÓˆÏí≈Ó˚ ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ Á
xy!îÓy¢# õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ xyÌ≈ÈÙÈ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˆüy°Ïí ~ÓÇ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛– ˆÓ!üÓ˚ ¶˛yÜ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyˆÏ®yúò=!ú
!äÈú ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ ~ÓÇ fl˛∫ì˛Éfl˛≥)˛ì≈˛– xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ òì%˛ò òì%˛ò Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛Ôüú ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ~ÓÇ òyòy ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚
äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎõò xyˆÏ®yúò=!ú îõò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ì˛y!ÜˆÏî Ó˚y‹T…ÎˆÏs˛fÓ˚ !ò˛ô#v˛¸ò
ˆÓˆÏv˛¸!äÈúñ xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆì˛õ!ò üB˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ~£z üB˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z xyˆÏ®yúò=!ú ≤ÃüõˆÏòÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ
Ó˚y‹T… Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ îy!Ó îyÁÎ˚y ˆõˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ xy£zò ≤ÃÓì≈˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ~ÖyˆÏò£z
xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yö˛úƒ !ò!£ì˛–

1– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ x¢ˆÏhs˘˛yˆÏ°ÓÏ ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í=!ú Ñ˛# !äÈú⁄
2– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˘˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛y Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ç!«˛Æ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îò–
3– Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y Ñ˛# !äÈú⁄
4– Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò=!ú ≤ÃüõˆÏòÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛# ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô !òˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú⁄
5– Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò=!úÓ˚ ¢yö˛úƒ Á ÓƒÌ≈ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îò–
15.7 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
2– ¢%ò#!ì˛ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆáy°Ï ÈÙÙÙÈ òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸ ≠ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õ)úƒyÎ˚òñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 2010–
3– xõú îyü ÈÙÙÙÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ !ò¡¨ÓˆÏÜÓ≈ ˚ òyÓ˚# ◊!õÑ˛ÈÙÙÙÈ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ Á ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ v˛z!òü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
!Óü üì˛Ñ˛ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 2013–
4– Ñ%˛íyú â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆì˛¶˛yÜy xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 1987–
5– ¢%fl˛ÿì˛ îyü ÈÙÙÙÈ x!Ó¶˛_´ ÓyàúyÓ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 2007–
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 16  v˛zßÎ¨ ˆ˚ òÏ Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ≠ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛

Ü‡˛ò
16.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
16.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
16.2 v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈË˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ≠ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚
16.3 Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ
16.4 fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛
16.5 ˛ôMÈ˛Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Á ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ ≠ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ xyõú
16.6 ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& xyõˆÏú xÌ≈ò#!ì˛Ó˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò
16.7 Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ò
16.8 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
16.10 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
16.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
~£z ~Ñ˛Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
 ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ Ó˚y‹T… ÓƒÓfl˛iy ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £ˆÏú Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ Î%ˆÜÏ Ó˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛
˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò xyˆÏ¢–
 ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛!“ì˛ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ xò%¢Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ õ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛õ≈¢!) â˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
 ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôMÈ˛Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xy˛ôyì˛î,!‹TˆìÏ ˛ xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ ≤ÃÜ!ì˛ á›˛ˆÏúÁ
xhs˘˛Ó˚yˆÏú ÓƒÌ≈ì˛yÁ !ò!£ì˛ !äÈú–
 ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ˆÎ fl˛∫ˆ≤Ï ¿Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï òñ ˆÎ !ÓÓ˚y›˛ ≤Ãì˛ƒyüy !ì˛!ò fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ãß√úˆÏ@¿
ãy!òˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò ì˛yÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y£z xïÓ˚y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÜˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
16.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ üy¢ò Á ˆüy°ÏˆíÏ Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆÎ xò%ßÎ¨ ò˚ Á xò@˘Ã¢Ó˚ì˛y ˆîÖy !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
x!ì˛e´õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛zßÎ¨ ˆ˚ òÏ Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £ÁÎ˚y fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ¢£ã !äÈú òy– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ fl˛∫yï#ò
£ˆÏúÁ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ xy¢yÁ Ñ˛!‡˛ò !äÈú– Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ fl˛∫yÌ≈ ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ãòƒ
£zÇˆÏÓã ˚ Ó˚y ˆÎ Ó˚y‹TÓ… ƒÓfl˛iy Á ≤Ãüy¢!òÑ˛ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈú fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢¡ô)í¶≈ ˛yˆÏÓ õ%_´
£ˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyÓ˚ˆú Ï Á v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ Á ãòÑ˛úƒyíÑ˛Ó˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈ Óyïy!Óá¯ x!ì˛e´õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £ˆÏì˛
ˆâ˛ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È–
16.2 v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈË˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ≠ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚

1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ~ˆÏ¢!äÈúñ !Ñ˛ls˘˛ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ üy¢ò Á ˆüy°ÏˆíÏ Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛
ˆÎ xò%ßÎ¨ ò˚ Á xò@˘Ã¢Ó˚ì˛y ˆîÖy !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ x!ì˛e´õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛zßÎ¨ ˆ˚ òÏ Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £ÁÎ˚y òì%˛ò
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ¢£ã !äÈú òy– ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ãyì˛#Î˚ õ%!_´ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ £yì˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛
x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ì˛y v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈË˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ äÈy˛ô ˆö˛ˆÏú!äÈú– ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Á ïõ≈#Î˚
¢ÇflÒyÓ˚˛ôs˛i# Ñ˛!Óñ ˆúÖÑ˛ñ ¢D#ì˛!Óîñ îyü≈!òÑ˛ñ !ü“˛ô!ì˛ñ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ñ Ó˚y‹Tò… yÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú£z ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°ˆÏ ÑÏ ˛
xyˆÏúyÓ˚ !îüy ˆî!ÖˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èòñ úv˛¸y£z Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xò%ˆ≤Ï ÃÓí˚ y Î%!ÜˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èòñ xyÓyÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyˆÏÜ !òˆÏãÓ˚yÁ
¢y!õú £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èò– ~£z ¢õˆÏÓì˛ ≤ÃÎy˚ ¢ fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈÓy˚ ‹Tˆ… ÑÏ ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ òì%˛ò Ó˚*˛ôñ ˜Óïì˛y ~ÓÇ !fl˛i!ì˛fl˛iy˛ôÑ˛ì˛y
!îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
ì˛ˆÏÓ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ãß√úˆÏ@¿ ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ ˆáy°Ïíy Ú˛ô%Ó˚yì˛òˆÏÑ˛ ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òì%˛ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ x§y!Ö
ˆõˆÏú ì˛yÑ˛yˆÏúyÛ ¢!ì˛ƒ £Î˚!ò– ˛ô%Ó˚yì˛òˆÏÑ˛ ¢¡ô)í≈Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô Óã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y òì%˛ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚!ò–
üì˛¢£fl˛À õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ x◊&ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ !ò!°Ï_´ ~£z fl˛∫yï#òì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xõˆÏúü !e˛ôy‡˛# Úãß√¢)ˆÏe ≤Ã!ì˛Óı˛#Û ÓˆÏú Óí≈òy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– Óyhfl˛Ï!ÓÑ˛˛ôˆÏ«˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ ˆîüÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yã!›˛ ˆÑ˛yò xÇˆÏü£z Ñ˛õ Ñ˛‹T¢yïƒ
!äÈú òy– òì%˛ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ó˚*˛ô Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓñ ì˛yÓ˚ x¶˛ƒhs˘˛Ó˚#í Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ Óy Ñ˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛
!ÓˆÏî!ü Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ ì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ x!òÿ˛ì˛y Á v˛zˆÏmÜ !äÈú– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ fl˛∫yï#ò £ˆÏúÁ
Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy¢y ¢£ã !äÈú òy– Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ fl˛∫yÌ≈ ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ãòƒ
£zÇˆÏÓ˚ãÓ˚y ˆÎ Ó˚y‹T…ÓƒÓfl˛iy Á ≤Ãüy¢!òÑ˛ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈú fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%_´ £ˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!òñ Î!îÁ v˛zß¨Î˚ò Á ãòÑ˛úƒyˆÏíÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ ¢Ó Óyïy!Óá¯ x!ì˛e´õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚
£ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ Ü,£#ì˛ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y£z !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ç!Óïyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆòÁÎ˚y– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛
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Ó˚yÖy !äÈú ≤Ãüy¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò Ñ˛yãñ fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ãòÑ˛úƒyí Á v˛zßÎ¨ ˆ˚ òÏ Ó˚
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16.3 Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ

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≤ÃíÎ˚ˆòÏ ãòfl˛∫yÌ≈ ≤Ãïyò !ÓˆÏÓâ˛ƒ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yÎ˚–
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16.4 fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛

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˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˆîü Á ˆîüÓy¢#Ó˚ Ñ˛úƒyí ¢yïˆÏò Óì˛# £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛!“ì˛ v˛zßÎ¨ ˆ˚ òÏ Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ
x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
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Óyhfl˛ÏÓ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ Ü ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&ˆÏÑ˛ Ü¶˛#Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú–
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xÌ≈ò#!ì˛!Óî ˆÑ˛£z™ ~Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˆÎõò xòfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈ ˆì˛õ!ò ¢%¶˛y°Ïâ˛w Ó¢%Ó˚ õì˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛!Óî ~ÓÇ ˛ô%Ó&˚ ˆÏ°yÏ _õ
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16.5 ˛ôMÈ˛Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Á ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ ≠ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ xyõú

1951 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ã%úy£z õyˆÏ¢ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛!õüò ˙ ÓäÈˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ~!≤Ãú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1956 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õyâ≈˛
˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ ≤ÃÌõ ˛ôMÈ˛Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ Ö¢v˛¸y ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ 1952 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ≤ÃÌõ ¢yïyÓ˚í
!òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ õyˆÏ¢ òÓÜ!‡˛ì˛ ¢Ç¢ˆÏî ì˛y ˆ˛ôü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ î%!›˛ ú«˛ƒ !äÈú ≠ !mì˛#Î˚
õ£yÎ%k˛ ~ÓÇ ˆîü !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú v˛zqì( ˛ x!fl˛iÓ˚ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ Á ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛Ó˚ ˆõyÑ˛y!Óúy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ õ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛õ≈¢!) â˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y– ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ òƒyÎ˚ Á xyîˆÏüÓ≈ ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ÎÌy¢Ω˛Ó o&ì˛
¢%°õÏ !ÓÑ˛yüÈÙÙÙÈ~£z î%£z úˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ ≤ÃÌõ ˆÎyãòyÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ˆÎõò õ%oyfl˛≥˛#!ì˛ ¢õ¢ƒy !òÎ˚s˛fíñ
Öyîƒ Á Ñ§˛yâ˛yõyˆÏúÓ˚ áy›˛!ì˛ ˛ô)Óí˚ ñ v˛zîÓ‰ yhfl˛% ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô%òÓ≈y¢òñ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛Ó˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏÑ˛ ¢%îë, ˛¸ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ
Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ !Ó!òˆÏÎy˚ ˆÏÜÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Ó,!k˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ãyì˛#Î˚ xyÎ˚ Ó,!k˛Ó˚ £yÓ˚ o&ì˛ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ã#ÓòïyÓ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ õyò v˛zßì¨ ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ
xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ Ñ˛õyˆÏòy £zì˛ƒy!î xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÌõ ˛ôMÈ˛Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy xˆÏòÑ˛yÇˆÏü ¢ö˛ú £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ãyì˛#Î˚ xyÎ˚ñ Öyîƒ v˛zÍ˛ôyîòñ
!Óî%ƒÍ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Ó,!k˛ !äÈú ≤ÃüÇ¢ò#Î˚– !üˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !õˆÏúÓ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛y˛ôv˛¸ ~ÓÇ !fi›˛õ £z!OˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò
ú«˛ƒõyey äÈy!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ãúˆÏ¢â˛ Á ˆÓ˚ú ˛ô!Ó˚Ó£ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢¡±¢yÓ˚í áˆÏ›˛!äÈú– Ñ,˛!°Ïˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏe ã!õîy!Ó˚ ≤ÃÌyÓ˚
!ÓˆÏúy˛ô á›˛yˆÏòy £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢â˛ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛ Á Ó˚y¢yÎ˚!òÑ˛ ¢yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ Ü Óyv˛¸yˆÏòy £Î˚– ≤ÃÌõ ˛ôMÈ˛Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛#
˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÎ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ Á äÈye¢ÇÖƒy Óyv˛¸yˆÏòy £Î˚ ~ÓÇ òì%˛ò !Ñ˛ä%È £y¢˛ôyì˛yú Á fl˛∫yfl˛iƒˆÏÑ˛wÁ ˆÖyúy
£Î˚–
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!üˆÏ“ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyÜ ≤Ãyïyòƒ ˆ˛ôˆÏúÁ ˆÓ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyÜ !ò!°Ïk˛ £Î˚!ò Î!îÁ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ !òÎ˚õ Á
!òÎ˚s˛fí ˆõˆÏò â˛úyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ≤ÃÌõ ˛ôMÈ˛Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ ¢õyãì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ õì˛yîü≈ ˛ô)í≈
Ó˚*˛ôyÎ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜ òy ˆ˛ôˆÏúÁ 1953 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ~£z õì˛yîü≈ ≤Ãyïyòƒ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ì˛ˆÏÓ !mì˛#Î˚
˛ôMÈ˛Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÎ˚ ˛ô%!§ ã˛ô!ì˛ ˆ◊!í Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyÜˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫yÜì˛ ãy!òˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ~ÓÇ !ü“˛ô!ì˛ áòüƒyõîy¢
!Óv˛¸úy ~Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò ¢õÌ≈Ñ˛ !äÈˆú Ï ò– xy¢ˆÏú !Óî%ƒÍ ÓƒÓfl˛iyñ ˆ¢â˛ Á £zfl˛ôyì˛ v˛zÍ˛ôyîˆÏòÓ˚ îy!Î˚ˆcÏ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ òy
~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏú ˛ô%!§ ã˛ô!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ~£z =Ó˚îy!Î˚c @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y Ñ˛!‡˛ò !äÈú– !mì˛#Î˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÎ˚ õ)úïò# Óhfl˛% ñ
xÌ≈yÍ !üˆÏ“Ó˚ ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ Óhfl˛% v˛zÍ˛ôyîˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆãyÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú !üˆÏ“ fl˛∫ÎΩ˚ ˛Ó˚ì˛y xã≈ˆòÏ Ó˚ ãòƒ–
¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyˆÏÜ !Ó!›˛ü ¢£yÎ˚ì˛yÎ˚ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ î)Üy≈ ˛ô%Óñ˚ Ó˚&ü ¢£yÎ˚ì˛yÎ˚ õïƒ≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ !¶˛úy£zÈÙÈ~ ~ÓÇ
ãyõ≈yò ¢£yÎ˚ì˛yÎ˚ v˛z!v˛¸°ƒÏ yÓ˚ Ó˚yv˛zÓˆ˚ ÑÏ ˛Õ‘yˆÏì˛ !ì˛ò!›˛ ˆúÔ£ Á £zfl˛ôyì˛ !üˆÏ“Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚Öyòy fl˛iy!˛ôì˛ £Î˚– Óƒ!_´Üì˛
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›˛ΔyQÓ˚ñ ˆõy›˛Ó˚ ¢y£zˆÑÏ ˛úñ fl%Ò›˛yÓ˚ñ !òv˛zã!≤Ãr›˛ñ Á°Ïï% £zì˛ƒy!î =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ !üˆÏ“yˆÏîƒyÜ Ü,£#ì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˛ôMÈ˛Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÎ˚ =Ó˚&c ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú î#á≈ˆõÏ Î˚y!î v˛zßÎ¨ ˆ˚ òÏ Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚– ˛ô§yâ˛ üì˛yÇü
ãyì˛#Î˚ xyÎ˚ Ó,!k˛ñ Öyîƒ v˛zÍ˛ôyîˆÏò fl˛∫ÎΩ˚ ˛Ó˚ì˛yñ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !üˆÏ“Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yüñ Ñ˛õ≈¢Çfl˛iyò ~ÓÇ ïò#ÈÙÈî!Ó˚ôÏ Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ
˜Ó°Ïõƒ £…y¢ !äÈú ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ v˛zˆj Ï üƒ– ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÎ˚ ˆÎ ¢Ó ÓƒÎ˚ ÓÓ˚yj ïyÎ≈ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
˛ô!Ó˚Ó£òñ ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyÜ Á ¢õyãÑ˛úƒyí äÈyv˛¸y ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆ«˛ˆÏe£z ú«˛ƒõyey ˛ô)í≈ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚!ò– ÖyîƒüˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚
v˛zÍ˛ôyîò £…y¢ ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÎ˚ õ)úƒÓ,!k˛ ˆîÖy ˆîÎ˚– !ü“ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò £…y¢ ˛ôyÎ˚– ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy â˛úyÑ˛yú#ò !â˛òy xye´õí
S1962V ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%k˛ S1965V £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ÖyˆÏì˛ ÓƒÎ˚ Ó,!k˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– Óv˛¸ ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò £Î˚!ò–
16.6 ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& xyõˆÏú xÌ≈ò#!ì˛Ó˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò

ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôMÈ˛Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xy˛ôyì˛î,!‹TˆìÏ ˛ xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ ≤ÃÜ!ì˛ á›˛ˆÏúÁ
xhs˘˛Ó˚yˆÏú ÓƒÌ≈ì˛yÁ !ò!£ì˛ !äÈú– Ñ,˛!°ÏˆìÏ ˛ v˛zß!¨ ì˛ ¢ˆÏ_Á ¥ Öyîƒ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò !äÈú ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãˆÏòÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ x˛ôÎ≈yÆ–
Ñ,˛!°ÏˆìÏ ˛ v˛zßì¨ ˛ ≤ÃÎ!% _´ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ Ü Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ v˛zm_
, x!ïÑ˛yÇü Ñ,˛!°Ïã#Ó#Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛ òy ÌyÑ˛yÎ˚ ¢¡ôß¨
ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ ˆ◊!í úy¶˛Óyò £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛_¥yÓïyˆÏò @˘ÃyõyMÈ˛ˆÏú ˆÎ ˆÜy¤˛#ÈÙÈv˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ≤ÃÑ˛“
ˆòÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ì˛yˆÏì˛ @˘ÃyˆÏõ !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ Ñ,˛!°ÏÓ˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛Ó˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyÜ ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛
xyÌ≈ÈÙÈ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò òy ~ˆÏò @˘ÃyˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢õß∫Î¢˚ yïò Á
v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ !äÈú Ñ˛!‡˛ò Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚– ö˛ˆÏú ˆÜy¤˛#ÈÙÈv˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ“ }íîyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢õÓyÎ˚ £zì˛ƒy!î ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜ
!òˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ˛ô)Óì≈ ˛ò ã!õîyÓ˚ Á õ£yãò ¢¡±îyÎ˚– ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ !õ◊ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ü!Ó˚ÓÓ˚y !ÓˆÏü°Ï v˛z˛ôÑ,˛ì˛ £Î˚!ò–
¢¡ôî Á xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ «˛õì˛y ˛ô%!O¶)˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú õ%!‹TˆÏõÎ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛– îy!Ó˚o¢#õyÓ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛
Ó¢Óy¢Ñ˛yÓ˚# õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy Ó,!k˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– !ì˛ò!›˛ ˛ôMÈ˛Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓÁ ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãòÜí !ü«˛y
Á fl˛∫yˆÏfl˛iƒÓ˚ !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ ¢y!Ó≈Ñ˛ ¢%!Óïy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó!MÈ˛ì˛ !äÈú– îy!Ó˚o Á ˆÓÑ˛yÓ˚ˆcÏ Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒy Ó,!k˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
16.7 Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ò

Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ Ó˚y‹T… ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ Î%ˆÜÏ Ó˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò xyˆÏ¢– ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ ˆ¶˛yˆÏ›˛Ó˚
myÓ˚y ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ ¢Ç¢ˆÏîÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á Óy£zˆÓÏ ˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛â˛â≈˛y ò)ì˛ò ˆõyv˛¸ ˆòÎ˚ñ !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛
¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì˛≈ fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ò)ì˛ò Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ú«˛ƒ £ˆÏÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yÎ˚ ¢Ç¢ˆÏîÓ˚ xy¢ò îÖúñ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚
«˛õì˛yÓ˚ úv˛¸y£z ~ÓÇ ÜíxyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ 1952 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒˆîÏ Ó˚
ˆ¶˛yˆÏ›˛Ó˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò xò%!‹Tì˛ £Î˚– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& xyõˆÏú 1957 Á 1962 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ xyÓ˚Á î%!›˛
!òÓ≈yâ˛ò £Î˚– !ì˛ò!›˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò£z Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ¢Ç¢ˆÏî !òÓ˚B˛% ü ¢ÇÖƒyÜ!Ó˚¤˛ì˛y xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&
¢Ç¢î#Î˚ ˆòì˛y Á ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# !£¢yˆÏÓ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ £ò–
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛ ì˛yÓ˚ xÓfl˛iyò ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ 1951 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ îú
¢üfl˛f ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ç¢î#Î˚ ˛ôÌ @˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £Î˚– Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ îú 1952
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò xÇü ˆòÎ˚– 1953 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ õyî%Óy˚ £z ¢ˆÏ¡øúˆÏò ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óy˚ ‹T…
ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃüÇ¢y Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛£z ¢ˆÏD ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ x¶˛ƒhs˘˛Ó˚#í ò#!ì˛Ó˚ !ò®y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óúy £Î˚ ˆ¢=!ú
¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈Óy£#– 1961 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ ˆÓãÁÎ˚yv˛¸y ¢ˆÏ¡øúˆÏò Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
¢ˆÏD Ú˙Ñ˛ƒ Á ¢Ç@˘ÃyõÛ ~Ó˚ ò#!ì˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !¢k˛yhs˘˛ ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚– Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ xˆÏ˛ô«˛yÑ,˛ì˛ Óyõ˛ôs˛i#
xÇü xÓüƒ ~£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i# ˆòì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ~ÓÇ Ó%ˆã Ï y≈ Î˚y ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢ˆÏD
¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – 1962 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !â˛òÈÙÈ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢#õyhs˘˛ ¢Çá°Ïˆ≈ ÑÏ ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛
˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ m®¥ ì˛#Ó xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ 1964 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ Óyõ˛ôs˛i# xÇü !¢. !˛ô.
xy£z S~õV òyˆÏõ òì%˛ò îú Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈÓy˚ ‹Tˆ… ÑÏ ˛ Ó%ˆã Ï y≈ Î˚y Á ¶)˛fl˛∫yõ# ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˆ◊!í üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚
£y!ì˛Î˚yÓ˚ !£¢yˆÏÓ Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
¢yïyÓ˚í !òÓ≈yâ˛ò=!úˆÏì˛ ˆúyÑ˛¢¶˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ !Óïyò¢¶˛yˆÏì˛Á !òÓ≈yâ˛ò xò%!¤˛ì˛ £Î˚–
~=!úÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÇˆÏü£z Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ îˆÏúÓ˚ ¢yö˛úƒ ¢)!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏúÁ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ îú=!ú !Ñ˛ä%È ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏí ¢yö˛úƒ úy¶˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ì˛ˆÏÓ v˛zˆ_
Ï ãòy˛ô)í≈ á›˛òy áˆÏ›˛ ÎÖò 1957 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò òÓÜ!‡˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛Ó˚ú ≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏü
Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛Ó˚y ¢ÇÖƒyÜ!Ó˚¤˛ì˛y ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ £z. ~õ. ~¢. òy¡∫!% o˛ôyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
~£z Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ÓÓ˚Öyhfl˛Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T˛… ô!ì˛ üy¢ò ãy!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ÷¶˛ òÎ˚–
16.8 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ˆÎ fl˛∫ˆ≤Ï ¿Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï òñ ˆÎ !ÓÓ˚y›˛ ≤Ãì˛ƒyüy !ì˛!ò fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ãß√úˆÏ@¿
ãy!ÜˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆúÏ ò ì˛yÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y£z xïÓ˚y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÜˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– Öyîƒ Á ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ó˚*˛ôyÎ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ãòƒ xÌ≈ ¢Ç@˘Ã£
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ e´ˆÏõ£z ˛ô!ÿ˛!õ ˆîü=!úÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú– 1960ÈÙÈ61 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ~Ñ˛õye
õy!Ñ≈˛ò Î%_´Ó˚y‹T… ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ 348 !õ!úÎ˚ò v˛úyÓ˚ }í !òˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– Ñ,˛!°ÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ã!õîy!Ó˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ v˛zˆFÏ äÈî
á›˛ˆÏúÁ Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y ã!õÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛, ì˛ õy!úˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò– }í@˘Ãhfl˛Ï £ˆÏÎ˚ ã!õ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ ü£ˆÏÓ˚
Ñ˛úÑ˛yÓ˚ÖyòyÎ˚ õã%!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚y!›˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ Î%ˆÜÏ Á xÓƒy£ì˛ !äÈú– @˘ÃyˆÏõ ïò# Á î!Ó˚ôÏ Ó˚
õˆÏïƒ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ ïò˜ÏÓ°Ïõƒ !äÈú– ¶)˛!õÈÙÈ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ÎˆÏÌ‹T =Ó˚&c ˆîò!ò– î!Ó˚o Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈ xy£zò
≤Ãí#ì˛ £ˆÏúÁ xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚ ¢y£yÎƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyîyúˆÏì˛ úv˛¸ÓyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ !äÈú òy– Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚
˛ô)ãy!Ó˚ ÓˆÏú ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏúÁ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢%Ó«˚ ˛y xy£zò ãy!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ò!°Ïk˛Ñ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ
ˆÑ˛Ó˚ˆú
Ï !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ «˛õì˛yâ%˛ƒì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ì§˛yÓ˚ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ õˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yÎ˚Ñ˛ òÎ˚–

1– xy˛ô!ò !Ñ˛ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyˆÏÑ˛ x›%˛›˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ !äÈú⁄
2– fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ Ü,£#ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛!“ì˛ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õÑ˛y !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
3– !ì˛ò!›˛ ˛ôMÈ˛Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
4– fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ›˛#Ñ˛y !úÖ%ò–
16.10 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
2– x¡‘yò î_ ÈÙÙÙÈ üì˛y∑#Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆ≤Ï Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ !ÓÑ˛yüñ xyò® ˛ôyÓ!úüy¢≈ñ 2000–
3– ¶˛ÓˆÏì˛y°Ï î_ ÈÙÙÙÈ Úv˛zßÎ¨ ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ Á ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ûñ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ãß√ üì˛Ó°Ï≈ ¢ÇÖƒyñ ˆîü–
4– ¢ˆÏÓy˚ ã õ%ˆÖÏ y˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛ Á xyõÓ˚yñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 1985–
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 17  !ü“yÎ˚ò ~ÓÇ ◊!õÑ˛ ≠ ˛ô%!§ ãñ ◊!õÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò Á ˆ›˛Δv˛

£zv˛z!òÎ˚ò ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò
Ü‡˛ò
17.0 v˛zˆj Ï üƒ
17.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
17.2 !ü“˛ô%!§ ã ≠ ≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈfl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˛ôÓ≈
17.3 !ü“˛ô%!§ ã ≠ fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ˛ôÓ≈
17.4 ˛ô%!§ ã˛ô!ì˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚e
17.5 ◊!õÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò Á £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ≠ ≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈfl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˛ôÓ≈
17.6 ◊!õÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò Á ˆ›˛Δ˘v˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ≠ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôÓ≈
17.7 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
17.9 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
17.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
 ¶˛yÓ˚ˆì Ï ˛ !ü“yÎ˚ò ~ÓÇ !ü“˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ üy¢ò ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚
≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ã!v˛¸ì˛ !äÈú– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚yï#ò ˆîü £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ !ü“˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ v˛zqÓ Á !ÓÑ˛yü
fl˛∫yï#ò¶˛yˆÏÓ £ÁÎ˚y ¢Ω˛Ó !äÈú òy–
 fl˛∫yï#ò ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî# ˛ô%!§ ã Á ≤ÃÎ!% _´Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#úì˛y Ñ˛y›˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ˆì˛õò
v˛zˆîÏ ƒyÜ ˆòÎ˚!ò–
 v˛zò!ÓÇü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆü°Ï !îˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆì Ï ˛ ¢ÇáÓk˛ ◊!õÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy £Î˚– 1920ÈÙÈÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
ˆü°Ï ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢yÓ˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ ˆ›˛Δv˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò fl˛iyÎ˚# !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
 !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ ˆòì˛y ~ÓÇ Ñ˛õ≈#Ó˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ !ÓŸªy¢ Á Ñ˛õ≈¢!) â˛ xò%ÎyÎ˚#
◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ –
 Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈Á ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏ◊!íÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú=!úÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ
˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú– ˆÓ!üÓ˚ ¶˛yÜ ˆ›˛Δv˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò=!ú Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ îˆÏúÓ˚ !òˆÏîü≈
xò%ÎyÎ˚# Ñ˛õ≈¢!) â˛ !òk≈˛yÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛–
 ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ ~ÓÇ x¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÓyG˛y˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ ◊!õÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò=!úˆÏÑ˛
î%Óú
≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú–
17.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !ü“yÎ˚ò ~ÓÇ !ü“˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ üy¢ò ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚
≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ã!v˛¸ì˛– ì˛ˆÏÓ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !ÓˆÏ›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y !Ó!ãì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚yï#ò ˆîü £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ !ü“˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ v˛zqÓ
Á !ÓÑ˛yü fl˛∫yï#ò¶˛yˆÏÓ £ÁÎ˚y ¢Ω˛Ó !äÈú òy– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî# ˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ Óı˛ò
xyÓ˚Á ü!_´üyú# £Î˚– !ÓˆÏî!ü ˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ì˛y ÷ï%õye ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô)ÓÑ˚ ˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ òÎ˚ñ
!Ó!òˆÏÎy˚ ÜÑ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò xyd!ÓŸªy¢ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò ì˛y ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓ Óƒ_´ £Î˚– fl˛∫yï#ò
ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî# ˛ô%!§ ã Á ≤ÃÎ!% _´Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#úì˛y Ñ˛y›˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ˆì˛õò v˛zˆîÏ ƒyÜ ˆòÎ˚!ò–
~äÈyv˛¸y Ó,£Í !ü“˛ô%!§ ã˛ô!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y Óv˛¸ xÇü ãß√ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z !Ó!›˛ü ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Óı˛ˆÏò ~ÓÇ
¢yõhs˘˛ ã!õîyÓ˚ Á õ£yã!ò ˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD á!ò‹T¶˛yˆÏÓ xyÓk˛ !äÈú–
v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !mì˛#Î˚yˆÏï≈ õ)úì˛ !ÓˆÏî!ü ˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ xò%≤ÃˆÓÏ ü ~ÓÇ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyÜ Ö!òñ â˛›˛Ñ˛úñ
Ófl˛f!ü“ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚úÁˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ õì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó£ò ÓƒÓfl˛iy ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ fl˛ô‹Tì˛ ~Ñ˛ òì%˛ò ¢yõy!ãÑ˛
ˆ◊!í !£¢yˆÏÓ !ü“ ◊!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xy!Ó¶≈˛yÓ áˆÏ›˛– ◊!õÑ˛ ˆ◊!í ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ x¢£ò#Î˚ î%îü≈ y Á xì˛ƒyâ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!Óïyò
Ñ˛ˆÏ“ xyˆÏ®yúòõ%Ö# £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ~ÓÇ v˛zò!ÓÇü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆü°Ï !îÏÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ¢ÇáÓk˛ ◊!õÑ˛
xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy £Î˚– ≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈË˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ 192È0ÈÙÈÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆü°Ï ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢yÓ˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛
ˆ›˛Δv˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò fl˛iyÎ˚# !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– e´ˆÏõ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ ˆòì˛y ~ÓÇ Ñ˛õ≈#Ó˚y
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ !ÓŸªy¢ Á Ñ˛õ≈¢!) â˛ xò%ÎyÎ˚# ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ~ÓÇ ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚
xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ îy!Ó îyÁÎ˚yˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã úyÜyˆÏì˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛‹T £ò–
Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓÁ
≈ ◊!õÑ˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú=!úÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú–
ˆÓ!üÓ˚¶˛yÜ ˆ›˛Δv˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò=!ú Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˛≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ îˆÏúÓ˚ !òˆÏîü≈ xò%ÎyÎ˚# Ñ˛õ≈¢!) â˛
!òï≈yÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛– ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆ›˛Δv˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò=!ú ◊!õÑ˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyˆÏò ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
˛ôyúˆÏò ÓƒÌ≈ £Î˚– ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ ~ÓÇ x¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÓyG˛y˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ ◊!õÑ˛
xyˆÏ®yúò=!úˆÏÑ˛ ü!_´üyú# Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!ì˛Óı˛Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú–
17.2 !ü“˛ô%!§ ã ≠ ≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈfl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˛ôÓ≈

Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ Ñ˛yú˛ôˆÏÓ≈ !üˆÏ“Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yü ì˛Ìy !ü“yÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎõò fl˛∫“ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ˆÏÓ˚
£ˆÏúÁ ˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈúñ ˆì˛õ!ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˛ô%!§ ã˛ô!ì˛ ˆ◊!í Á ◊!õÑ˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü Á
!ü“yÎ˚ò ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ xÓîyò– ≤ÃÌõ !ÓŸªÎ%k˛ ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ ˛ô)Ó≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !ü“yÎ˚ò ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ £zv˛zˆÓÏ y˚ ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚
â)˛v˛¸yhs˘˛ xy!ï˛ôì˛ƒ !äÈú– ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !ü“yÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ õ)ú v˛zˆîÏ ƒyÜ# !äÈú =ãÓ˚y!›˛ Á ˛ôyÓ˚!¢ Ó!íÑ˛Ó˚y– ˛ô)Ó≈
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ›˛y›˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc ˆúÔ£ Á £zfl˛ôyì˛ !üˆÏ“Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yü ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ xïƒyÎ˚–
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !ü“yÎ˚ò ~ÓÇ !ü“˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ üy¢ò ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚
≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xDyD#¶˛yˆÏÓ ã!v˛¸ì˛– ì˛ˆÏÓ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !ÓˆÏ›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y !Ó!ãì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚yï#ò ˆîü £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚
!ü“˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ v˛zqÓ Á !ÓÑ˛yü fl˛∫yï#ò¶˛yˆÏÓ £ÁÎ˚y ¢Ω˛Ó !äÈú òy– ~ÖyˆÏò !ü“˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛
!ÓÓì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ £Î˚!òñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ≤ÃÎ!% _´Üì˛ !Ó≤’ÓÁ £Î˚!òñ !ÓˆÏ›˛ˆÏò v˛zqì˛ ~Ñ˛ !ü“ ÓƒÓfl˛iy ~ÖyˆÏò ˆ≤Ãy!Ìì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– £zv˛zˆÓÏ y˚ ˆÏ˛ô ˛ô%!§ ãÓyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ≤Ã¢ˆÏD Ñ˛yú≈ õyÑ˛¢≈ Ú˛ô%!§ ãÛ @˘ÃˆsÏ ˛i î% ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘
Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò– ≤ÃÌõì˛ñ ÎÖò ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ v˛zÍ˛ôyîÑ˛Ó˚y !òˆÏãÓ˚y£z !ü“˛ô%!§ ã˛ô!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ó˚*˛ôyhs˘˛!Ó˚ì˛ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ !mì˛#Î˚ì˛ñ
ÎÖò v˛zÍ˛ôyîˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y òÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç Ó!£Ó˚yÜì˛ fl˛∫yï#ò ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚# õïƒfl˛iÓy˚ ñ ÎyÓ˚y ÓƒÓ¢yñ ÓƒyÇ!Ñ˛Ç Óy õ£yã!ò Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚
myÓ˚y ˛ô%!§ ã ¢MÈ˛Î˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ó,£Í xyÎ˚ì˛ò !üˆÏ“Ó˚ õy!úÑ˛ £Î˚– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ô%!§ ãÓyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏü ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛
v˛zÍ˛ôyîˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y ˛ô%!§ ã˛ô!ì˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ xyd≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ ò– v˛zò!ÓÇü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !mì˛#Î˚yˆÏï≈ ÓˆÏ¡∫ Á xyˆÏõîyÓyˆÏî ˆÎ
˛ôyÓ˚!¢ Á =ãÓ˚y!›˛ Ó!íˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y ¢)ì˛#Ófl˛f Ñ˛yÓ˚Öyòy ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈˆú Ï òñ ì˛yÓ˚y î#á≈Ñ˛yú ïˆÏÓ˚ õïƒfl˛i îyúyú !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ
!Ó!›˛ü ˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ !äÈˆú Ï ò– Ñ˛yÁÎ˚y¢!ã òyòy¶˛y£z v˛y¶˛Ó˚ ÓˆÏ¡∫ ü£ˆÏÓ˚ î%ãò !Ó!›˛ü Ó!íˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´
£ˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ¢)ì˛#Ófl˛f Ñ˛yÓ˚Öyòy ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yˆÏúò– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆÎ ¢Ó Ñ˛yÓ˚Öyòy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈúñ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÎyÜ#
Îs˛f˛ôy!ì˛ ~ˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ !ü“˛ô!ì˛Ó˚y ÓyòyˆÏì˛y òyñ ¢Ó£z xy¢ì˛ !ÓˆÏîü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛–
!¶˛. xy£z. ˛ôy¶˛úˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛ñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó%ˆãÏ y≈ Î˚yÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚y õ%Í¢%!j !£¢yˆÏÓ Îyey ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏî!ü
˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ îyúy!ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!õüò ÓyÓî ≤Ã¶˛) ì˛ xÌ≈ v˛z˛ôyã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈúñ î%£z !ÓŸªÎ%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ õïƒÓì≈˛# ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎñ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛
1930ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚êÏ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò xyˆÏ¢– õ%Í¢%!jÓ˚ fl˛iˆú Ï Ó˚*˛ôyhs˘˛!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ó%ˆã Ï y≈ Î˚yˆÏì˛
˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚– ~£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏD !Ó˛ôyòâ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ õhs˘˛Óƒ £úñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°≈Ï ˆÎ ˛ô%!§ ã˛ô!ì˛ ˆ◊!í !ÓÑ˛yüúy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈúñ
ì˛yÓ˚y 1914 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!›˛ü ˛ô%!§ ãÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓ Î%_´ £Î˚!ò– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ~£z õhs˘˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚
!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ x!õÎ˚ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ÓyÜ!â˛ !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò ˆÎ ›˛y›˛yÓ˚y ~õò!Ñ˛ «˛!ì˛ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓÁ ˚ !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
¢ˆÏD á!ò‹T ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛y– 1924 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !›˛¢ˆÏÑ˛y ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í ˛ôyÎ˚– 1922 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑
!›˛¢ˆÏÑ˛y xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ ¢ÇÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ˛ôv˛¸ˆú Ï !Ó!›˛ü Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Á !Ó!›˛ü ˛ô%!§ ã ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÑ˛ì≈˛y !£¢yˆÏÓ
xy!Ó¶%˛≈ ì˛ £Î˚– ¢%ò#!ì˛Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆáyˆÏ°ÓÏ ˚ õˆÏì˛ ˆÎ¢Ó ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚# ˆÜy¤˛# ≤ÃÌõ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ !üˆÏ“
!Ó!òˆÏÎy˚ Ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓñ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ˛ô%!§ ã ¢MÈ˛Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ fl˛∫yï#ò¶˛yˆÏÓ òÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç !ÓˆÏî!ü
˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ ˆ¢Óy Ñ˛ˆÏÓñ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ !mì˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%k˛ â˛úyÑ˛yú#ò !Ó!›˛ü ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ó ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
1940ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏî!ü ~Ñ˛ˆÏâ˛!›˛Î˚y ˛ô%!§ ã xyÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Ó,£Í ˛ô%!§ ã˛ô!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎÔÌ !ü“
≤ÃˆâÏ ˛‹TyÓ˚ v˛zˆj Ï ˆÏüƒ ˆÓ!ü !Ñ˛ä%È â%˛!_´ fl˛∫y«˛!Ó˚ì˛ £Î˚– ~=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !äÈú Ó˚Ç ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ oÓƒ
v˛zÍ˛ôyîˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ›˛y›˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD £z!¡ô!Ó˚Îy˚ ú ˆÑ˛!õÑ˛ƒyú £zòv˛y¢!›˛ΔãÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ â%˛!_´ñ Morris Üy!v˛¸Ó˚
v˛zÍ˛ôyîÑ˛ !ÓˆÏ›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Nuffield ˆÑ˛y¡ôyò#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Hindustan Motor Works ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ãòƒ !Óv˛¸úyˆÏîÓ˚
â%˛!_´ ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛–
17.3 !ü“˛ô%!§ ã ≠ fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ˛ôÓ≈

1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî# ˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ Óı˛ò xyÓ˚Á ü!_´üyú# £Î˚–
1948 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 6 ~!≤Ãú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !ü“ò#!ì˛ ¢Çeýhs˘˛ !¢k˛yhs˘˛ ¢¡∫!úì˛ fl˛øyÓ˚Ñ˛!ú!˛ôˆÏì˛ Óúy £Î˚
ˆÎ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ !ÓˆÏî!ü ˛ô%!§ ã !Ó!òˆÏÎy˚ Ü Á v˛zˆîÏ ƒyˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ– ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& 1949
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ xˆÏQyÓˆÏÓ˚ Öyîƒñ ˛ô%!§ ã Á ≤ÃÎ!% _´Üì˛ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒÓ˚ ¢ı˛yˆÏò õy!Ñ≈˛ò Î%_´Ó˚yˆÏ‹T… Îyò ~ÓÇ õy!Ñ≈˛!ò
˛ô%!§ ã˛ô!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xyŸªhfl˛Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúò ˆÎñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°≈Ï Óƒ!_´õy!úÑ˛yòyï#ò ˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ !Ó!òˆÏÎy˚ ˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óı˛Ñ˛ì˛y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ òy– Ó,£Í ˛ô%!§ ã˛ô!ì˛Ó˚yÁ ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏî!ü ˛ô%!§ ãˆÏÑ˛ xyõs˛fí ãyòyˆÏì˛
ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– !ã. !v˛. !Óv˛¸úy ÓˆÏúòÈÙÙÙÈ~ˆÏîˆÏü ÎˆÏÌ‹T ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ ÓyãyÓ˚ òy ÌyÑ˛yÎ˚ Óy£zˆÓÏ ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô%!§ ã
xyòyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò xyˆÏäÈ– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚ xÌ≈õs˛f# v˛. ãò õyÌy£zˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ÓyˆÏã›˛ Ó_,´ì˛yÎ˚
1950ÈÙÈ51 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑– ¢Ç¢ˆÏî ˆ˛ôü Ñ˛Ó˚y Ó_,´ì˛yÎ˚ ÓˆÏúò Ú~£z ˆîˆÏü !ÓˆÏî!ü ˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò ÷ï% xyõyˆÏîÓ˚
!òãfl˛∫ ¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)ÓÑ˚ ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ òÎ˚ñ ~Ñ˛£z ¢ˆÏD xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!òˆÏÎy˚ ÜÑ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò xyd!ÓŸªy¢ ÜˆÏv˛¸
ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ãòƒÁÛ–
Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ õy!úÑ˛yòyï#ò !ü“ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ò#!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ 1953 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Ó˚yv˛zÓˆ˚ ÑÏ ˛Õ‘yñ 1955
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !¶˛úy£zñ 1956 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ î%Üy≈ ˛ô%Ó˚ ~ÓÇ 1964 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˆÓyÑ˛yˆÏÓy˚ Î˚ ˆúÔ£ Á £zfl˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚Öyòy
ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛– 1955 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !¶˛úy£zˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ £zfl˛ôyì˛ ˆÑ˛w ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ˆ¢y!¶˛ˆÏÎì˚ ˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÎ˚–
ˆ¢£z ÖÓ˚ˆâÏ ˛Ó˚ 110 ˆÑ˛y!›˛ ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆ¢y!¶˛ˆÏÎì˚ ˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò ˆîÎ˚ 38.5 ˆÑ˛y!›˛– !ÓˆÏ›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Indian Steel
Works Construction Co.-~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y â%˛!_´ fl˛∫y«˛!Ó˚ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ î%Üy≈ ˛ô%Ó˚ £zfl˛ôyì˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw
v˛zÍ˛ôyîò ÷Ó˚& £Î˚– ˆÓyÑ˛yˆÏÓy˚ £zfl˛ôyì˛ ˆÑ˛w Á ˆ¢y!¶˛ˆÏÎì˚ ˛ ≤ÃÎ!% _´ Á xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú
!äÈú– ~äÈyv˛¸y Óƒ!_´õy!úÑ˛yòyï#ò Ó˝ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ !ü“¢Çfl˛iy !ÓˆÏî!ü ˛ô%!§ ã !ÓˆÏü°ÏK˛ Á ≤ÃÎ!% _´Üì˛ ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÎ˚
ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛!äÈú– v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ƒñ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !ü“˛ô%!§ ã˛ô!ì˛Ó˚y Ó!íÑ˛ Á õ£yãò ˆ◊!í ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zqì( ˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !üˆÏ“Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yü £ˆÏúy ~Ñ˛ òÜíƒ Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó%ˆã Ï y≈ Î˚yÓ˚y ãß√ú@¿ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏî!ü
˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ õïƒfl˛i !£¢yˆÏÓ õ%Í¢%!jÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ üy¢ò ˆü°Ï £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ˛ô%!§ ã˛ô!ì˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ î%Óú ≈ ì˛y î%!›˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– S1V Ó!íÑ˛ ˛ô%!• ã Á õ£yã!ò ˛ô%!§ ãˆÏÑ˛
v˛zÍ˛ôyîòü#ú ˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fˆíÏ xyòyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÌ≈ì˛y ~ÓÇ S2V ˛ô%!§ ãÓyî# v˛zÍ˛ôyîˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ
Îs˛f˛ôy!ì˛ v˛zÍ˛ôyîˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛– 1949ÈÙÈ50 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ Fiscal Commission-~Ó˚ !Ó˚ˆ˛Ï ôyˆÏ›˛≈ Óúy £Î˚
ˆÎñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°≈Ï ˆõ!¢ò ≤Ãhfl˛% ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚# ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ü“¢Çfl˛iy ≤ÃyÎ˚ xò%˛ô!fl˛iì˛ !äÈú– ì˛y£z !üˆÏ“Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ãòƒ
~ˆÏîˆÏü !ÓˆÏî!ü ˛ô%!§ ã Á ≤ÃÎ!% _´Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò– fl˛∫yï#ò ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî# ˛ô%!§ ã Á ≤ÃÎ!% _´Ó˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#úì˛y Ñ˛y›˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ ò–
v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ƒñ ≤ÃÎ!% _´ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈñ xÌ≈yÍ Ó,£Í ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî# ˆîü=!ú ~ÓÇ Ó˝ãy!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢Çfl˛iy=!úÓ˚
£yˆÏì˛£z !Ó!òõˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fí ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ö˛ˆÏú ˆÑ˛yò ≤ÃÎ!% _´ !Óe´# £ˆÏÓñ Ñ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏí ~ÓÇ Ñ˛# îyˆÏõ !Óe´# £ˆÏÓñ
e´Î˚ÈÙÈ!Óe´ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ üì≈˛yÓú# Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓñ ~ ¢Ó£z õ)úì˛ !ÓˆÏe´ì˛yÓ˚y !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– !˛ô. ~õ. !˛ôÕ‘y£z Á ˆÑ˛. ˆÑ˛.
¢%Óõ!òÎ˚yõ ~Ó˚ õˆÏì˛ñ ≤ÃÎ!% _´ £hfl˛Ïyhs˘˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ≤ÃÎ!% _´Üì˛ Á !ü“Üì˛ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#úì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ òì%˛ò Î%Ü ÷Ó˚&
£Î˚–
17.4 ˛ô%!§ ã˛ô!ì˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚e

¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ô%!§ ã˛ô!ì˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚e ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ˆ¢y!¶˛ˆÏÎì˚ ˛ ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛ ÓyúyÓ%ˆüÏ !¶˛â˛ 1950 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ‘New
Stage in the National Liberation Struggle of the People of India’ ü#°ÏÑ≈ ˛ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛ ÓˆÏúòñ ÷ï%
Ó!íÑ˛ ˛ô%!§ ã òÎ˚ñ Ó,£Í !ü“˛ô%!§ ã˛ô!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y Óv˛¸ xÇü ãß√ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!›˛ü ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !Ó!¶˛ß¨
Óı˛ˆÏò ~ÓÇ ¢yõhs˘˛ ã!õîyÓ˚ Á õ£yã!ò ˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD á!ò‹T¶˛yˆÏÓ xyÓk˛ !äÈú– !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú ˛ô%!§ ãÓyîÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ì˛_¥
v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ü â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ‘Some Trends in India’s Economic Development’ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛
1971 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˆúˆÏÖòñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó%ˆã Ï y≈ Î˚y ˆ◊!í ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ˆòì,˛c
!îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈúñ ì˛yÓ˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#ò ˛ô%!§ ãÓyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– x!õÎ˚ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ÓyÜ!â˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛ñ
Ú!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú ˛ô%!§ ãÓyîÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛ 1937ÈÙÈ46 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑– !ì˛!ò ÓˆÏúòñ 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚
fl˛∫yï#òì˛y≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî# ˆîü=!úÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Óı˛ò !äÈß¨ £Î˚!ò– Ñœ˛î õyÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛y!¶˛›˛¢‰ ˆúˆÏÖòñ
¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD õ)úì˛ ¢ÇÎ%_´ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy!í!ãƒÑ˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ SxÌ≈yÍ ˛õ%Í¢%!jV ¢ˆÏD ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ü“ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚
ˆ◊!íÈÙÙÙÈÎy ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# SxÌ≈yÍ ãyì˛#Î˚VÈÙÈÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ôyÌ≈ˆÑÏ ˛ƒÓ˚ ¢#õyˆÏÓÖ˚ y ›˛yòy Ñ˛!‡˛ò Ñ˛yÓ˚í
x!ïÑ˛yÇü ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó,£Í ˛ô%!§ ã˛ô!ì˛ ~Ñ˛£z ¢ˆÏD !òˆÏãÓ˚y£z Ó!íÑ˛ Á !ü“˛ô!ì˛ !äÈú– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó%ˆã Ï y≈ Î˚y Ó,£Íñ
õyG˛y!Ó˚ Á ˆäÈy›˛ ~£z !ì˛ò¶˛yˆÏÜ !Ó¶˛_´ !äÈú– Ó,£Í Ó%ˆã Ï y≈ Î˚yÓ˚y ¢¡ô)í¶≈ ˛yˆÏÓ õ%Í¢%!j â˛!Ó˚êÏ Ó˚– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî# ˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú £ˆÏúÁ ì˛yÓ˚y !ÓˆÏî!ü !òÎ˚s˛fˆíÏ Ó˚ Óy£zˆÓÏ ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
17.5 ◊!õÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò Á ˆ›˛Δv˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ≠ ≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈfl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˛ôÓ≈

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Ófl˛f!ü“ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚úÁˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ õì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó£ò ÓƒÓfl˛iy ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ fl˛ô‹Tì˛ ~Ñ˛ òì%˛ò ¢yõy!ãÑ˛
ˆ◊!í !£¢yˆÏÓ !ü“ ◊!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xy!Ó¶≈˛yÓ áˆÏ›˛– ◊!õÑ˛ ˆ◊!í ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ x¢£ò#Î˚ î%îü≈ y Á xõyò%!°ÏÑ˛ xì˛ƒyâ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
≤Ã!ì˛!ÓïyòÑ˛ˆÏ“ xyˆÏ®yúòõ%Ö# £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ~ÓÇ v˛zò!ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆü°Ï !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢ÇáÓk˛ ◊!õÑ˛
xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy £Î˚–
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!ü“yMÈ˛ˆÏú ◊!õÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò Á ◊!õÑ˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏüy ÓäÈÓ≠˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚*˛ôˆÏÓÖ˚ yÛ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛ ~£z x!¶˛õì˛ Óƒ_´
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£Î˚– ~£z ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õˆÏì˛ 1920 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ AITUC-Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~£z ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ◊!õÑ˛
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Óyõ˛ôs˛i#ñ õyÑ≈˛¢Óyî# ¢Ó ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ õì˛yÓú¡∫# ¢ÇÜ‡˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ~Ñ˛¢ˆÏD Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ò Î!îÁ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
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!òˆÏãÓ˚y£z 1931 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˆÓ˚v˛ ˆ›˛Δv˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ fl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – e´õyÜì˛ ¶˛yàˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò
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£zv˛z!òÎ˚ò=!ú ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Óƒ!_´Üì˛ x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜ=!úÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ Ñ˛ì,˛≈ ˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ î,!‹T xyÑ˛°Ïí≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛– ïõ≈á›˛ v˛yÑ˛y äÈyv˛¸y
!ÓˆÏ«˛y¶˛ ¢õyˆÏÓüñ ãò¢õÌ≈ò Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú=!úÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈ò xyîyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty ~ ¢Ó !Ñ˛ä%È ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !òÎ˚!õì˛
Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ xÇü £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛!äÈú– 1920ÈÙÈÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ◊!õÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò Ó,£_Ó˚ ãò¢yïyÓ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ î,!‹T xyÑ˛°Ïˆ≈ íÏ
¢«˛õ £Î˚– ◊!õÑ˛ ˆ◊!í Á Ó,£_Ó˚ ãò¢yïyÓ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyÜ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
îú=!ú– v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ƒñ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ ◊!õÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ !Óhfl˛ÏyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ó!£Ó˚yÜì˛ ˆòì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿!›˛ ã!v˛¸ì˛–
!ÓüÈÙÈ!eˆÏüÓ˚ îüÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó!£Ó˚yÜì˛ ˆòì˛yÓ˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ !ÓŸªy¢ Á Ñ˛õ≈¢!) â˛ xò%ÎyÎ˚# ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚
¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ò– ~£z ¢ÇÜ‡˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú£z !äÈˆú Ï ò !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈#– ~Ñ˛£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ÖyòyÎ˚
≤Ã!ì˛m®¥# Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈Ñ˛ Ñ˛yã ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ì˛– ≤Ã!ì˛m®¥# £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò=!úÓ˚
ˆÓ˚°yÏ ˆÏÓ!˚ °ÏˆìÏ ˛ ◊!õÑ˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˙Ñ˛ƒ !Ó!á¯ì˛ £ì˛– ¢yïyÓ˚í¶˛yˆÏÓ Óúy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yòÁ ◊!õÑ˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ !ì˛ò!›˛
hfl˛ÏÓ˚ !äÈúÈÙÙÙÈ¢ˆÏÓy≈ Fâ˛ Ó!£Ó˚yÜì˛ ˆòì,˛cñ õïƒÓì≈˛# hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ˚ ◊!õÑ˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ xy¢y !òãfl˛∫ ˆòì,˛c
~ÓÇ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ì˛úyÎ˚ ◊!õÑ˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛yÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÓÏ ≈ ¢î≈yÓ˚Óy˚ £z ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆòì,˛c !îì˛ xyÓyÓ˚
õy!úÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï !£¢yˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fí Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛– !eˆÏüÓ˚ îüÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ◊!õÑ˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢y£¢# Á
ˆòì,˛c =í¢¡ôß¨ !Ñ˛ä%È õyò%°Ï ~ÓÇ ¢î≈yÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
îˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈# !£¢yˆÏÓ xyd≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò–
◊!õÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ î,!‹TˆÏÑ˛yí !Óîƒõyò !äÈú– ãyì˛#Î˚
Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ !äÈú !Ó!›˛ü ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî ~ÓÇ ˛ô%§!ãÓyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ úv˛¸y£z Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ì˛y£z v˛zî#Î˚õyò ◊!õÑ˛
ˆ◊!íˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚y ~£z úv˛¸y£zˆÏÎ˚ Î%_´ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú !Ñ˛ls˘˛ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy£z ãyì˛#Î˚ Ó%ˆÏã≈yÎ˚yˆÏîÓ˚ £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆòì,˛c
◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ â˛ˆÏú ÎyÑ˛ ˆ¢›˛y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yõƒ !äÈú òyñ ˆîü#Î˚ ˛ô%§!ãÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ úv˛¸y£zˆÏÎ˚ ◊!õÑ˛ ˆ◊!íˆÏÑ˛
¢õÌ≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ¢Ω˛Ó !äÈú òy– x˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆî!ü Óy !ÓˆÏî!ü ˛ô%§!ã˛ô!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚e Îy£z ˆ£yÑ˛
òy ˆÑ˛ò Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛Ó˚y ¢Ó≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe£z ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇáÓk˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ x@˘Ãí# ¶)˛!õÑ˛y @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛
˛ôy!›≈˛ äÈyv˛¸y !eˆÏüÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛y xòƒyòƒ Óyõ˛ôs˛i# îú Á ˆÜy¤˛#=!ú ◊!õÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò Á ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏò
v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ xyîü≈Üì˛ !ò¤˛y ÌyÑ˛y ¢ˆÏ_¥Á Óyhfl˛ÏÓˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ Óyõ˛ôs˛i#
ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ x!hfl˛Ïc Á Ó˝ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ü!Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ îúyî!ú ~ÓÇ xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚
!¢k˛yˆÏhs˘˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ÇÜ!ì˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# õ)úˆÏfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ˆÏîÓ˚ î,!‹T¶˛!DÓ˚
ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò á›˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢ˆÏÎyÜƒì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ◊!õÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò
î%Ó≈ú £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸–
Óúy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ xy›˛ îüÑ˛ Óƒy˛ô# x!hfl˛ÏˆcÏ Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓÁ ˚ ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏ◊!íÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
ˆÜy¤˛# ˆâ˛ì˛òy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ◊!í ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ v˛zˆßÏ √°Ï áˆÏ›˛!ò Óy ì˛yÓ˚y x@˘Ãí# ˜Ó≤’!ÓÑ˛ ˆ◊!íˆÏì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ!˚ ò–
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú¶%˛_´ ◊!õÑ˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛Ñ˛Ó˚y õ)úì˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ î,!‹TˆÑÏ ˛yí ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!eì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ îy!Ó îyÁÎ˚yˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã úyÜyˆÏì˛ â˛y£zì˛– ö˛ˆÏú x!ïÑ˛yÇü ◊!õÑ˛
xyˆÏ®yúò=!ú £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛!äÈú Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ ≤ÃˆíÏ y!îì˛ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ úv˛¸y£z–
17.6 ◊!õÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò Á ˆ›˛Δv˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ≠ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôÓ≈

Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓÁ
≈ ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ◊!õÑ˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú=!úÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ
˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú– ˆÓ!üÓ˚ ¶˛yÜ ˆ›˛Δv˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò=!ú Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ îˆÏúÓ˚ !òˆÏîü≈ xò%ÎyÎ˚#
Ñ˛õ≈¢!) â˛ !òï≈yÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò=!ú fl˛∫yì˛s˛fƒñ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ~ÓÇ ò#!ì˛ !òï≈yÓ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ «˛õì˛y £y!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚
ˆö˛ˆÏú– ãyì˛#Î˚ hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ˚ ◊!õÑ˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy ~£z ¢õÎ˚ Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– !mì˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï î%!›˛ ¢Ó≈¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
◊!õÑ˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ x!hfl˛Ïc !äÈú– ~=!ú £ú Indian Federation of Labour (IFL) ~ÓÇ All India
Trade Union Congress (AITUC)– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ¢õyãì˛s˛f#Ó˚y AITUC ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ 1948
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Hind Mazdoor Sabha. Hind Mazdoor !Ó¶˛_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ Bharatiya Mazdoor
Sabha Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚– Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!òv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛ !Ó¶˛_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ î%!›˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò United Trade Union
Congress ~ÓÇ Centre of Indian Trade Union Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
ì˛_¥Üì˛ ~ÓÇ Óyhfl˛ÏÓ¢¡øì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôMÈ˛Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ˆ›˛Δv˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò xyˆÏ®yúòˆÏÑ˛ ò)ì˛ò õyey ˆîÎ˚–
ˆ›˛Δv˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ =Ó˚&c ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ !äÈú ‘The attitude of the trade unions
should not be just a matter of toleration. They should be welcomed and helped to
function as part and percel of the industrial system’. ~£z ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜ò
Ï !ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏü
fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ˆ›˛Δv˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy e´õü Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆ›˛Δv˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ o&ì˛ !ÓÑ˛yü
¢ˆÏ_Á ¥ Ö%Ó£z x“ ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ ◊!õÑ˛ ~Ó˚ xyÁì˛yÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú– 1962ÈÙÈ63 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ õye 24% ◊!õÑ˛
£zv˛z!òÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ¢î¢ƒ !äÈú–
1947ÈÙÈ60 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜ ˛ôMÈ˛Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ ö˛ú◊&!ì˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ
ˆÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ òì%˛ò !üˆÏ“Ó˚ xyÜõò áˆÏ›˛– ~£z ¢õÎ˚ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ◊!õÑ˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ xÓfl˛iy
ì%˛úòyõ)úÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢ˆÏhs˘˛y°ÏãòÑ˛ ÌyÑ˛yÎ˚ Ö%Ó ˆÓ!ü ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ á›˛òy áˆÏ›˛!ò– ïõ≈áˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÁ
£…y¢ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& v˛zÍ˛ôyîˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï =Ó˚&c ˆîÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ◊!õÑ˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ¢£yò%¶˛) !ì˛ü#ú
!äÈˆúÏ ò– ì§˛yÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢ !äÈú xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ £ú ≤ÃÜ!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ◊!õÑ˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÓÏ –
ãy!ì˛Ó˚ v˛zßÎ¨ ˆ˚ òÏ ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ≤Ã¢ˆÏD 1957 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Ó˚yv˛zÓˆ˚ ÑÏ ˛Õ‘y £zfl˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÖyòyÎ˚ ≤Ãî_ ~Ñ˛!›˛
Ó_,´ì˛yÎ˚ !ì˛!ò ÓˆÏúòñ ‘You are not here merely to earn wages, though that is also
important, but you are engaged in a great national task’. ïõ≈á›˛ñ £Ó˚ì˛yú ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ !ì˛!ò
◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ îy!Ó˚o î)Ó#˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛õ≈¢!) â˛ Óƒy£ì˛ £ˆÏÓ– 1958 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑
◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !õ!äÈú ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ !ì˛!ò ÓˆÏúòñ ‘Strikes and Hartals, he warned the workers,
hampered the struggle against poverty in which India was engaged’. ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚
Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ v˛zß!¨ ì˛ ¢yïˆÏò ¢%üC , ú ˆ›˛Δv˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚òÓyˆÏî !ì˛!ò !ÓŸªy¢# !äÈˆú
Ï ò–
1960 ~ÓÇ 1970ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ ◊!õÑ˛ x¢ˆÏhs˘˛y°Ï ~ÓÇ ïõ≈áˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– 60ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
õyG˛yõy!G˛ ◊!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛, ì˛ õã%!Ó˚ £…y¢ ˛ôyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ v˛z˛ôÎ%_´ ˛ôy!Ó˚◊!õÑ˛ òy ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÎ˚ !ü“ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÖyòyÎ˚ !Óü,Cúy
¢,!‹T £Î˚– 1964 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 2151!›˛ ïõ≈áˆÏ›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ 7ñ725!›˛ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ !îò ò‹T £Î˚– ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ≤ÃyÎ˚ 1ñ
002 ãò ◊!õÑ˛ ã!v˛¸ì˛ !äÈú– 1960ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ˆÓy¡∫y£z ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÓÑ˛y!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛
î%îü≈ y ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ¢yˆÏÓ!Ñ˛ ◊!õÑ˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò=!ú ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~£z ¢õ¢ƒy ˆõ›˛yˆÏì˛ x˛ôyÓ˚Ü £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚
!üÓˆÏ¢òyÓ˚ v˛zqÓ £Î˚ ÎyÓ˚y Bharatiya Kamgar Sena òyˆÏõ ˆ›˛Δv˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò
◊!õÑ˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !Ó¶˛yãò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õhs˘˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ î!«˛í ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãâ˛% Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí
◊!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÜõˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ~£z ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢,!‹T £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– Ó!£Ó˚yÜì˛ ◊!õÑ˛Ó˚y ˆÓy¡∫y£z ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï õ£yÓ˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚
≤ÃÑ˛, ì˛ ◊!õÑ˛Ó˚y Ñ˛yã ˛ôyˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ã#Óò ïyÓ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ õyò v˛zßì¨ ˛ £ˆÏÓ– Bharatiya Kamgar Sena
◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ÓƒÌ≈ £Î˚– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ xÈÙÈõ£yÓ˚y‹T#… Î˚ Ó!£Ó˚yÜì˛ ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò !òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚
x¶˛yÓ áˆÏ›˛–
1960ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ~ÓÇ ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆÎ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ x!fl˛iÓì˚ ˛y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú
ì˛y ◊!õÑ˛ ˆ◊!íˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ 1971ÈÙÈ75 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜ !ü“ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÖyòyÎ˚
ïõ≈áˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú xˆÏòÑ˛=!ú Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ !îò ò‹T £Î˚– 1974 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˆÓ˚ú ïõ≈á›˛ !äÈú !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ
v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ– ~£z ¢õÎ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˆÜy¤˛# Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú¢£ xòƒyòƒ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yòñ
ˆòì,˛Ó,ˆ® Ï Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ x¢ls˘˛‹T £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~£z xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ› ¢_Ó˚ ~ÓÇ xy!üÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È xÓ˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
ˆòì,˛c ~ÓÇ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xy!Ó¶≈˛yÓ áˆÏ›˛– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ £ú ~. ˆÑ˛. Ó˚yÎ˚ñ üB˛Ó˚ =£ !òˆÏÎy˚ Ü# ~ÓÇ
Working Women’s Forum Sˆâ˛ßÿ£zV Self Employed Women’s Association S=ãÓ˚y›˛Vñ
Society for Technology and Development S!£õyâ˛ú ≤ÃˆîÏ üVñ Ama Sangathana Sv˛z!v˛¸°ƒÏ yVñ
Kerala Dinesh Beedi SˆÑ˛Ó˚yúyV ~ÓÇ Kagad Kach Patra Kashtkari Panchayat Sõ£yÓ˚y‹TV… –
ì˛ˆÏÓ ~£z¢Ó ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛!ÓïyˆÏò ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ £ˆÏúÁ ˆ›˛Δv˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛“ !äÈú òy–
¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆ›˛Δv˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò=!ú ◊!õÑ˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyˆÏò ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúˆÏò ÓƒÌ≈
£Î˚– Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú=!úÓ˚ myÓ˚y !òÎ˚!s˛fì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÓyG˛y˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ !äÈú– ïõ≈ñ Óí≈ñ ãy!ì˛ñ
¶˛y°ÏyÜì˛ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˙Ñ˛ƒ Á ¢Ç£!ì˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ !äÈú òy– ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ ~ÓÇ
x¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÓyG˛y˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ ◊!õÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò=!úˆÏÑ˛ ü!_´üyú# Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
≤Ã!ì˛Óı˛Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ƒñ ˆ›˛Δv˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD x¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ◊õã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚
ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÜˆÏäÈ– 1970 Á 80ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢õ#«˛y=!ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖy ˆÜˆÏäÈñ
˛ô§yâ˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛yòy Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢ˆÏ_Á ¥ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y 40 ¶˛yÜ x¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ›˛Δv˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò
¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòyÓ˚Ñ˛õ ïyÓ˚íy£z ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Î˚!ò–
17.7 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
~£z ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ Á v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈË˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ Ñ˛yú˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ◊!õÑ˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚
!ÓÑ˛yü Îy ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !ü“yÎ˚ò Á ˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢Ç!Ÿ’‹T– Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ !ü“˛ô%!§ ãÓ˚
!Óhfl˛ÏyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢ˆÏD !Ó!›˛ü v˛zˆîÏ ƒyˆÏÜÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ !ü“˛ô!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚– ˛ôy›˛ñ Ófl˛fÓÎ˚ò Á
ˆúÔ£ÈÙÈ£flz ˛ôyì˛ !üˆÏ“Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yü Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ üy¢òÑ˛yˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ !ü“yÎ˚ò ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ !ü“˛ô!ì˛Ó˚y xòƒyòƒ ˆ«˛e=ˆÏúyˆÏì˛Á !Ó!òˆÏÎy˚ Ü ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z ¢õÎ˚ !ÓˆÏî!ü ˛ô%!§ ã ˆÎõò
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈúñ ˆì˛õ!ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyˆÏÜ ˛ôMÈ˛Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¶˛yÓ˚# !ü“ Á ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚
v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ÷Ó˚& £Î˚– ◊!õÑ˛ ˆ◊!í ˆ›˛Δv˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚òÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢ÇáÓk˛ £Î˚ Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ îy!ÓîyÁÎ˚y ãyòyˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚&
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏD õˆÏò Ó˚yÖy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò !äÈúñ xÌ≈yÍ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
◊!õÑ˛ ˆ◊!í ˙Ñ˛ƒÓk˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ÓƒÌ≈ !äÈú– ~£z ›˛yòyˆÏ˛ôyv˛¸ˆòÏ Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !ü“ÈÙÈ¢¡ôÑ≈˛
~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ–

1– Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ !ü“yÎ˚ò ≤Ã!e´Î˚y !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚&ò– ~£z ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ô%!§ ã˛ô!ì˛
ˆ◊!íÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚e xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
2– Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ◊!õÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ Ü!ì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛, !ì˛ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚&ò– ◊!õÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò
ˆ›˛Δv˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îò–
17.9 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
1– Sunil Sen — Working Class Movement in India, 1885-1975, Delhi, 1994.
2– Abdul Aziz — ‘Trade Union Movement in India’. Journal of Humanities
and Social Science, Vol-20, Issue 6, June 2015.
3– Arya, P.P. — Trade Unions in India, Growth and Recognition, New Delhi,
1985.
4– xõú îyü ÈÙÙÙÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ !ò¡¨ÓˆÏÜÓ≈ ˚ òyÓ˚# ◊!õÑ˛ ≠ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ Á ¢Ç@˘Ãyõñ v˛z!òü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
!Óü üì˛Ñ˛ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 2013–
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 18  !ÓK˛yòñ !ü«˛y Á ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ !â˛hs˘˛yïyÓ˚y

Ü‡˛ò
18.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
18.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
18.2 fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !ÓK˛yò ò#!ì˛
18.3 fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !ü«˛yò#!ì˛
18.3.1 !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ !ü«˛y Ñ˛!õüò S1948V
18.3.2 õïƒ!ü«˛y (Secondary Eduction) Ñ˛!õüò S1952V
18.3.3 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ !ü«˛y Ñ˛!õüò S1964ÈÙÈ66V
18.3.4 ãyì˛#Î˚ !ü«˛yò#!ì˛ S1968V
18.4 ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ !â˛hs˘˛yïyÓ˚y ≠ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ Á Ñ˛úy!Óîƒy¢õ)£
18.4.1 ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ
18.4.2 ÓyÇúyÓ˚ òy›˛ƒ¢y!£ì˛ƒ
18.4.3 ÓyÇúyÓ˚ â˛ú!Fâ˛e
18.5 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
18.7 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
18.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
 fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ xò%¢ì, ˛ !ÓK˛yò ò#!ì˛Ó˚ v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ !äÈú õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚
õˆÏïƒ !ÓK˛yò ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy–
 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !ü«˛y ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛Ó˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ !ü«˛y Ñ˛!õüò Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
 ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ xyüy xyÑ˛yCyÓ˚ Óyhfl˛ÏÓyÎ˚òñ !ÓK˛yò Á ≤ÃÎ!% _´ñ ÜˆÏÓ°Ïíyñ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ xyï%!òÑ˛#Ñ˛Ó˚íñ
ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ xyïƒy!dÑ˛ õ)úƒˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!õüò ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
 1968 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ãyì˛#Î˚ !ü«˛yò#!ì˛ ≤Ãí#ì˛ £Î˚–

 fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ ¢õ,!k˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨
üyÖyÎ˚–
18.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ !ÓK˛yò ò#!ì˛ ≤Ãïyòì˛ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy xò%ÎyÎ˚# xò%¢ì, ˛
£ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆj Ï üƒ !äÈú õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ÓK˛yò ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy– !ì˛!ò v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ !ÓK˛yò Á !ÓK˛yò#ˆÏîÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ– !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢õ¢ƒy !ÓK˛yò#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò
v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢=!úÓ˚ ¢õyïyò !ì˛!ò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ£z ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò– ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ õ,ì˛% ƒÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛!îò ˛ôˆÏÓÁ
˚ ì§˛yÓ˚
!ÓK˛yò ò#!ì˛ ˜ÓK˛y!òÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãüy¢!òÑ˛ õ£ˆÏú ≤ÃüÇ!¢ì˛ £Î˚– ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ã#ÓˆÏò
˜ÓK˛y!òÑ˛ ˆõãyãñ xò%¢!ı˛Í¢y ~ÓÇ ˜ÓK˛y!òÑ˛ ÜˆÏÓ°ÏíyÎ˚ fl˛∫!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ì˛y xã≈ˆòÏ Ó˚ ¶˛yÓòy !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y ¡‘yò £ˆÏÎ˚
˛ôˆÏv˛¸–
fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ !ü«˛y ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ñ˛ òì%˛ò xïƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ¢)â˛òy £Î˚– fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ˆÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ ¢õ¢ƒy
~ÓÇ â˛ƒyˆÏúO ~Ó˚ ¢¡ø%Ö#ò £Î˚– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !ü«˛y Ñ˛!õüò Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ü«˛y ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛Ó˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒñ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚
xyüy xyÑ˛yCyÓ˚ Óyhfl˛ÏÓyÎ˚òñ !ÓK˛yò Á ≤ÃÎ!% _´ñ ÜˆÏÓ°Ïíyñ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ xyï%!òÑ˛#Ñ˛Ó˚íñ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ
˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ xyïƒy!dÑ˛ õ)úƒˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü ÎyˆÏì˛ ¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚ ˆ¢ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!õüò ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
Ñ˛!õüò=!úÓ˚ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ˆüÏ Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 1968 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ãyì˛#Î˚ !ü«˛yò#!ì˛ ≤Ãí#ì˛ £Î˚–
fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆâ˛ì˛òy ¢õ,k˛ £Î˚– ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ üyÖyÎ˚ ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚– !mì˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%k˛ñ õß∫hs˘˛Ó˚ñ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ üÓ˚íyÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ î%¶˛≈ yÜƒãòÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ñ ¢õyã ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛yñ
Óyhfl˛ÏÓˆÏÓyïñ Óyõ˛ôs˛i# ¶˛yÓyîˆÏüÓ≈ ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓñ õyò!ÓÑ˛ õ)úƒˆÏÓyïñ @˘Ãyõ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ›˛yòyˆÏ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸òÈÙÙÙÈ~ ¢Ó£z ¢y!£ì˛ƒñ
òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏe ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ˆÏäÈ–
18.2 fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !ÓK˛yò ò#!ì˛

xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ Á £z!ì˛£y¢ â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ÓK˛yòñ ≤ÃÎ!% _´ ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü ¢Çeýhs˘˛ !Ó°ÏÎ= ˚ !ú
=Ó˚&c ˆ˛ôˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !ÓK˛yò ò#!ì˛ ≤Ãïyòì˛ ãÁ£Ó˚úyú
ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy xò%ÎyÎ˚# xò%¢ì, ˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˜ÓK˛y!òÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ì˛!ò
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !ÓK˛yò Á ≤ÃÎ!% _´Ó˚ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ á!›˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò– ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ !äÈú !ÓK˛yò â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚
õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ÓK˛yò ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy– !ì˛!ò ~Ñ˛ÌyÁ ÓˆÏú!äÈˆú Ï ò ˆÎ ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒÍ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛
!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ !ÓK˛yò Á !ÓK˛yò#ˆÏîÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ– 1952 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó_,´ì˛yÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ÓˆÏúòñ ‘We live
in an age of science. We hear and read of revolutions but the greatest revolutionary
force in the past 150 years has been science, which has transformed human life, and
has changed political, social and economic organizations’. ~Ó˚ xyˆÏÜ 1937 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ !ÓK˛yò Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ x!ïˆÏÓüˆÏò !ì˛!ò ÓˆÏúòñ ÚThe future belongs to science and to those
who make friends with science and seek its help for the advancement of society’.
≤Ãïyòõs˛f#Ó˚ îy!Î˚c @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& Department of Scientific and Natural Resource
òyˆÏõ !ÓÖƒyì˛ !ÓK˛yò îÆÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ãy!ì˛Ó˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ÓK˛yòñ ≤ÃÎ!% _´ ~ÓÇ !ÓK˛yò#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈
≤ÃˆâÏ ˛‹TyˆÏÑ˛ cÓ˚y!ß∫ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ 1958 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõˆÏr›˛ ‘Science Policy Resolution’ òyˆÏõ
~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓ ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõˆÏr›˛ xò%ˆõÏ yîò Ñ˛Ó˚yò– ~£z ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓ ~Ó˚ xyˆÏÜ ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõˆÏr›˛ xò%ˆõÏ y!îì˛
£Î˚!ò– ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ !ÓK˛yò#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y Á ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ îyÎ˚Ók˛ì˛y ãy@˘Ãì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛‹T
!äÈˆú Ï ò– !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢õ¢ƒy !ÓK˛yò#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò v˛z˛ôfl˛iy!˛ôì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢=!úÓ˚ ¢õyïyò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆúÏ ò–
ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˜ÓK˛y!òÑ˛ ˆâ˛ì˛òy Á ˜ÓK˛y!òÑ˛ xò%¢!ı˛Í¢y ãy@˘Ãì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò–
≤Ãüy¢!òÑ˛ Ñ˛õ≈Ñ˛ì≈˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Á !ÓK˛yòˆÏÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y Ó,!k˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ =Ó˚&c xyˆÏÓy˚ ˛ô
Ï ò– !ÓK˛yò ¢Çeýhs˘˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ñ˛!õ!›˛=!úˆÏì˛ !ì˛!ò ~£z ≤Ãüy¢!òÑ˛ Ñ˛õ≈Ñ˛ì≈˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Î%_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò ~ÓÇ
!ÓK˛yò ò#!ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ !¢k˛yhs˘˛ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ !ì˛!ò ~£z¢Ó ≤Ãüy¢!òÑ˛ x!ö˛¢yÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ õì˛yõì˛ =Ó˚&c ¢£Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚
!ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ò–
ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ÓK˛yò ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü Óy !ÓK˛yòˆÏÑ˛ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ (popularisation of
scientific outlook among the people) úˆÏ«˛ƒ !ì˛!ò !ÓK˛yò#ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢y!£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò ˚ – !ì˛!ò
v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò ˆÎ ÷ï%õye Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ !ÓK˛yò!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ õò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ%˛¢ÇflÒyÓ˚
î)Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy– !ÓK˛yò Á ≤ÃÎ!% _´ˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xD !£¢yˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛
ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò– !ÓK˛yò# Á ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xyhs˘˛!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜ fl˛iy˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò !ÓK˛yò#Ó˚y
ˆÎò ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ Ó,£_Ó˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈ !ÓK˛yòˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ Ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ !ÓK˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÜˆÏÓ°ÏíyÜyˆÏÓ˚ xyÓk˛ òy
ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ ¢õyã Á õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ õˆÏïƒ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆîò– ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ ~£z ò#!ì˛ ‘Principle of science for the
people’ òyˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– !ì˛!ò v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò !ÓK˛yò#Ó˚y õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!òÎ˚ì˛ ¢õ¢ƒy=!úÓ˚ ¢%¤˛%
¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢ˆÏâ˛‹T £ˆÏú ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ õˆÏò !ÓK˛yò ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ xò%≤ÃˆÓÏ ü á›˛yˆÏòy ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏÓ–
ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& !ÓK˛yò Á Ñ˛y!Ó˚Ü!Ó˚ ÜˆÏÓ°ÏíyÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏÑ˛ ¢%îë, ˛¸ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛‹T !äÈˆú
Ï ò– ì§˛yÓ˚ ~£z ≤ÃˆâÏ ˛‹TyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú
Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=!ú !Ó˚¢yâ≈˛ úƒyÓˆÏÓ˚›˛!Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £Î˚– ~äÈyv˛¸y xƒyˆÏ›˛y!õÑ˛ ~òy!ã≈ ~ˆÏã!™ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
!ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚=!úˆÏì˛ !ÓK˛yò Á ≤ÃÎ!% _´ !Ó¶˛yÜ=!úˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã¢y!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ›˛Ñ˛ˆÏòyú!ãÑ˛yú £zò!fi›˛!›˛v˛z›˛
Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~=!ú ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòyÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ xÌ≈ ÓÓ˚yj Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ !ÓK˛yò ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ú«˛ƒ !äÈú fl˛∫!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ì˛y xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ˆãy›˛!òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ì˛yÓ˚ ò#!ì˛ xÓú¡∫ò
Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ Î%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ ¢õhfl˛Ï ˆîü=!úÓ˚ !òÑ˛›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢y£yÎƒ ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy !äÈú òy– 1962 ~ÓÇ 1965
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ÎÌye´ˆÏõ !â˛ò Á ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ÏyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Î%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˜ÓˆÏî!üÑ˛ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛
!Ñ˛ä%È ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢¡ø%Ö#ò £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ~!îˆÏÑ˛ ú«˛ƒ ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ˜ÓK˛y!òÑ˛ ÜˆÏÓ°ÏíyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe fl˛∫!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ì˛y xã≈ò
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛‹T £Î˚– ˛ôMÈ˛Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ National Committee of Science and
Technology ~Ñ˛!›˛ ò#!ì˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z ò#!ì˛Ó˚ òyõ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ Approach to Science and
Technology Plan ÎyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ !ÓK˛yò (Science for the people) ò#!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛
ü!_´üyú# Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– The Indian Institute of Science @˘Ãyõ#í ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ !ÓK˛yò ~ÓÇ
≤ÃÎ!% _´ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ Ü Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ õ,ì˛% ƒÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛!îò ˛ôˆÏÓÁ
˚ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ !ÓK˛yò ò#!ì˛ ˜ÓK˛y!òÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãüy¢!òÑ˛ õ£ˆÏú ≤ÃüÇ!¢ì˛
£Î˚– 1969 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Indian Journal of Public Administration-~Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚
ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ ò#!ì˛ ~ÓÇ î)Óî˚ !ü≈ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃüÇ¢y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆúÖy £Î˚ñ ‘India was fortunate, to have had a
prime minister who realised more than most people that science and its application
are the only means to combat backwardness and increase the pace of national
development.’
ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ˜ÓK˛y!òÑ˛ ˆõãyãñ xò%¢!ı˛Í¢y ~ÓÇ ˜ÓK˛y!òÑ˛
ÜˆÏÓ°ÏíyÎ˚ fl˛∫!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ì˛y xã≈ˆòÏ Ó˚ ¶˛yÓòy !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y ¡‘yò £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– 1974 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ £z!®Ó˚y Üy!ı˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ !ÓK˛yò
ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ú«˛ƒ !£¢yˆÏÓ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓK˛yò ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü á›˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ xy£πyò ãyòyˆÏúÁ !ÓK˛yˆÏòÓ˚
x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ xÓfl˛iyòˆÏÑ˛ ¢%îë, ˛¸ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï õˆÏòyˆÏÎyÜ# !äÈˆú
Ï ò– 1970ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
îüˆÏÑ˛ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ !ÓK˛yò ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ Óyhfl˛ÏÓ Ó˚*˛ôyÎ˚í Óyïy≤ÃyÆ £Î˚– David Arnold ˆúˆÏÖòñ ‘By the 1970s
and 1980s the image of Nehru Science had become tarnished—in part because it had
failed to deliver all that had been grandly promised in the name of science, including
the eradication of poverty’.
18.3 fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !ü«˛yò#!ì˛

fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !ü«˛yò#!ì˛ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ 1813
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ â˛y›≈˛yÓ˚ xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ !Ó!›˛ü ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆ¢£z xˆÏÌ≈ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ü«˛yò#!ì˛ !äÈú òy– 1854
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ â˛yú≈¢ v˛zv˛ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Education Despatch ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈfl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ Sargeant Commission-
~Ó˚ !ü«˛y ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˆö˛ˆÏú!äÈú– fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ !ü«˛yò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ñ˛ ò)ì˛ò xïƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
¢)â˛òy £Î˚– fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ˆÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ ¢õ¢ƒy ~ÓÇ â˛ƒyˆÏúOÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢¡ø%Ö#ò £Î˚– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !ü«˛y Ñ˛!õüò Ü‡˛ò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~£z ¢õhfl˛Ï â˛ƒyˆÏúO ~ÓÇ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyòÑ˛ˆÏ“ ~ÓÇ !ü«˛y ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛Ó˚ ì˛y!ÜˆÏî– Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ îy!Î˚c
!äÈú ~£z Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ Ü‡˛òõ)úÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ ˆîÁÎ˚y–
1950 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Ü,£#ì˛ ¢Ç!Óïyò xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛w Á Ó˚yãƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ü«˛y !Óhfl˛ÏyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ îy!Î˚c
x!˛ô≈ì˛ £Î˚– ¢Ç!Óïyò ≤ÃˆíÏ ì˛yÓ˚y v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú ˆÎ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ fl˛iy!Î˚c ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ!ì˛ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú ~ÓÇ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ ¢ö˛ú Ó˚*˛ôyÎ˚í !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ü!«˛ì˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛Ñ˛õ[˛ú#Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚– Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ ¢ö˛ú
Ó˚*˛ôyÎ˚í ~ÓÇ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ òƒyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãˆÏò ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ãòƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢õyò ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚
Ñ˛Ìy Óúy £Î˚– !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ Ü!‡˛ì˛ !ü«˛y Ñ˛!õüò=!úÓ˚ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ˆüÏ Ó˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !ü«˛yò#!ì˛ !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛
£Î˚–
18.3.1 !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ !ü«˛y Ñ˛!õüò S1948V
1948 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ !ü«˛y Ñ˛!õüò Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚– v˛. ¢Ó≈˛ôÕ‘# Ó˚yïyÑ,˛°åí !äÈˆú Ï ò ~£z Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚
ˆâ˛Î˚yÓ˚õƒyò– ~£z Ñ˛!õüò Ó˚yïyÑ,˛°åí ~v%˛ˆÏÑ˛üò Ñ˛!õüò òyˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– ~£z Ñ˛!õüò fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛
v˛zFâ˛!ü«˛y !Óhfl˛ÏyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ñ˛ Î%Üyhs˘˛Ñ˛yÓ˚# ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô– Ñ˛!õüò Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ xyõˆÏúÓ˚ !ü«˛y !Óhfl˛ÏyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ e&!›˛
ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ!ì˛ ~ÓÇ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÎyÜ# !ü«˛y ¢ÇflÒyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü
xò%ÎyÎ˚# !ü«˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆj Ï üƒ £ÁÎ˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛ Óƒ!_´ˆÏÑ˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˙!ì˛ˆÏ£ƒÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ˛ôüyÜì˛
Á Ó,!_Üì˛ ≤Ã!ü«˛í ˆîÁÎ˚y– !ÓK˛yò ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÎ!% _´Üì˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ !Óhfl˛ÏyÓ˚ á›˛yˆÏòy ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò– Óƒ!_´ˆÏcÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü
~ÓÇ K˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!ï Óyv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãˆÏò ò)ì˛ò !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚– ãy!ì˛ñ ïõ≈ñ Óí≈
!ò!Ó≈ˆüÏ ˆÏ°Ï ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ú õyò%°ˆÏ ÑÏ ˛ v˛zFâ˛!ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜ ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚y !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ v˛zˆj Ï üƒ £ÁÎ˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛–
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ ú«˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ fl˛øÓ˚ˆíÏ ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ ~£z !ü«˛y Ñ˛!õüò v˛zFâ˛ !ü«˛y ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
18.3.2 õïƒ!ü«˛y (Secondary Education) Ñ˛!õüò S1952V
1952 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ õïƒ!ü«˛y Ñ˛!õüò Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚– ~£z Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ ˆâ˛Î˚yÓ˚õƒyò !äÈˆú Ï ò ú«˛ífl˛∫yõ#
õ%îy!úÎ˚yÓ˚– 1953 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ õ%îy!úÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛!õüò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !òÑ˛›˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ !ü«˛y ¢õ¢ƒy !Óüî¶˛yˆÏÓ
ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ¢õyïyò ¢)e ˆîÎ˚– Ñ˛!õüò äÈyeˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò ~ÓÇ xy@˘Ãˆ£Ï Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ú«˛ƒ ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ Ó˝õ%Ö#
!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ˆÖyúyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ ˆîÎ˚– ¢yÓ˚y ˆîˆÏü ~Ñ˛£z ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ !ü«˛y ÓƒÓfl˛iy ≤Ãâ˛úˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Ñ˛!õüò
äÈyeˆÏîÓ˚ ÓÎ˚¢ 11ÈÙÈ17 ÓäÈÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚¢ !£¢yˆÏÓ Üíƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~£z ¢yì˛ ÓäÈÓˆ˚ ÑÏ ˛ ã%!òÎ˚Ó˚ ~ÓÇ £y£z
Óy v˛zFâ˛ !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏú– õïƒ!ü«˛yÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ¢)!â˛ˆÏì˛ @˘ÃyõyMÈ˛ˆÏú fl˛iy!˛ôì˛ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚
=!úˆÏì˛ Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛yã ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓ ˆîÎ˚– ˆõˆÏÎˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ ãòƒ Üy£≈fl˛iƒ!ÓK˛yò ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏòy ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãˆÏò
õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ õyì,˛¶˛y°Ïy Óy fl˛iyò#Î˚ ¶˛y°Ïy !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒõ £ÁÎ˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛– ˛ôy‡˛ƒ¢)!â˛ˆÏì˛
¢õyã!ÓK˛yòñ ¢yïyÓ˚í!ÓK˛yòñ Ü!íì˛ñ ¢D#ì˛ñ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yã ~ÓÇ üÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛y xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ _´ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ ˆîÎ˚–
!ü«˛y !Óhfl˛ÏyˆÏÓ˚ õ%îy!úÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü !ÓˆÏü°Ï ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ Ó£ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ˆÓ!üÓ˚ ¶˛yÜ !ü«˛y!Óî ~£z
Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ Óyhfl˛ÏÓ¢¡øì˛ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ˆüÏ Ó˚ ≤ÃüÇ¢y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyˆÏÓ ˆõˆÏÎˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ !ü«˛y !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ Á
˚ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü Ñ˛Ó˚y
£Î˚–
18.3.3 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ !ü«˛y Ñ˛!õüò S1964ÈÙÈ66V
!v˛. ~õ. ˆÑ˛y‡˛y!Ó˚ÈÙÈÓ˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc 1964 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ !ü«˛y Ñ˛!õüò !òˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ~£z
Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ îy!Î˚c !äÈú !ü«˛y !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢Ç!Ÿ’‹T ¢õhfl˛Ï !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ãyì˛#Î˚ !ü«˛yÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚
ãòƒ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ ˆîÁÎ˚y– Ñ˛!õüò õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛úƒyí ~ÓÇ !òÓ˚y˛ô_y Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y
¢%!ü!«˛ì˛ Óƒ!_´ˆÏîÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢Ω˛Ó– fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ !ü«˛y!ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ïyÓ˚y ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~£z Ñ˛!õüò
!ü«˛yÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ xyõ)ú ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ ˆîÎ˚– x¶˛ƒhs˘˛Ó˚#í Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyñ !ü«˛yÓ˚ =íÜì˛ õyò ~ÓÇ !ü«˛yÓ˚
¢%ˆÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ÓˆÏü°Ï î,!‹T ˆîÁÎ˚y ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– !ü«˛y ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ äÈyeˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò
xyd!ÓŸªy¢ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyñ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ xyüyÈÙÈxyÑ˛yCyÓ˚ Óyhfl˛ÏÓyÎ˚òñ !ÓK˛yòñ ≤ÃÎ%!_´ñ ÜˆÏÓ°Ïíyñ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚
xyï%!òÑ˛#Ñ˛Ó˚íñ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ xyïƒy!dÑ˛ õ)úƒˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü ¢yïò ÎyˆÏì˛ ¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚
ˆ¢ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!õüò ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~£z Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ˆÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 1968 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑
ãyì˛#Î˚ !ü«˛yò#!ì˛ ≤Ãí#ì˛ £Î˚–
18.3.4 ãyì˛#Î˚ !ü«˛y ò#!ì˛ S1968V
¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ú ˆ◊!íÓ˚ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ !Óhfl˛ÏyÓ˚ á›˛yˆÏòy ~ÓÇ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢¡±#!ì˛ Á ˆ¢Ô£yˆÏîÓ≈ ˚
úˆÏ«˛ƒ !ü«˛y ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y !äÈú ~£z ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ú«˛ƒ– !ü«˛yÓ˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛ ~ÓÇ !Óhfl˛ÏyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyÜ=!ú ˆòÁÎ˚y
£ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ˆ¢=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !äÈú xÓyï ~ÓÇ ¢Ó≈ãò#ò !ü«˛yñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¶˛y°Ïy ¢õ)ˆ£Ï Ó˚ ¢ÇÓ˚«˛íñ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢õyò
¢%ˆÎÏ yÜñ !ÓK˛yòñ ÜˆÏÓ°Ïíyñ Ñ,˛!°Ï Á !üˆÏ“ ˛≤Ã!ü«˛íñ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ fl˛∫y«˛Ó˚ì˛y Á ÓÎ˚flÒ !ü«˛yñ
ˆÖúyï)ˆú Ï y ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛– !ü«˛y ÖyˆÏì˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ äÈÎ˚ üì˛yÇü ÓƒÎ˚ ÓÓ˚yj Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy £Î˚– ãy!ì˛Ó˚ v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚
Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü !ü«˛y äÈyv˛¸y x¢Ω˛Ó– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ˆòì˛yÓ˚y ì˛y£z !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÓòy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ~ÓÇ !ü«˛y¢£ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛Ó˚ ãòƒ ˛ôMÈ˛Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ¢õhfl˛Ï hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚
!ü«˛yÓ˚ xyï%!òÑ˛#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ v˛zˆjÏ ˆÏüƒ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !ü«˛y Ñ˛!õüò !òˆÏÎy˚ Ü Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– !ü«˛y Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ˆüÏ Ó˚
!¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ 1968 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ã%úy£z õyˆÏ¢ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ì,˛≈ Ñ˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ !ü«˛y ò#!ì˛ ≤ÃíÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
1951 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ õye 16.6 üì˛yÇˆÏüÓ˚ x«˛Ó˚K˛yò !äÈú– @˘ÃyõyMÈ˛ˆÏú ~£z £yÓ˚ !äÈú
xyÓ˚Á Ñ˛õ– òyÓ˚# !ü«˛yÓ˚ xÓfl˛iy !äÈú ˆüyâ˛ò#Î˚– ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& !ü«˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÎy!Üì˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò !äÈˆúÏ ò ~ÓÇ
≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãˆÏò xòƒ ÖyˆÏì˛ ÓƒÎ˚ Ñ˛!õˆÏÎ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yˆÏÓ˚ ÖÓ˚â˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ô«˛˛ôyì˛# !äÈˆú
Ï ò– !ü«˛y ≤Ãïyòì˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚
!Ó°ÏÎ˚ £ˆÏúÁ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& Ó˚yãƒ=!úˆÏÑ˛ !ü«˛yÖyˆÏì˛ ÖÓ˚â˛ òy Ñ˛õyˆÏòyÓ˚ !òˆÏîü≈ !îˆÏì˛ò–
1951 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1961 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ó˚ì˛ äÈyˆÏeÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy !m=í £Î˚– ˆõˆÏÎˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ ì˛y v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ãòÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– 1951 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1966 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ õyïƒ!õÑ˛ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
¢ÇÖƒy 7ñ288 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ 24ñ447ÈÙÈ~ ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈÎ–˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ 18!›˛ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ !äÈú– 1964
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy £Î˚ 54– ì˛ˆÏÓ ãò¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ ˆ¢¶˛yˆÏÓ £Î˚!ò– ¢Ç!Óïyò Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚
Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ 10 ÓäÈˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ õˆÏïƒ äÈÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆâ˛yj ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚flÒ ¢Ó !ü÷ˆÏÑ˛ Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ x˜ÏÓì˛!òÑ˛ !ü«˛y ˆîÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy
Óúy £ˆÏúÁ Óyhfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ì˛y Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚!ò– !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛õ !äÈú– x!ïÑ˛yÇü !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy !äÈú ˆüyâ˛ò#Î˚ ~ÓÇ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy !äÈú äÈye¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ Ñ˛õ– !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛!_≈ £ˆÏúÁ
xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛£z îy!Ó˚o Á ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ ˛ôv˛¸y ˆäÈˆvÏ ˛¸ !îˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ £ì˛–
18.4 ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ !â˛hs˘˛yïyÓ˚y ≠ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ Á Ñ˛úy!Óîƒy¢õ)£

18.4.1 ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ
!ÓÇü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˆÎ !ÓÑ˛yü £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈúñ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛– !ÓÇü
üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yÓƒñ òy›˛Ñ˛ñ v˛z˛ôòƒ¢ñ ˆäÈy›˛Ü“ñ ≤ÃÓı˛ ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ üyÖy !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢õ@˘Ã ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ãÜÍ
¢õ,k˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛!äÈú– 1940ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ !mì˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%k˛ ~ÓÇ õß∫hs˘˛Ó˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˆö˛ˆÏú!äÈú–
Ó˝ £*îÎ˚!ÓîyÓ˚Ñ˛ Ñ˛y!£ò# ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆúÖÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆúÖ!òˆÏì˛ ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ £ú
ˆÜy˛ôyú £yúîyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôMÈ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ôÌñ ˆì˛Ó˚ü ˛ôMÈ˛yüñ |ò˛ôMÈ˛yü#– ì˛yÓ˚yüÇÑ˛Ó˚ ÓˆÏ®y˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ õß∫hs˘˛Ó˚ñ ¢Æ˛ôî#ñ
v˛z_Ó˚yÎ˚òñ !Ó¶)˛!ì˛¶)˛°ÏˆíÏ Ó˚ xü!ò ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ñ xò%Óì≈˛òñ õß∫hs˘˛Ó˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ !õe˛ô«˛#Î˚ ˆ¢òyˆÏîÓ˚
Ëk˛ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˆîÎ˚– õy!òÑ˛ ÓˆÏ®y˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ î˛ô≈íñ Î%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ ÓyãyÓ˚ñ ˆâ˛yÓ˚yÑ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ Á x¢yï% Ñ˛ò›˛ΔyÑ˛›˛yÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚
â˛!Ó˚e ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ–˚ ˛ôMÈ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÓü îyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚_´Ó˚yÜ ˆ¢òyÓy!£ò#Ó˚ ã#Óò Îy˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˆîÎ˚–
¢ì˛#òyÌ ¶˛yî%v˛¸#Ó˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ãyÜÓ˚# ¢õÑ˛yú#ò ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È– ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆë§˛yv˛¸y£zâ˛!Ó˚ì˛õyò¢ ÓyÇúyÈÙÈ!Ó£yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
!ò¡¨!Ó_ ¢§yÁì˛yú xy!îÓy¢# ¢¡±îyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È–
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎ ú«˛ ú«˛ üÓ˚íyÌ≈# ~ˆÏîˆÏü ~ˆÏ¢!äÈˆú Ï òñ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ î%¶˛≈ yÜƒãòÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ fl˛iyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!òˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ Á â˛ú!â˛ˆÏe– îyDy Á ˆîü¶˛yÜ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆúÖy £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È òˆÏÓ®% ˆáyˆÏ°ÓÏ ˚ !ö˛Î˚y¢≈ ˆúòñ
!Ó¶)˛!ì˛¶)˛°Ïí õ%ˆÖÏ y˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˆÑ˛yúÑ˛yì˛yÈÙÈˆòyÎ˚yÖy!úÈÙÈ!Ó£yÓ˚ñ x!õÎ˚ ¶)˛°Ïí õã%õîyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Üv˛¸ ◊#Ö[˛– ì˛ˆÏÓ ~
˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ Ó˚â˛òy £úÈÙÙÙÈ¢ì˛#òyÌ ¶˛yî%v˛¸#Ó˚ ÜíòyÎ˚Ñ˛ Á ˆãƒy!ì˛õ≈Î#˚ ˆîÓ#Ó˚ ~˛ôyÓ˚ ÜDy Á˛ôyÓ˚
ÜDy– ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xì˛#ò ÓˆÏ®y˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ò#úÑ˛Z˛ ˛ôy!ÖÓ˚ ˆÖ§yˆÏãñ ¢%˛ô%!Ó˚ÓˆÏòÓ˚
¢y!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ xyÖì˛yÓ˚&Iõyò £z!úÎ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÖyÎ˚yÓòyõy– !ÓÇü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°ÓÏ ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛!Óñ ˆúÖÑ˛ Á
¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xyüy˛ô)íy≈ ˆîÓ#ñ ¢%ò#ú ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y ˆîÓ#ñ Ó%k˛ˆÏîÓ Ó¢%ñ ãÎ˚ ˆÜyfl˛∫yõ#ñ üC
ˆáyˆÏ°ÓÏ ˚ ˆúÖy ¢yÓ˚y ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ,k˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È–
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢yïòyÎ˚ñ !ÓîƒyÓ_yÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚y òyÓ˚#ÓyîˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ô‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
ˆÑ˛ì˛Ñ˛# Ñ%˛üyÓ˚# v˛y£z¢òñ ÜyÎ˚e# â˛e´Óì≈˛# !fl˛ô¶˛ƒyÑ˛ñ Ñ˛!Óì˛y !¢Ç£ñ Óyí# Ó¢%ñ ¢%Ñ˛% õyÓ˚# ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ñ ¢%!â˛ey
¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ñ ¢%!õì˛y â˛e´Óì≈˛#ñ õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y ˆîÓ#ñ £zúy !õe ≤ÃõÖ% v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ– xyd¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y äÈyv˛¸yÁ ÓyÇúyÓ˚
¢õyã¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò ¶˛yÓyîˆÏüÓ≈ ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆúÖ!òˆÏì˛ ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ˆÏäÈ–
18.4.2 ÓyÇúyÓ˚ òy›˛ƒ¢y!£ì˛ƒ
1872 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ó˚DyúÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛‹TyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ òy›˛ƒ xyˆÏ®yúò Ü!ì˛úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ 1876
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ òy›˛ƒ!¶˛òÎ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fí!Ó!ï ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ Ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ãyì˛#Î˚ ˆâ˛ì˛òy ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜ Ñ˛!õˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏòò !Ó!›˛ü üy¢Ñ˛– 1905 !Öfi›˛yÏ∑ òyÜyî òy›˛ƒ xyˆÏ®yúò òì%˛ò Ü!ì˛ˆÏì˛ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £Î˚– !mì˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚
˛ôÓ˚ ¢õyã @˘ÃÜ!ì˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy myÓ˚y ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò xyˆÏ¢– ¢õyãì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ Óyhfl˛ÏÓì˛y xyÓ˚
ÜíxyˆÏ®yúòˆÏÑ˛ ¢õÌ≈ˆòÏ Ó˚ ãòƒ òy›˛Ñ˛ Á xòƒyòƒ !ü“Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ≈ ˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ õyò%°ˆÏ îÏ Ó˚ õ%_´ õMÈ˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛–
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Üíòy›˛ƒ ¢ÇáÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ÓyÇúyÓ˚ òy›˛ƒ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò xyˆÏ¢– 1948 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑
Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛ x˜ÏÓï ˆáy!°Ïì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Üíòy›˛ƒ ¢Çá ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– üΩ%˛ !õe 1948 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ÜˆÏv˛¸
ˆì˛yˆÏúò ÚÓ˝Ó˚*˛ô#Û S1948V òy›˛ƒ ¢Çfl˛iyñ !Óãò ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yˆÏúò ÚÑ˛ƒyúÑ˛y›˛y !ÌˆÏÎ›˚ ˛yÓ˚ @˘Ã&˛ô S1950V–
e´ˆÏõ Üíòy›˛ƒ xyˆÏ®yúò @˘Ã&˛ô !ÌˆÏÎ›˚ ˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚–
ˆ˛ôÔÓ˚y!íÑ˛ ¶˛!_´Ó˚¢ñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Óyhfl˛ÏÓñ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ˆîü¶˛!_´ õ)úÑ˛ òy›˛Ñ˛ ~£z ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ˆúÖy £Î˚– !ÓïyÎ˚Ñ˛
¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ ~Ó˚ õy!›˛Ó˚ áÓ˚ S1939Vñ «%˛ïy S1957Vñ Ó#Ó˚& õ%ˆÖÏ y˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ¢Çeý!hs˘˛ S1959V Á ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛
S1960Vñ üâ˛#wòyÌ ˆ¢ò=ˆÏÆÓ˚ ˜Ü!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˛ôì˛yÑ˛y Á ¢ÓyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ õyò%°Ï ¢ì˛ƒ S1956V ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛– ì%˛ú¢#
úy!£v˛¸#ÈÙÈÓ˚ Óyhfl˛ÏÓyî# òy›˛ƒ !â˛hs˘˛yñ xyîü≈ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ Óƒ!ì˛e´õ# Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È– ˆäÈ§v˛¸y ì˛yÓ˚ S1953V Óy
î%ÉÖ#Ó˚ £zõyò S1947V =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ òy›˛ƒ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ– }!cÑ˛ á›˛Ñ˛ !äÈˆú Ï ò ~Ñ˛ x¢yïyÓ˚í !â˛e !òõ≈yì˛y– ì§˛yÓ˚
òy›˛Ñ˛ ãμyúy Óy î!úú S1952V x!Ófl˛øÓ˚í#Î˚–
ÓyÇúyÓ˚ @˘Ã&˛ô !ÌˆÏÎ›˚ ˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò e´õü Óyõ˛ôs˛i# Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ Á ¢õyã ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È–
1960 ¢yˆÏú ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛ Úòy®#Ñ˛yÓ˚Û– x!ãˆÏì˛ü ÓˆÏ®y˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ Ó˚&o≤Ã¢yî ˆ¢ò=Æ ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛Î˚y â˛e´Óì≈˛#Ó˚
x!¶˛òˆÏÎ˚ ¢õ,k˛ ~£z òy›˛ƒîú– õO%Ó˚# xyˆÏõÓ˚ õO%Ó˚# S1964V ~ÓÇ 1961ˆì˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚ xïƒyÎ˚
õMÈ˛fl˛i Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ì§˛yÓ˚y–
184.3 ÓyÇúyÓ˚ â˛ú!Fâ˛e
1930 ~Ó˚ îüÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ â˛ú!Fâ˛e ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏúÁ !Ó!›˛ü Î%ˆÜÏ ì˛ÖòÁ ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ fl˛∫ˆîÏ !üÑ˛ ˆâ˛ì˛òyñ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y
¢Ç@˘Ãyõ Óy ¢!e´Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ äÈy˛ô ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!ò– 1948 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~ÈÙÈ!Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛ £Î˚– ˛ôMÈ˛yˆÏüÓ˚
îüˆÏÑ˛ ~£z ¢õhfl˛Ï äÈ!ÓÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü v˛z_õ ¢%!â˛ey x!¶˛ò#ì˛ äÈ!Ó îü≈Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ õ%?˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ¢yÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛yñ £yÓ˚yˆÏòy ¢%Ó˚ñ
˛ôˆÏÌ £ˆÏúy ˆî!Ó˚ñ x!@¿˛ôÓ˚#«˛y ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ Óyhfl˛ÏÓ ãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ fl˛∫ˆ≤Ï ¿Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈ xyˆÏäÈ–
1955 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ õ%!_´ ˛ôyÎ˚ ¢ì˛ƒ!ãÍ Ó˚yˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòyÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ˛ô§yâ˛y!ú– ~Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏÑ˛
x˛ôÓ˚y!ãì˛ñ â˛yÓ˚&úì˛yñ õ£yòÜÓ˚ñ xü!ò ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ñ òyÎ˚Ñ˛ñ Ñ˛yMÈ˛òãAáy !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢ì˛ƒ!ãÍ Ó˚yÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
â˛ú!Fâ˛eˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ,k˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò– @˘Ãyõ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ¢Ó˚ú !â˛e Á @˘Ãyõ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ›˛yòyˆÏ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü õyò!ÓÑ˛
õ)úƒˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ Ñ˛yÓ%!úÁÎ˚yúyñ ¢%Óí≈ˆÓÏ Ö˚ yñ ˛ôúyì˛Ñ˛ñ !äÈß˛¨ ôeñ â˛yÁÎ˚y ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛
â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏeÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ– °Ïy›˛ ~ÓÇ ¢_ˆÏÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ ¢Æ˛ôî#ñ v˛z_Ó˚ ö˛y—ò#ñ ˆîÎ˚y ˆòÎ˚yñ úyú ˛ôyÌÓ˚ ~Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y
äÈ!Ó=!ú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ â˛ú!Fâ˛eˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ,k˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È– Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÈÙÈ71 äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ÜÓ˚#ˆÏÓÓ˚ xyÓ˚Á ÜÓ˚#Ó £ÁÎ˚y xyÓ˚ ïò#Ó˚
xyÓ˚Á ïò# £ÁÎ˚yñ ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî# xÌ≈ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˆÎ ò@¿ Ó˚*˛ô ì˛y ïÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆäÏ È–
18.5 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
~£z ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ô‹T ˆÎ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ó≈Ï ˚ xòƒì˛õ v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ !îÑ˛ £ú
!ÓK˛yò ò#!ì˛ Á !ü«˛y ò#!ì˛ ≤ÃíÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ˆîüˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÜ!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y– fl˛∫yï#ò ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ˆòì,˛ÓÜ≈
xò%ïyÓò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò ˆÎ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Î%!_´Óyî#ñ õ%_´!â˛hs˘˛y Á fl˛∫FäÈ î,!‹TÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚# ¢õyã Üv˛¸ˆìÏ ˛ ˆÜˆÏú !ü«˛y Á
!ÓK˛yò ¶˛yÓòy Óƒì˛#ì˛ ¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚– fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ ~›˛yÁ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú ˆÎ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyÜ äÈyv˛¸y !ü«˛yÓ˚
≤Ã¢yÓ˚ S¢Ó≈hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ Ó˚ V˚ Á !ÓK˛yò Á ≤ÃÎ!% _´Ó˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛ Óyhfl˛ÏÓy!Î˚ì˛ £ˆÏÓ òy– ˆîü Á ãy!ì˛ Ü‡˛ò ~£z v˛zˆîÏ ƒyÜ ~Ó˚
¢ˆÏD ã!v˛¸ì˛– ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ãÜˆÏì˛ñ !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ Á â˛ú!Fâ˛e !üˆÏ“ñ ~£z ¢õÎ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛ áˆÏ›˛ñ
Îy xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ õyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ì%˛úò#Î˚– 1950ñ 1960 Á 1970 ~Ó˚ îüÑ˛ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ £z!ì˛£y¢
¢,!‹TÓ˚ !ò!Ó˚ˆÖÏ Ñ˛yˆÏúy_#í≈–

1– ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ !ÓK˛yò ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛# !äÈú⁄ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ÓK˛yò ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü á›˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ì§˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
2– fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛# ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ⁄
3– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ üyÖyÎ˚ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îò–
18.6 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
1– Ashraf Siddiqi — Bengali Folklore Collections and Studies 1800-1947,
Dacea, 1980.
2– Binoy Kumar Sarkar — The Folk Elements in Hindu Culture, Delhi, 1972.
3– David Arnold — Science, Technology and Medicine in Colonial India,

Cambridge, 2000.
4– Mahendra R. Awode — The History of Science, A Comparative Study of
Western and Indian Science, 2021.
5– Suresh Chandra Ghosh — The History of Education in Modern India, 1757-
2012, 4th Edition, 2013.
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 19  òyÓ˚# xyˆÏ®yúò Á ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ xy£zò

Ü‡˛ò
19.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
19.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
19.2 òyÓ˚# xyˆÏ®yúò
19.3 fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ òyÓ˚# xyˆÏ®yúò ≠ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãí#ì˛ xy£zò
19.4 !ò¡¨ÓˆÏÜÓ≈ ˚ òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ õÎ≈yîy Á xÓfl˛iyò
19.5 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
19.7 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
19.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
~£z ~Ñ˛Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
 fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ òyÓ˚# ¢õ¢ƒy=!úÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ˆÏ“ òyÓ˚# xyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛–
 fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=!ú =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ xy£zò ≤ÃíÎ˚ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È–
~=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !äÈú !£®% !ÓÓy£ Á !ÓˆÏFäÈî xy£zòñ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡ô!_Ó˚ v˛z_Ó˚y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xy£zòñ
õyì,˛cÑ˛yú#ò ä%È!›˛ xy£zòñ fl˛∫yfl˛iƒ !Óõy ≤ÃÑ˛“ ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛–
 òyÓ˚# õ%!_´ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò òì%˛ò Ü!ì˛¢MÈ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú òyÓ˚# ˛ô%Ó&˚ ˆÏ°ÓÏ ˚ ¢õyò ˆ¶˛y›˛y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚–
 fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ òyÓ˚# ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ Á v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ òyÓ˚# ~ÓÇ òyÓ˚#
◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò–
 ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ ˆîü=!úˆÏì˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓÁ ˚ !˛ôì,˛ì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ Á ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ xÓ¢yò
òy á›˛yÎ˚ Óy òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó&˚ °Ï !úD ˜Ó°ÏˆõÏ ƒÓ˚ xÓ¢yò òy á›˛yÎ˚ òyÓ˚#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆüy°Ïí ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xÓƒy£!ì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y
¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚!ò–
19.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
òyÓ˚# ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛yÓ˚ Ó!£É≤ÃÑ˛yü !£¢yˆÏÓ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ òyÓ˚#
¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ˆÎ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò=!ú õ)úì˛É õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ v˛zß¨!ì˛ Á õÎ≈yîy Ó,!k˛ ~ÓÇ
ˆ¶˛y›˛y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ì˛Í˛ôÓ˚ !äÈú– 1930 Á 40ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óyõ˛ôs˛i# Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓ òyÓ˚#
xyˆÏ®yúò Á òyÓ˚#Ó˚ xydü!_´ xã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ õyeyÎ˚ ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈÎ˚– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏú !úD
¢õì˛yñ òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï ˜Ó°Ïõƒã!òì˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ xòƒyÎ˚ Á xì˛ƒyâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿ ˆì˛yúy
£Î˚ ~ÓÇ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò=!úÓ˚ v˛zˆÏîƒyˆÏÜ Á ì˛Í˛ôÓ˚ì˛yÎ˚ òyòy!Óï xyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy £Î˚– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ òyòy!Óï ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚
≤Ã!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ˆÏ“ Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=!ú =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ xy£zò ≤ÃíÎ˚ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy ≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈfl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ !äÈú òy– ì˛ˆÏÓ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y
xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ xÓ¢yò á›˛ˆÏúÁ !˛ôì,˛ì˛s˛f Á ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ xÓ¢yò òy á›˛yÎ˚ Óy
òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï !úD ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ xÓ¢yò òy á›˛yÎ˚ òyÓ˚#¢õyã ¢Ó≈ˆÏì˛y¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆüy°Ïí ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xÓƒy£!ì˛ ˛ôyÎ˚!ò–
19.2 òyÓ˚# xyˆÏ®yúò

v˛zò!ÓÇü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ~Ñ˛ îú ¢õyã ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚ xy!Ó¶≈˛yÓ áˆÏ›˛!äÈú ÎyÓ˚y ~Ñ˛ òì%˛ò
õ)úƒˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ õÎ≈yîy Á x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÎ˚ xyd!òˆÏÎy˚ Ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò– !ÓÇü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
¢)â˛òyÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ òyÓ˚#Ó˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôy!Ó˚˛ôy!Ÿª≈Ñ˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á ãyì˛#Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ñ˛ xò%Ñ˛) ú ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ úy¶˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ì˛Ìy ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü áˆÏ›˛– 1929
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ 26 !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ úyˆÏ£yˆÏÓ˚ xò%!¤˛ì˛ ¢Ó≈¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ xyÎ≈ õ!£úy ¢ˆÏ¡øúˆÏò ◊#õ!ì˛ Ó˚*˛ôõ!í ú"#˛ô!ì˛
õhs˘˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ñ Ú~£z Î%Ü £Ûú òyÓ˚#Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yü Á x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛Ó˚ Î%Üñ !Ñ˛ä%È !ÓˆÏü°Ï ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ Î%Ü–
~£z !ÓˆÏoy£ £Ûú òyÓ˚#Ó˚ £*ì˛ xÓfl˛iy ˛ô%òÓ˚&k˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !ÓˆÏoy£Û– òyÓ˚#Ó˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ xy£zòÜì˛ õ%!_´
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°≈Ï !ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ òyÓ˚#Óyî# xyîˆÏüÓ≈ ˚ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ö˛ú◊&!ì˛– õˆÏr›˛=ÈÙÈˆâ˛õ¢ˆÏö˛yv≈˛ ¢ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆ¶˛y›˛y!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ îy!Ó !Ó!›˛ü Ñ˛ì,˛≈ ˛ô«˛ v˛zˆ˛Ï ô«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
Ï Á ~ÈÙÈ!Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ òyÓ˚# Á ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî#ˆÏîÓ˚
î,ë˛¸ õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚*k˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ!˚ ò– õ!£úy Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆòe#ÜˆÏíÓ˚ ≤ÃˆâÏ ˛‹Ty ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# ˆòì,˛Ó,® ~ÓÇ
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ òyÓ˚# ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛yÎ˚ 1935 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆ¶˛y›˛y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x!ã≈ì˛ £Î˚–
19.3 fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ òyÓ˚# xyˆÏ®yúò ≠ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãí#ì˛ xy£zò

≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈfl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ˛ô%Ó&˚ °ÏˆîÏ Ó˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyÜ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ~ÓÇ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò
Ó˚yãy Ó˚yõˆÏõy£ò Ó˚yÎ˚ñ !Óîƒy¢yÜÓ˚ñ xyÎ≈¢õyã Óy Óy·˛¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ õì˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛òñ ˆÓÌ%ò fl%Òú ~ÓÇ xòƒyòƒ
≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú£z òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ˙!ì˛!£*ƒÑ˛ !Ó!ï !òˆÏ°ïÏ =!úÓ˚ ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èò– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏú
!úD ¢õì˛y ~ÓÇ òyÓ˚# ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !îÑ˛=!ú ˆÎõò òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó&˚ °Ï ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ~ÓÇ ~£z ˜Ó°Ïõƒã!òì˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ
òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ x!Óâ˛yÓ˚ Á xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ £ú ï°Ïí≈ ñ õîƒ˛ôyòã!òì˛ @˘Ãy£≈fl˛iƒ !ò@˘Ã£ñ v˛z˛ôÎ%_´ õã%!Ó˚ñ
â˛yÑ%˛Ó˚#Ó˚ !òÓ˚y˛ô_y òy ˛ôyÁÎ˚y £zì˛ƒy!î !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿ ˆì˛yúy £Î˚– ˛ôMÈ˛yü Á °ÏyˆÏ›˛Ó˚ îüÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ òyÓ˚# ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò=!ú
~£z¢Ó !Ó°ÏÎ= ˚ !ú !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛õò¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ÓƒÌ≈ £ˆÏúÁ ¢_Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ òÓπ£z ~Ó˚ îüÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚
~£z¢Ó !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ õ!£úy ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò=!úÓ˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyˆÏÜ Á ì˛Í˛ôÓ˚ì˛yÎ˚ òyòy!Óï xyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛!äÈú–
≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈfl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ~Ñ˛ xfl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ~ÓÇ x!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ ã#Óò x!ì˛Óy!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆîü fl˛∫yï#ò £ˆÏú
!ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ !ò¡¨ÓˆÏÜÓ≈ ˚ ˆÖˆÏ›˛ ÖyÁÎ˚y õ!£úyÓ˚y ÎÖò òì%˛ò¶˛yˆÏÓ fl˛∫≤¿ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï òñ ì˛Öò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyüy
xyÓ˚Á ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ ˆÜú ÎÖò 1954 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¢Ç¢ˆÏî ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ
˛ôMÈ˛Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ v˛zˆj Ï üƒ=!ú ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúò ÚxyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y£z õye ò#!ì˛ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ £ˆÏÓñ
ì˛y £ú ~£z 36 ˆÑ˛y!›˛ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ãòƒ£z xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ £ˆÏÓñ î%ÈÙÈâ˛yÓ˚ ãˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ òÎ˚ñ ˆÑ˛yòÁ ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚
ãòƒ òÎ˚ñ ì˛yõyõ ãò¢õ!‹TÓ˚ ãòƒ˛ó ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú xyòy›˛y£z xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yãÛ–
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¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢Ó≈e xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õì˛y ~ÓÇ ãy!ì˛ñ ïõ≈ñ Óí≈ñ !úD ˆ¶˛ˆÏî ˆÑ˛yò òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï
¢%ˆÎÏ yÜ òy ˆîÁÎ˚y ~ÓÇ â˛yÑ%˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ¢õyò ¢%ˆÎÏ yˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy £Î˚– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ Î%ˆÜÏ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ òyÓ˚# ≤ÃÜ!ì˛Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ v˛zß!¨ ì˛ áˆÏ›˛– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ òyòy xyˆÏ®yúò ¢ˆÏ_Á ¥ Óyúƒ !ÓÓy£ñ Ó˝
!ÓÓy£ñ ˛ôí ≤ÃÌyñ !ü«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe òyÓ˚#Ó˚ xò@˘Ã¢Ó˚ì˛yñ ¢¡ô!_ˆÏì˛ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ xò!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ £zì˛ƒy!î xÓƒy£ì˛ !äÈú–
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ xy£zòÜì˛ñ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ñ !ü«˛yÜì˛ ~ÓÇ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ Á ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛
ˆ«˛ˆÏe òy›˛Ñ˛#Î˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò v˛zFâ˛ÓÜ≈ Á !ò¡¨ÓÜ≈ v˛z¶˛Î˚ òyÓ˚#ãy!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôÑ,˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È– ïò# Á î!Ó˚o !ò!Ó≈ˆüÏ ˆÏ°Ï
≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ òÓ˚ÈÙÈòyÓ˚# ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ãˆÏòƒ£z ¢Ó≈ãò#ò ˆ¶˛y›˛y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ!ì≈˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È Îy ≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈfl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ òyÓ˚#Ó˚y
˛ôyÎ˚!ò– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ì,˛≈ Ñ˛ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=!ú =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ xy£zò ≤ÃíÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È Îy
≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈfl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ !äÈú òy–
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãí#ì˛ xy£zò=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !äÈúÈÙÙÙÈ!£®% !ÓÓy£ Á !ÓˆÏFäÈî xy£zòñ !£®%
ˆÑ˛yv˛ !Óú ¢Çeýhs˘˛ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡ô!_Ó˚ v˛z_Ó˚y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xy£zòñ ¢£Óy¢ ¢¡ø!ì˛ Á õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓyˆÏ£Ó˚
ÓÎ˚¢ Óyv˛¸yˆÏòyñ ~Ñ˛ !ÓÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ xò%ˆÏõyîòñ ˛ôí ≤ÃÌy !òˆÏÓ˚yïÑ˛ xy£zòñ õyì,˛cÑ˛yú#ò ä%È!›˛ xy£zòñ Ñ˛õ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚
ãòƒ ã#Óò!Óõyñ fl˛∫yfl˛iƒ!Óõy ≤ÃÑ˛“ñ ¢ˆÏÓì˛ò xy£zò £zì˛ƒy!î– ¢õyã ¢ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óv˛¸
≤ÃÜ!ì˛ü#ú ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô £ú 1951 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¢Ç¢ˆÏî Ú!£®% ˆÑ˛yv˛ !ÓúÛ òyõÑ˛ xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓ v˛zay˛ôò–
Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ Á Óyõ˛ôs˛i# õ!£úy ¢yÇ¢îÓ˚y ~ÓÇ All India Women’s Conference ~Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ≤ÃÜ!ì˛ü#ú
òyÓ˚# ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò=!ú ~£z ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓ xyhs˘˛!Ó˚Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢õÌ≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~£z xy£zˆÏò ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓÎ˚¢ Óyv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚
Ñ˛Ìy Óúy £Î˚ ~ÓÇ Óyúƒ!ÓÓy£ Á Ó˝!ÓÓy£ !ò!°Ïk˛ £Î˚– x¢Óí≈ !ÓÓy£ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú !ÓˆÏü°Ï !ÓÓy£
xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛ !£®% !ÓÓy£ xy£zò xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚£z ì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ~£z ≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓÁ ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚– ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
!ÓÓy£ !ÓˆÏFäÈîÁ ˜˛ô!eÑ˛ ¢¡ô!_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚– 1962 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò
ˆãì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ~£z !Óú Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ~ÓÇ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f xy£zò ≤Ãí#ì˛ £Î˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ õ%¢!úõ
¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~£z xy£zò Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚!ò Ñ˛yÓ˚í ì˛y£ˆÏú õ%¢!úõ Óƒ!_´Üì˛ xy£zò ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò
Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò !äÈú !Ñ˛ls˘˛ õ%¢úõyò ¢¡±îyÎ˚ ì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢¡øì˛ !äÈú òy– ¢ÇÖƒyúá% ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ £zFäÈyÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ~£z xy£zò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ â˛y!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏì˛ â˛yò!ò– v˛zˆÏÕ‘Öƒñ òyÓ˚# õ%!_´ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò òì%˛ò
Ü!ì˛¢MÈ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢õyò ˆ¶˛y›˛y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú òyÓ˚#Ó˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚
¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ¢Ç¢î#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ xÇü @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛y ≤Ã¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ
v˛zÍ¢y£# Á xyüy≤Ãî ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô=!ú !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– òyÓ˚# fl˛∫y«˛Ó˚ì˛yÓ˚ £yÓ˚Á ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚
Ó,!k˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ òyÓ˚# ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ Á v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ òyÓ˚# ~ÓÇ òyÓ˚# ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚
¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò– 1940ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ Óyõ˛ôs˛i# Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ˆõˆÏÎÓ˚ y˚ xì˛ƒhs˘˛ Ó!ú¤˛ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ !äÈú ˆì˛¶˛yÜy Á ˆì˛ˆÏúDyòy xyˆÏ®yúò– ˆì˛¶˛yÜy xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ õïƒ
!îˆÏÎ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ îy!ÓÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ˆõˆÏÎˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆüy°Ïí Á ˛ô#v˛¸ò £Î˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛Á
ˆì˛¶˛yÜy xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò xÇü@˘Ã£íÑ˛yÓ˚# ˆõˆÏÎÓ˚ y˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî ãyòyÎ˚– 1946 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1951 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛
ˆì˛ˆÏúDyòy xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ òyÓ˚#Ó˚y ¢!e´Î˚¶˛yˆÏÓ xÇü ˆòÎ˚– !òãyõüy£# üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚
x¢ˆÏhs˘˛y°ÏˆÑÏ ˛ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó≈¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
ˆ›˛Δv˛ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ñ !ò!Öú £yÎ˚oyÓyî fi›%˛ˆÏv˛r›˛¢‰ £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò ~ÓÇ òyÓ˚# ¢!õ!ì˛=!ú– ˆõˆÏÎˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî#
Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ ÷ï%õye xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ òÎ˚ñ ˛ô%Ó&˚ °Ïì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛Á ˆõˆÏÎÓ˚ y˚
≤Ã!ì˛Óyî ãyòyÎ˚–
1970 Á 80ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ òyÓ˚# ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò xyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈú– xyˆÏõîyÓyî Ófl˛fÈÙÈ!ü“
Ñ˛yÓ˚ÖyòyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ õ!£úy ◊!õÑ˛Ó˚y Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) òyˆÏõ
~Ñ˛!›˛ ◊!õÑ˛ ¢Çá Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 1972 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑– £zúy ¶˛ˆÏRÓ˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyˆÏÜ Ü!‡˛ì˛ ~£z ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò!›˛ x“ õã%!Ó˚ñ
!ò¡¨õyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ üñ õy!úÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ Á ÓMÈ˛òyñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ◊ˆÏõÓ˚ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ òy ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛ òyòy
x¢ˆÏhs˘˛y°Ï Óƒ_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî ãyòyÎ˚– SEWA ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ !äÈú
v˛z˛ôÎ%_´ ≤Ã!ü«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ~ÓÇ Îs˛f˛ôy!ì˛Ó˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛yÎ˚ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÎ%_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúy ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü v˛zßì¨ ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y–
1970ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛òyÎ˚ õ£yÓ˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ @˘Ãyõ#í ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ xòyÓ,!‹T ã!òì˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ î%!¶≈˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛
˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Î˚ ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú oÓƒõ)úƒ xfl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ü£Ó˚yMÈ˛ˆÏúÁ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú 1973
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ United Women’s Anti-Price Rise Front Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚– õ!£úyÓ˚y ¢ÇáÓk˛¶˛yˆÏÓ oÓƒõ)úƒ
Ó,!k˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏî xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ¢y!õú £Î˚– x“ ¢õˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°Á Ï ˆÎyÜ ˆîÎ˚
~ÓÇ !òì˛ƒ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ !ã!ò¢˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ õ)úƒ £…y¢ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !òÑ˛›˛ îy!Ó ãyòyÎ˚– ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò
=ãÓ˚yˆÏ›˛Á äÈ!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ~!›˛ òÓÈÙÈ!òõ≈yí xyˆÏ®yúò (Nav Nirman Movement) òyˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛
£Î˚– =ãÓ˚yˆÏ›˛ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò õ)úƒÓ,!k˛ñ î%ò#≈ !ì˛ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓyãy!Ó˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏì˛ äÈyeÓ˚y õ)Öƒ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
Ï Á ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú õïƒ!Ó_ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ¢!e´Î˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎÖyˆÏò £yãyÓ˚ £yãyÓ˚ õ!£úy
ˆÎyÜ ˆîÎ˚–
1970ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ Á v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò xò%!¤˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ˆÎÖyˆÏò õ!£úy
¢ÇÜ‡˛ò=!úÓ˚ v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ô!Ó˚ú!«˛ì˛ £Î˚– õ£yÓ˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ ¶˛#ú v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛Ó˚ õ!£úyÓ˚y 1972 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑
õîƒ˛ôyò !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# xyˆÏ®yúò Á fl˛f#ÈÙÈxì˛ƒyâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚
v˛z_Ó˚yÖ[˛ xMÈ˛ˆÏú Ó,«˛ˆÏFäÈîˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !â˛˛ôˆÏÑ˛y xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò õ!£úyÓ˚y Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ xÇü !òˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
xÓ˚íƒ ïπÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ @˘ÃyõÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ ~£z ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî ~Ñ˛£z¢ˆÏD ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü Á xÌ≈ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ã!v˛¸ì˛– 1973
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~!≤Ãú õyˆÏ¢ ≤ÃÌõ !â˛˛ôˆÏÑ˛y xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛ £Î˚– v˛zFâ˛ì˛Ó˚ xúÑ˛yò® v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÎ˚ õ[˛ú
@˘ÃyˆÏõ ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# ˛ô§yâ˛ ÓäÈˆÓÏ ˚ v˛z_Ó˚≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ !£õyúÎ˚ ¢Çú@¿ xˆÏòÑ˛=!ú ˆãúyÎ˚ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò
äÈ!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú– ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ xy÷ Ñ˛yÓ˚í !äÈú xúÑ˛yò® v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y ÓòyMÈ˛ú e´#v˛¸y ¢Ó˚Oyõ
≤Ãhfl˛% ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÓyÓ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ !¢k˛yhs˘˛– ~£z !¢k˛yˆÏhs˘˛ @˘ÃyõÓy¢#Ó˚y e%´∏˛ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ îyˆÏ¢y!ú @˘ÃyˆÏõ
fl˛∫Óy˚ ãƒ ¢Çá òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÓ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò Ñ˛ì,˛≈ Ñ˛ v˛zÍ¢y!£ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˙ xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õ!£úyÜí â˛[˛#≤Ã¢yî
¶˛yˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc xÓ˚ˆíÏ ƒ ≤ÃˆÓÏ ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÜyäÈ=!úˆÏÑ˛ !áˆÏÓ˚ î§yv˛¸yÎ˚ ÎyˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óƒ!_´ ÜyäÈ=!ú Ñ˛y›˛ˆÏì˛
òy ˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚ xyˆÏ®yúòÑ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ îy!Ó !äÈú ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó!£Ó˚yÜì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ó,«˛ˆÏFäÈîˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛r›˛ΔyQ Óy ÓÓ˚yì˛ òy ˆîÁÎ˚y–
1979 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ õ!£úy ¢!õ!ì˛ ˛ôí !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò Ö%Ó£z ¢!e´Î˚ !äÈˆú Ï ò– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˛ôí
!òˆÏÓy˚ ïÑ˛ xy£zˆòÏ Ó˚ S1961 !Öfi›˛y∑V xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢ÇˆÏüyïò# Ü,£#ì˛ £Î˚ Î!îÁ ˛ôí≤ÃÌyñ ˛ôíõ,ì˛% ƒñ Óï)£ì˛ƒy Á
@˘Ãy£≈fl˛iƒ !ò@˘Ã£ Óı˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚!ò–
19.4 !ò¡¨ÓˆÏÜÓ≈ ˚ òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ õÎ≈yîy Á xÓfl˛iyò

1971 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ü«˛y Á ¢õyã Ñ˛úƒyí îÆˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛zˆÏîƒyˆÏÜ Ü!‡˛ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛!õ!›˛
1974 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Towards Equality—Report of the Committee on the Status of Women
in India òyõÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓîò!›˛ ãò¢õˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏò– ~£z Ñ˛!õ!›˛ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ !äÈúñ ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ñ
xy£zòÜì˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãüy¢!òÑ˛ ˆÎ ¢Ó üì≈˛yÓú# òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ !ü«˛y Á Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~£z ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ Ü,£#ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛Öy!ò Óyhfl˛ÏÓy!Î˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛y ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y– !Ó˚ˆÏ˛ôyˆÏ›≈˛Ó˚
Ó˚â˛!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚y x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜ ãy!òˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ˆÎ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyã ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛
xÓfl˛iyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy v˛zß¨!ì˛ £Î˚!òñ ÓÓ˚Ç xÓò!ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛
x¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yã !òˆÏÎ˚ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ xÓîyòˆÏÑ˛ xÓK˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xyï%!òÑ˛ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò
ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ Îy!s˛fÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò xyòyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú !ò¡¨ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ õ!£úyÓ˚y ˆÓ!ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yã £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xÌâ˛ ~Ñ˛›˛y
¢õÎ˚ !äÈú ÎÖò x¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ ˆ«˛e=!úÓ˚ ˆ˛ôüy=!úˆÏì˛ ÷ï% õ!£úyÓ˚y !òÎ%_´ !äÈú !Ñ˛ls˘˛ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò xyï%!òÑ˛
ÎˆÏs˛fÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ ˆ«˛e=!úˆÏì˛ ¢¡ôß¨ £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ~£z Ñ˛yÓ˚Öyòy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚y ˆÎyÜƒ
◊!õÑ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓ!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏFäÈ òy Ñ˛yÓ˚í ~ÖyˆÏò ≤ÃÎ%!_´Üì˛ v˛zÍ˛ôyîˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú î«˛ì˛y ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ü«˛ˆÏíÓ˚
≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò £Î˚– ≤ÃÎ%!_´ ~ÓÇ Îs˛f!¶˛!_Ñ˛ xyï%!òÑ˛ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ◊õü!_´ !£¢yˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛
õy!úÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yõƒ !äÈú òy– 1960ÈÙÈ70ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ ◊!õÑ˛ñ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ¢õ¢ƒy ~ÓÇ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ñ
äÈ§y›˛y£z !äÈú !òÎ˚!õì˛ á›˛òy– ö˛ˆÏú òyÓ˚# ◊!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ !ü“ ˆ«˛ˆÏe e´õü £…y¢ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
xyÓyÓ˚ Ñ,˛!°ÏˆÏì˛ ˆÎ ¢Ó Ó˚yˆÏãƒ ¢%Óã !Ó≤’Ó £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏòÁ õ!£úy ˆÖì˛õã%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ xÓò!ì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ xì˛ƒyï%!òÑ˛ Îs˛f˛ôy!ì˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú–
19.5 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ òyÓ˚# ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y Óy òyÓ˚# xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈxÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ– ≤ÃÌõ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ v˛zß¨!ì˛Ó˚ ãòƒ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢ò v˛zFâ˛!Ó_ £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã !ü!«˛ì˛
¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïÓÜ≈– ~£z ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚!›˛ !äÈú ¢õyã ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚õ)úÑ˛– ~Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y !òˆÏãÓ˚y ¢õyã
¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ î,!‹T¶˛!Dñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜ v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
xyd≤ÃÑ˛yü áˆÏ›˛ñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyd¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– òyÓ˚# xyˆÏ®yúò Á òyÓ˚#Ó˚ xydü!_´ xã≈ˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ã!e´Î˚y ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ õyeyÎ˚ ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈÎ˚ ˆì˛¶˛yÜy Á ˆì˛ˆÏúDyòy xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Óyõ˛ôs˛i# Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓ–
òyÓ˚# ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛yÓ˚ Ó!£É≤ÃÑ˛yü !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ òyÓ˚#
¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ˆÎ=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !äÈú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ òyÓ˚# ¢Çáñ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ õ!£úy Ñ˛yv˛z!™ú ~ÓÇ 1927
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛!äÈú ¢Ó≈¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ òyÓ˚# ¢ˆÏ¡øúò– ~£z ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò=!ú õ)úì˛ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛
v˛zß!¨ ì˛ Á õÎ≈yîy Ó,!k˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ¶˛y›˛y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ x!ïÑ˛ì˛Ó˚ ì˛Í˛ôÓ˚ !äÈú– ü£ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !ü!«˛ì˛ õïƒˆÏ◊í#Ó˚ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛y ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò=!ú v˛zFâ˛ Á õïƒ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÌõ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ òãÓ˚
ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ !äÈú– ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò=!úÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒ â§˛yîy ˆîÁÎ˚y !ò¡¨ÓˆÏÜÓ≈ ˚ î!Ó˚o ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ¢Ω˛Ó !äÈú òy–
ì˛yäÈyv˛¸y ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò=!ú ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ !òÎ˚õÑ˛yò%ò ˆõˆÏò xyˆÏ®yúò â˛yúyì˛ñ òyÓ˚# õ%!_´Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚
xyˆÏ®yúò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˛≤Ãyïyòƒ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
1930 Á 40ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ Óyõ˛ôs˛i# ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò=!úˆÏì˛ !ü!«˛ì˛ õïƒˆÏ◊!íÓ˚ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ
¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ xyÜõˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú òyÓ˚# ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò=!úÓ˚ ü!_´Ó,!k˛ áˆÏ›˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ◊!õÑ˛ñ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ñ xy!îÓy¢#
v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ ~ÓÇ @˘Ãyõƒ õ!£úyÓ˚y xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò xÇü ˆòÎ˚– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ñ ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ Á
xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ òyÓ˚# ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ x!hfl˛Ïc ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ È ~ÓÇ v˛zâ§ ˛% ÈÙÈò#â%˛ !ò!Ó≈ˆüÏ ˆÏ°Ï ¢õhfl˛Ï òyÓ˚# ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚
!ü«˛yñ fl˛∫yfl˛iƒñ Öyîƒñ Óy¢fl˛iyò ~ÓÇ fl˛∫ÎΩ˚ ˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ãòƒ îy!Ó ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ– !úD ¢õì˛y ~ÓÇ òyÓ˚#
¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !îÑ˛ ˆÎõò òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó&˚ °Ï ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ~ÓÇ ~£z ˜Ó°Ïõƒã!òì˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ x!Óâ˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚
≤ÃŸ¿ ˆì˛yúy £Î˚– ˛ôMÈ˛yü Á °ÏyˆÏ›˛Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ òyÓ˚# ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò=!ú ~£z¢Ó !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛õò¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ ÜˆÏv˛¸
ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ÓƒÌ≈ £ˆÏúÁ ¢_Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ òÓπ£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ ~£z¢Ó !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ õ!£úy ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò=!úÓ˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyÜ
Á ì˛Í˛ôÓ˚ì˛yÎ˚ òyòy!Óï xyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛!äÈú– ì˛ˆÏÓ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ ˆîü=!úˆÏì˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚
˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ xÓ¢yò á›˛ˆÏúÁ !˛ôì,˛ì˛ˆÏs˛fÓÁ ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ xÓ¢yò òy á›˛yÎ˚ Óy òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó&˚ °Ï !úD
˜Ó°ÏˆõÏ ƒÓ˚ xÓ¢yò òy á›˛yÎ˚ òyÓ˚#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆüy°Ïí ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xÓƒ£!ì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y ¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚!ò– Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
≤Ãí#ì˛ xy£zò òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ xòƒyÎ˚ÈÙÈx!Óâ˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yˆÏï ÓƒÌ≈ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– xy£zò=!úˆÏÑ˛ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
¢õyˆÏã xòƒyÎ˚ÈÙÈx!Óâ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ£˚ z â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ–

1– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ì,˛≈ Ñ˛ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤Ãí#ì˛ xy£zò=!úÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îò–
2– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ Á v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ ~ÓÇ òyÓ˚# ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ xyˆÏ®yúò Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
xy˛ô!ò !Ñ˛ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ~£z xˆÏ®yúò=!úˆÏì˛ òyÓ˚# ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü áˆÏ›˛!äÈú⁄
3– xy˛ô!ò !Ñ˛ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ !ü“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !ò¡¨ÓˆÏÜÓ≈ ˚ òyÓ˚# ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ õÎ≈yîy Á
xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú⁄
19.7 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
1– Aparna Basu & Bharati Ray (ed.) — Women’s Struggle : A History of the All
India Women’s Conference 1927-1990. New Delhi, 1990.
2– B. R. Nanda (ed.) — Indian Women from Purdah to Modernity, New Delhi,
1976.
3– D. R. Gadgil — Women in the Working Force in India, Bombay, 1965.
4– Debal Sinha Ray — Women in Peasant Movements : Tebhaga, Naxalite and
After, New Delhi, 1992.
5– Kiran Mishra — Women in Tribal Community, New Delhi, 1991.
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 20  ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü Á Óyhfl˛% ¢Çfl˛iyò ¢¡∫ı˛#Î˚ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˘˛Ñ˛ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚

≤Ã!ì˛Óyî
Ü‡˛ò
20.0 v˛zˆjÏ üƒ
20.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
20.2 ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü ~ÓÇ Óyhfl˛% ¢Çfl˛iyò ¢¡∫ı˛#Î˚ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛
20.3 !ÓŸª v˛z°åyÎ˚ò Á ÓyÎ˚% î)°íÏ ã!òì˛ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛
20.4 ã#ÓÑ)˛ú Á ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ã!òì˛ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛
20.5 ≤Ãy!hs˘˛Ñ˛ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî
20.6 xy!ØˆÏÑ˛y xyˆÏ®yúò
20.7 !â˛˛ôˆÏÑ˛y xyˆÏ®yúò
20.8 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
20.10 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
20.0 v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
~£z ~Ñ˛Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
 ¢õ@˘Ã !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ x!ÓˆÏFäÈîƒ xD !£¢yˆÏÓ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!òÎ˚ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓ
Ï üÜì˛ ~ÓÇ Óyhfl˛% ¢Çfl˛iyò ¢¡∫ı˛#Î˚
¢ÇÑ˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ¢¡ø%Ö#ò £ˆÏFäÈ–
 1990 ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï üyÖy !£¢yˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ v˛zqÓ áˆÏ›˛–
 ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=!ú õ)ú !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ õˆÏïƒ v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ £ú ÓòÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚
£yÓ˚yˆÏòyñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ï ~ÓÇ Óò ¢ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ ≤ÃˆâÏ ˛‹Ty–
20.1 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ üÜì˛ ¢õ¢ƒy !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛!‡˛òì˛õ ¢õ¢ƒy– ¢õ@˘Ã !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ x!ÓˆÏFäÈîƒ xD !£¢yˆÏÓ ¶˛yÓÏ̊ì˛
≤Ã!ì˛!òÎ˚ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ üÜì˛ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ ~ÓÇ !Ó˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡ø%Ö#ò £ˆÏFäÈ– ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Óƒy˛ô# ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓ
1990ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï üyÖy !£¢yˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ v˛zqÓ áˆÏ›˛– ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü
£z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=!ú õ)ú !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ õˆÏïƒ v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ £ú ÓòÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ £yÓ˚yˆÏòyñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ï
~ÓÇ Óò¢ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ ≤ÃˆâÏ ˛‹Ty– @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ≤Ãy!hs˘˛Ñ˛ õyò%°Ï ÎyÓ˚y !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ Óyhfl˛ÏÓ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò ˆõ›˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚
xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyˆÏÜ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü ¢ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ ì˛y!ÜˆÏî ~Ó˚
ïπÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˜Ó≤’!ÓÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü áˆÏ›˛ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓüÈÙÈ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# Î%ˆÜÏ –
20.2 ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü ~ÓÇ Óyhfl˛% ¢Çfl˛iyò ¢¡∫ı˛#Î˚ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛

Óì≈˛õyò Î%ˆÜÏ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ÜˆÏÓ°ÏíyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ xì˛ƒhs˘˛ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ £ú ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü !Ó°ÏÎÑ˚ ˛ £z!ì˛£y¢–
˛ô,!ÌÓ#Óƒy˛ô# ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓ 1990ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï üyÖy !£¢yˆÏÓ
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ v˛zqÓ áˆÏ›˛– 1978 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ C. A. Bayly õhs˘˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú Ï òñ ‘Ecological
change in India is the coming subject but no overview has appeared’. ˆÓ£z!ú ~£z !¢k˛yˆÏhs˘˛
~ˆÏ¢!äÈˆú Ï ò ˆÎ 1780 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏüy ÓäÈÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ v˛z˛ôõ£yˆÏîˆÏü ~Ñ˛ !Ó˛ô%ú ˛ô!Ó˚õyí
Ó,«˛ü)òƒì˛yÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– òì%˛ò ≤ÃãˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü £z!ì˛£y¢!ÓîˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ @˘Ãs˛i £ú 1991
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Ó˚yõâ˛w =£ÈÙÈÓ˚ The Unquiet Woods : Ecological Change and Peasant
Resistance in the Himalaya. !£õyúÎ˚ xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óò¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ Óy!í!ãƒÑ˛ ÜíÈÙÈˆüy°ÏˆíÏ Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛
!£õyúˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˛ôyîˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ÜíxyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zayˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ~£z @˘ÃˆsÏ ˛i xyˆÏúy!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– 1992
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚ Ó˚yõâ˛w =£ Á õyïÓ Üƒyv‰˛!Üú ~Ó˚ ˆúÖy This Fissured Land : An
Ecological History of India @˘Ãs˛i!›˛– 1994 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Richard H. Grove-~Ó˚ Green
Imperialism : Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens, and the Origins of
Environmentalism 1600-1860 ~ÓÇ 1996 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Mahesh Rangarajan-~Ó˚
Fencing the Forest : Conservation and Ecological Change in India’s Central
Provinces 1860-1914 @˘ÃˆsÏ ˛i Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ò#!ì˛Ó˚ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ üÜì˛ ö˛úyö˛ú ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy
Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=!ú õ)ú !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ õˆÏïƒ v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ £ú ÓòÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚
£yÓ˚yˆÏòyñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ï ~ÓÇ Óò¢ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃˆâÏ ˛‹Ty–
20.3 !ÓŸª v˛z°åyÎ˚ò Á ÓyÎ˚% î)°íÏ ã!òì˛ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛

¢õ@˘Ã !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ x!ÓˆÏFäÈîƒ xD !£¢yˆÏÓ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ ≤Ã!ì˛!òÎ˚ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ üÜì˛ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ ~ÓÇ !Ó˛ôˆÏîÓ˚
¢¡ø%Ö#ò £ˆÏFäÈ– !ÓŸª v˛z°åyÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°≈Ï ¢õ%ôÏ y˛ôÑ)˛úÓì≈˛# ¶)˛!õ ~ÓÇ ¢õ%o˛ô,ˆ‹Ï TÓ˚ !òÑ˛›˛Óì≈˛#
m#˛ô¢õ)ˆ£Ï Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ !£õyúˆÏÎ˚ !£õÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ ÜúˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ v˛z‡˛yòyõy Ñ˛ˆÏÓñ˚ Îy ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Á î!«˛í ~!üÎ˚yÓ˚
=Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ òî#¢õ)ˆ£Ï Ó˚ ˆfl˛Àyì˛ ïyÓ˚yˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~äÈyv˛¸y xyÓ£yÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚
xyÓ£yÁÎ˚y !ÓÜì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛ îüÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛ £yˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ– !ÓŸª v˛z°åyÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓ
¢õ%o˛ô,ˆ¤Ï ˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Ó,!k˛Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¢y£zˆÑÏ ˛œ yò ~ÓÇ ì˛y˛ôõyey Á Ó,!‹T˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˆö˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ– ¢õ%o˛ô,ˆ¤Ï ˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Ó,!k˛ ¢%®Ó˚Óò xMÈ˛ˆÏú ¢õ%o˛ô,ˆ¤Ï ˛Ó˚ !òÑ˛›˛fl˛i !Ñ˛ä%È m#˛ôˆÏÑ˛ ãú≤’y!Óì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ îyÎ˚#–
v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ x!@¿î?˛ ˜ã!ÓÑ˛ v˛z˛ôyîyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zqì( ˛ áò Ñ%˛Î˚yüy Á ˆï§yÎ˚y ~ÓÇ v˛z_Ó˚
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Ó,£Í !ü“yMÈ˛ú=!ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zqì( ˛ ÓyÎ˚î% °) ˆÏ íÏ Ó˚ myÓ˚y ÜyˆÏDÎ˚ xÓÓy!£Ñ˛y xMÈ˛ú ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ £Î˚– ˛ô)Ó≈
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !ì˛Óπ!ì˛ õyú¶)˛!õÓ˚ î!«˛í !îÑ˛ Á ÓˆÏDy˛ô¢yÜÓ˚ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˛ô!ÿ˛õyÓyÎ˚% ãú#Î˚ Óy‹ô Ó£ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏò–
ï)ˆú
Ï y ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yˆÏúy Ñ˛yÓ≈ò Îy !£õyúˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ î!«˛íõ%Ö# Óyì˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ myÓ˚y xyÓ˚Á v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛y !ì˛Óπ!ì˛
õyú¶)˛!õÓ˚ ÓyÎ˚ˆ% ÑÏ ˛ v˛z°å Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú– ãú#Î˚ Óy‹ô ˆüy°ÏˆíÏ Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ì˛y˛ôõyeyÓ˚ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ v˛z°åyÎ˚ò ÓyÎ˚ˆ% ÑÏ ˛
v˛z°å Á |k≈˛Üyõ# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ÓyÎ˚% õ[˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢Ó≈!ò¡¨ hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ õyG˛yõy!G˛ xyoì˛y Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
ãú#Î˚ ÓyˆÏ‹ôÓ˚ ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ v˛z°å £ˆÏÎ˚ Á‡˛yˆÏÑ˛ cÓ˚y!ß∫ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
20.4 ã#ÓÑ)˛ú Á ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ã!òì˛ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛

Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ üy¢ˆÏò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# ˛ô![˛ì˛ÓÜ≈ñ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛Ó,® Óy ¢yÓxú›˛yò≈
ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛Üí ã#ÓÑ)˛ú Á ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ !Óhfl˛Ïy!Ó˚ì˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï Á Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
xÓ˚íƒ ¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ !ò‹;˛õí !òˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È£z ˆúˆÏÖò!ò xÌÓy ã#ÓÑ)˛ú Á ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈
!â˛hs˘˛y¶˛yÓòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ !ò– xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛Üí Ñ,˛!°Ï ã!õÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ¢#õyÓk˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ ˆÏäÈò–
Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ xÓ˚íƒ ¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ !ò‹;˛õí áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ ì˛y v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ !ò– Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆúÖÑ˛Üí v˛z˛ôãyì˛#Î˚
õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ !Óhfl˛Ïy!Ó˚ì˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
Ï Á ã#ÓÑ)˛ú Á ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
xyˆÏúyÑ˛˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ !ò– ¢yÓxú›˛yò≈ ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛Üí v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ Á Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛
xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï Á v˛zÍ˛ôyîˆÏòÓ˚ õy!úÑ˛yòyÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˛ôk˛!ì˛Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ã#ÓÑ)˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏüÓ˚
¢¡ôÑ≈˛ˆÏÑ˛ xÓˆÏ£úy Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò–
Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ Î%ˆÜÏ Ó˚ xÓ˚íƒ xy!ïÑ˛y!Ó˚Ñ˛Üí ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ xÓ˚ˆíÏ ƒÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ì§˛yÓ˚y
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ !Ó!›˛ü xÓ˚íƒÈÙÈò#!ì˛Ó˚ òƒyÎƒì˛y ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ !äÈú Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ üy¢Ñ˛Ó,®
î!«˛í ~!üÎ˚yÓ˚ xÓ˚íƒ xMÈ˛úˆÏÑ˛ ˆîü#Î˚ xÓ˚íƒ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y «˛!ì˛@˘Ãhfl˛Ï £ÁÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò–
≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈË˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ~ÓÇ xy!î Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ïπÇ¢ydÑ˛ Î%Ü !£¢yˆÏÓ ˆîÖy £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ~ˆÏîÓ˚
¢ˆÏD ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢yî,üƒ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ È– x˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yõâ˛w =£ ì§˛yÓ˚ @˘Ãs˛i Á ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛
¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî# ˆúÖÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Î%!_´ˆÏÑ˛ Ö[˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õhs˘˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ñ v˛z_Ó˚yÖˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ãò¢yïyÓ˚í !Ó!›˛ü ò#!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆõˆÏò
ˆòÎ˚!ò ~ÓÇ v˛z_Ó˚yÖ[˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏïÓ˚ ˆ«˛e £ˆÏÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yÎ˚– xÓ˚íƒ ¢¡ôî !äÈú ~£z ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏïÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í–
õyïÓ Üƒyv˛!Üú õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ñ 1800 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yú !äÈú ãò¢yïyÓ˚í ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÑ˛, !ì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛›˛y
¶˛yÓ˚¢yˆÏõƒÓ˚ Î%Ü– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒhs˘˛ xÓ˚íƒyMÈ˛ˆÏú Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ üy¢ò ≤ÃˆÓÏ ü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï ~£z ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˛ôˆÏv˛¸–
õyúyÓyÓ˚ xÓ˚íƒ xMÈ˛ˆÏú 1806 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ãy£yã ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛y‡˛ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ÷Ó˚&
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
Ï xÓ˚íƒ xMÈ˛ú ïπÇ¢ £ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ãò¢yïyÓ˚í Á ≤ÃÑ˛, !ì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˛ôv˛¸ˆìÏ ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
1840 Á 50 ~Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ú˛ôÌ !Óhfl˛ÏyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ö˛ˆÏú xyÓ˚Á ˆÓ!ü Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò ˆîÖy ˆîÎ˚– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
xÓ˚íƒ Á xÓ˚íƒ ¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛, ì˛ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ v˛zò!ÓÇü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !mì˛#Î˚yï≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛–
20.5 ≤Ãy!hs˘˛Ñ˛ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî

¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ó≈Ï ˚ Óyhfl˛% ¢Çfl˛iyò ~ÓÇ òƒyÎ˚ò#!ì˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆúÖy Üƒyv˛!Üú ~ÓÇ =£ÈÙÈÓ˚ @˘ÃˆsÏ ˛i ˆ¢£z¢Ó õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚
Ñ˛Ìy xyˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚y !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ Óyhfl˛ÏÓ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò ˆõ›˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú– Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ò#!ì˛ Á ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓüÈÙÈ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ Î%ˆÜÏ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ üÑ˛õ≈#ñ fl˛iyò#Î˚ ãòÜí Á
xòƒyòƒˆÏîÓ˚ ~£z !Ófl˛øÎ˚Ñ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°≈Ï ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü ¢ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏíÓ˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˜Ó≤’!ÓÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü ¢Çeýhs˘˛ ¢!e´Î˚ Ñ˛õ≈˛ôs˛iyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛úò áˆÏ›˛–
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ïπÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü áˆÏ›˛ xy!ØˆÏÑ˛y Á !â˛˛ôˆÏÑ˛y
xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ–
20.6 xy!ØˆÏÑ˛y xyˆÏ®yúò

î!«˛í ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛í≈y›˛Ñ˛ ≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ Ñ˛yòyv˛¸y ˆãúyÓ˚ @˘Ãyõ#í ãò¢yïyÓ˚í ≤ÃÑ˛, !ì˛ ã!õ Á xÓ˚íƒyMÈ˛ú
Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ xy!ØˆÏÑ˛y xyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yˆÏú– Ñ˛yòyv˛¸y ¶˛y°Ïyñ Úxy!úDòÛ ü∑!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Óúy £Î˚ Úxy!ØˆÏÑ˛yÛ–
¢õ@˘Ã î!«˛í ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ã%ˆvÏ ˛¸ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü ¢ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛y xy!ØˆÏÑ˛y xyˆÏ®yúò ~Ñ˛ òì%˛ò
¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
1950 !Öfi›˛y∑ òyÜyî v˛z_Ó˚ Ñ˛yòyv˛¸y ˆãúyÓ˚ 81 üì˛yÇü !äÈú xÓ˚íƒ– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~£z xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛zßÎ¨ ˆ˚ òÏ Ó˚
≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãˆÏò Ñ˛yÜã Á ˛≤’y£zv˛zv˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚Öyòy ~ÓÇ òî#Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ãú!Óî%ƒÍ ¢Çeýhs˘˛ xˆÏòÑ˛=!ú Ó§yï !òõ≈yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!Ñ˛ls˘˛ ~£z ¢õhfl˛Ï !ü“ Ñ˛yÓ˚Öyòy=!ú Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ xÓ˚íƒ ïπÇ¢ ~ÓÇ Ó§yï=!ú xÓ˚íƒ Á Ñ,˛!°Ïˆ«Ï ˛eˆÏÑ˛ ãú≤’y!Óì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í £ˆÏÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yÎ˚– fl˛iyò#Î˚ ãòÜí Ó§yï !òõ≈yˆÏíÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú fl˛iyòâ%˛ƒì˛ £Î˚– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛zßÎ¨ ˆ˚ òÏ Ó˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛yÜãñ
≤’y£zv˛zv˛ Óy ãúü!_´Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yü îy!Ó˚ôÏ Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚–
xy!ØˆÏÑ˛y xyˆÏ®yúò ¢õ@˘Ã î!«˛í ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ !Óhfl˛,ìÏ ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô!ÿ˛õáy›˛ xMÈ˛úˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆâÏ ˛‹Ty ˆòÎ˚–
˛ô!ÿ˛õáy›˛ xMÈ˛ˆÏú ~£z ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ xÓ˚íƒ ïπÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ¢õ@˘Ã î!«˛í ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Ñ˛í≈y›˛Ñ˛ñ
õ£yÓ˚y‹Tñ… ˆÑ˛Ó˚yúy ~ÓÇ ì˛y!õúòyv˛YÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ÇÓyÓ˚ ÖÓ˚y ãò¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ áy›˛!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í £Î˚– ö˛ˆÏú ü!_´ v˛zÍ˛ôyîòñ
ãú ¢Ó˚ÓÓ˚y£ ~ÓÇ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ î!«˛í ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ «˛!ì˛@˘Ãhfl˛Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ˛ô!ÿ˛õáy›˛ xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xÓ˚íƒ
Á Ö!òã ¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ ˆüy°Ïí î!Ó˚o ãòÜíˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ ¶˛Ó˚íˆÏ˛ôy°ÏˆíÏ Ó˚ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó!MÈ˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z
xMÈ˛ú!›˛ ~ì˛›˛y£z ¢ÇˆÏÓîòü#ú ˆÎ ~ÖyˆÏò xÓ˚íƒ v˛zˆFÏ äÈˆîÏ Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú õ,!_Ñ˛y úyú xÌÓy £ú%ˆîÏ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛
£ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ~£z xMÈ˛ú ˛ôyÌ%ˆÓÏ ˚ ˛ôyÓ≈ì˛ƒyMÈ˛ˆÏú Ó˚*˛ôyhs˘˛!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ~£z ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ â)˛v˛¸yhs˘˛
˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈyˆÏòyÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÓÏ ≈ ì,˛íõ)ú hfl˛ÏˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ !Ó!FäÈß¨ õyòÓˆÏÜy¤˛#ˆÏÑ˛ ˙Ñ˛ƒÓk˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô!ÿ˛õáyˆÏ›˛Ó˚ xÓ!ü‹T
xÓ˚íƒ xMÈ˛úˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy!ØˆÏÑ˛y xyˆÏ®yúò– Ü¶˛#Ó˚ xÓ˚ˆíÏ ƒ ˛ôîÎyeyñ ˆúyÑ˛ò,ì˛ƒñ ˛ôÌòy!›˛Ñ˛y
£zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ ˛ôk˛!ì˛ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãò¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y Ó,!k˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– Ñ˛í≈y›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ˛ôyÓ≈ì˛ƒ ˆãúyÎ˚ ~£z
xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ áˆÏ›˛ ~ÓÇ ì˛y!õúòyv˛YÓ˚ ˛ô)Óá≈ y›˛ ˛ôyÓ≈ì˛ƒ xMÈ˛ú Á ˆÜyÎ˚yÎ˚ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò ≤Ã¢yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
¢Ω˛yÓòy ˆîÖy ˆîÎ˚–
xy!ØˆÏÑ˛y xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ Óyí# £ú Ú¢ÇÓ˚«˛íÛñ Ú!ÓÑ˛yüÛ Á Ú!Óâ˛«˛í ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚Û Îy Ñ˛yòyv˛¸y ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚
Úv˛zÓ¢%Ûñ ÚˆÓˆÏú¢%Û ~ÓÇ ÚÓyúy¢%Û òyˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– !Ó˚_´ñ Ó˚&«˛ xMÈ˛ˆÏú Óò¢,ãˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y !äÈú
xy!ØˆÏÑ˛y xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ– 1984ÈÙÈ85 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !¢Ó˚!¢ xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ãòÜí 1.2 ú«˛ â˛yÓ˚yÜyäÈ ˆÓ˚y˛ôò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó≈Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ò!ãÓ˚ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z Ñ˛yˆÏã Óò îÆÓ˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
xÓ˚íƒãyì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ â˛y˛ô Ñ˛õyˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ !ÓÑ˛“ ü!_´Ó˚ v˛zÍ¢ ≤Ãâ˛úò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyÜ ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚
ˆÎ!›˛ ã#Ó Á ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyîyò=!úˆÏÑ˛ !Óâ˛«˛íì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó– ~£z ãòƒ xyˆÏ®yúòÑ˛yÓ˚#Üí
˙ xMÈ˛ˆÏú 2000 â)˛úy Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓñ˚ Îy â˛!Õ‘ü üì˛yÇü ãμyúy!ò Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ¢y◊Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ !¢Ó˚!¢ ~ÓÇ xòƒyòƒ
@˘ÃyõyMÈ˛ˆÏú ~£z ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ â)˛v˛¸y ˆ£yˆÏ›˛ú=!úˆÏì˛ Ó¢yˆÏòy £Î˚– ~äÈyv˛¸y xÓ˚íƒ ¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ â˛y˛ô Ñ˛õyˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ
ˆÜyÓÓ˚ Üƒy¢ ≤’ƒyˆÏr›˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Ó˝ ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ õyò%°Ï ~£z ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ≤’ƒyr›˛ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
xy!ØˆÏÑ˛y xyˆÏ®yúò ÜíxyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ Ü‡˛òõ)úÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ v˛zˆßÏ √y!â˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y !òÉˆÏü!°Ïì˛
≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ò ¢Ω˛Ó– ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ì,˛≈ Ñ˛ xÓ˚íƒyMÈ˛ˆÏú ã#Óhs˘˛ Á ¢Ó%ã Ó,«˛Ó˚y!ã ïπÇˆÏ¢Ó˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !òˆÏ°ïÏ yK˛yãy!Ó˚Ñ˛Ó˚í ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛Öy!ò ¢yö˛ˆÏúƒÓ˚ v˛zîy£Ó˚í–
20.7 !â˛˛ôˆÏÑ˛y xyˆÏ®yúò

!â˛˛ôˆÏÑ˛y xyˆÏ®yúò £ú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ó≈Ï ˚ v˛z_Ó˚yÖ[˛ xMÈ˛ˆÏú ÓƒÓ¢yÓ˚ ãòƒ Ó,«˛ˆÏFäÈîò Óy xÓ˚íƒ ïπÇ¢ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ~Ñ˛îú @˘ÃyõÓy¢#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî– ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ òyõ v˛zqì( ˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È ~Ñ˛!›˛ !£!® ü∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈
xy‡˛yÓ˚ õì˛ xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÌyÑ˛yñ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ @˘ÃyõÓy¢#Üí Ó,«˛ˆÏÑ˛ xy!úDò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óy !áˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ !‡˛Ñ˛yîyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ myÓ˚y
Ó,«˛ˆÏFäÈîò ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò– Ó,«˛ˆÏFäÈîò ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏïÓ˚ ãòƒ Ó,«˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ‹Tò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ÔüˆÏúÓ˚
ãòƒ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛–
@˘ÃyõÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ ~£z ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî !äÈú ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü ~ÓÇ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ã!v˛¸ì˛– !£õyúÎ˚ãyì˛ ÁÑ˛ ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚
xÓ˚íƒ ïπÇ¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !â˛Ó˚ñ ˛ôy£zò £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ xÓ˚íƒ ¢,!‹TÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú Óv˛¸ ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ úì˛y =ˆÏÕ√Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí £…y¢
˛ôyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ÓòƒyÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy ¢,!‹T £Î˚– ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ îy!Ó=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !äÈú Ó!£Ó˚yÜì˛ˆÏÑ˛
Ó,«˛ˆÏFäÈîˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÓ˚yì˛ òy ˆîÁÎ˚y ~ÓÇ fl˛iyò#Î˚ «%˛o !üˆÏ“Ó˚ ãòƒ fl˛∫“õ)ˆú Ï ƒÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy–
1973 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ~!≤Ãú õyˆÏ¢ ≤ÃÌõ !â˛˛ôˆÏÑ˛y xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛ £Î˚– xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ xy÷ Ñ˛yÓ˚í !äÈú
xúÑ˛yò® v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÎ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y xÓ˚íƒ xMÈ˛ú e´#v˛¸y ¢Ó˚Oyõ ≤Ãhfl˛% ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚
!¢k˛yhs˘˛– ~£z !¢k˛yhs˘˛ @˘ÃyõÓy¢#Ó˚y ˆõˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ!˚ ò Ñ˛yÓ˚í ˛ô)ˆÓÏ ≈ Ñ,˛!°Ï ¢Ó˚MÈ˛yõ ≤Ãhfl˛% ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚
≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãˆÏò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛£z îy!Ó ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆõˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ îyˆÏ¢y!ú @˘ÃyˆÏõ fl˛∫Óy˚ ã
¢Çá @˘ÃyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÓ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò Ñ˛ì,˛≈ Ñ˛ v˛zÍ¢y!£ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˙ xMÈ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õ!£úyÜí â˛[˛#≤Ã¢yî ¶˛yˆÏ›˛Ó˚
ˆòì,˛ˆÏc xÓ˚ˆíÏ ƒ ≤ÃˆÓÏ ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÜyäÈ=!úˆÏÑ˛ Ó,_yÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ !áˆÏÓ˚ î§yv˛¸yÎ˚ ÎyˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óƒ!_´ Ó,«˛=!ú Ñ˛y›˛ˆÏì˛
òy ˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚ 1973 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !â˛˛ôˆÏÑ˛y xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛ £Î˚– v˛zFâ˛ì˛Ó˚ xúÑ˛yò® v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÎ˚ õ[˛ú @˘ÃyˆÏõ
÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# ˛ô§yâ˛ ÓäÈˆÓÏ ˚ v˛z_Ó˚≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ !£õyúÎ˚ ¢Çú@¿ xˆÏòÑ˛=!ú ˆãúyÎ˚ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò äÈ!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚
˛ôˆÏv˛¸–
20.8 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
Óì≈˛õyò !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛!‡˛ò ¢õ¢ƒy £ú ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ üÜì˛ ¢õ¢ƒy– ¢õ@˘Ã !ÓŸª ã%ˆvÏ ˛¸ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ £yˆÏÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚
xÓ«˛Î˚ñ xÓ˚íƒ ïπÇ¢ñ !õ!‹T ãˆÏúÓ˚ áy›˛!ì˛ñ ãú Á ÓyÎ˚% î)°íÏ ≤ÃÑ˛, !ì˛Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ !Ó!á¯ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È– xˆÏòÑ˛
v˛z!qã Á ≤Ãyí# ≤Ããy!ì˛ ˛ô,!ÌÓ# ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆúy˛ô ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ– !ü“ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¢yÓ˚y !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ !ü“yÎ˚ò !Ó˛ô%ú
˜Ó°Ï!Î˚Ñ˛ ≤Ãyâ%˛Î≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏúÁ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ üÜì˛ xÓ«˛ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ãòƒ îyÎ˚#– ≤ÃÎ!% _´Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ î)°íÏ ñ ÓyÎ˚%
î)°íÏ ñ ü∑ î)°íÏ ñ ãú î)°íÏ ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ üÜì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ ò‹T £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– xyÌ≈ÈÙÈ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Á ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛
¢ÇÑ˛›˛ ˆîÖy !îˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ ~£z ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛Ó˚y ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ ~£z ¢ÇÑ˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚
Ñ˛yÓ˚íñ ≤ÃÑ˛, !ì˛ Á ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ì§˛yÓ˚y xò%¢ı˛yòñ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Á !ÓˆÏŸ’°ÏˆíÏ Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ Î%_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò–
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°≈Ï ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ Óì≈˛õyò Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ÜˆÏÓ°ÏíyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ òì%˛ò !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– !Ó!¶˛ß¨
ˆÜy¤˛#¶%˛_´ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü!Óî ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü ¢ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü =Ó˚&c !îˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èòñ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ïπÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ÜíxyˆÏ®yúò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ˛ô«˛˛ôyì˛#–

1– ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü ~ÓÇ Óyhfl˛% ¢Çfl˛iyò ¢¡∫ı˛#Î˚ ¢ÇÑ˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ›˛#Ñ˛y !úÖ%ò–
2– Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓüÈÙÈ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# Î%ˆÜÏ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ïπÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤Ãy!hs˘˛Ñ˛
õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛!äÈú⁄
3– ›˛#Ñ˛y !úÖ%òÈÙÙÙÈSÑ˛V xy!ØˆÏÑ˛y xyˆÏ®yúòñ SÖV !â˛˛ôˆÏÑ˛y xyˆÏ®yúò–
20.10 @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
1– Arun Bandopadhyay, ‘Forest Land and Water in Colonial South Asia : Issues
from Agrarian and Environmental History’ in Ranjan Chakrabarty (ed.)
Situating Environmental History, New Delhi, 2007.
2– Henry John Mccloskey — Ecological Ethics and Politics, 1983.
3– Madhav Gadgil, Ramchandra Guha — Ecology and Equity. The Use and
Abuse of Nature in Contemporary India, 1st edition, Routledge, 1995.
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v˛z˛ôe´õ!

xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ Sv˛.V ¢%û˛ ¢AÜ˛Ó˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚

≤ÃÌõ õ%oí ≠ xyÜﬁ›˛ñ 2022

ø¬ıù´ø¬ı…±˘˚˛ ˜?≈ø¬ı˛ ﬂ¬ø˜˙ÀÚ¬ı˛ ”¬ı˛ø˙é¬± ¬ı≈…À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøÒ ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ ˜≈ø^Ó¬º

Making of Contemporary India

˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ 1 ≠ ﬂ˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Îyey ~ÓÇ òì%˛ò Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ v˛zîÎ˚

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 2  ﬂ˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Á ÜíÈÙÈxyˆÏ®yúò 15–23

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 3  ˆîü¶˛yÜ ≠ îyDy Á ˛ô%òÓ≈y¢ò 24–33

˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ 2 ≠ ≤Ããyì˛s˛f ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y ≠ Üí˛ô!Ó˚°îÏ

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 5  ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç£!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ !_´ 43–48

˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ 3 ≠ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈e´õ S1950ÈÙÈ1970 ~Ó˚ îüÑ˛V

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 7  Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò 55–64

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 8  xMÈ˛ú ~ÓÇ xyMÈ˛!úÑ˛ ¢_¥yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò 65–73

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 9  ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛f ãy!ì˛ 74–80

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 10  ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛f ïõ≈˛≠ ﬂ˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ ~ÓÇ

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 11  !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ îú ÓƒÓﬂ˛iy 89–96

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 13  ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ~ÓÇ !ÓŸª 106–115

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 15  Ñ,˛!°ÏÈÙÈ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ~ÓÇ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ 125–133

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 16  v˛zßÎ¨ ˆ˚ òÏ Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ≠ xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ 134–141

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 19  òyÓ˚# xyˆÏ®yúò Á ¢ÇﬂÒyÓ˚ xy£zò 162–168

˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ 1 ≠ ﬂ˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Îyey ~ÓÇ òì%˛ò Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ v˛zîÎ˚

1.2 1935 !Öﬁ›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zò ≠ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ

1.3 1935 !Öﬁ›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zò Á ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛

1.4 ≤ÃˆîÏ ü=!úˆÏì˛ õs˛f#¢¶˛y Ü‡˛ò S1937 !Öﬁ›˛y∑V

1.5 Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã!¢ ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ õs˛f#¢¶˛y=!úÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úy˛ô

1.6 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚ ≠ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã!¢ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚=!úÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò

1.7 !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿yÓú#

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 2  ﬂ˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Á ÜíÈÙÈxyˆÏ®yúò

2.2 ÁÎ˚yˆÏ¶˛ú ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy

2.3 Ñ˛ƒy!ÓˆÏò›˛ !õüò S1946V

2.3.1 õs˛f# !õüˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy

2.5 Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏoy£ Á ÜíÈÙÈx¶%˛ƒayò

2.7 !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿yÓú#

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 3  ˆîü¶˛yÜ ≠ îyDy Á ˛ô%òÓ≈y¢ò

3.2 ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ≠ õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy

3.3 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !Ó¶˛yãò

3.4 ˆîü¶˛yÜ ≠ îyDy Á ˛ô%òÓ≈y¢ò

3.5 ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD üÓ˚íyÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ xyÜõò

3.7 !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿yÓú#

˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ 2 ≠ ≤Ããyì˛s˛f ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y ≠ Üí˛ô!Ó˚°îÏ

 ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò ¢Ç¢î#Î˚ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓﬂ˛iy Ó˚yÖy £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È–

4.2 ¢Ç!Óïyò ¢¶˛y Ü‡˛ò

4.3 Ö¢v˛¸y Ñ˛!õ!›˛

4.4 ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xÇü

4.4.4 ¢Ç¢î S˛ôyú≈yˆÏõr›˛V

4.5 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ

4.6 v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚ ≠ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò

4.7 !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿yÓú#

4– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï !îÑ˛=!ú Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 5  ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç£!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ !_´

5.2 ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ xhs˘˛¶%˛≈ !_´

5.2.3 Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ≠ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛¶%˛!_´ Á ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ˛ôy!Ñ˛hﬂ˛Ïyò Î%k˛ S1948V

5.4 !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿yÓú#

˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ 3 ≠ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈e´õ S1950ÈÙÈ1970 ~Ó˚ îüÑ˛V

6.2 ¶˛y°Ïy ¢õ¢ƒy

6.3 ¶˛y°ÏyÜì˛ ≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ò

6.5 !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿yÓú#

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 7  Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò

7.2 Öyîƒ xyˆÏ®yúò S1959ÈÙÈ1966V

7.3 Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ x¢ˆÏhs˘˛y°Ï ~ÓÇ òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúò S1967V