CAPTITAL PUBLIC

SCHOOL
Half-Yearly Examination
Class 11 Chemistry
Time Allowed: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 70

Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (1 mark each)

1. Which of the following is the correct Avogadro's number?

a) 6.022×1023 c) 6.022×1024
b) 6.022×1022 d) 6.022×1021

2. The number of neutrons in an atom with atomic number 11 and mass number 23 is:

a) 11 c) 23
b) 12 d) 34

3. The element with the highest electronegativity is:

a) Oxygen c) Chlorine
b) Fluorine d) Nitrogen

4. Which of the following is an example of a redox reaction?

a) 2H2+O2→2H2O c) C+O2→CO2
b) NaCl→Na++Cl− d) N2+3H2→2NH3

5. The bond angle in water (H2O) is:

a) 109.5∘ c) 104.5∘
b) 120∘ d) 90∘

6. What is the electronic configuration of the ion O2- ?

a) 1s² 2s² 2p⁴ c) 1s² 2s² 2p³

b) 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ d) 1s² 2s² 2p⁵

7. Which of the following oxides is acidic in nature?

a) CO₂ c) CaO
b) Na₂O d) MgO

8. The first ionization enthalpy generally increases across a period because:

a) Atomic radius increases b) Nuclear charge decreases

c) Electron shielding increases d) Nuclear charge increases

9. Which of the following statements is true for sp3sp^3sp3 hybridization?

a) It forms 4 equivalent bonds. c) It forms 2 equivalent bonds.

b) It forms 3 equivalent bonds. d) It forms only one bond.

10. The molecular shape of methane (CH₄) is:

a) Linear c) Tetrahedral
b) Trigonal planar d) Bent

11. Which quantum number determines the shape of an orbital?

a) Principal quantum number (n) c) Magnetic quantum number (m)

b) Azimuthal quantum number (l) d) Spin quantum number (s)

12. Which of the following has the smallest atomic radius?

a) Li c) K
b) Na d) Rb

13. The oxidation state of Cr in K2Cr2O7 is:

a) +6 c) +2
b) +3 d) +7

14. Which of the following molecules is non-polar?

a) H₂O c) NH₃
b) CO₂ d) HCl

15. Which of the following is a property of ionic compounds?

a) Low melting point c) Soluble in polar solvents

b) High electrical conductivity in the solid d) Poor conductor in aqueous solution
state

16. The hybridization of the central atom in BF3 is:

a) sp c) sp3
b) sp2 d) sp3d

Section B: Very Short Answer Questions (2 marks each)

17. Define the term "mole." How is it related to Avogadro's number?

18. State the Pauli exclusion principle and its significance.

19. Explain the concept of periodicity in properties of elements with an

example.
 20. What is the difference between oxidation and reduction in terms of
electron transfer?

21. Draw the Lewis structure for H2O and CO2.

Section C: Short Answer Questions (3 marks each)

22. (a) Calculate the molar mass of iron (Fe). (1 mark)

(b) Calculate the number of moles in 5.6 grams of iron (Fe). (2 marks)
(Atomic mass of Fe = 56 g/mol)

23. (a) What is the Aufbau principle? (1 mark)

(b) Explain the Aufbau principle with an example. (2 marks)

24. (a) Define electronegativity. (1 mark)

(b) Describe the general trend of electronegativity across a period and down a
group in the periodic table. (2 marks)

25. (a) Write the unbalanced redox reaction: MnO4− + Fe2+ → Mn2+ + Fe3+. (1
mark)
(b) Balance the above redox reaction in acidic medium. (2 marks)

26. (a) What is a σ bond? (1 mark)

(b) Explain the formation of the σ and π bonds in ethene (C 2H4). (2 marks)

27. (a) What is the octet rule? (1 mark)

(b) What are the exceptions to the octet rule? Provide an example. (2 marks)

28. (a) Define bond order. (1 mark)

(b) Calculate the bond order of O2 using molecular orbital theory. (2 marks)

Section D: Case-Based Questions (4 marks each)

Case 1:
A chemical company produces a substance A, which is found to contain 54% carbon,
6% hydrogen, and 40% oxygen by mass. The substance is soluble in water and has a
molar mass of approximately 60 g/mol.

29. (a) Calculate the percentage composition of oxygen in substance A. (1

mark)
(b) Determine the empirical formula of substance A. (1 mark)
(c) Calculate its molecular formula using the given molar mass. (2 marks)

Case 2:
Consider a hypothetical element X with electronic configuration 1s 2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

30. (a) Identify the period of element X in the periodic table. (1 mark)
(b) Identify the group of element X in the periodic table. (1 mark)
(c) Predict the type of bond it is likely to form with an alkali metal and justify
your answer. (2 marks)
 Section E: Long Answer Questions (5 marks each)

31. (a) What is Rutherford's model of the atom? (1 mark)

(b) Discuss one limitation of Rutherford's model of the atom. (1 mark)
(c) State another limitation of Rutherford's model. (1 mark)
(d) How did Bohr's model address these limitations? (2 marks)

32. (a) Define ionization enthalpy. (1 mark)

(b) What is the general trend of ionization enthalpy across a period? (1 mark)
(c) What is the trend of ionization enthalpy down a group? (1 mark)
(d) Explain the factors affecting ionization enthalpy in detail. (2 marks)

33. (a) What is hybridization? (1 mark)

(b) Identify the type of hybridization in CH 4. (1 mark)
(c) Identify the type of hybridization in NH 3. (1 mark)
(d) Explain the hybridization process in CH4 and NH3 molecules. (2 marks)
 ANSWER KEY

Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (1 mark each)

1. a) 6.022×10²³

2. b) 12

3. b) Fluorine

4. a) 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O

5. c) 104.5°

6. b) 1s² 2s² 2p⁶

7. a) CO₂

8. d) nuclear charge increases

9. a) It forms 4 equivalent bonds.

10. c) Tetrahedral

11. b) Azimuthal quantum number (l)

12. a) Li

13. a) +6

14. b) CO₂

15. c) Soluble in polar solvents

16. b) sp²

Section B: Very Short Answer Questions (2 marks each)

17. Mole: A mole is defined as the amount of substance that contains the
same number of entities (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.) as there are in 12 grams
of carbon-12. It is related to Avogadro's number (6.022×10²³) because one mole
of any substance contains Avogadro's number of entities.

18. Pauli Exclusion Principle: This principle states that no two electrons in
an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers. It ensures that each
electron in an atom has a unique quantum state, which prevents multiple
electrons from occupying the same orbital with the same spin.

19. Periodicity: Periodicity refers to the repeating pattern of chemical and

physical properties of elements when they are arranged in increasing order of
atomic number. For example, atomic radius decreases across a period from left
to right due to increasing nuclear charge.

20. Oxidation and Reduction: Oxidation is the loss of electrons, while

reduction is the gain of electrons. In a redox reaction, the substance that loses
electrons is oxidized, and the substance that gains electrons is reduced.

21. Lewis Structures:

 H₂O: H-O-H (with lone pairs on the oxygen atom)

  CO₂: O=C=O (with double bonds between carbon and each oxygen)

Section C: Short Answer Questions (3 marks each)

22. (a) Molar mass of Fe: 56 g/mol

(b) Number of moles in 5.6 grams of Fe: 5.6 g/56 =0.1

g/mol

23. (a) Aufbau Principle: Electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first before
occupying higher ones.
(b) Example: For nitrogen (atomic number 7), the electron configuration is 1s²
2s² 2p³, filling the 1s and 2s orbitals before the 2p orbital.

24. (a) Electronegativity: The ability of an atom to attract electrons in a

covalent bond.

(b) Trend: Electronegativity increases across a period from left to right due to
increasing nuclear charge and decreases down a group due to increasing atomic
radius and electron shielding.

25. (a) Unbalanced redox reaction: MnO₄⁻ + Fe²⁺ → Mn²⁺ + Fe³⁺

(b) Balanced in acidic medium: 2MnO4−+10Fe2+ +16H+→2Mn2++10Fe3+

+8H2O

26. (a) σ bond: A sigma bond is a covalent bond formed by the head-on
overlap of atomic orbitals. (b) Formation in ethene (C₂H₄): In ethene, each
carbon forms a σ bond with two hydrogen atoms and a σ bond with the other
carbon. The π bond is formed from the side-by-side overlap of the remaining p
orbitals on each carbon.

27. (a) Octet Rule: Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a
stable electron configuration with eight electrons in their valence shell.

(b) Exceptions: Molecules like boron trifluoride (BF₃) and phosphorus

pentachloride (PCl₅) do not follow the octet rule, with boron having only six
electrons and phosphorus having more than eight.

28. (a) Bond Order: Bond order is the number of bonds between two atoms.

(b) Bond order of O₂: Using molecular orbital theory, O₂ has a bond order of 2.
The configuration is (σ1s)² (σ1s)² (σ2s)² (σ2s)² (π2p)⁴ (π*2p)², giving a bond
order of 2 [(4 bonding - 2 anti-bonding) / 2].

Section D: Case-Based Questions (4 marks each)

Case 1:

29. (a) Percentage composition of oxygen: Given 40% by mass.

(b) Empirical Formula:

- Carbon: 54/12=4.5

- Hydrogen: 6/1=6

- Oxygen: 40/16=2.5
 - Simplify ratio: multiply by 3 to get C₃H₄O₃.

(c) Molecular Formula: Given molar mass is 60 g/mol. Empirical formula mass
= 60 g/mol. Molecular formula is the same as empirical formula: C₃H₄O₃.

Case 2:

30. (a) Period of element X: Period 3

(b) Group of element X: Group 17 (Halogens)

(c) Bond with alkali metal: Likely to form an ionic bond. Halogens form ionic
bonds with alkali metals due to the transfer of electrons from the alkali metal to
the halogen.

Section E: Long Answer Questions (5 marks each)

31. (a) Rutherford's Model: Rutherford's model describes the atom as

having a dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons.

(b) Limitation: The model could not explain the stability of the electron
orbitals.

(c) Another Limitation: It could not explain the discrete line spectra of
elements.

(d) Bohr's Model: Bohr's model addressed these limitations by introducing

quantized orbits for electrons and explaining the stability of electron
configurations.

32. (a) Ionization Enthalpy: The amount of energy required to remove an

electron from an isolated gaseous atom.

(b) Trend across a period: Increases from left to right due to increasing
nuclear charge.

(c) Trend down a group: Decreases due to increasing atomic size and electron
shielding.

(d) Factors affecting ionization enthalpy: nuclear charge, atomic radius, and
electron shielding. Higher nuclear charge increases ionization energy, while
larger atomic radius and increased shielding decrease it.

33. (a) Hybridization: The process of mixing atomic orbitals to form new
hybrid orbitals that can form covalent bonds.

(b) CH₄: sp³ hybridization

(c) NH₃: sp³ hybridization

(d) Hybridization process: In CH₄, one s and three p orbitals hybridize to form
four sp³ hybrid orbitals. In NH₃, the nitrogen also uses sp³ hybrid orbitals, with
one being used for the lone pair and three for bonding.