6/2/2024

Solid-State Converters
Electricity Generation Spring Semester 2024
from Wind Energy  Solid-state switching circuits (converters) have four types

1. AC/DC Converter 2. DC/DC Converter

Solid-State Converters AC
AC
DC DC
DC
DC
DC DC

Habiburahman Shirani, PhD 3. DC/AC Converter 4. AC/AC Converter

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Engineering Faculty of Kabul University DC AC
DC AC AC AC
AC AC

Solid-State Converters Solid-State Converters

 Power electronics (PE) is a
major and important part of PE devices
modern wind power system
 PE functions in WT system
are: Diodes Thyristors Transistors
Starting of WT system
Regulating of turbine speed Uncontrolled devices Semi-controlled devices Full-controlled devices
Interface of turbine with the Anode Collector Drain
grid Anode
Regulation of real and reactive Base Gate
powers
Control of the system during Gate
Cathode Cathode Emitter
disturbances Source
Advances in PE enabled WT
systems _ Type 2 to Type 4 BJT transistor FET transistor

Solid-State Converters AC/DC Converters with Resistive Load

 Solid-state converter (solid-state AC/DC converter is used to produce a DC waveform from an AC
power converter) refers to an
electronic system (circuit) that
source (depending on design, output DC is either fixed or variable
converts electrical power from voltages)
one form to another using solid- Rectifier circuit is the simplest form of AC/DC converter (diodes
state electronic devices bridge circuit)
(components) such as
Diodes More elaborate circuits (converters) use switching devices such as
Transistors Bipolar junction transistor (BJT)
Thyristors Field effect transistor (FET)
Integrated circuits (ICs) Metal-oxide semiconductor FET (MOSFET)
 Solid-state converters use Insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)
electronics devices as mechanical Silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR)
switches with very high speed

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AC/DC Converters with Resistive Load AC/DC Converters with Resistive Load
Rectifier Circuits D D
( ) Rectifier Circuits ( )
AC voltage source  Average voltage across load is
Load resistance A B
R
4 diodes in bridge 1 1
configuration D D 0 3 2 = sin = (− cos ) 0 3 2
2 2 2 2
Diode allow current in
one direction when biased − −
= (cos − cos 0) = (−1 − 1)
 When voltage is in the D ( ) − ( )
D
positive half cycle, = (−2)
vAB > 0 A B
( ) R
D 0 3 2
2 0 3 2
D 2 2 = 2 2

AC/DC Converters with Resistive Load AC/DC Converters with Resistive Load
Rectifier Circuits D D
( ) Rectifier Circuits ( )
 rms of load voltage is
A B
 When voltage is in the R
negative half cycle, 1 1 /
0 3 2 0 3 2
vAB ˂ 0 or vBA > 0 D D 2 2 = ( ) = ( ) 2 2
/2

 Current is 1
unidirectional and the D ( ) = ( sin ) ( )
voltage is always D
A B
positive ( ) R
D
D 0 3 2 = sin 0 3 2
2 2 2 2

AC/DC Converters with Resistive Load AC/DC Converters with Resistive Load
Rectifier Circuits ( ) Rectifier Circuits ( )
 Average voltage across load is  rms of load voltage is sin
1 1 /
= = 1 1
/2 0 3 2 = − sin 2 0 3 2
2 2 = sin 2 4 2 2

1 1
= =
2
1 1
 Let the source voltage is ( ) = ( − sin ) ( )
2 4
( )= sin
 The average voltage is
1 1 1 1
1 0 3 2 = − sin − 0 − sin 0 0 3 2
= sin 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 2

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AC/DC Converters with Resistive Load Voltage Controlled Circuits

Rectifier Circuits ( )  The source is ( )

 rms of load voltage is sinusoidal waveform,

the current is zero at π
and 2π causing the
3
1 0 3 2
corresponding SCR to S S + 0
2 2
2
2 2
= [ ]= open
2 2 A B
 When voltage is in
positive half cycle, D D
= ( ) VAB > 0 −
2  After the triggering
pulse is applied to S1 at 0
2
3
2
2

0 3 2
α during positive half
2 2 cycle, the current starts
flowing 180° +

AC/DC Converters with Resistive Load Voltage Controlled Circuits

Rectifier Circuits  When voltage is in ( )

 The rms current of the load is negative half cycle,

D D
VAB ˂ 0 or VBA > 0
A B
= R  The current starts 3
S S + 0 2
flowing at α + 180º and 2 2

 The electric power consumed by resistive D D S2 is closed during the A B

load is negative half cycle
 Period during which D D
( ) −
= = the current flows
through SCRs is called
conduction period, γ 0
2
3
2
2

0 3 2
2 2 = π−
+ 180°

Voltage Controlled Circuits Voltage Controlled Circuits

 Voltage controlled circuit using SCR  The voltage across the load is ( )
(silicon controlled rectifier)
AC voltage source 1
=
Load resistance
S S 0 3 2
2 diodes and 2 SCRs 2 2

 With SCRs, the voltage across the load can A B 1 1

R = = sin
be controlled
D D
 When the voltage across an SCR is
1
positively biased and is triggered, the SCR = (− cos ) = (− cos + cos )
is closed
0 3 2
 When the current through the closed SCR 2 2

falls below its holding value (near zero = (1 + cos )

current), the SCR is opened
+ 180°

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Voltage Controlled Circuits Voltage Controlled Circuits

 The rms voltage across the load is ( )  The power across the load is ( )

sin 2
1 1 1− +
( ) 2 2
= ( ) = ( ) = =
0 3 2 0 3 2
2 2 2 2

sin 2
1− +
1 = 2 2
= ( sin )

2 − 2 + sin 2
0 3 2
= 4 0 3 2
2 2
= sin 2 2
γ= −
= 2 + sin 2 2γ = 2 − 2
+ 180° 4 + 180°

Voltage Controlled Circuits Voltage Controlled Circuits

 The rms voltage across the load is ( )  The voltages across the SCRs and diodes
sin can be obtained from the loop of the source

= sin = +
1 1 3
= − sin 2 0 2
S S +
2 4 2 2
 Also
A B
= +
1 1
= ( − sin 2 ) D
2 4  When the SCR is conducting, the voltage D
−
across it is zero whereas the voltage across
other is the source voltage
1 1 1 0 3 2

= −0 − − sin 2 2 2  For diodes, whether the SCRs are conducting

2 2 4 or not, the voltage across one is source
+ 180° voltage and on the other is zero

Voltage Controlled Circuits Three-Phase Circuits

 The rms voltage across the load is ( )  Heavy loads are powered by 3-
phase, full-wave circuits
1 1 1  3 switching legs, each has two
= − + sin 2 SCRs
2 2 4 0 3 2
2 2  When one of the line-to-line
voltages is greater than the other
two, the corresponding SCRs can
sin 2 be triggered
= 1− +
2 2  When the voltage vab is higher than
vbc, vca, vba, vcb, and vac, we close S1
 The rms voltage across the load is controlled and S6, and the load voltage vt is
from zero to 0 3 2 equal to vab
/ 2 by adjusting the 2 2
triggering α  When the same logic is repeated for
all other line-to-line voltages, we
+ 180° get the waveforms shown in Figure

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Three-Phase Circuits Three-Phase Circuits

 The circuit has six switching
intervals for each cycle; each one has
a conduction period of 60º
 The average voltage is 3 3
= sin( + 30°)
1
=
 vab is the line-to-line voltage, which is the reference waveform
1 ° 1 °
 αab is the triggering angle measured from the zero crossing of the line-to-line
=6 =6 3 sin
2 2 voltage vab
 Vmax is the maximum value of the phase voltage (not line-to-line voltage)
3 3 ° 3 3 °  αab must be between 60º and 120º (range at which vab is larger than all other
= sin = − cos ) voltages
120° ≥ ≥ 60°

Three-Phase Circuits Three-Phase Circuits

 The rms voltage across the load is
3 3 °
= − cos
1 1
= ( ) = ( )

3 3
= − cos + 60° + cos 6 °
= ( 3 sin )
2
3 3
= − cos cos 60° + sin sin 60° + cos

3 1 3
3 3 1 3 = − cos(2 + 60°)
= − cos + sin + cos 2 3 2
2 2

Three-Phase Circuits Three-Phase Circuits

3 3 1 3  Using SCRs as switching devices, only
= − cos + sin + cos triggering time can be controlled, the
2 2 commutation is determined by the fall
of current below the holding value of
3 3 3 1 the switch
= sin + cos
2 2  If both the triggering angle (α) and the
commutation angle (β) need to
be controlled, transistors can be used
3 3 instead of SCRs
= sin( + 30°)

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Three-Phase Circuits Half-Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with Inductive Load

 In positive half cycle, diode is on and
 The average voltage is the current i flows the load with
delay due to inductor
 At point π and beyond, the current of
0
1 inductor keeps flowing irrespective
=6 of voltage polarity and eventually
2 gets zero at β

0
2
1
=6 3 sin
2

0
3 3
= (cos − cos )

Half-Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with Inductive Load and

Three-Phase Circuits Freewheeling diode
3 3  In positive half cycle, D1 is on and the
= (cos − cos ) current i flows the load while D2 is off
 In negative half cycle, D1 is off and D2 is
 vab is the line-to-line voltage of the on and vt is always positive
source and is the reference waveform
 αab is the triggering angle measured
from the zero crossing of the line-to-
line voltage vab
 βab is the commutation angle measured
from the zero crossing of the line-to-
line voltage vab
 Vmax is the maximum value of the phase
voltage (not line-to-line voltage)

Three-Phase Circuits Half-Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with Inductive Load

 The rms voltage across the load is  The Kirchhoff voltage law equation that
describes the current in the circuit for the
forward-biased ideal diode is
= = +
 αab and βab must be
between 60° and 120° sin = +

 The solution can be obtained by expressing

the current as the sum of the forced response
and the natural response:

( )= ( )+ ( )

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Half-Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with Inductive Load Half-Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with Inductive Load
 The forced response is only due to applied
=
voltage and is a steady-state response and can
simply be obtained from phasor analysis A is constant and can be determined
from initial condition
( )= ( ) + ( )
 The total response is
∠0° = ( )+( ) ( )
= + = sin( − )+
∠0°
=
+ ( ) 0 = sin(0 − ) + =0 ( )
( ) ( )
= +( ) ; = tan
sin(− ) + =0 ⇛ =− sin(− )
∠0° ∠0° − = ∠0° ( ) = ∠0° ( )
= = = ∠− = sin( )
∠

Half-Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with Inductive Load Half-Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with Inductive Load
 The forced response in time domain is
= sin( − )+ sin( )
= ∠−
 It is often convenient to write the function in
terms of the angle ωt rather than time
= sin( − )
= sin( − )+ sin( )
 The natural response is the solution to the
homogeneous differential equation for the  When the diode turns off, the current reaches
circuit without the source or diode ( ) ( )
zero, therefore, ωt = β
( ) ( )
+ =0 = sin( − ) + sin( ) =0
= ∠0° ( ) = ∠0° ( )
=− sin( − ) + sin( ) =0

Half-Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with Inductive Load Half-Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with Inductive Load
( )
sin( − ) + sin( ) =0
=− ́
( )
Could be solved by some numerical method to
find β
( )
ln =− ́ ⇛ ln ( ) − ln =− −0
( )

( )
ln =−
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) /
= ⇛ = =
= ∠0° ( ) = ∠0° ( )

= ; τ = time constant

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Half-Wave Controlled AC/DC Converter with Inductive Load Half-Wave Controlled AC/DC Converter with Inductive Load
Current Calculation
 It is often convenient to write the function in  The constant A is determined from the initial
terms of the angle ωt rather than time condition i(α) = 0
= sin( − )+
= sin
= sin( − )+ sin( )
=0= sin( − ) +
 When the diode turns off, the current reaches
zero, therefore, ωt = β ( ) − sin − =
( )
= sin( − ) + sin( ) =0 =− sin −

= ∠0° ( )
sin( − ) + sin( ) =0 = sin( − )− sin −

Half-Wave Controlled AC/DC Converter with Inductive Load Half-Wave Controlled AC/DC Converter with Inductive Load

 In the positive half cycle,

Current Calculation
SCR is triggered at an
angle α ( )∕
= sin( − )− sin −
 Due to the inductor, the
= sin
current is extended beyond
π to β (β commutation
angle)
Therefore,
 SCR is commutated only
when current goes to zero
(energy of the inductor is
sin( − ) + sin − ( )∕ for ≤ ≥
returned back to the =
source)
0 ℎ

Half-Wave Controlled AC/DC Converter with Inductive Load Half-Wave Controlled AC/DC Converter with Inductive Load
Current Calculation Current Calculation
 Current can be obtained from the circuit as a  The commutation angle is determined by setting the current at β to zero
force and natural response
= sin( − ) + sin − ( )∕ =0
= + = sin( − )+ = sin

= tan PF angle of the load sin( − ) = − sin − ( )∕

= time constant of the load ( )∕

sin( − ) = sin −
frequency of the supply voltage
 The value of β can be found by the
= +( ) load impedance numerical solution

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Half-Wave Controlled AC/DC Converter with Inductive Load Half-Wave Controlled AC/DC Converter with Inductive Load
 The average current is Voltage Calculations
 During the conduction period (α to β), the current
1 1 ( )∕ doesn’t reverse its flow
= = sin( − ) + sin −
2 2  The real power consumed by the inductor is zero
 During the conduction period, the voltage across = sin
= cos( − ) − cos − − sin − 1− ∕
2 inductor vL must reverse its
polarity
γ = conduction period  In the case of a purely
inductive load while the
current is not reversing,
= −
(between 90° and 270°), the
average voltage across the Instantaneous power of
inductor is zero. a purely inductive load

Half-Wave Controlled AC/DC Converter with Inductive Load Half-Wave Controlled AC/DC Converter with Inductive Load

 The rms current is Voltage Calculations

 The average voltage across the inductor is zero
° °
1 1
1 = = sin =0
2 2
= ° ° = sin
2
 Average voltage across the
entire load is
0
= +
= sin( − ) + sin − ( )∕
2
= Instantaneous power of
a purely inductive load

Half-Wave Controlled AC/DC Converter with Inductive Load Half-Wave Controlled AC/DC Converter with Inductive Load
 The power consumed by the load is Voltage Calculations
 The average voltage across the entire load is
equal to the average voltage across the resistance
=
= sin 1 = sin
= = sin
2

= sin( − ) + sin − ( )∕
2 = (−cos ) = (−cos + cos )
2 2

= sin( − ) + sin − ( )∕
= (cos − cos )
2 2

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Half-Wave Controlled AC/DC Converter

Half-Wave Controlled AC/DC Converter with Inductive Load
with Inductive Load and Freewheeling Diode
Voltage Calculations  The conduction period is divide the into two segments
 The rms voltage across the load is  The first one is from α to π, and
 The second one is from π to β
1 1  In the first segment, the source voltage is positive and the
= = sin current flow through the SCR to the load
2 2
= sin( − ) + sin − ( )∕

 The voltage polarity of the load inductor is positive First segment

Second segment
1 1 during the period from α until the current peaks,
= − sin 2 sin the inductor
2 2 4
acquires energy
1 1
= − sin 2
sin 2 − sin 2 2 4
= −
2 2

Half-Wave Controlled AC/DC Converter Half-Wave Controlled AC/DC Converter

with Inductive Load and Freewheeling Diode with Inductive Load and Freewheeling Diode
 From the angle at the peak current to π, the voltage
 Due to the presence of an inductance, the voltage
of the inductor reverses its polarity to return some
across the load is negative between π and β of its energy back to the source
 In some application, this negative voltage is  After π, the source voltage becomes negative, the
undesirable SCR is opened, and the diode is in forward bias and
 This is because the current continues to flow until the = sin closed. The remaining energy of the inductor is
total energy of the inductor is zero dissipated in the resistance through the circuit
(second segment)
 The inductor acquires energy from α and until the
current peaks because di/dt is positive causing the First segment
Second segment
voltage across the inductor vL = L(di/dt) to be positive.
 The inductor dissipates the acquired energy during the
remainder of the conduction period because di/dt is
negative causing the voltage of the inductor to reverse
its polarity while the current is still flowing in the
same direction

Half-Wave Controlled AC/DC Converter Half-Wave Controlled AC/DC Converter

with Inductive Load and Freewheeling Diode with Inductive Load and Freewheeling Diode
 Between π and β, the current of the freewheeling diode
To prevent the voltage across the load can be described by a first-order decaying equation
from becoming negative, a freewheeling = ( ) ( )/

diode is used as another path for the

inductor to dissipate its energy instead of  i(π) is
through the SCR
= sin( − ) + sin − ( )∕ + ( )
The current through the SCR at π goes to
First segment
zero and the SCR is commutated  i(α) is the initial current of the SCR circuit at α. Second segment
The freewheeling diode is in parallel with
the load and opposite in polarity to the
SCR

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Half-Wave Controlled AC/DC Converter

with Inductive Load and Freewheeling Diode Buck Converter
 The load voltage between π and β is zero as the diode is a simple chopper circuit
conducting
consisting of dc power
= ( )/
source (Vdc), a load, and
( )
 Practically, we can assume that β is reached when the a transistor
current is small enough, say 5% of the initial value When the transistor is
( )/
0.05 ≈ closed, the voltage across
≈ − (ln 0.05) ≈ +3 First segment
Second segment
the load is equal to the
source voltage
When the transistor is
open, no current flows in Closed Open
the circuit and the load
voltage is zero

DC/DC Converters Buck Converter

 Provide adjustable DC voltage waveforms at the output The transistor is closed for
the time ton, and open for
 Used in types 3 and 4 wind turbine systems toff. The period of
 There are three basic DC/DC converters: switching is τ
 Buck converter: This is a step-down converter where the output The average voltage
voltage is less than the input voltage across the load Vave is
 Boost converter: This is a step-up converter where the output 1 1
= =
voltage is higher than the input voltage
 Buck – boost converter: This is a step-down/step-up converter Closed Open
= =
where the output voltage can be made lower or higher than the
input voltage K = ton/τ is the duty ratio of
the switching cycle

Buck Converter Boost Converter

Also known as chopper With the boost converter, the output voltage is higher than the input
voltage
Used in the DC link of doubly fed induction generator systems
Simple circuit (boost converter): dc voltage source,
inductor, switching transistor, diode, capacitor, and load resistance
Transistor is switched at
high frequency (several
kHz)
Transistor is closed for a
time interval→ ton
DC link Transistor is opened for
a time interval→ toff

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Boost Converter Boost Converter

When the transistor is closed, the
= 1+
current ion charges the inductor, the
voltage across the inductor vL is
 Voltage across the load can be
controlled by adjusting ton and toff

 The load voltage is always higher than the

Δion is the change in the current during source voltage unless ton = 0
the period ton  The capacitor is used as a filter to reduce
 Voltage across the inductor is equal to the the voltage ripples across the load. The
source voltage larger the capacitance, the lesser the
ripples. The diode is used to block the
capacitor from discharging through the
transistor when it is closed

Boost Converter Buck-Boost Converter

 When the transistor is opened, the load Buck-Boost Converter
energy comes from two sources:
 dc source  The buck–boost converter has the
 inductor same components as the boost
converter, but is structured
 The inductor current is ioff differently
 The load voltage is
− + + =0
Boost Converter
∆
= − = +

 The inductor is producing energy during

toff, the current through the inductor is not
reversed, the voltage polarity across the
inductance must reverse

Boost Converter Buck-Boost Converter

 During steady state  When the transistor is closed, the
∆ =∆ =∆ current ion flows through the inductor,
and energy is acquired by the inductor
 When the transistor is opened, the
inductor delivers its stored energy to
the load
 The capacitor is used as a filter to Transistor Transistor
is opened is closed
⇛ ∆ = minimize the voltage ripples
across the load
∆
= + = + = + × = + = 1+  The diode is used to prevent the load
from being energized when the
transistor is closed
= 1+ Voltage across the load can be controlled by adjusting ton and toff

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Buck-Boost Converter Buck-Boost Converter

 When the transistor is closed, the voltage
across the inductor is

 If the on-time is zero, the load voltage

is zero
 When the transistor is closed, the voltage
across the inductor is equal to the source  If 0 < ton < toff, the load voltage is lower
voltage than the source voltage
 If ton = toff, the load voltage is equal to
the source voltage. If ton > toff,
the load voltage is greater than the
source voltage.

Buck-Boost Converter Three-Phase DC/AC Converter

 When the transistor is open, the inductor  A three-phase inverter
dissipates its acquired energy into the load consists of: Three-phase inverter DC source
 The current through the inductor is not  Six transistors
reversed, the voltage across the inductor Three-phase load
Q Q Q
 DC source
must reverse its polarities to discharging
its energy  Three-phase load
 The voltage across the inductor is  One phase load is V
connected to a leg of
two switches
(transistors), e.g., b is Q Q Q
 The voltage across the load when the transistor is connected to Q3 and Q6
open is equal to the inductor voltage

Buck-Boost Converter Three-Phase DC/AC Converter

 Depending upon the drive applied to
transistor, inverters are classified into
two type:
 At steady state when Δion = Δioff, above 1. 180⁰ conduction mode: each of the
equations can be combined as transistors conducts up to 180⁰ and Q Q Q
remains turn off for 180⁰

Transistor Transistor on off on off V

0 180° 180° 2 180° 3
is opened is closed
 The load voltage can be controlled by
2. 120⁰ conduction mode: each of the
adjusting the ratio of ton/toff transistors conducts up to 120⁰ and Q Q Q
remains turn off for 240⁰

on off on
0 120°2 240° 2 8
3 3

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Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode) Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode)
 For 180⁰ conduction mode, each switch should  Q4 is turn on for 180⁰ after 180⁰ delay and  Mode 1: Q1, Q5 and Q6 are in conduction mode
be turn on for 180⁰ and turn off for 180⁰ then turn off for 180⁰
 Q1 is turn on for 180⁰ and turn off for 180⁰ Q
180° 180° 180°
 Q5 is turn on for 180⁰ after 240⁰ delay and
 Q2 is turn on for 180⁰ after 60⁰ delay and then Q 180° 360°
the turn off for 180⁰
turn off for 180⁰ 180° 180° 180°

 Q3 is turn on for 180⁰ after 120⁰ delay and  Q6 is turn on for 180⁰ after 300⁰ delay and Q
60° 240° 420°

then turn off for 180⁰ the turn off for 180⁰
Q Q Q Q 120° 300° 480°

Q
180° 180° 180° Q 180° 360° 540°

Q Q Q Q 180° 360°
V
180° 180° 180° Q 60° 240° 420° 600°
60° 240° 420°
Q 120°
300° 480° 660°
1 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 1
V Q 120° 300° 480°
Q Q Q 5 2 2 3 4 5 5 2 2
6 6 3 4 5 6 6 6 3
360° 540°
Q 180°

Q Q Q Q 60° 240° 420° 600°

6 modes, each one of 60⁰
120° 300° 480° 660°

Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode) Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode)
 For the 1st 60⁰, Q1, Q5 and Q6 are in conduction mode  For the 6th 60⁰, Q4, Q5 and Q6 are in conduction mode  Mode 1: Q1, Q5 and Q6 are in conduction mode
 For the 2nd 60⁰, Q1, Q2 and Q6 are in conduction mode  And so on
 For the 3rd 60⁰, Q1, Q2 and Q3 are in conduction mode + +
 For the 4th 60⁰, Q2, Q3 and Q4 are in conduction mode Q Q Q 1
180° 180° 180°
1
 For the 5th 60⁰, Q3, Q4 and Q5 are in conduction mode Q 180° 360° 3 3
180° 180° 180°
− − V
Q
60° 240° 420° V
Q Q Q 120° 300° 480° +
Q 2
Q 180° 360° 540° Q 3
V Q 60° 240° 420° 600° −
120°
300° 480° 660°
1 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 1 1
5 2 2 3 4 5 5 2 2 Phase voltage: = =
Q Q Q 6 6 3 4 5 6 6 6 3 3 Line voltage: = =
2
Phase voltage: =− Line voltage: = =−
3 switches remain in conduction mode 3

Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode) Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode)
 Each mode is 60⁰ and 6 modes become one  Mode 2: Q1, Q2 and Q6 are in conduction mode
cycle as Q Q
180° 180° 180° 180° 180° 180°

6 × 60° = 360° Q 180° 360° Q 180° 360°

180° 180° 180° 180° 180° 180°
60° 240° 420° 60° 240° 420°
Q Q

Q 120° 300° 480° Q Q Q Q 120° 300° 480°

Q 360° 540° Q 360° 540°

Q Q Q 180° 180°

Q 60° 240° 420° 600° V Q 60° 240° 420° 600°

120°
300° 480° 660° 120°
300° 480° 660°
V 1 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 1
5 2 2 3 4 5 5 2 2
6 6 3 4 5 6 6 6 3
Q Q Q 5 2 2 3 4 5 5 2 2
6 6 3 4 5 6 6 6 3

Q Q Q
6 modes, each one of 60⁰ 6 modes, each one of 60⁰

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Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode) Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode)
 Mode 2: Q1, Q2 and Q6 are in conduction mode (60⁰ < t < 120⁰)  Mode 4: Q2, Q3 and Q4 are in conduction mode (180⁰ < t < 240⁰)
+ Q
180° 180° 180°
2 Q
Q 180° 360°

3 180° 180° 180°

60° 240° 420°
− Q
+ + V Q Q Q
V Q 120° 300° 480°

1 1
Q 180° 360° 540°
3 3
Q Q − − V Q 60° 240° 420° 600°

120°
300° 480° 660°
1 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 1
Q Q Q 5 2 2 3 4 5 5 2 2
6 6 3 4 5 6 6 6 3
2
Phase voltage: =
3 Line voltage: = =
1 6 modes, each one of 60⁰
Phase voltage: = =− Line voltage: = =−
3

Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode) Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode)
 Mode 3: Q1, Q2 and Q3 are in conduction mode (120⁰ < t < 180⁰)  Mode 4: Q2, Q3 and Q4 are in conduction mode (180⁰ < t < 240⁰)
Q +
180° 180° 180°
Q 180° 360° Q 2
180° 180° 180° 3
60° 240° 420°
Q −
Q Q Q 120° 300° 480° V + + V
Q
1 1
Q 180° 360° 540°
3 3
V Q 60° 240° 420° 600° Q Q − −
120°
300° 480° 660°
1 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 1
Q Q Q 5 2 2 3 4 5 5 2 2
6 6 3 4 5 6 6 6 3
2
Phase voltage: =
3 Line voltage: = =
6 modes, each one of 60⁰ 1
Phase voltage: = =− Line voltage: = =−
3

Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode) Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode)
 Mode 3: Q1, Q2 and Q3 are in conduction mode (120⁰ < t < 180⁰)  Mode 5: Q3, Q4 and Q5 are in conduction mode (240⁰ < t < 300⁰)
Q
180° 180° 180°

+ + Q 180° 360°
Q Q 180° 180° 180°
1 1 60° 240° 420°
Q
3 3 Q Q Q 300°
V − − V Q 120° 480°

Q 180° 360° 540°

+
2 V Q 60° 240° 420° 600°
Q 3 120°
300° 480° 660°
− 1 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 1
Q Q Q 5 2 2 3 4 5 5 2 2
1 6 6 3 4 5 6 6 6 3

Phase voltage: = =
3 Line voltage: = =
2 6 modes, each one of 60⁰
Phase voltage: =− Line voltage: = =−
3

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Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode) Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode)
 Mode 5: Q3, Q4 and Q5 are in conduction mode (240⁰ < t < 300⁰) Q
180° 180° 180°
Q Q Q Q 180° 360°
180° 180° 180°

Q Q + + Q
60° 240° 420°

1 1 V 120° 300° 480°

Q
3 3
V Q 360° 540°
− − V 180°

Q Q Q Q 60° 240° 420° 600°

+
2 120°
Q V
300° 480° 660°

3
1 1
− 1: = 4: =−
3 3
1 2 2
Phase voltage: = = 2: = 5: =−
3 Line voltage: = = 3 3
2 1 1
Phase voltage: =− Line voltage: = =− 3: = 6: =−
3 3 3

Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode) Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode)
 Mode 6: Q4, Q5 and Q6 are in conduction mode (300⁰ < t < 360⁰) Q
180° 180° 180°
Q Q Q Q Q 180° 360°
180° 180° 180° 180° 180° 180°
Q 180° 360°
Q
60° 240° 420°
180° 180° 180°

Q
60° 240° 420° V Q 120° 300° 480°

Q Q Q Q 120° 300° 480° Q 180° 360° 540°

Q 180° 360° 540° Q Q Q Q 60° 240° 420° 600°

V Q 60° 240° 420° 600° 120° 300° 480° 660°

V
120°
300° 480° 660°
2 2
1 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 1
1: =− 4: =
Q 3 3
Q Q 5 2 2 3 4 5 5 2 2
6 6 3 4 5 6 6 6 3 1 1
2: =− 5: = V
3 3
6 modes, each one of 60⁰ 1 1
3: = 6: =−
3 3

Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode) Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode)
 Mode 6: Q4, Q5 and Q6 are in conduction mode (300⁰ < t < 360⁰) Q
180° 180° 180°

+ Q Q Q Q 180° 360°
180° 180° 180°
2
Q Q
60° 240° 420°

3
− V Q 120° 300° 480°

+ + V Q
V 180° 360° 540°

1 1
Q Q Q Q 60° 240° 420° 600°
3 3
Q Q − − V
120° 300° 480° 660°

1 1
1: = 4: =−
3 3
2 1 1
Phase voltage: = 2: =− 5: =
3 Line voltage: = = 3 3
1 2 2
Phase voltage: = =− Line voltage: = =− 3: =− 6: =
3 3 3

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Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode) Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode)
Q  Mode 1: Q1, Q5 and Q6 are in conduction mode
180° 180° 180°
Q
Q Q Q Q 180° 360°
180° 180° 180°
180° 180° 180° 0.5 0.5 Q 180° 360°
60° 240° 420°
Q 180° 180° 180°
Q Q 60° 240° 420°
V 120° 300° 480° Q
Q
120° 300° 480°
Q 360° 540°
Q
180°
V Q 180° 360° 540°
Q Q Q Q 60° 240° 420° 600°

Q 60° 240° 420° 600°

120° 300° 480° 660°
V
Q 120°
300° 480° 660°
1 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 1
1: = 4: =− 5 2 2 3 4 5 5 2 2
6 6 3 4 5 6 6 6 3

2: = 5: =− V
= 0.5 =−
3: =0 6: =0 = 0.5

Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode) Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode)
Q  Mode 2: Q1, Q2 and Q6 are in conduction mode
180° 180° 180°
Q
Q Q Q Q 180° 360°
180° 180° 180°
180° 180° 180° Q 180° 360°

Q
60° 240° 420° Q 180° 180° 180°
60° 240° 420°
V 120° 300° 480° Q
Q
300°
Q 0.5 Q 120° 480°
180° 360° 540°
V
Q 180° 360° 540°
Q Q Q Q 60° 240° 420° 600° 0.5
Q 60° 240° 420° 600°

V
120° 300° 480° 660°
Q Q
120°
300° 480° 660°
1 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 1
5 2 2 3 4 5 5 2 2
1: =0 4: =0 6 6 3 4 5 6 6 6 3

2: = 5: =− = = −0.5
= −0.5
3: = 6: =−

Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode) Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode)
Q  Mode 3: Q1, Q2 and Q3 are in conduction mode (120⁰ < t < 180⁰)
180° 180° 180°
Q
Q Q Q Q 180° 360°
180° 180° 180°
180° 180° 180° 0.5 0.5 Q 180° 360°
60° 240° 420°
Q Q Q 180° 180° 180°
60° 240° 420°
V 120° 300° 480° Q
Q
120° 300° 480°
Q 360° 540°
Q
180°
V Q 180° 360° 540°
Q Q Q Q 60° 240° 420° 600°

Q 60° 240° 420° 600°

120° 300° 480° 660°
V Q 120°
300° 480° 660°
1 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 1
5 2 2 3 4 5 5 2 2
1: =− 4: = 6 6 3 4 5 6 6 6 3

V = 05
2: =− 5: = =−
= 0.5
3: =0 6: =0

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Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode) Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode)
 Mode 4: Q2, Q3 and Q4 are in conduction mode (180⁰ < t < 240⁰)
Q
180° 180° 180°
Q 180° 360°
Q 180° 180° 180°
0.5 Q
60° 240° 420° Q Q Q
120° 300° 480°
V Q

0.5 Q 180° 360° 540° V

Q 60° 240° 420° 600°
Q Q
120° 300° 480° 660° Q Q Q
1 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 1
5 2 2 3 4 5 5 2 2
6 6 3 4 5 6 6 6 3

= −05 = −0.5

Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode)

 Mode 5: Q3, Q4 and Q5 are in conduction mode (240⁰ < t < 300⁰)
Q
180° 180° 180°
Q 180° 360°
Q Q 180° 180° 180°
60° 240° 420°
Q

0.5 300°
V
Q
Q
120°

180° 360°
480°

540°
END
0.5
Q
Q
60°

120°
300°
240°

480°
420° 600°

660°
Solid-State Converters
1 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 1
5 2 2 3 4 5 5 2 2
6 6 3 4 5 6 6 6 3

=− = 0.5

= 0.5

Three-Phase DC/AC Converter (180⁰ Conduction Mode)

 Mode 6: Q4, Q5 and Q6 are in conduction mode (300⁰ < t < 360⁰)
Q
180° 180° 180°
Q 180° 360°
Q 180° 180° 180°
0.5 Q
60° 240° 420°

0.5 Q 120° 300° 480°

V
Q 180° 360° 540°

Q 60° 240° 420° 600°

Q Q
120°
300° 480° 660°
1 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 1
5 2 2 3 4 5 5 2 2
6 6 3 4 5 6 6 6 3

= −0.5 =

= −0.5

18