DEEKSHA STEM

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

NAME: N.NEHA
CLASS: 11 A
TOPIC: BLACKHOLE THERMODYNAMICS
SUBJECT: PHYSICS
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that N.Neha has successfully

completed the investigatory project on
BLACKHOLE THERMODYNAMICS under the
supervision and guidance of Mrs.Swathi
Acknowledgement

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my

teacher and mentor, Mrs. Swathi , for guiding me
through the research and understanding of black
hole thermodynamics. I would also like to thank
DEEKSHA STEM for providing me with the
necessary resources to conduct this
investigation. A special thanks to my peers and
family for their constant encouragement and
support throughout this project.
 Aim of the Project
The aim of this project is to explore the thermodynamic
properties of black holes, particularly the laws of black
hole thermodynamics, and understand their
relationship to the classical laws of thermodynamics.
This project also seeks to understand the concept of
black hole entropy and temperature, and how these
properties relate to the structure and behaviour of
black holes.

THEORY
Black hole thermodynamics is an area of theoretical
physics that applies the principles of thermodynamics
to the study of black holes. There are four fundamental
laws in black hole thermodynamics, which are
analogous to the classical laws of thermodynamics:
1. Zeroth Law (Thermal equilibrium):
o The surface gravity (κ\kappa) of a black hole is
constant across its event horizon. This law
suggests that black holes can exist in a state
of thermal equilibrium.
2. First Law (Energy Conservation):
o The first law relates changes in the mass (MM)
of a black hole to the changes in its entropy
(SS), the surface gravity (κ\kappa), and the
variations in other thermodynamic quantities.
It is written as: dM=κ8πdA+ΩdJ+ΦdQdM = \
frac{\kappa}{8\pi} dA + \Omega dJ + \Phi dQ
where AA is the area of the event horizon, JJ is
 the angular momentum, and Φ\Phi is the
electric potential.
3. Second Law (Entropy Increase):
o The second law of black hole thermodynamics
states that the entropy of a black hole
increases with the area of the event horizon.
This is in direct analogy with the second law of
thermodynamics, which states that the
entropy of a closed system always increases.
Mathematically, this is represented as: ΔS=A4\
Delta S = \frac{A}{4} where AA is the area of
the event horizon.
4. Third Law (Nernst Heat Theorem):
o The third law suggests that as the temperature
of a black hole approaches zero, its surface
gravity (κ\kappa) also tends to zero. This
means that it is impossible to reach absolute
zero temperature for a black hole.
The key feature of black hole thermodynamics is the
interpretation of the event horizon area as the measure
of entropy. This entropy is proportional to the surface
area of the event horizon, not the volume of the black
hole.
 Apparatus Required

 Computer with Mathematical Simulation

Software (e.g., MATLAB, Mathematica, or Python)
 Graphing tools (e.g., a graphing calculator or
plotting software)
 Data collection instruments for theoretical
observation (e.g., scientific calculator for
equations)
 References for formulas, laws, and concepts (e.g.,
textbooks, online journals)
Procedure Followed
1. Research: Conduct extensive research on the laws
of black hole thermodynamics, using various
scientific papers, books, and online journals.
2. Data Collection: Collect data on theoretical
values such as surface gravity (κ\kappa), black
hole mass (MM), and event horizon area (AA).
3. Mathematical Analysis: Using the known
formulas, such as the first and second laws,
calculate entropy and temperature for different
black hole parameters.
4. Simulations: Create simulations to visualize the
behaviour of entropy, temperature, and surface
gravity in different black hole types (Schwarzschild
black hole, Kerr black hole, etc.).
5. Graphing: Plot graphs based on the simulated
data, showing the relationship between the
entropy and the surface area of the event horizon.
6. Analysis: Analyse the results to observe if they
support the established thermodynamic laws of
black holes.
 Observation

 As the mass of the black hole increases, the area of

the event horizon also increases, leading to an
increase in the black hole's entropy.
 The temperature of a black hole is inversely
proportional to the surface gravity. As the surface
gravity decreases, the temperature of the black
hole also decreases.
 The relationship between entropy and event
horizon area follows the formula S=A4S = \frac{A}
{4}, where AA is the event horizon area.
 The third law of black hole thermodynamics is
validated when the surface gravity tends to zero as
the black hole’s temperature approaches absolute
zero.
 Result
Through the investigation, it was observed that black
holes do indeed follow the laws of thermodynamics:
1. The Zeroth Law holds true as the surface gravity
is constant across the event horizon.
2. The First Law was supported by the relationship
between changes in mass, entropy, and other
thermodynamic properties.
3. The Second Law was validated by the increase in
entropy proportional to the event horizon area.
4. The Third Law was confirmed as the temperature
of black holes approaches zero when the surface
gravity tends to zero.
These findings reinforce the idea that black holes can
be considered thermodynamic objects, and they
behave in accordance with classical thermodynamic
principles.
 Inference
This investigatory project confirmed that the
thermodynamic behaviour of black holes adheres to the
laws of thermodynamics. The findings support the idea
that black holes have temperature and entropy, which
can be analysed using thermodynamic principles. The
implications of these findings suggest that black holes
are not just gravitational phenomena, but also have an
intrinsic thermodynamic nature. This study has broader
implications for understanding the fundamental physics
of black holes, particularly in the context of quantum
gravity and the information paradox.
 Precautions

1. Ensure that all calculations and data input into

simulation software are accurate to avoid incorrect
results.
2. Cross-check theoretical formulas to ensure the
proper application of black hole thermodynamics
laws.
3. Make sure to use the appropriate units (e.g., mass
in kilograms, area in square meters, etc.) when
calculating entropy, temperature, and surface
gravity.
4. Validate the data with multiple sources of
information to confirm the correctness of
conclusions.
5. Perform the analysis using reliable and updated
software tools to ensure accurate simulations.
 RESULT
Through the investigation, it was observed that black
holes do indeed follow the laws of thermodynamics:
1. The Zeroth Law holds true as the surface gravity
is constant across the event horizon.
2. The First Law was supported by the relationship
between changes in mass, entropy, and other
thermodynamic properties.
3. The Second Law was validated by the increase in
entropy proportional to the event horizon area.
4. The Third Law was confirmed as the temperature
of black holes approaches zero when the surface
gravity tends to zero.
These findings reinforce the idea that black holes can
be considered thermodynamic objects, and they
behave in accordance with classical thermodynamic
principles.
 BIBILOGRAPHY

1. Bekenstein, J. D. (1972). "Black Holes and the Second

Law of Thermodynamics." Physical Review D, 5(2), 1239–
1246.
2. Hawking, S. W. (1974). "Black Hole Explosions?" Nature,
248(5443), 30–31.
3. Wald, R. M. (1993). General Relativity. University of
Chicago Press.
4. Thorne, K. S. (1994). Black Holes and Time Warps:
Einstein's Outrageous Legacy. W.W. Norton & Company.