ASTER Images

Background
The ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) sensor is an
imaging instrument flown on the Terra satellite which was launched in December 1999. ASTER
is a cooperative effort between NASA and Japan's Ministry of Economy and has been designed
to acquire land surface temperature, emisivity, reflectance, and elevation data.

An ASTER scene covers an area of approximately 60 km by 60 km and data is acquired

simultaneously at three resolutions. The images are georeferenced to the WGS-84 datum and
Universal Transverse Mercator projection. The scenes are normally delivered in the along-track
orientation to produce a smaller dataset. You may want to rotate the image so north is up, as
described later in this document.

The primary full ASTER dataset is the ASTER L1B Registered Radiance at the Sensor product.
This complete ASTER scene consists of 15 bands of data; including one band which points
backwards to create parallax. Also note that at-sensor radiance values have been scaled to
integer digital numbers (DNs) since these values can be stored and transmitted more compactly.

The three basic bands in the visible and near infrared (VNIR) part of the spectrum have a 15m
resolution and an 8-bit unsigned integer data type. This data set also features a near infrared
backward-scanning band labeled Band 3B. This is used to create a stereo view of the earth to
develop elevation information and should not be used for analysis or classifications.

The six bands in the short wave (SWIR) have a 30m resolution and also have an 8-bit unsigned
integer data type. As of April 2008 the ASTER SWIR detectors no longer function.

Finally there are five thermal bands (TIR) with a 90m resolution and have a 16-bit unsigned
integer data type. See the appendix for specific wavelength information. You can learn more
about the ASTER program at: http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/

There are many ASTER products derived from individual scenes. You can view the list of
products, as well as individual documentations sheets at:
https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/lpdaac/products/aster_products_table.

Request for free international ASTER Data

Students working at the Yale Center for Earth Observation (YCEO) on course projects can obtain
a few scenes for free. Please contact a member of the YCEO staff to learn more. Other students
who wish to use ASTER data for educational purposes, and faculty wishing to use ASTER data to
support a NASA or other government grant, can apply for free data through the USGS. You will
need to register and include your contract/grant information as part of the application process.
You can find an Application for Approved Access to ASTER from the Land Processes DAAC at:
https://igskmncnwb001.cr.usgs.gov/aster/afd/index.php

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Users can also request specific ASTER image acquisitions but you need to submit a proposal first.
If this is accepted, you can then log in to a site to set up tasking parameters. More information
on this can be found at the JPL ASTER site.

Obtaining ASTER Data

There are three sources of ASTER data as of April 2012; The DataPool, GloVis, and Reveb|Echo.
These are described below. There is a large but limited collection of free ASTER images of the
United States and U.S. Territories at the LP DAAC DataPool site. This will soon be expanded to
include data from March 2000. Accessing this site is described in the next section.

U.S. and international ASTER scenes can be obtained from the USGS GloVis site or the USGS
Reverb | ECHO site. You must register at each site to order data. U.S. scenes are free, and
international scenes are available to approved users at a cost of $80 each. If you are not an
approved user, and wish to obtain international ASTER images, you will be re-directed to the
Japanese ERSDAC site.

LP DAAC DataPool - Free Individual Scenes of the U.S.

The Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC) provides the most recent two
years of ASTER Level-1B products for the U.S. and territories for free. The LP DAAC Data Pool
site lets you search, select, and immediately download these scenes. You can reach the Data
Pool at: https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/lpdaac/get_data/data_pool

At the DataPool site click on the Direct Search – ASTER MODIS button and then select the ASTT
data group and then the “AST L1B 3” data set where you will have over 30,000 images to choose
from. You begin the search process by selecting the spatial extent of the search. On this page
you can either draw a box on a map or input bounding coordinates and add the selection to
your search criteria. Next you need to define a date (or range of dates) of interest. You can
further limit your search results using the Day/Night flag.

When you select the “Get the granules” link you are taken to a series of pages that list all of the
images meeting your criteria. You will need to view browse images of each scene to narrow
your search. Use one of the icons on the left for Browse or Browse and Meta Data. Once you
have selected the data you can download the data from this page.

A note of caution… While it is tempting to obtain as much data as possible,

you should only download one or two scenes initially. Only after you have had
the opportunity to work with these scenes and evaluated their usefulness
should you consider obtaining more imagery.

ASTER Data at GloVis

GloVis is the USGS Global Visualization Viewer site that is now a primary source of international
ASTER scenes. While you can obtain data from many sensors here, this document only covers
ASTER data. Connect to the site at: http://glovis.usgs.gov/. This will use Java to open a data
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visualization window (it may be behind your current browser window). You must register at the
site to access data on GloVis. Also, you will need prior approval to obtain ASTER data directly.

From the Collection menu select the ASTER  ASTER L 1A VNIR. At the prompt warning that
ASTER downloads are restricted click the Continue in GLOVIS button. Navigate to your area of
interested by entering latitude and longitude in decimal degrees or clicking on a location in the
interactive map. You may need to zoom in to more detail, or pan to your specific location.
There are typically many images stacked for each location. You can reduce the list by adjusting
the percent of maximum cloud cover.

The upper-most scene in the list will have a yellow box around it. You can right click on this to
bring up a menu of options. These include opening a window with a larger browse image or
detailed metadata. The Select Scene option lists all available data at that location. You can
select any one of these to bring it to the top of the stack. Images that you are sure you do not
want can be hidden to simplify your selection process. When you decide on a particular image
click on the Add button, or right click on it and select Add to Scene List. When you are done
selecting scenes, click on the Order button to open the Shopping Basket window. You must be a
registered user to place orders within GLOVIS.

In the Shopping Basket web page you will use the Select Process button to select any ASTER
product, or if you want the basic ASTER scene select ASTER Level 1B. Make sure you have
selected the Level 1B data; you do NOT want the Level 1A data! If you want multiple products
for the same scene, you will need to return to the GLOVIS application, reselect the dataset, add
it to the shopping cart, and select the processing level. When all data have been selected
submit the order for processing. An email will be sent with a link to retrieve the data.

Importing Data into ENVI

The basic ASTER Level 1B data sets are provided in the hierarchical data format (HDF). ENVI can
directly open these data, but there are a few special processing steps you should perform on
these files. ASTER products are handled a bit differently, as described briefly next.

ASTER Product Import

ASTER products such as AST_07 Surface Reflectance or AST_08 Surface Kinetic Temperature
need to be opened as external files within ENVI. To do this, from the main menu select File 
Open External File  EOS  ASTER. This will properly import the data into ENVI. You may
need to rotate the dataset as described below.

Processing Basic Level 1B ASTER Files

For the ASTER L1B data you can simply use the File  Open command in ENVI to open the
dataset. ENVI will automatically apply the proper calibration coefficients to convert the integer
DNs back to floating-point radiance values. As stated earlier, ASTER files contain data with three
different spatial resolutions. When you open the HDF file the ENVI software opens four files.
The first contains three VNIR bands with 15m resolution. The second is the backward viewing
NIR band, also at 15m resolution and is rarely used. The third file contains six SWIR bands at

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30m resolution. Finally the fourth file contains the five TIR bands at 90m resolution.

Image Rotation

Not Rotated
Rotated North Up

The image to the left is georeferenced but is NOT oriented with north at the top of the image.
The ASTER HDF dataset is aligned to the angled path of the satellite, which results in a smaller
dataset for storage and downloading. You should rotate the image to align it so north is up.
From the main ENVI menu select Basic Tools  Rotate / Flip. Take all defaults because ENVI
will extract the correct rotation angle from the header information. If you are working with
thermal data, and plan to convert to degrees Kelvin (or Celsius), save the output to Memory
rather than an ENVI dataset and proceed to the next section.

Creating Degrees Kelvin band

ENVI has a two-step process that can perform basic atmospheric correction then convert the
emissivity bands to a brightness-temperature map in degrees Kelvin. You will open the original
ASTER HDF file, or the rotated file described above, to perform this task.

From the ENVI main menu bar, select Basic Tools > Preprocessing > Calibration Utilities >
Thermal Atmospheric Correction. In the file selection dialog, choose the ASTER TIR bands. Set
the Wavelength Units to micrometers, and leave everything else at default values. Direct the
Output Result to Memory and click OK.

Again from the ENVI main menu bar, select Basic Tools > Preprocessing > Calibration Utilities >
Calculate Emissivity > Emissivity Normalization. This tool will calculate emissivity and
temperature values from your ASTER TIR radiance data that has been atmospherically corrected
in the previous step. In addition to the default 5-band emissivity file, select Yes to produce the
optional single temperature layer in degrees Kelvin. You can save this file in ENVI standard
format or first convert this to Celsius using band math to subtract 273.15 from the file.

ASTER DEM creation

The CEO Lab has software that can be used to create 15 m resolution DEM data from the ASTER
images. If you know the elevation of several locations within the scene, you can create an
absolute DEM. If you do not have this information, you can create a DEM with relative elevation
values. From the ENVI main menu bar, select Topographic  DEM Extraction  DEM
Extraction Wizard. See a member of the CEO staff for more information on this topic.

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Appendix A – ASTER Band Details

Band Label Wavelength Resolution

B1 VNIR_Band1 0.52 - 0.60 15m

B2 VNIR_Band2 0.63 - 0.69 15m First File

B3 VNIR_Band3N 0.76 - 0.86 15m - Nadir view

B4 VNIR_Band3B 0.76 - 0.86 15m - Backward scan Second File

(used to create high resolution DEM)

Note: SWIR data invalid as of April 2008

B5 SWIR_Band4 1.60 - 1.70 30m

B6 SWIR_Band5 2.145 - 2.185 30m

B7 SWIR_Band6 2.185 - 2.225 30m

Third File
B8 SWIR_Band7 2.235 - 2.285 30m

B9 SWIR_Band8 2.295 - 2.365 30m

B10 SWIR_Band9 2.36 - 2.43 30m

B11 TIR_Band10 8.125 - 8.475 90m

B12 TIR_Band11 8.475 - 8.825 90m

B13 TIR_Band12 8.925 - 9.275 90m Fourth File

B14 TIR_Band13 10.25 - 10.95 90m

B15 TIR_Band14 10.95 - 11.65 90m

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Revised 11 April 2012