OXFORD GREEN

PUBLIC SCHOOL

Chemistry portfolio

Name -Prince Kumar

Class-10th Tulip
Roll Number-OS2410TP03
Admission Number- 2641
Subject- Chemistry
Submitted to- Mrs. Karishma

Mrs.
Karishma
This to certify that Prince
Kumar of Class 10th Tulip of
Oxford Green Public School,
Sirsa Greater Noida, has
completed his project file under
my supervision. He has taken
proper care and shown utmost
sincerity in the completion of this
project as per the guidelines
issued by C.B.S.E.
 Acid Bases
and Salts
Introduction
Acids, Bases, and Salts are the main chemical
compounds that exist in our surroundings. Acids,
Bases, and Salts are compounds that occur
naturally and can also be created artificially. They
are found in various substances including our
food. Vinegar or acetic acid is used as a food
preservative. Citrus fruits have citric acid and etc.
Other than food they also have a wide variety of
uses such as in various industries, manufacturing
plants, processing plants, laboratories, and
others. In this article, we will learn about Acids,
Bases, and Salts, their properties, types, uses,
and others in detail. The image given below shows
acid and base which when reacting form salt.
What Are Acids?
Acids are a type of chemical substance that is
characterized by their ability to donate hydrogen
ions(h+), when dissolved in water. Acids can be
found naturally in many foods and beverages,
including citrus fruits, vinegar and fermented
products, and they are also used in various
industrial processes. Here are some key points
about acids:
1.Acids can be classified into two categories:
organic acids and inorganic acids.
2.Acids have sour taste and can cause a tingling
or burning sensation on tongue or skin.
3.The strength of acid is determined by its pH
value, which ranges from 0 to 14. Acids with a
pH less than 7 are considered to be acidic,
while those with a pH greater than 7 are basic
or alkaline.
4.Acids can react with bases and form salt and
water in a process called neutralisation.
5.Acids are used in a variety of industrial
applications, such as the production of
fertilizers, dyes and pharmaceuticals
6.Some acids ca be harmful and corrosive to
living tissue, such as hydrochloric acid, which
is found Inside our stomach and is necessary
for digestion, but can cause severe burns if it
Physical Properties of Acids
Acids are chemical substances that have unique
physical and chemical properties. Here are some
of the physical properties of acids:
1.Acids have a sour taste: Most acids have a
distinctly sour taste, such as lemon juice and
vinegar.
2.Acids change the colour of
indicators: Acids change the colour of certain
indicators, such as litmus paper, which turns
red in the presence of an acid.
3.Acids are corrosive: Many acids are
corrosive and can cause damage to living
tissue or corrode metal and other materials.
4.Acids have a low pH: The pH scale measures
the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, with a pH
of 7 being neutral, and lower pH values
indicating greater acidity. Acids typically have
a pH of less than 7.
5.Acids react with bases to form salts and
water: When an acid reacts with a base, the
two substances neutralize each other, forming
a salt and water.
6.Acids have a higher boiling point than
water: Acids generally have a higher boiling
point than water, which means that they
require more energy to boil than water.
7.Acids are good conductors of
electricity: In a solution, acids can conduct
Chemical Properties of Acid
Acid has various chemical properties few of the
following chemical properties of acids include,

1. Reaction of acids with metal: When an

acid reacts with a metal, it produces hydrogen
gas and the corresponding salt.
Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen
 Example: When hydrochloride acid
combines with zinc metal, it produces
hydrogen gas and zinc chloride.
Zn + 2HCl→ ZnCl2 + H2

2. Reaction of acids with metal

carbonate: When acids react with metal
carbonates, they produce carbon dioxide gas
and salts as well as water.
Metal carbonate + Acid →
Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water
 Example: When hydrochloric acid
combines with sodium carbonate, it
produces carbon dioxide gas, sodium
chloride, and water.

Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

3.Reaction of acid with hydrogen
carbonates (bicarbonates): When acids
react with metal hydrogen carbonates, they
produce carbon dioxide gas, salt, and water.
Acid + Metal hydrogen carbonate → Salt +
Carbon dioxide + Water

 Example: Sulfuric acid gives sodium

sulphate, Carbon dioxide gas and water
when it reacts with sodium bicarbonate.
2NaHCO3 + H2SO4 → NaCl + CO2 + H2O

4. Reaction of acids with strong base:

When acids react with strong base, they
produce salt and water.
Acids +Base → salt + Water

 Example: when sodium hydroxide reacts

with hydrochloric acid
NaOh + Hcl → Nacl + H20
Types of Acids
Acids are classified into different categories; the
classification of acids is discussed below in the
article.
On the basis of their Occurrence
On the basis of their Occurrence acid are
subdivided into two categories
 Natural Acid

 Mineral Acids

1.Natural Acid
Natural Acids, often known as organic acids, are
acids derived from natural sources. for example,
 Methanolic acid (HCOOH)
 Acetic Acid (CH3COOH)
 Oxalic acid(C2H204)

2.Mineral Acids
Mineral acids are acids that are created from
minerals. Inorganic acids, man-made acids,
and synthetic acids are all examples of
Mineral Acids. For example,
 Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
 Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
 Nitric acid (HNO3)
 Carbonic acid (H2CO3)
 Phosphoric acid (H3PO4), etc.
On the basis of Concentration
On the basis of Concentration, acids are
categorized into two categories
 Strong Acid

 Weak Acid

Strong acids
Strong Acid is an acid that is totally ionized in
water and produces (H+). For example,
Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Sulphuric acid (H2SO4),
Nitric acid (HNO3) etc.

Weak acids
A weak acid is partially ionized in water, creating
a tiny amount of hydrogen ions (H+). For
example, Acetic acid (CH3COOH), Carbonic acid
(H2CO3) etc.

Uses of Acids
Acids have various uses some of the important
uses of acid are,
 Vinegar is a diluted solution of acetic acid

that has a variety of uses in the home. It’s

mostly utilized in the food industry as a
preservative.
 Orange and lemon juice contain a

significant amount of citric acid. It can also

be used for food preservation.
 In batteries, sulfuric acid is commonly

utilized. This acid is typically found in the

batteries used to start vehicle motors.
 Sulfuric and nitric acid is used in the
What are bases?
Base is a chemical compound that consists of
OH– ions and accepts protons. Base in Chemistry
are those compounds that turn red litmus blue and
when reacted with acid they neutralize the
reaction to give salt and water. The pH value of
the base is greater than 7. Bases are bitter in taste
and slippery in touch. The bases which are soluble
in water are called Alkalis. Examples of Bases are
Metal Oxides, Metal Hydroxides, etc. Soap is an
example of a base that we use in daily life.

Following are some general features shown by the

base:
 They have a bitter taste

 They are slippery in touch

 They turn Red litmus blue

 They liberate OH– ion when dissolved in

Bases are one of the most important chemical
compounds that are used in everyday life. Bases
are used as an antacid to control acidity and in
toothpaste to neutralize the bacterial action that
produces acid in our mouth and prevents
degradation of enamel and cavity. They are also
used as baking powder, baking soda, and washing
powder.

Arrhenius Base
According to Arrhenius’s Concept, Bases are
compounds that release hydroxide ions when
dissolved in water and increase the concentration
Chemical Properties of Base
Bases have various chemical properties few of the
following chemical properties of bases are,
1.Reaction of Base with Metals: When alkali
(base) reacts with metal, salt and hydrogen
gas is produced.

Alkali + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen

 Example: When sodium hydroxide interacts

with aluminium metal, sodium aluminate and
hydrogen gas are generated.

2NaOH + 2Al + 2H2O → 2NaAlO2 + 2H2

2.Reaction of Non-Metallic Oxides with

Base: Salt and water are formed when non-
metallic oxides react with a base.
Non-metallic oxide + Base → Salt + Water

 Example: When calcium hydroxide reacts

with carbon dioxide calcium carbonate is
formed along with water.

Ca (OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O

3.Action of Alkalis/Base with Ammonium

Salts: Ammonia is produced when alkalis
react with ammonium salts.
Alkali + Ammonium salt → Salt + Water
+ Ammonia

 Example: When calcium hydroxide reacts

with ammonium chloride, calcium chloride,
water, and ammonia are produced.

Ca (OH)2 + NH4Cl → CaCl2 + H2O + NH3

Types of Bases Based on their Degree
of Ionization
The degree of ionization of bases in solution can be
used to classify them. It’s also known as foundation
strength. When dissolved in water, it produces a
certain quantity of hydroxyl ions. The degree of
ionization distinguishes two types of bases.
 Strong Base
 Weak Base
Strong Base: A strong base is one that dissociates
entirely or to a large extent in water. For example,
NaOH, KOH, and strong bases.
Weak Base: A weak base is one that does not
dissolve entirely or only dissociates to a very little
level. For example, NH4OH, and others are weak
bases.
Uses of Bases
Base has various uses some of the important uses of
the base are,
 Sodium hydroxide is used in the making of
paper and soap. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is
also utilized in the production of rayon.
 Bleaching powder is made from Ca(OH)2,
commonly known as calcium hydroxide or
slaked lime.
 Calcium hydroxide is used to create dry
mixtures for painting and decorating.
 Magnesium hydroxide, popularly known as milk
of magnesia, is a laxative that is extensively
used. It is also used as an antacid since it
decreases excess acidity in the human
stomach.
 In laboratories, ammonium hydroxide is a
critical reagent.
Alkali
Bases that are easily dissolved in water are called
Alkali, in other words, water-soluble bases are
called Alkali. For example, NaOH is an alkali as it
dissolves in water forming Na+ and OH– ions.
Difference between Alkali and Base
The difference between Alkali and Base can easily
be understood with the help of the table given
below,
Arrhenius’s Theory of Acid and Base
What is acid, what is base, and what is the
difference between acid and base? these questions
are nightmares to chemists in the early 15 and 16
centuries. To solve these questions a chemist
name Arrhenius came up with a theory
called Arrhenius theory. According to Arrhenius’s
theory, a substance that gives H+ ion in its
aqueous solution is called acid whereas the
substance that ionizes OH– ion in the aqueous
solution is called a Base.

HCl (aqueous solution) ⇌ H+ + Cl–

NaOH (aqueous solution) ⇌ Na+ + OH–

Strength of Acids and Bases

The strength of an acid or a base is measured by
the amount of H+ ions or OH– ions present in their
aqueous solution.
Strong acids have a higher concentration of
H+ ions per unit volume in their aqueous solution
whereas weaker acids have a lower concentration
of H+ ions per unit volume in their aqueous
solution. An example of a strong acid is H2SO4 and
an example of a weak acid is CH3COOH.
Similarly, strong bases have a higher concentration
of OH– ions per unit volume in their aqueous
solution whereas weaker bases have a lower
concentration of OH– ions per unit volume in their
pH Scale
pH Scale is used to measure the basicity and
acidity of a solution. It gives the strength of any
solution. pH is determined by the amount of
hydrogen ion concentration in the solution.
It is calculated using the formula,
pH = -log[H+]
For an acid, pH ranges from 0 to 7 whereas for a
base it ranges between 7 and 14. The lower the
pH higher is the strength of the acid and the
higher the pH higher the strength of the base.
Note: pH ranges of acids and bases.
 0 < Acid < 7
 7 < Base< 14

Indicator
Indicator are chemical compounds which
help to indicate the presence of acid or base
in a chemical reaction. They possess
different colours in acidic solutions and
different colours in basic solutions. Indicators
are made naturally by plants and animals or
artificially by humans. The image shows a
litmus test of acids and bases.
An indicator indicating the pH
 The range of 0 to 7 indicates an acidic

solution.
 The range of 7 to 14 indicates the basic

solution.
 7 is a neutral solution.

Types of Indicators
There are various types of indicators used for
various purposes some of which are,
 Natural Indicators: Indicators derived

from plants, animals or any living organism

are natural indicators. Examples, Red
Cabbage, Litmus paper and others.
 Synthetic Indicators: Indicators made

artificially in laboratories and factories are

synthetic indicators. Examples, are
Phenopthelien, Methyl orange, and others.
 Olfactory Indicators: Substances that

have different smells in acidic or basic

mediums are called Olfactory Indicators.
Example onions, olives and others.
What are Salts?
When an acid and a base react to neutralize one
another, they generate sales, which are ionic
substances. Salts do not have an electrical charge.
Salts come in a variety of forms, the most
common of which is sodium chloride. Table salt
and common salt are both terms for sodium
chloride. Sodium chloride is used to make dishes
taste better. The image given below shows a salt
and its cation and anion.

Physical Properties of Salt

Salts have various physical properties and some of
following physical properties of salts are:
  In nature, the bulk of the salts is crystalline.
 Salts that are transparent or opaque are
available.
 The bulk of salts is soluble in water.
 Salt solutions, in their molten state, also
transmit electricity.
 The flavour of salt can be salty, sour, sweet,
bitter, or umami (savoury).
 There is no odour to neutral salts.
 Salts that are colourless or coloured are
available.
 Because it contains ions, salt water is an
excellent conductor of electricity.
 Electrostatic attraction holds the ions
together, and a chemical bond is
established between them.
Types of Salts
Salts are categorised into various categories
some of the important categories are given below
 Acidic Salt

 Basic or Alkali Salt

 Neutral Salts

Acidic Salt
A partial neutralisation of a diprotic or polyprotic acid
produces an acidic salt. These salts contain H+ cations
or strong cations in their aqueous solution. The
ionizable H+ makes up the majority of the ions. Some
examples of acidic salts are NaHSO4, KH2PO4 etc.
These salts are formed by the neutralization of strong
acids and weak bases.
Ammonium Chloride
Ammonium chloride is formed when hydrochloric acid
(a strong acid) interacts with ammonium hydroxide (a
Ammonium Sulphate
Ammonium sulphate is formed when ammonium
hydroxide (a weak base) reacts with sulphuric
acid (a strong acid).

2NH4OH + H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4 + 2H2O

Basic or Alkali Salt

A basic salt is formed when a strong base reacts
with a weak acid to partially neutralise it. When
they are hydrolyzed, they decompose into a basic
solution. This is because when a basic salt is
hydrolysed, it produces the conjugate base of a
weak acid in the solution. e.g. Sodium Carbonate
(Na2CO3), Sodium Acetate (CH3COONa)
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium carbonate is formed when sodium
hydroxide (a strong base) reacts with carbonic
acid (a weak acid)
H2CO3 + 2NaOH → Na2CO3 + H2O

Sodium Acetate
Sodium acetate is formed when a strongly basic,
sodium hydroxide (a strong base), reacts with
acetic acid (a weak acid)
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
Neutral Salts
Salts generated by the reaction of a strong
acid with a strong base are neutral in nature.
The pH of these salts is 7, which is
considered neutral. Potassium Chloride,
Sodium Chloride, and others are examples of
neutral salts.
Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
Sodium Chloride is formed when hydrochloric
acid (a strong acid) mixes with sodium
hydroxide (a strong base).
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

Sodium Sulphate (Na2SO4)

It’s made when sulphuric acid combines with
sodium hydroxide (a strong basic) (a strong
acid).

2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

What Causes the Formation of Acidic, Basic, and Neutral

Salts?
The causes of the formation of Acidic, Basic, and Neutral
Salts are discussed below,
 When a strong acid reacts with a weak base, the
base is unable to completely neutralise the acid.
As a result, a salt that is acidic forms.
 When a strong base is combined with a weak
acid, the acid is unable to completely neutralise
it. As a result, you get a simple salt.
 When an equal-strength acid and base react,
they totally neutralise each other. A neutral salt
is formed as a result of this process.
Some Common Salts
Salts are chemical compounds that are formed as
a result of a neutralization reaction between acids
and bases. When we hear salt, we only think about
common salt which is Sodium chloride that we eat
in our daily life but there are several other salts
also which are widely useful. Here in this article,
we will learn about some common salt that is
widely used.
 Baking Soda or Sodium Bicarbonate

 Washing Soda or Sodium Carbonate

 Bleaching Powder or Calcium Hypochlorite

Baking Soda
Baking soda also called Sodium Hydrogen
Carbonate, is a chemical compound whose
chemical formula is NaHCO3. Baking soda has a
sodium cation (Na+) and a bicarbonate anion
(HCO3–). Sodium bicarbonate is a white, crystalline
powder and as the name suggests is used for
baking.
Chemical Name: Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Chemical Formula: NaHCO3

Uses:
A few of the uses of Baking Soda are,
 It is used as an antacid in case of acidity.

 It is used for baking purposes.

 It is used as a water softener.

Baking
soda
Washing Soda
Washing soda also called Sodium Carbonate, is a
chemical compound whose chemical formula is
Na2CO3. Washing soda has two sodium cations
(Na+) and a carbonate anion (CO32-). Sodium
carbonate is a white, crystalline powder and as the
name suggests is used for washing purposes.
Chemical Name: Sodium Carbonate
Chemical Formula: Na2CO3
Uses:
A few of the uses of Washing Soda are,
 It is used in the glass, soap and paper

industries.
 It is used as washing powder.

Washing
Soda
Bleaching Powder
Bleaching Powder also called Calcium
Hypochlorite; is a chemical compound whose
chemical formula is CaOCl2. Bleaching Powder is
used for bleaching purposes. In its aqueous
solution bleaching powder releases chlorine,
which is responsible for the bleaching action.
Chemical Name: Calcium Hypochlorite
Chemical Formula: CaOCl2
Uses:
A few of the uses of Bleaching Powder are,
 It is used for bleaching the laundry.

 It is used as an oxidizer in many industries.

 It is used as a disinfectant to clean water

Bleachin
g Powder

Crystals of Salts
Some salts combining with water form crystals
and these water molecules which are required to
form crystals are called water of crystallisation.
Some examples of crystal salts are Table salt
(sodium chloride crystals), Sugar (sucrose
crystals).
Crystal of
Salt
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