CH3:

Mohr’s circle 2-D:

:Elastic strain

3-D:

Center = (σ avg , 0)

Plane stress transformation equation

Principal stress and shear from eq:

Bending stress= -MY/I

Two Plane bending:

I=bh^3/12 (rectangular) , circle =3.14*d^4\64

Mohr’s circle 3-D: For Solid circular max bending stress:

Transverse shear stress

Shear stress=VQ/IB

Q=AY
Torsion: Stress in pressurized thick cylinder:

𝑑𝑜 = 2𝑡 + 𝑑𝑖

For rectangular shape:

If closed end:

If P out= 0

Table 3.1

Power:

Thin walled: (t/r < 1/10)

W=2*3.14*n

Stress concentration:
Curved Beam:

Closed thin-walled tubes

Open thin-walled :
Shear stress=3T/Lc^2
Angle twist =j`L\GC
Torsional spring rate k=T\rad
Table 3-1 : rectangular- shear stress
1026 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A–15
Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors K*t

Figure A–15–1 3.0

Bar in tension or simple d

compression with a transverse 2.8
F w F
hole. σ0 = F/A, where
A = (w − d)t and t is the
2.6
thickness.
Kt

2.4

2.2

2.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
d/w

Figure A–15–2 3.0

d

Rectangular bar with a d /h = 0

w
transverse hole in bending. 2.6
σ0 = Mc/I , where 0.25
M M
I = (w − d)h3/12. 0.5
2.2 h
1.0
Kt
2.0
1.8
∞

1.4

1.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
d/w

Figure A–15–3 3.0

r
w /d = 3
Notched rectangular bar in w
F d F
tension or simple compression. 2.6
σ0 = F/A, where A = dt and t
is the thickness. 1.5
2.2
1.2
Kt
1.1
1.8
1.05

1.4

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r /d
 Useful Tables 1027

Table A–15
Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors K *t (Continued)

Figure A–15–4 3.0

1.10 w/d = ∞ r
Notched rectangular bar in
bending. σ0 = Mc/I , where 2.6 M
w
M
1.5 d
c = d/2, I = td3/12, and t is 1.05
the thickness.
2.2

Kt 1.02

1.8

1.4

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r /d

Figure A–15–5 3.0

Rectangular filleted bar in r

D/d = 1.50
tension or simple compression. 2.6
F D d F
σ0 = F/A, where A = dt and
t is the thickness. 1.10
2.2

Kt
1.05
1.8

1.02
1.4

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d

Figure A–15–6 3.0

r
Rectangular filleted bar in
bending. σ0 = Mc/I , where 2.6 M M
1.05 D d
c = d/2, I = td3/12, t is the
thickness. 3
2.2
1.1 1.3
Kt

1.8

1.4 D/d = 1.02

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d (continued )

*Factors from R. E. Peterson, “Design Factors for Stress Concentration,” Machine Design, vol. 23, no. 2, February 1951, p. 169; no. 3, March
1951, p. 161, no. 5, May 1951, p. 159; no. 6, June 1951, p. 173; no. 7, July 1951, p. 155. Reprinted with permission from Machine Design,
a Penton Media Inc. publication.
1028 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A–15

Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors K*t (Continued)

Figure A–15–7 2.6

Round shaft with shoulder fillet r

in tension. σ0 = F/A, where
A = πd2/4. 2.2 F D d F

Kt 1.8

1.4

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d

Figure A–15–8 3.0

Round shaft with shoulder fillet r

in torsion. τ0 = T c/J , where 2.6
D d
c = d/2 and J = πd 4/32. T T

2.2

Kts

1.8

1.20 1.33
1.4

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d

Figure A–15–9 3.0

Round shaft with shoulder fillet r

in bending. σ0 = Mc/I , where 2.6
M D d M
c = d/2 and I = πd4/64.

2.2

Kt

1.8

1.5
1.4 1.10
1.05
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d
 Useful Tables 1029

Table A–15

Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors K *t (Continued)

Figure A–15–10 4.0

T
d
Round shaft in torsion with
transverse hole. 3.6 T D
B A
Kts, A J wD3 dD2
= – (approx)
Kts 3.2 c 16 6

Kts, B
2.8

2.4
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
d /D

Figure A–15–11 3.0

d
Round shaft in bending
D
with a transverse hole. σ0 = 2.6
M/[(π D3/32) − (dD2/6)],
M M
approximately.
2.2
Kt

1.8

1.4

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
d /D

Figure A–15–12 11

t
Plate loaded in tension by a
pin through a hole. σ0 = F/A, 9 h
h/w = 0.35 d
where A = (w − d)t . When
clearance exists, increase Kt w F/2 F/2
35 to 50 percent. (M. M. Frocht 7

and H. N. Hill, “Stress- Kt

Concentration Factors around 5
a Central Circular Hole in a F
Plate Loaded through a Pin in h/w = 0.50
Hole,” J. Appl. Mechanics, 3
h/w ≥ 1.0
vol. 7, no. 1, March 1940,
p. A-5.)
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
d /w (continued )

*Factors from R. E. Peterson, “Design Factors for Stress Concentration,” Machine Design, vol. 23, no. 2, February 1951, p. 169; no. 3, March
1951, p. 161, no. 5, May 1951, p. 159; no. 6, June 1951, p. 173; no. 7, July 1951, p. 155. Reprinted with permission from Machine Design, a
Penton Media Inc. publication.
1030 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A–15
Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors K *t (Continued)

Figure A–15–13 3.0

r
1.15
Grooved round bar in tension.
σ0 = F/A, where A = πd2/4. 2.6
1.05 F D d F

2.2
Kt
1.02 D/d = 1.50
1.8

1.4

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r /d

Figure A–15–14 3.0

r
Grooved round bar in bending.
σ0 = Mc/l, where c = d/2 2.6 M M
D d
and I = πd4/64.
1.05
2.2
Kt
1.02 D/d = 1.50
1.8

1.4

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r /d

Figure A–15–15 2.6

r

Grooved round bar in torsion. T T

τ0 = T c/J, where c = d/2 and 2.2
D d
J = πd4/32.
1.8
Kts 1.05

D/d = 1.30
1.4
1.02

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r /d

*Factors from R. E. Peterson, “Design Factors for Stress Concentration,” Machine Design, vol. 23, no. 2, February 1951, p. 169; no. 3, March 1951,
p. 161, no. 5, May 1951, p. 159; no. 6, June 1951, p. 173; no. 7, July 1951, p. 155. Reprinted with permission from Machine Design, a Penton
Media Inc. publication.
 Useful Tables 1031

Table A–15
Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors K *t (Continued)

Figure A–15–16
a
r r
Round shaft with flat-bottom t
9.0 F F
groove in bending and/or D
M d M
tension.
4F 32M 8.0 r
t
σ0 = +
πd 2 πd 3 0.03
Source: W. D. Pilkey, Peterson’s
Stress-Concentration Factors, 7.0 0.04
2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons,
0.05
New York, 1997, p. 115.
6.0

Kt 0.07

5.0 0.10

0.15
4.0 0.20

0.40
3.0
0.60

1.00
2.0

1.0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.91.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
a/t
(continued )
1032 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A–15
Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors K *t (Continued)

Figure A–15–17
a
r r
T
t
Round shaft with flat-bottom
D d
groove in torsion.
16T
τ0 =
πd3 T
Source: W. D. Pilkey, Peterson’s 6.0
Stress-Concentration Factors,
2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, r
New York, 1997, p. 133 5.0 t

0.03

0.04
4.0

Kts 0.06

3.0
0.10
2.0
0.20

1.0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.91.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
a/t